Paul Lauter Trinity College General Editor The Juan Bruce-Novoa University of California at Irvine Jackson Bryer Heath University of Maryland Elaine Hedges Anthology Towson State University Amy Ling of Georgetown University Daniel Littlefield University of Arkansas at Little Rock American Wendy Martin The Claremont Graduate School Literature Charles Molesworth Queens College, City University of New York La ter, et al., THE HEATH ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. First Edition. Carla Mulford Co yright (c) 1990 by D. C. Heath and Pennsylvania State University Co pany. Used by permission of Raymund Paredes Ho ghton Mifflin Company. All rights University of California at Los Angeles Re erved. Volume 1 Hortense Spillers Cornell University Linda Wagner-Martin University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Andrew Wiget New Mexico State University Richard Yarborough University of California at Los Angeles
D.C. Heath and Company Lexington, Massachusetts Toronto CONTENTS
xxxiii To the Reader
Colonial Period: to 1700 3
22 Native American Traditions 25 This Newly Created World (Winnebago) 26 Emergence Song (Pima) 26 Talk Concerning the. First Beginning (Zuni) 40 Changing Woman and the Hero Twins after the Emergence of the People (Navajo) 52 The Coming of the Spanish and the Pueblo Revolt (Hopi) 56 Iroquois or Confederacy of the Five Nations (Iroquois) 59 Raven and Marriage (Tlingit) 64 Raven Makes a Girl Sick and Then Cures Her (Tsimshian)
67 The Literature of Discovery and Exploration
69 Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) 70 from Journal of the First Voyage to America
80 The Virgin of Guadalupe 81 History of the Miraculous Apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1531
89 Alvar Nunez. Cabeza de Vaca (1490?-1556?) 89 from Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca 89 from Chapter VII: The Character of the Country 91 from Chapter VIII: We Go from Aute 92 from Chapter X: The Assault from the Indians 93 Chapter XXI: Our Cure of Some of the Afflicted 94 Chapter XXIV: Customs of the Indians of That Country 95 from Chapter XXVII: We Moved Away and Were Well Received vi Contents
Contents • vii 96 from 97 Chapter XXXII: The Indians Give Us Hearts of Deer Chapter XXXIII: We See Traces of Christians 98 from 146 The Literature of European Settlement Chapter XXXIV: Of Sending for the Christians 99 A Gentleman of Elvas (11. 1537-1557) 149 John Smith (1580-1631) 99 from The 151 from A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate 99 Discovery and Conquest of Terra Florida as Hath Hapned in Virginia [Smith as captive at the court of 100 Chapter VIII: Of some inrodes that were made into the countrie Chapter IX: How this Christian came to the land of Florida Powhatan] 152 from The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the 103 Rene Summer Isles Goulaine de Laudonniere (fl. 1562-1582) 104 from 152 Book III, Chapter 2: [Smith as captive at the court of Powhatan in A Notable Historie Containing Foure Voyages Made by 1608] Certaine French Captaines unto Florida 154 Book IV: (Pocahontas's introduction to the British court in 1616] 106 Pedro Menendez 156 from A Description of New England [Appeal for settlers to plant a de Aviles (1519-1574) colony in New England] 106 from Letter to Philip II (October 15, 1565) 160 from Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New- 111 To a Jesuit Friend (October 15, 1566) England, or Anywhere, or the Path-way to Experience to Erect a Plantation [Review of the colonies planted in New England and 114 Fray Marcos de Niza (1495?-1542?) Virginia] 114 from 160 from Chapters 1, 2, 3, 9 A Relation of the Reverend Father Fray Marcos de Niza, Touching His Discovery of the Kingdom of Ceuola or Cibola 164 Edward Maria Wingfield (1560?-1613?) 164 from A Discourse of Virginia [Here Followeth What Happened in 117 Pedro de Casteñeda (1510?-1570?) James Town, in Virginia, after Captain Newport's Departure for 118 from England] 118 The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado Chapter XXI: Of how the army returned to Tiguex and the general reached Quivira 172 Richard Frethorne (fl. 1623) 173 Richard Frethorne, to His Parents (Virginia, 1623) 120 Gaspar Perez de Villagra (1555-1620) 121 176 Thomas Morton (c. 1579—c. 1647) from The History of New Mexico 121 177 from New English Canaan Canto One: [Argument of the history] 122 from 177 from Book I, Chapter IV: Of Their Houses and Habitations 125 Canto Fourteen: How the Rio del Norte was discovered 178 from Chapter VI: Of the Indians apparrell Canto Thirty: How the new general, after giving his orders, left to bid Luzcoija farewell 178 Chapter VIII: Of their Reverence, and respect to age 128 179 Chapter XVI: Of their acknowledgment of the Creation, and Canto Thirty-one: How victory was finally won immortality of the Soule 131 Samuel de 180 from Chapter XX: That the Salvages live a contended life Champlain (1570?-1635) 181 from Book III, Chapter I: Of a great League made with the Plimmouth 132 from The Voyages Planters after their arrival], by the Sachem of those Territories 132 from The of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1618 Voyages to the Great River St. Lawrence, 181 from Chapter V: Of a Massacre made upon the Salvages at Wessaguscus Encounter with the Iroquois 1608-1612: An 182 from Chapter VII: Of Thomas Mortons entertainement at Plimmouth, 135 from The Voyages of 1615: Champlain, Among and castinge away upon an Island Woods the Huron, Lost in the 183 from Chapter XIV: Of the Revells of New Canaan 184 Chapter XV: Of a great Monster supposed to be at Ma-re-Mount; and 136 Samuel Puchas (1577?-1626) the preparation made to destroy it 137 from 187 from Chapter XVI: How the 9. worthies put mine Host of Ma- re•Mount Posthumus, or Hakluytus Purchas His Pilgrimes into the inchaunted Castle at Plimmouth, and terrified him with the Monster Briareus
viii Contents
Contents ix 188 John Winthrop' (1588-1649) 191 from A Modell of Christian Charity 272 Before the Birth of One of Her Children 199 John Winthrop's Christian Experience 272 To My Dear and Loving Husband 204 from The Journal of John Winthrop 273 A Letter to Her Husband, Absent Upon Public Employment 274 In Reference to Her Children, 23 June 1659 210 William Bradford (1590-1657) 276 In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who 212 from Of Plymouth Plantation Deceased August, 1655, Being a Year and Half Old 212 from Book I, Chapter I: [The Separatist Interpretatio 277 from Meditations Divine and Moral Reformation in England 1550-1607] n of the' 213 from 282 Chapter III: Of their Settling in Holland, and their Manner of Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705) Living, and Entertainment there 214 284 God's Controversy with New-England from Chapter IV: 215 from Showing the Reasons and Causes of Their Removal 295 Chapter. VII: Of their Departure from Leyden; and other things The Bay Psalm Book (1640), The New-England Primer (1683?) thereabout ; with their Arrival at Southampton; where they all met 298 from The Bay Psalm Book together and took in their Provisions 298 from "The Preface" by John Cotton 215 from Chapter IX: Of their Voyage; and how they passed the Sea; and 300 Psalms 1, 6, 8, 19, 23, 100, 137, 141 their Safe Arrival at Cape Cod of 308 from The New England Primer 217 from Book II, Chapter XI: The Remainder of Anno 1620 [The 308 Alphabet Mayflower Compact, The Starving Time, Indian Relations] 309 The Dutiful Child's Promises 220 from Chapter XIV, Anno Domini 1623: [End of the "Common Course 309 Verses and Condition"] 309 Again 221 from Chapter XIX, Anno Domini 1628: [Thomas Morton of 310 The Death of John Rogers Merrytnount] 225 Chapter XXIII, Anno Domini 1632: [Prosperity Brings Dispersal of Population] 226 from Chapter XXVIII, Anno Domini 1637: [The Pequot War] 227 from Chapter XXIX, Anno Domini 1638: [Great and Fearful Earthquake] 311 Seventeenth-Century Wit 228 from Chapter XXXII, Anno Domini 1642: [Wickedness Breaks Forth] 229 from Chapter XXXIII, Anno Domini 1643: [The Life 'and Death of 312 Nathaniel Ward (1578-1652) Elder Brewster] 312 Commendatory poem for Anne Bradstreet's Several Poems 232 313 from The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America Roger Williams (c. 1603-1683) 234' from A Key into the Language of 239 America' 313 Philip Pain (?–c. 1667) Chapter XX: Of their nakednesse and clothing 241 313 from Daily Meditations: or, Quotidian Preparations for and Chapter XXI: Of Religion, the soule, 249 etc. Considerations of Death and Eternity Chapter XXIX: Of Their Wane, etc. 254 To the Town of Providence: Testimony of Roger Williams relative 314 John Fiske (1608-1677) to his first 1682 coming into the Narragansett country, dated June 18, 314 Anagram on the Death of Thomas Hooker: "A rest; oh corn'! oh"— 315 John Josselyn (c. 1610–post 1692) 256 Anne Bradstreet (c..1612-1672) 315 from 258 The Prologue [To Her Book] New-England's Rarities Discovered 260 The Author to Her Book 315 John Saffin (1626-1710) 260 To Her Father With Some Verses 261 Contemplations 315 Acrostic on Mrs. Winifret Griffin 269 The Flesh and the Spirit 316 Roger Wolcott (1679-1767) 316 from Poetical Meditations
x Contents
Contents xi 317 Mazy Rowlandson (1636-1678) 318 from A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary 406 from Magnalia Christi Americana; or, The Ecclesiastical History of Rowlandson New-England 406 A General Introduction 342 Edward Taylor (1642?-1729) 408 Galeacius Secundus: The Life of William Bradford, Esq., Governor of 346 from The Psalm Paraphrases Plymouth Colony 346 Version 1, Psalm 1 414 from The Triumphs of the Reformed Religion in America: Or, The Life 347 Version 2, Psalm 19 of the Renowned John Eliot 349 from Gods Determinations 422 from Bonifacius . . . With Humble Proposals . . . to Do Good in 349 The Preface the World 350 The Souls Groan to Christ for Succour 422 [Proposal concerning reforming societies] 351 z Christs Reply 354 423 John Williams (1664-1729) An Extasy of Joy let in by this Reply returnd in Admiration 357 Some of Satans Sophestry 360 425 from The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion 361 The Joy of Church Fellowship rightly from Occasional Poems attended 431 The Pueblo Indian Revolt and Spanish Reconquest, 1680-1692 361 2. Upon a Spider Catching a Fly 363 4. Huswifery 432 Letter on the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 (Doti Antonio de Otermin) 363 440 Letter on The Reconquest of New Mexico (Don Diego de Vargas) 365 6. Upon Wedlock, & Death of Children 7. The Ebb & Flow 366 from Preparatory Meditations, First Series 366 Prologue 2,67 16.] Another Meditation at the same time 368 369 from20. Meditation, Phil. 2.9. God hath highly Exalted Preparatory Meditations, Second Series him 369 1.
Meditation. Col. 2.17. Which are Shaddows of things to come and - the body is Christs Colonial Period: 1700 1800 447 370 Meditation 24. 373 Joh. 1.14. Tabernacled amongst us Meditation 26, Heb. 9.13. 14. How much more shall the 470 American Voices in a Changing World Christ, etc. blood of 374 Meditation 376 50. 43. Rom. 9.5. God blessed forever Meditation. Joh. 1.14. Full of Truth 472 Sarah Kemble Knight (1666-1727) 377 60[13]. 379 from Meditation. Cor. 10.4. And all drunk the same spirituall drinke 473 The Journal of Madam Knight A Valediction to all the World preparator y the 11 m 1720, Version 1 for Death 3 d of 491 William Byrd II (1674-1744) 379 Cant. 3. Valediction, to the Terrqueous Globe 382 Cant. 4. 492 from History of the Dividing Line Run in the Year 1728 384 A Suite to Christ here upon 496 from Secret History of the Dividing Line A Fig for thee Oh! Death, Version 2 512 Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) 385 Samuel Sewall (1652-1730) 387 from 516 Resolutions The Diary of Samuel Sewall 521 from Diary 399 Cotton Mather (1663-1728) 527 A Divine and Supernatural Light 401 from 540 from A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God 401 The Wonders of the Invisible World 544 from Personal Narrative [The Devil Attacks the People of God] 403 V. The Trial 555 Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God of Martha Carrier at The Court of Oyer and Terminer, 567 from Freedom of the Will Held by Adjournmen t at Salem, August 2, 1692 570 from Miscellanies: Happiness, Millenium, Morality, Religion 576 To the Trustees of the College of New Jersey at Princeton Contents • xiii
579 Elizabeth Ashbridge (1713-1755) 581 from Some Account of the Early Part of the Life of Elizabeth 654 Lucy Terry (1730-1821) Ashbridge, Written by Herself 655 Bars Fight 590 John Woolman (1720-1772) 593 from The Journal of John Woolman 655 Annis Boudinot Stockton (1736-1801) 604 from Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes 656 To Laura 656 To the Same 657 An Extempore Ode in a Sleepless Night by a Lady Attending on 611 Poetry before the Revolution—English Forms in an Her Husband in a Long and Painful Illness American Idiom 658 Milcah Martha Moore (1740-1829) 614 Ebenezer Cook (1667-1733) 658 The Female Patriots. Address'd to the Daughters of Liberty in 614 America, 1768 The Sot-weed Factor; or, a Voyage to Maryland, etc. 631 Richard Lewis (1700?-1734) 659 Martha Brewster (1710—post 1759) 632 A Journey from Patapsko to Annapolis, April 4, 1730 660 from An Essay on the Four Ages of Man, Resembling the Four Seasons of the Year 641 660 A Farewell to Some of My Christian Friends at Goshen, in Poetry before the Revolution—A Collection of Poetry Lebanon. April 5th, 1745 by Women
663 Ann Eliza Bleecker (1752-1783) 642 Jane Colman Turell (1708-1735) 663 Written in the Retreat From Burgoyne 642 [Lines on Childbirth] 665 On the Immensity of Creation 643 Bridget Richardson Fletcher (1726-1770) 665 Anna Young Smith (1756-1780) 644 Hymn XXXVI. The Greatest Dignity of a Woman, Christ Being Born of One 666 A Song 644 Hymn LXX. The Duty of Man and Wife 667 An Elegy to the Memory of the American Volunteers, who Fell in the Engagement Between the Massachusetts-Bay Militia, and the 646 Hannah Grails (1727-1817) British Troops. April 19, 1775
647646 On Reading Some Paragraphs in "The Crisis," April, '77 On the Death of John Roberts and Abraham Carlisle, November 4th, 1778 669 Sarah Wentworth Morton (1759-1846) 669 Stanzas to a Husband Recently United 649 Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814) 670 The African Chief 649 To a Young Lady 672 Ode Inscribed to Mrs. M. Warren 650 674 Memento, for My Infant Who Lived But Eighteen Hours A Thought On the Inestimable Blessing of Reason, Occasioned By Its Privation To a Friend of Very Superior Talents and Virtues, 1770 674 Poems Published Anonymously 652 To Mrs. Montague, Author of "Observations On the Genius and 674 The Lady's Complaint Writings of Shakespeare" 653 675 Verses Written by a Young Lady, on Women Born to be To Fidelio, Long Absent On the Great Public Cause, Which Controll'd! Agitated All America, In 1776 676 The Maid's Soliloquy 677 Impromptu, on Reading an Essay on Education By a Lady Contents • xv
678 Emerging Voices of a National Literature: African, 756 Fray Carlos Jose Delgado (1677–post 1750) Native American, Spanish, Mexican 757 Report made by Rev. Father Fray Carlos Delgado to our Rev. Father Ximeno concerning the abominable hostilities and tyrannies of the governors and alcaldes mayores toward the Indians, to the 679 Jupiter Hammon (1711-1806?) consternation of the custodia. The year 1750 680 An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ, with Penetential Cries 682 An ADDRESS to Miss Phillis Wheatly, Ethiopian Poetess, in 762 Francisco Palou (1723-1789) Boston, who came from Africa at eight years of age, and soon 763 from Life of Junipero Serra became acquainted with the gospel of Jesus Christ 763 from Chapter XXII: The Expeditions Arrive at the Port of Monterey— The Mission and Presidio of San Carlos are Founded 685 Prince Hall (1735?-1807) 766 from Chapter LVIII: The Exemplary Death of the Venerable Father 686 To the Honorable Council 8c House of Representatives for the Junipero State of Massachusetts-Bay in General Court assembled January 13th 1777 771 Two Mexican-American Oral Tales 688 A Charge, Delivered to the African Lodge, June 24, 1797, at 771 The Llorona, Malinche, and Unfaithful Maria Menotomy 773 The Devil Woman
694 Gustavus Vassa (Olaudah Equiano) (1745-1797) 695 from The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or 774 Enlightenment Voices, Revolutionary Visions Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself, Chapters 2, 3, 7 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) 712 Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784) 776 from Poor Richard's Almanacks 714 On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield 780 1770 The Way to Wealth 716 On the Death of Dr. Samuel Marshall 784 1771 A Witch Trial at Mount Holly 717 To a Lady on the Death of her Husband .790 718 791 The Speech of Polly Baker On Being Brought from Africa to America Advice to a Young Tradesman, Written by an Old One. To my 718 On Imagination 793 Friend A.B. 720 To the University of Cambridge, in New England 794 from A Narrative of the Late Massacres 721 Philis's Reply to the Answer in our Last by the Gentleman in the Navy 806 An Edict by the King of Prussia Information to Those Who Would Remove to America 722 810 To His Excellency General Washington Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America .724 Liberty and Peace 815 S19 On the Slave-Trade 726 To the Rt. Hon'ble the Countess of Huntingdon 821 Speech in the Convention 726 To the Right Hon'ble/The Earl of Dartmouth per favour of/Mr. Wooldridge 823 from The Autobiography Part One 727 The following is an extract of a letter from Phillis, 823 a Negro girl of 871 Part Two: Continuation of the Account of My Life, Begun at Passy Mr. Wheatley's, of this town; to the Rev. Samson Occom, dated the 11th of February, 1774 1784 882 John Leacock (1729-1802) 728 Samson Occom (1723-1792) the Times 884 from. The First Book of the American Chronicles of 730 A Short Narrative of My Life 884 from Chapter 3: Obadiah (John Hancock) challenges the Gageite 736 A Sermon Preached by Samson Occom (Thomas Gage) with 884 from Chapters 3 and 4: Jedediah the Priest (Rev. Samuel Cooper), 751 Hendrick Aupaumut (?-1830) Mother Carey's aid, speaks with the ghost of Oliver Cromwell 752 from A Short Narration of my Last Journey to the Western 887 from The Fall of British Tyranny; Or, American Liberty Country Triumphant: Song, The First of May, to St. Tammany xvi Contents contents • xvu
890 J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur (1735-1813) 981 To Benjamin Banneker, August 30, 1791 982 To Dr. Benjamin Rush, with a Syllabus, April 21, 1803 892 Letters from an American Farmer from 984 To Thomas Jefferson Randolph, November 24, 1808 On the Situation, Feelings, and Pleasures of an American 892 from Letter II: 987 To Henri Gregoire, February 25, 1809 Farmer 987 To John Adams, June 11, 1812 895 from Letter III: What Is an American? 990 To John Adams, October 28, 1813 899 from Letter IX: Description of Charles Town; Thoughts on Slavery; on Physical Evil; a Melancholy Scene 994 Patriot and Loyalist Songs and Ballads 908 from Letter MI: Distresses of a Frontier Man 996 The Liberty Song 997 The Irishman's Epistle 925 John Adams (1735-1826) Abigail Adams (1744 - 1818) 998 Alphabet 926 from Autobiography of John Adams 999 Yankee Doodle Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, March 31, 1776 :930 1001 Nathan Hale 930 Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, April 14, 1776 1002 Volunteer Boys 931 Letter from John Adams to James Sullivan, May 26, 1776 1004 Burrowing Yankees Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, June 30, 1778 931 1004 A Song 932 Letter from John Adams to Benjamin Rush, December 25, 1811 1005 An Appeal 933 Abigail Adam's Diary of her Return Voyage to America, 30 March- 1 May 1788 1007 The Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers 936 Thomas Paine (1737-1809) 1008 The Federalist No. 6 (Alexander Hamilton) 1013 The Federalist No. 10 (James Madison) 937 from An Occasional Letter on the Female Sex 1018 An Anti-Federalist Paper (Centinel) 940 from Common Sense 940 Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs 946 from The American Crisis, Number 1 951 from The Age of Reason 1922 United Voices, a National Literature 951 Chapter I: The Author's Profession of Faith 953 from Chapter II: Of Missions and Revelations 1024 Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) 954 from Chapter III: Concerning the Character of Jesus Christ 'and His 'History" 1027 Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of encouraging a degree of 955 from Chapter VI: Of the True Theology Self-Complacency, especially in FEMALE BOSOMS 1030 On the DOMESTIC EDUCATION of CHILDREN 957 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) 1032 On the EQUALITY of the SEXES 960 from The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson 1039 Occasional Epilogue to the Contrast; a Comedy, Written by Royal 960 A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, Tyler, Esq. in General Congress Assembled 1042 Philip Freneau (1752-1832) 964 from Notes on the State of Virginia 964 Query IV: Mountains, the Shenandoah and Potomac 1044 The Power of Fancy 965 Query V: Cascades, the Natural Bridge 1048 A Political Litany 965 Query VI: Productions, Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal, Buffon and the 1049 from The House of Night, A Vision Theory of degeneracy 1059 To Sir Toby 969 Query XI: Aborigines, Original Condition and Origin 1061 The Hurricane 970 Query XVIII: Manners . . . Effect of Slavery 1062 The Wild Honey Suckle 971 First Inaugural Address 1063 To An Author 975 Letters 1065 On the Universality and Other Attributes of the God of Nature 975 To Martha Jefferson, Nov. 28, 1783 1066 On Observing a Large Red-streak Apple 976 To James Madison, Oct. 28, 1785 1067 The Indian Burying Ground 978 To James Madison, December 20, 1787 1068 On the causes of Political Degeneracy XVIII Contents■....
1071 Joel Barlow (1754-1812) 1073 The Prospect of Peace 1078 The Hasty Pudding, A Poem, in Three Cantos 1087 Advice to a Raven in Russia 1089 Royall Tyler (1757-1826) 1091 The Contrast, A Comedy in Five Acts
1131 Hannah Webster Foster (1758-1840) 1133 from The Coquette; or, the History of Eliza Wharton
1153 Susanna Haswell Rowson (1762-1824) 1154 from Charlotte, A Tale of Truth 1154 from Preface 1155 from Chapter II: Domestic Concerns 1157 from Chapter XII 1158 from Chapter XIV: Maternal Sorrow 1159 from Chapter XV: Embarkation 1160 from Chapter XVII: A Wedding 1161 from Chapter =CM: Which People Void of Feeling Need Not Read 1162 from Chapter XXXIV: Retribution
1163 Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) 1165 Somnambulism, A fragment
Early Nineteenth Century: 1800-1865 1179
1214 Myths, Tales, and Legends
1216 Jane Johnston Schoolcraft (1800-1841) 1217 Mishosha, or the Magician and His Daughters 1222 The Forsaken Brother 1225 David Cusick (?-1840) 1226 from Sketches of the Ancient History of the Six Nations
1226 A Tale of the Foundation of the Great Island, Now . North America;— the Two Infants Born, and the Creation of the Universe 1228 Tales from the Hispanic Southwest 1230 La comadre sebassebastiana/tona SebasSebastian 1232 Los tres hermanos/The Three Brothers [continued]