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Home , Arthur Tappan, George Fitzhugh, James Freeman Clarke, John Saffin, Lewis Tappan, Theodore Parker

• CONTENTS •

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS X111

PROLOGUE xv

PREFACE XXI

INTRODUCTION XXVI1

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS lxi SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING lxiii

CHAPTER 1 The Historical Background for the Antebellum Debates, 1776-1865 1 Stroud's Compendium of the Laws of Slavery 5 Population Statistics from the U. S. Census for 1790-1860 6 Summary from Slave Trade Project 7 The European Origins of American Slavery 7 by Arthur Kinney

SAMUEL SEWALL (1632-1730) AND JOHN SAFFIN (1632-1710) 10 The Selling ofJoseph: A Memorial 12 by A Brie] Candid Answer to a Late Printed Sheet, Entitled, The Selling of Joseph 14 by John Saffin

JOHN WOOLMAN (1720-1772) 15 Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes 16

CHAPTER 2 Acts of Congress Relating to Slavery 20 The Declaration of Independence 21 The Ordinance of 1787 23 The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 23 The Missouri Compromise of 1820 25 The Wilmot Proviso, 1847 25 The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 26 The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 30 vi • CONTENTS

SLAVERY AND THE 1787 CONSTITUTION 31

FREDERICK DOUGLASS (c. 1818-1895) 33 What to the Slave Is the Fourth ifJuly? 38 JUSTICE JOSEPH STORY (1779-1845) 43 A Charge Delivered to the Grand Jury if the Circuit Court if the United States 45

CHAPTER 3 Biblical Proslavery Arguments 51 THORNTON STRINGFELLOW (1788-1869) 61 A BriefExamination if the Scripture Testimony on the Institution if Slavery 63 Slavery, Its Origin, Nature, and History Considered in the Light if Bible Teachings, Moral Justice, and Political Wisdom 67 ALEXANDER MCCAINE (1768-1856) 81 Slavery Defended from Scripture against the Attacks if the Abolitionists 82

CHAPTER 4 Biblical Antislavery Arguments 88 (1803-1895) 91 The Bible against Slavery 92 (1810-1888) 97 Slavery in the United States 99 ALEXANDER MCLEOD (1774-1833) 104 Negro Slavery Unjustifiable 104 ROBERT DALE OWEN (1801-1877) 112 The Wrong if Slavery, the Right if Emancipation and the Future if the African Race in the United States 113

CHAPTER 5 The Economic Arguments Concerning Slavery 116 EDMUND RUFFIN (1794-1865) 121 The Political Economy if Slavery; or, The Institution Considered in Regard to Its Influence on Public Wealth and the General Welfare 123 GEORGE FITZHUGH (1806-1881) 126 • CONTENTS· V1!

GEORGE FITZHUGH AND THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SLAVERY 128 edited and introduced by Melba Jensen Sociology for the South; or, the Failure of Free Society 132 Cannibals All! or, Slaves without Masters 136

DAVID CHRISTY (1802-N.D.) AND E. N. ELLIOTT (N.D.) 141 Introduction to Cotton Is King, and Proslavery Arguments 142 by E. N. Elliot Cotton Is King 143 by David Christy

HINTON ROWAN HELPER (1829-1909) 146 The Impending Crisis of the South and How to Meet It 148 by Hinton Rowan Helper Impending Crisis Dissected 152 by Samuel M. Wolfe

CHAPTER 6 Writers and Essayists in Conflict over Slavery 156 Color, Caste, Denomination 162 by Emily Dickinson

PHILLIS WHEATLEY (1753-1784), "ON BEING BROUGHT FROM AFRICA TO AMERICA" 162

JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER (1807-1892) 164 The Slave Ships 165 to Virginia 169 Our Political Responsibility 171 Justice and Expediency; or, Slavery Considered with a View to Its Rightfol and Effectual Remedy, Abolition 173

JAMES KIRKE PAULDING (1778-1860) 177 Slavery in the United States 179

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (1819-1891) 186 The Abolitionists and Emancipation 189 Politics and the Pulpit 190 The Church and the Clergy 191 The Church and the Clergy Again 192 V111 • CONTENTS

The Moral Argument against Slavery 192 193

WALT WHITMAN (1819-1892) 195 edited and introduced by William Pannapacker Slavery and the Slave Trade 196 New States: Shall They Be Slave or Free? 198 American Workingmen, Versus Slavery 199 Prohibition of Colored Persons 201 The House of Friends 202 EMERSON, THOREAU, AND ANTISLAVERY 203 by Len Gougeon

HENRY DAVID THOREAU (1817-1862) 215 Slavery in Massachusetts 217

RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803-1882) 225 edited and introduced by William Pannapacker Lecture on Slavery 227

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE (1811-1896) AND MARY EASTMAN (1818-1880) 234 Uncle Tom's Cabin 239 by

BLACK STEREOTYPES IN UNCLE TOM'S CABIN 241 by Sandra C. Duvivier Aunt Phillis's Cabin; or, Southern Life As It Is 244 by Mary Eastman

CHAPTER 7 Science in Antebellum America 249

NOTES ON STEPHEN JAY GOULD'S CRITIQUE OF GEORGE MORTON'S RACE THEORIES 266 by Adam Linker White Supremacy and Negro Subordination 268 by J. H. Van Evrie (1743-1826) 268 Notes on the State of Virginia 270 HENRI GREGOIRE (1750-1831) 273 On the Cultural Achievements of Negroes 273 • CONTENTS ix

The Claims 0/ the Negro Ethnologically Considered 279 by

O. S. FOWLER (1809-1887) 283 O. S. FOWLER AND HEREDITARY DESCENT 284 edited and introduced by Christopher Hanlon

Hereditary Descent 291

Ethnology 297 by

THEODORE PARKER (1810-1860) VS. JOHN S. ROCK (1825-1866) ON THE ANGLO-SAXON AND THE AFRICAN 299 edited and introduced by Dean Grodzins Some Thoughts on the Progress 0/ America, and the Influence 0/ Her Diverse Institutions 302 by The Present Aspect 0/ Slavery in America 304 by Theodore Parker Speech to the Massacre Commemorative Festival 305 by John S. Rock Remarks to the Boston Massacre Commemorative Festival 308 by Theodore Parker

JOSIAH NOTT AND THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF ETHNOLOGY 310

JOSIAH CLARK NOTT (1804-1873) 311 Types 0/ Mankind; or, Ethnological Researches Based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania 0/ Races and upon Their Natural Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History 314 by Josiah Clark Nott and George Gliddon Indigenous Races 0/ the Earth; or, New Chapters of Ethnological Inquiry 317 by Josiah Clark Nott and George Gliddon The Negro Race: Its Ethnology and History 320 by Josiah Nott

CHAPTERS The Abolitionist Crusade 327

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND THE ABOLITIONIST CRUSADE 327 x • CONTENTS

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON (1805-1879) 335 An Address to the American Colonization Society, July 4, 1829 338 Truisms 343 The Constitution and the Union 345 American Colorphobia 346 Speech to the Fourth Annual National Woman's Rights Convention 347 Editorial, The Liberator 348 No Compromise with Slavery 349

DAVID WALKER (1785-1830) 352 Appeal 356 LYDIA MARIA CHILD (1802-1880) 363 An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans 368 (1780-1842) 379 Slavery 380 JAMES MCCUNE SMITH (1813-1865) 391 The Destiny of a People of Color 392 ANGELINA EMILY GRIMKE (1805-1879) AND SARAH MOORE GRIMKE (1792-1873) 395 An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South 397 by Angelina Emily Grimke An Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States 401 by Sarah Moore Grimke

CATHARINE E. BEECHER (1804-1878) 404 An Essay on Slavery and , with Reftrence to the Duty of American Females 405 by Catharine E. Beecher Letters to Catharine E. Beecher, in Reply to an Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism 415 by Angelina Emily Grimke American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses 417 by Theodore D. Weld Cat-hawling 420 by Roy Sunderland

GERRIT SMITH (1797-1874), (1786-1865), AND (1788-1873) 420 by Melba Jensen • CONTENTS Xl

THE ABOLITIONISTS 422 edited and introduced by Melba Jensen Speech in the Meeting 0/ the New-York Anti-Slavery Society, Held in Peterboro, October 22, 1835 430 by Letter to Rev. James Smylie, 0/ the State 0/ , 1837 434 by Gerrit Smith Address 0/ the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 435 by Arthur Tappan Speech on the Nebraska Bill, April 6, 1854 437 by Gerrit Smith

WENDELL PHILLIPS (1811-1884) 441 The Constitution, a Pro-Slavery Compact 443

LYSANDER SPOONER (1808-1887) 446 The Unconstitutionality 0/ Slavery 447 HORACE MANN (1796-1859) 449 Speech Delivered in the US. House ifRepresentatives on the Subject 0/ Slavery in the Territories, and the Consequences 0/ Dissolution 0/ the Union 451 ALEXANDER CRUMMELL (1819-1898) 455 An Address to the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 457

ROGER BROOKE TANEY (1777-1864) 458 Opinion 0/ the Court in Dred Scott, Plaintiff in Error, v John F. A. San4ford 459

HORACE BUSHNELL (1802-1876) 462 A Discourse on the Slavery Question, Delivered in the North Church, Hartford 464 (1811-1874) 467 The Barbarism 0/ Slavery 468

CHAPTER 9 Concluding Remarks and Alexis de Tocquevi11e (1805-1859) 474 in America 478 by Alexis de Tocqueville

INDEX 485