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Biotechnological Applications to Sugarcane Pathogens

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Biotechnological Applications to Sugarcane Pathogens ® Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2012 Global Science Books Biotechnological Applications to Sugarcane Pathogens Asha Dookun-Saumtally* • Salem Saumtally • Nawshad Joomun Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, 1 Moka Road, Réduit, Mauritius Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important cash crop accounting for nearly two thirds of the world sugar production. Much effort has and is still being devoted to breeding resistant varieties, as the crop is vulnerable to a number of diseases that affect production. These constraints have triggered the adoption of biotechnological tools to counteract the impact of diseases on sugarcane. The increasing use of biotechnology is enabling early detection of pathogens of fungal, viral, bacterial and phytoplasma origin, allowing preventive measures to be adopted much earlier, before the appearance of disease symptoms as well as enabling the increased use of clean seed for establishment of nurseries and for the exchange of germplasm. The strategy of developing transgenic sugarcane varieties for resistance to several diseases is now well established and several transgenic lines are being evaluated in the field in a number of countries, although no commercial transgenic cane is grown thus far. Recent advances in sugarcane genomics as well as the genomics of sugarcane pathogens will soon provide information on disease resistance genes enabling new measures to be adopted in the breeding for disease resistance. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: biosecurity, clean seed production, disease resistance, genetic transformation, molecular markers, molecular tools, Saccharum spp., sugarcane diseases Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SCMV, Sugarcane mosaic virus; SCYLV, Sugarcane yellow leaf virus; SrMV; Sorghum mosaic virus; TBIA, tissue blot immunoassay CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 BIOSECURITY ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 DETECTION OF SUGARCANE DISEASES USING MOLECULAR TOOLS .......................................................................................... 2 VIRUS DISEASES ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Sugarcane yellow leaf virus....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Sugarcane mosaic virus............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Sugarcane streak mosaic virus .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Sugarcane striate mosaic associated virus ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Sugarcane streak virus............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Sugarcane Fiji disease virus...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Sugarcane bacilliform virus....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 BACTERIAL DISEASES.............................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Ratoon stunt............................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Xanthomonas albilineans .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Gumming disease ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 DISEASES CAUSED BY PHYTOPLASMAS.............................................................................................................................................. 6 FUNGAL DISEASES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Smut .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Brown rust and orange rust........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Red rot....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE................................................. 6 RECENT ADVANCES IN SUGARCANE GENOMICS .............................................................................................................................. 7 GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF SUGARCANE TO INCREASE DISEASE RESISTANCE ..............................................................7 CLEAN SEED PRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................................... 8 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION tonnes for the 2009-2010 period (USDA 2009) and ac- counting for nearly two third of global sugar production Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Poaceae) is a major cash crop (D’Hont et al. 2008), the remaining being obtained from grown in tropical and sub-tropical countries around the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L., Chenopodiaceae). Recently, world (Cheavegatti-Gianotto et al. 2011). With its soft and sugarcane has enhanced its importance as an energy crop watery culm, it has been exploited primarily for sugar pro- (Cheavegatti-Gianotto et al. 2011) for ethanol production duction, with a world production of about 160 million and as a source of energy through burning of bagasse, a Received: 12 April, 2011. Accepted: 1 August, 2011. Invited Review Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology 6 (Special Issue 2), 1-11 ©2012 Global Science Books major by-product generated in the mill after extraction of cane have been developed against Ramu stunt and smut and sucrose from the stalk (Menossi et al. 2008). information collected on sugarcane mosaic disease present Commercial sugarcane varieties cultivated nowadays across the region. The Centre de Coopération Internationale are hybrids derived mainly from crosses involving S. offici- en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement narum – also known as noble canes – the high sugar content (CIRAD) has a fully equipped international quarantine unit, species with poor disease resistance and vigour, and S. recently given a new name, Visacane that distributes clones spontaneum – the wild species with high disease resistance from a number of different sources (international varieties, and high vigour. Despite progress made in genetic improve- clones created by CIRAD in Guadeloupe and by the West ment of sugarcane, the crop is still confronted with diverse Indies Central Sugarcane Breeding Station in Barbados). diseases that still pose major constraints to its production. After two growth cycles, healthy cuttings are sent to sugar- Some 120 sugarcane diseases have been reported (Rott et al. cane growing regions in West and Central Africa and to 2000a) and can be categorized as of bacterial, viral, fungal sugarcane breeding stations in the Guadeloupe and Réunion and phytoplasmal origin. Before the release of new im- (Rott et al. 1997). Visacane is meant for both import and proved cultivars in any breeding programme, their evalua- export of varieties from and to most sugarcane countries in
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