New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building and Responding to New Urban Realities
Reflection and analysis of themes emerging from Cityquest - KAEC Forum 2015
Photo Credit © King Abdullah Economic City 1 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Reflection and analysis of themes emerging from Cityquest - KAEC Forum 2015
This report was written by Adam Cutts, Researcher at the New Cities Foundation as part of the Cityquest – KAEC Forum initiative and published in March 2016. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are the Foundation’s.
Edited by Naureen Kabir Collings, Director of Research, New Cities Foundation.
Please cite this publication as:
New Cities Foundation (2015), New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, building, and responding to new urban realities - Reflection and Analysis of themes emerging from Cityquest - KAEC Forum 2015
[online: http://bit.ly/Cityquest2015]
You can copy, download, or print this report for your own use, and you can include excerpts from New Cities Foundation publications, databases, and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations blogs, websites, and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the New Cities Foundation as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Request for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the New Cities Foundation. Table of Contents
Foreword...... 1 Executive Summary...... T2
Introduction...... 6
Building Value: Key considerations on developing physical value in new cities...... 8
Infrastructure: A Means to Many Ends...... 8
Adapting to Context...... 8
Creating and Capturing Value...... 9
Avoiding a Technology Lock-in...... 10
Understanding Social Value and the Risks of Private Infrastructure Management...... 10
Financing and Affordability...... 11
Risk and the Cost of Capital...... 11
Gaining Public Sector Support...... 11
Social Policy Concerns...... 12 Maintaining Affordable Housing...... 12
Building for Value: If you build it, will they come? New Cities as valuable places to do business...... 14
Attracting Entrepreneurs...... 14
Creating Value for Business...... 15
Placemaking and Local Identity...... 17
Leaving Bland Office Parks Behind...... 17
Granularity...... 17
Activating Streets...... 18
The Value of Variety...... 18
The Value that Can’t Be Built: Considering intangible values for new cities...... 19
Fostering Community and Sense of Ownership...... 19 Branding New Cities and Attracting Residents...... 19
Conclusion...... 21 Table of Contents
Annex: New City Profiles...... 23 Alamein New City, Egypt...... 24
Cyberjaya, Malaysia...... 25
Economic City of Egypt (ECE), Egypt...... 26
Gujarat International Finance Tec City (GIFT), India...... 27
Iskandar Malaysia, Malaysia...... 28
Jazan Economic City, Saudi Arabia...... 29
Kabul New City, Afghanistan ...... 30
King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia...... 31
Konza Technology City (KTC), Kenya...... 32
Lavasa, India...... 33
Masdar City, Abu Dhabi...... 34
Mohammed VI Green City/ Ville-Verte Mohammed VI, Morocco...... 35
Rawabi, Palestine...... 36
City of Sejong, South Korea...... 37
Songdo, South Korea...... 38
Sri City, India...... 39
Tatu City, Kenya...... 40
Yachay Knowledge City, Ecuador...... 41
References ...... 42 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Photo Credit © King Abdullah Economic City & New Cities Foundation 5 Foreword Foreword
New cities are a reality in the urban events, practical research, and initiatives that future of many nations – particularly in the promote urban innovation. Global South – and represent some of the boldest responses to meeting the growing On 8-10 December 2015, the third edition social and economic needs of burgeoning of the Cityquest – KAEC Forum brought urban populations. For many, they represent together 250 participants from 25 increased potential for addressing pressing countries, including senior executives societal and economic issues, from meeting and top decision-makers from the soaring demand for housing to boosting world’s foremost real estate, construction, economic development and expanding and technology, consulting, architecture, and modernizing infrastructure. Learning from telecommunications firms, as well as the past - and learning from each other - is mayors, thinkers, and researchers from crucial for new city builders of today. top global universities. Eighteen new city projects participated in the 2015 Forum, This knowledge sharing is what drives the highest number to date. Participating Cityquest - KAEC Forum, a unique and projects were: Alamein New City (Egypt), unprecedented global gathering of the Cyberjaya (Malaysia), Economic City of Egypt leading builders, designers, and partners of (Egypt), Gujarat International Finance Tec City the world’s most important new city projects. (India), Iskandar Malaysia (Malaysia), Jazan The Forum was first launched in 2013, as Economic City (Saudi Arabia), Kabul New an initiative of King Abdullah Economic City City (Afghanistan), King Abdullah Economic (KAEC) in partnership with, and organized City (Saudi Arabia), Konza Technology City by, the New Cities Foundation. It is now a (Kenya), Lavasa (India), Masdar (Abu Dhabi), vitally important cross-sector conversation Mohammed VI Green City (Morocco), Rawabi generating insights and strategies to best (Palestine), Sejong (South Korea), Songdo respond to the many challenges facing (South Korea), Sri City (India), Tatu City (Kenya), contemporary new cities. and Yachay Knowledge City (Ecuador).
The partnership behind Cityquest – KAEC The participants in the Cityquest – KAEC Forum is founded upon a common belief in Forum were unanimous in their desire the enormous possibilities of new, innovative to create people-centric cities and models of urbanization. KAEC is laying a path incorporating the newest lessons in urbanism. towards a new model for urban development, This report aims to lay out the challenges and leading social and economic progress in facing new cities, and provide the insights the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The ambition and ideas that can best help them meet their and scale of this project parallels other ambitious goals. important new cities around the world, and speaks directly to the immense potential Fahd Al Rasheed Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, they hold. The New Cities Foundation’s King Abdullah Economic City mission is to shape a better urban future John Rossant for all, generating and scaling new ways of Chairman solving challenges in cities today through New Cities Foundation
1 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Executive Summary
Building value in new cities was the main Creating and Capturing Added Value focus of the 2015 Forum and is an important • Understanding ‘smart’ infrastructure topic on the role of contemporary new cities and value chains: Introducing a layer within wider urban systems. This report of technology to achieve new levels provides analysis and recommendations of service delivery, efficiency, and on key themes emerging from the 2015 coordination can add value to a city’s Forum. Its chief objective is to bridge the network. many angles that can be used to approach the idea of value, and to encourage the • Opening up city data: Engagement design and development of quality urban at the device and application level, environments that increase the value for example, can spark third-party proposition for all stakeholders involved in development of innovative city-based new urban realities: citizens, developers, services using open data created and municipal, regional and national by smart infrastructure. governments. Avoiding a Technology Lock-in Physical Value in New Cities • Considering rapid technological change and the ‘slowness’ of the urban fabric: New cities must plan The first section of the report explores with flexibility in mind to enable the physical value that new cities each layer of a smart-city value produce through infrastructure, the built chain to move naturally at their environment, and technology. The foremost different rates within the urban challenge facing new cities is to formulate environment. creative approaches to financing quality infrastructure and services that will be Understanding Social Value of critical to their success. This approach must Infrastructure include ways to understand and capture • • Understanding infrastructure’s added the full value produced by infrastructure as social value and spillover effects: a return on their investment. Strategies for Without representing associated new city development should consider: spillover values in infrastructure Adapting to Context projects, new cities risk undervaluing • By responding to local needs and new development and major their cultural context, infrastructure infrastructure to their investors or can contribute to wider goals, including public sector partners. building a sense of ownership and • Conceptualizing models for shared pride, as well as developing the ownership: Crowdsourcing and identity of a new city. taxation models to manage
2 Executive Summary
infrastructure may better ensure Creating Value for Business wider value is created that may Global competition pits new cities against be lost if it is optimized purely urban centers that have the advantage of for commercial gain. an established population and city life. New Value for Business in New Cities cities can consider various strategies that take advantage of their ‘newness’ and can be implemented from the get-go: The second section of the report examines • Catering the built environment to the strategies to support indirect outcomes needs of contemporary research and value in new cities. It includes facilities, businesses, the workforce, recommendations for producing places and families is a great opportunity that are valuable to businesses and people. for competitive advantage. Simply providing sites for linkages and • Leaving bland office parks behind businesses to set up in a new city is not and committing to real mixed-use enough. Ensuring that innovation and planning better reflects contemporary investment will follow is a complex task preferences for vibrant environments. and should include strategies to attain the While building micro-spaces might following objectives: not secure the highest rents, they Attracting Entrepreneurs are integral to the pulse of a city Key ways new cities can reduce frictions and and help create the ecosystems promote the ecosystems that today’s start- that businesses need to thrive. ups and entrepreneurs require include: Placemaking and Local Identity • Developing a robust educational If inhabitants are to drive the growth system: A strong talent base is and innovation of their new cities, it is of essential to fostering ‘indigenous’ paramount importance that the cities they start-ups locally and attracting live in are designed with their needs and emerging international ones looking wellbeing in mind. Large-scale, purely to recruit top talent; market-driven housing and development • Promoting ease of doing business decisions create homogenization, uniformity, through reduction of set-up costs and the placelessness that ironically and a regulatory environment friendly reduces the value of a place. To actively to entrepreneurs and investors; confront this challenge and avoid repeating the mistakes of recent decades, discussions • Reducing the costs of risk-taking and at the Forum highlighted ways to encourage increasing the acceptance of failure: vibrant placemaking, including: bankruptcy laws, regulations allowing for starting, closing, and re-starting • Providing high pedestrian connectivity companies, and even the education at the street level and throughout system’s approach to failure public space; all contribute to a welcoming • Flexible bylaws allowing for temporary environment for entrepreneurs. commercial and non-commercial
3 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
uses, such as street fairs, pop up residents, and ultimately reflect the sales, markets, etc.; city in a more meaningful way. • Developing a rich retail ecosystem, • New cities should consider tools for leaving room for small independent planning and policy that discourage retail and restaurants that provide mass ‘cookie cutter’ housing, employment, various level of and instead encourage adapting affordability, and expand the number architecture to reflect personal of residents invested in the city; choice and character. • Including small scale public spaces Gaps in the discussion from plazas and micro-parks, to street-side seating areas; • Integrating local elements, from The Forum revealed many insights, but also architectural styles, to building raised several questions and unexplored materials and traditions. themes worthy of future consideration, including: climate change at a global level, Value that Can’t Be Built city governance, security, and regulatory reform for new cities. The third section of the report provides recommendations to new cities for The unparalleled opportunities for developing the many intangible values experimentation and innovation in new associated with urban living, including: cities cannot be overstated. New cities today also represent a renewed occasion Fostering Community for learning from past mistakes. They offer • Leaving open spaces for organic the chance to integrate best practices in development so that communities can planning, design and policy. As new cities create uses to meet their own needs. race to build new nodes in the global urban • Planning and building new cities at system, they must build ahead of the curve, a walkable scale that is conducive responding to the demand for livable, to the kinds of exchanges that allow affordable, and entrepreneurial urban a community to develop. environments. Keeping pace with new urban realities around the world is no easy • • Nonprofit and grassroots organizations represent community interests in task. New cities offer a path to advancing important ways. Considering how models for development in more urgent a city’s administration can support timeframes. They also have the potential to community-building activities led by become smarter, less wasteful, and more residents can better foster mutual socially inclusive cities in the process. While support. building a new city represents an enormous Attracting Residents challenge and faces many critics, the shared lessons and ongoing conversations which • Allowing citizens to give feedback took place at Cityquest – KAEC Forum 2015 and adapting the new city’s brand are an important step towards laying sound accordingly can better foster ties foundations for the development to come. between a new city and its
4 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
“In most existing cities the utilities and services are constrained with fast population growth and working around aging infrastructure. The value residents and business see in new cities is a better experience and improved service and utilities that better use technology to meet changing needs – especially in the developing world.”
Cityquest–KAEC Forum 2015
Photo Credit © King Abdullah Economic City 5 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Introduction
Several astounding facts on contemporary undoubtedly offer unique opportunities and urbanization are fast becoming a critical will play a significant role in our future. and widely accepted part of the new urban realities we face. An unprecedented shift Strategies for new city building have in the pace at which people are relying on re-emerged in vastly different contexts cities for shelter, opportunity, and wellbeing around the world, yet share many similar is reshaping our idea of what tomorrow will goals. Unlike the new master-planned cities look like and how we will get there. As we of the past, new cities in the 21st century confront this demand by expanding existing are built at the intersection of economics, urban areas, building entirely new cities can industry, and politics, and are characterized offer an alternative to the sprawl and hyper- by the major involvement of the private density we see today. sector. Contemporary new cities often represent a fresh start in the race for global Take, for instance, the projection that in India competitiveness. They focus on innovation alone 250 million people will move to cities and entrepreneurial environments to foster in the next 14 years1. This requires that the growth and investment, combine efforts to equivalent of the entire urban infrastructure leapfrog economies into the tertiary sector, of the United States be built by 2030 to keep or simply offer the promise of a better pace. What role can recent advancements quality of life in response to crumbling in technology and design play in addressing infrastructure and congested cities. At the this challenge? Where do government and heart of these shared goals are the people the private sector fit into our understanding for whom new cities are built and the of what we need from our cities? While no businesses and opportunities that enrich one solution best responds to the complex their lives. problems of urbanization, new cities
1 MGI (2010) 6 Introduction
Building value in new cities was the main focus of the 2015 Cityquest-KAEC Forum and is an important topic on the role of new cities within wider urban systems. All new cities must offer investors, businesses and, most importantly, inhabitants, the right value for the investment required, and a lifestyle and ‘opportunity set’ that keeps them attractive over the long term.
Emerging from the 2015 Forum, this report provides analysis and recommendations on key themes related to the goal of building value in new cities. Its main objective is to better understand and link together the different facets of value, and to encourage quality urban environments that deliver value for all.
This report considers three different aspects of value for new cities: • The first part of the report explores the physical value of the infrastructure, built environment, and technology that new cities produce. • The second section examines strategies for creating value for businesses, and how this process can be encouraged through design strategy, vision, and policy. • The third section discusses the many intangible values recognized as some of the most attractive parts of urban living, such as community and identity of a city.
7 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Building Value: Key considerations on developing physical value in new cities
On current trajectories, the total number of a financially sustainable manner. Devising people living in cities will soon double from creative approaches to financing them, three to six billion by 2045. This means there including new ways of understanding will be more urban areas built during the and capturing the value they offer as first four decades of the 21st century than a return on their investment, will be in all of previous history combined. While the key to success. Communicating existing urban areas will absorb much of the full social and economic value of this growth, new cities present a unique infrastructure to investors, residents, and opportunity to tackle some of the vast government is vital to accurately represent infrastructure requirements generated by the full potential of new city projects. this rapid wave of urbanization. • Additional challenges of infrastructure New and creative approaches to the provision in new cities include: built structures that support economic Compromising between quality and production, trade, and our other daily available resources, skills, and local needs are in high demand. The expense materials, and risk involved in meeting this demand • Sustainability and planning for long- requires careful consideration of how the term infrastructure operations and physical value of a city can be financed and maintenance, maintained sustainably over the long term. • Providing soft infrastructure, including cultural and recreational facilities and Infrastructure: A Means to Many green space, Ends • Becoming competitive globally while remaining accessible locally. Investment in infrastructure in new cities entails long-term commitments that have The following themes in this section stem deep consequences for both users and from the Cityquest KAEC Forum 2015 and developers. At its core, these investments provide ideas for tackling the forthcoming set the foundation for economic and social challenges. development in any given city. Yet, we often Adapting to Context take for granted basic infrastructures and the benefits they provide, and struggle to One noteworthy point discussed during the raise the funds they require. Forum was the tendency of many new city projects to be developed close to older, The challenge for new cities today is to larger cities. KAEC, for example, is 100km provide the quality infrastructure and from Jeddah. Songdo is located within the services that are critical to their success in greater Seoul-Incheon area, while Tatu and
8 Building Value: Key considerations on developing physical value in new cities
Konza Techno City are also located close Creating and Capturing Value to a major center, Nairobi. New cities have Advances in information and communication an important role to play in their regions: technology (ICT), including new forms of developing synergies between old and ownership and access to data, are radically new cities can make them more valuable to changing the way cities meet the needs of people and investors. their residents and businesses. Advocates of smart city technology demonstrate the Building for local needs and considering potential in ICT and sensor embedded surrounding economic activities is essential infrastructure to make the city work more to imparting a sense of ownership among efficiently and generate valuable data. residents relocating to new cities, as Songdo, South Korea, and Gujarat well as ensuring the effectiveness of International Finance Tec-City (GIFT) and their infrastructure developments2. The Lavasa in India are examples of new cities major infrastructure project revitalizing using this approach. It is too early to assess Victoria Harbor in Cape Town, South Africa, the long-term return on investment in smart illustrates this point well. Thanks to its cities. Nonetheless, achieving new levels of attention to local cultural and economic service delivery, efficiency, and coordination contexts, the project has enhanced port across services were all shared desires of activity and trade routes, while increasing new cities present at the Forum. productivity and attracting new investments and commercial development. The smart city value chain comprises several interconnected ICT layers: While maintaining high standards and infrastructure, enablers, devices and investor needs in infrastructure, it is vital applications, requiring coordination across to put users at the core of investment multiple stakeholders. New cities can projects. Where possible, local materials, benefit from understanding this value architectural styles, and existing natural chain and adapting it to local forms or waterways should be accentuated. needs. Engagement at the device and This can build a sense of familiarity and application level, for example, can spark identity attractive to new residents, and third-party development of innovative strengthen public and political acceptance city-based services using open data of new developments. New cities face a (such as transit planning apps, car pooling great challenge and opportunity for instilling services, or crowd-sourced municipal fault identity through large-scale projects reporting). This innovation adds value to the developed on a blank slate. Considering city and contributes to the overall returns how the form and function of infrastructure for early investors3. can contribute to wider goals, such as the city’s character, can increase the overall development value in new cities.
2 Fox (1994) 3 Ericsson (2016) 9 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Avoiding a Technology Lock-in their full value to investors and planners alike. In contrast with built environments, technology changes rapidly. On both a Infrastructure projects are an input into a cost and practical level, new cities must variety of productive activities, and the users consider potential problems arising engaging in these activities often generate between technology and the built form. social goods that spillover to benefit society A leading expert in urban technology as a whole5. While economists observe that warns: “hardwiring urban services to fit a the private sector uses profit incentives particular device or operating system is a to reduce costs per user and manage 4 recipe for frustration, not efficiency” . New resources efficiently, an emerging approach cities must consider this rapid change suggests that this misses other ‘efficiencies’ and the ‘slowness’ of the urban fabric in that can spark the downstream values most implementing smart city strategies. This can necessary to cities. The subsidy and cross- be more safely achieved by planning with subsidy in the expansion of telephone flexibility to enable each layer of a smart networks in the 20th century is a good city to adapt gradually at their different example of this. The network’s value grew rates within the city. Designing and planning as the number of users increased, and also a city’s transportation network, for example, through the increased social and economic would require anticipating the city’s activity it enabled. Without representing different levels of advancement at when associated spillover values in infrastructure integrating mobility-as-a-service platforms, projects, new cities risk undervaluing new car-sharing, electric and self-driving cars, development and major infrastructure to and other transformative innovations. their investors or public sector partners.
Understanding Social Value and the Risks Understanding how this debate relates to of Private Infrastructure Management decisions about smart-city data licensing, port activities, ICT infrastructure, and so When managing risk for developing new on, can help new cities approach complex infrastructure, economists have traditionally projects creatively. For example, research suggested focusing on the adequate shows that managing infrastructure supply of infrastructure services to its communally with multiple stakeholders users. Recent studies, however, suggest may better catalyze experimentation that simply focusing on the supply-side by with new uses6. Ultimately, taking an determining the number of infrastructure open, shared approach to infrastructure users may not adequately signal the greater management may better capture all value, social demand for the functions they including social value, that may be lost if support. Instead, a better understanding of it is optimized purely from a commercial the added social value and spillover effects perspective. of large projects can help better convey
4 Dan Hill, associate director at Arup, Hill (2012) 5 Frischmann (2012) 6 Frischmann (2012), Ryan (2015) 10 Building Value: Key considerations on developing physical value in new cities
“We have to always consider ‘affordability to whom?’ - People who are living in the city? People who are developing the city? People who are investing in the infrastructure of the city? It has to be a balance in the cost-benefit of the whole development.” - 2015 Cityquest – KAEC Forum participant
Financing and Affordability Additionally, exploring alternative ways to rely on a city’s own sources to find sustained The massive scale of privately developed revenue will be vital to developing new city and financed new cities is unprecedented. business models7. Enhancing local taxing Conventional financing methods are ill- authority was discussed as an important suited for managing the risk and long- way of capturing initial costs in new city term commitment needed for ambitious infrastructure development. User-fees and master-planned cities. Discussions at the Land Value Capture are other available Cityquest Forum revealed that no new models for monetizing the increase in city can overlook the need for some level property value as a result of infrastructure of public sector support for the long-term provision. success of a project. Additionally, new cities must explore all potential funding sources, If new cities are to leverage their own and combine strategies for a multi-layered sources of funding to cover operations and funding approach. maintenance costs, the question becomes: Risk and the Cost of Capital how can private new city builders design Participants discussed various types governance frameworks that balance the of public-private partnerships (PPPs), interests of all stakeholders? How will the including hybrid entities, new partnership diverging priorities of investors, business, frameworks, and special charters or policies and everyday residents be managed? to establish public sector support for new These are all uncharted waters for private- city projects. This is especially needed in led, large-scale new cities. regions currently lacking PPP frameworks. Gaining Public Sector Support Balancing risk between the public and private sector by allocating the risk to While many new cities enjoy the backing of parties that are best suited to bear it is the their state and national governments, others most obvious advantage in a PPP approach. struggle to establish the political will for Credit enhancement tools, such as credit garnering their support. To gain government guarantees, low-interest subordinated interest, one participant suggested that loans and other financing instruments for the public purpose of new cities must 8 public sector support are mechanisms that be promoted . Indeed, new cities must be new cities must explore and adapt to their recognized as public interest projects, as local contexts. they generate employment, contribute to
7 Cityquest 2015 KAEC Forum – Session: Building Affordable Cities 8 Cityquest 2015 KAEC Forum – Strategic Working Group roundtable 11 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities planned urbanization, and develop all types bridge in Rotterdam, Netherlands, is a of housing and infrastructure. They are an good example of this emerging financing important and concrete response to the instrument. As the first crowdfunded public urban boom. infrastructure project, over 8,000 people signed up to support the construction Social Policy Concerns of a bridge between two disconnected No new mega-urban project escapes the neighborhoods. The project, in its first conflict between land development to phase, has already seen much success maximize profits, and setting aside land for and has contributed to the renewal and community spaces that provide no financial development of the surrounding area. returns. This year’s discussion introduced Maintaining Affordable Housing several approaches to addressing social policy concerns in new cities. Access to affordable housing is an ever- increasing challenge worldwide. While new Partnerships with NGOs and the non-profit cities must turn a profit to be viable, the sector may be a potential solution to suspicion that they will perpetuate growing environmental and social equity issues. socio-economic divisions was identified as Actively building relationships with a critical issue to address in their planning organizations in regions surrounding new and construction. As the largest and fastest cities in their early phases can help engage growing demographic of city residents, groups that are traditionally only introduced the poor must be a key constituent for any after problems arise in a city. New cities urban mega-project that has long-term should explore innovative financing tools economic, social and political stability as a such as social impact bonds that share risk goal. and link private and nonprofit organizations together to address social policy issues9. Middle and low-income citizens, who are sensitive to housing market variations, Finally, though still in its infancy, contribute to the diversity that characterizes crowdfunding is another growing resource thriving cities and a broad workforce. for addressing issues excluded from private Producing adequate affordable housing development priorities. Many cultural and options for all socio-economic levels10 in social aspects of development are now a new city does not have any one solution, being addressed by new platforms that but must be approached with a flexible and involve ‘the crowd’ and user-sourced inclusive master-plan. seed funding. The Luchtsingel pedestrian
9 Social impact bonds (also known as pay-for-success contracts) create a risk-bearing financial arrangement between public, private, and nonprofit organizations. Investors enter into a contract with non-profits or foundations to address specific social concerns. If they are addressed, the state will repay the investors their principal, with a sliding scale of profit tied to degree of success. The state is willing to do this because preventing or reducing social issues such as homelessness saves the state money (Macomber,2016; Rangan & Chase, 2015).
10 A narrow definition of affordability assumes that 30% of the income received by those who earn 80% of an area’s median income is spent on housing, with a focus on citizens who obtain housing with certain minimum standards (MGI, 2014)
12 Building Value: Key considerations on developing physical value in new cities
New cities can address housing shortages long-term. by setting aside parcels and mixed- Above all, affordability is a moving target. development sites for affordable housing. Cities will always evolve, and while hard Mixed social groups in neighborhoods to foresee in new cities not yet built, contribute to resilience and social capital11 neighborhood demographics and uses will and can provide broader value to new shift. As population and average incomes cities beyond direct return per square change, affordability has relative as well as foot. Retaining land and the ability to add absolute meaning. Planning for this change capacity in increments, as the demand for is a prudent choice. Cities cannot afford to affordable housing in new cities requires lock themselves into a master plan. it, is key to ensuring inclusivity over the
The Luchtsingel pedestrian bridge in Rotterdam, Netherlands Deezeen Magazine - Photography © Ossip van Duivenbode
11 Blokland & Nast (2013), Livingston et al. (2013) 13 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Building for Value: If you build it, will they come? New cities as valuable places to do business
New cities aim to be centers of innovation • Promoting ease of doing business and experimentation. As such, they can through reduction of set-up costs and become hubs showcasing the strengths a regulatory environment friendly to of their respective parts of the world. But entrepreneurs and investors; by simply providing places for linkages • Reducing the costs of risk-taking and and businesses to set up in a new city, increasing the acceptance of failure: will business and investment necessarily bankruptcy laws, regulations allowing follow? for starting, closing, and re-starting companies, and even the education New cities are places where pioneering system’s approach to failure contribute ideas, products, tools or even business to a welcoming environment for models can be trialed in an urban entrepreneurs; environment. This creation of problem- • Fostering a quality of life that solving opportunities is celebrated as a key encourages entrepreneurs to stay value new cities have to offer businesses and grow with the city, and entrepreneurs. • Offering incentives, such as free office space for small startups or access to Attracting Entrepreneurs top ICT infrastructure.
New cities at this year’s Forum shared Yachay Knowledge City in Ecuador, and the desire to to attract entrepreneurs and Mohammed VI Green City in Morocco, for promote clusters of innovation. Cross- example, place universities at the heart of sector strategies to link academics, private their developments, and use partnerships R&D, and enterprise were debated in depth. with international universities to promote The aim was to understand the best ways local centers for research and development. to attract and retain talent and capital, Sri City in India has established ‘single which today moves so readily around the window approvals’ as another way to globe. Cities can promote the ecosystems encourage business with simpler set-up that entrepreneurs require in the following procedures. ways: Participants at Cityquest challenged the • Developing a robust educational idea that cities can pre-select the economic system: a strong talent base is cluster that forms around entrepreneurs. essential for emerging startups that One participant asserted that “a city cannot aim to recruit top talent; attract entrepreneurs, the entrepreneurs in a city attract entrepreneurs”, suggesting
14 Building for Value: If you build it, will they come? New cities as valuable places to do business that the job of the city is to simply allow Providing support to help businesses set entrepreneurs to operate easily and do up is another strong advantage new cities what they do best. From there, clusters form can offer. It is essential that they have a organically around leading businesses. transparent business environment and that their regulation, procedures, and Encouraging transitions from academics business incentives be straightforward and to real world development and developing well-known. For example, the Economic ‘indigenous startups’ is an important Cities Authority in Saudi Arabia is a one-stop process for new cities to consider. shop providing assistance to businesses on Facilitating homegrown innovation can permitting processes in KAEC. This is a good help retain university students beyond demonstration of how government can graduation and create employment through partner with new cities to encourage easy a network of small startups. While attracting set-up and operation for new investors. large corporations and international investment remains an important goal, the role of small and medium sized business is becoming a key focus for contemporary new cities.
Creating Value for Business
Globalization, urbanization and rapid technological advancement has changed the way businesses operate. Developing the right combination of factors, both tangible (city features, facilities, amenities) and intangible (financial incentives, safety, beauty, identity), that can convince business that a city is right for them is an enormous challenge facing new cities.
While this competition pits new cities against older urban centers that have the advantage of an established population, the former can consider various strategies that take advantage of their ‘newness’. The ability to integrate technologies from the earliest stages of development and cater the built environment to the needs of contemporary research facilities, businesses, the workforce, and families is a great competitive advantage.
15 Building for Value: If you build it, will they come? New cities as valuable places to do business “A successful city must offer investors security, infrastructure and efficiency, and should also put the needs of its citizens at the forefront of all its planning activities.”
Cities Alliance, 2007
Photo Credit © King Abdullah Economic City 16 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Placemaking and Local Identity Granularity Urban designers and advocates Large-scale, purely market-driven housing of placemaking13 encourage small- and development decisions drive scale granular interventions across homogenization, uniformity, and the neighborhoods. This can refer to materials placelessness that ironically reduces the used, sidewalk design, seating areas, value of a place. Discussions at Cityquest landscaping, encouraging pop-ups or 2015 stressed that new cities must instead ephemeral installations, public markets, focus on the human scale, highlighting local and other low-cost interventions. This level variety. Successful businesses need talent, of planning can help avoid the failures and talent needs community, culture, and of placeless developments to create housing accessible at all levels within a city. communal spaces that help bind together Leaving Bland Office Parks Behind a fine social fabric. It is important to involve smaller scale architects and designers to Bland and placeless office parks of the understand how they can help new cities. 1980s and 1990s are no longer a desired model for businesses to thrive. Strict zoning Best practices in placemaking and granular and use separation hamper vibrancy, interventions include: decrease tenant satisfaction, and creative • Providing high pedestrian connectivity exchange12. New cities must consider the at the street level and throughout physical spaces as part of the business public space, climate they provide. As one Cityquest • Flexible bylaws allowing for temporary participant put it: “How can we make sure uses, such as street fairs, pop-up that businesses in new cities have the right sales, markets, etc., places to come together, to collaborate, to • Developing a rich retail ecosystem, interact, and to innovate?” Vibrant urban including small independent retail and places that are mixed offer opportunity for restaurants that provide employment informal interactions and access to practical and expand the number of residents office space. Micro-spaces and mixing uses invested in the city, might not return the highest rents, but they • Including small scale public spaces are essential in creating the ecosystem from plazas and micro-parks, to street and vibrancy today’s businesses need to side seating areas, thrive. How many business meetings now • Integrating local elements, from take place in cafes, public parks, building architectural styles to building lobbies, or in unplanned encounters at bus materials, which enhance residents’ stops or train stations? emotional attachment and
12 Rabianski et al. (2009), Wilson (2013) 13 Placemaking is generally understood as as the creation of vibrant pedestrian-friendly areas with a mix of complementary land uses with the intention of creating public spaces that strengthen the relationship between people and cities (Schutz & Kline, 2004). 17 Building for Value: If you build it, will they come? New cities as valuable places to do business
commitment to a city, and contribute to ecological and social sustainability.
Activating Streets
Activating streets refers to orienting building facades and commercial activities
towards the street to encourage more Flickr © kai.bates interaction with the public. Both the physical Integrated bike lanes and expanded public space and pedestrian design and regulatory environment in a areas help reduce car dominance in Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. city can improve public safety. Providing safe, attractive pedestrian and cycling spaces that are not marginalized by car infrastructure encourages residents to spend more time in the streets and lead healthy, sustainable lifestyles.
The Value of Variety Flickr © I. Municipalidad de Santiago In Santiago, Chile, community-programmed spaces and street Encouraging the growth of universities that fairs add character to neighborhoods. provide a young and dynamic population can create varied businesses. Several new cities present at Cityquest 2015, including Masdar in the United Arab Emirates, Yachay Knowledge City in Ecuador, and Mohammed VI Green City in Morocco include university
campuses and subsidized student Flickr © I. Municipalidad de Santiago residencies as main points of attraction Mixed use development, with a variety of sizes in residential and and as feeders into local business. They commercial units in Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A. thus hope to foster a diverse social fabric associated with successful, vibrant cities. Actively including a variety of residents, such as artists, writers, trades workers and so on, can stimulate and support business innovation in the wider economy14.
Flickr © eric wittman
Paley Park in New York City provides much needed shade, public space, and tranquility in a small plot of land in Manhattan.
Flickr © Andrew Russel
Local style and colorful design in Vigan, Philippines. 14 Bakhshi & McVittie (2008) 18 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
The Value that Can’t Be Built: Considering intangible values for new cities
Cities create tangible values through real- challenge they face to create a sense of estate valuation, trade, and employment ownership for residents in such newly creation, to name a few. On the other hand, developed environments. While beginning cities are also complex places valued as top-down initiatives, new cities must for their cultural exchanges, platforms consider ways to pass control back to the of individual opportunity, and fulfillment. people so they feel empowered to develop These values cannot be left out when a local identity. One of the most important building new cities. words emerging in the Forum was ‘Songdonian’, a name and sense of identity Fostering Community and Sense that the community in Songdo has created of Ownership for itself.
Cityquest participants agreed that New cities should also consider the role of community is not found in the buildings, the non-profit sector in imparting a sense of roads, plans, or infrastructure. Rather, it identity. Grassroots organizations represent emerges in the interaction of these elements community interests in important ways. with the people that inhabit them. Allowing Considering how a city’s administration can residents to create new uses for space in the support resident-led community-building city is key to fostering strong communities. activities can better foster mutual support. The phasing of new cities can have a great deal to do with fostering community from Branding New Cities and the outset. Planning and building at a scale Attracting Residents where the built environment is compact and walkable is essential for the kinds Cityquest 2015 challenged participants of exchanges that allow community to to consider the importance of branding emerge15. While sophisticated renderings their city as a way of anchoring their capture the vision that a new city aspires identity. While discussions at the Forum to achieve, low-density and sparse phasing acknowledged that branding creates an in new cities could ultimately hinder these image of the city that people are supposed goals by neglecting to nurture the village- to identify with, they also highlighted the feeling that many love about ‘world-class’ importance of adapting the brand identity neighborhoods in cities of all sizes. to the city’s growing community. As cities grow, their residents inevitably shape their The tension between the local and the city’s identity and must play a role in its global in new cities becomes clear in the brand evolution.
15 Raman (2010), Katz, Scully,& Bressi (1994) 19 The Value that Can’t Be Built: Considering intangible values for new cities
In our extremely connected world, brands are increasingly being influenced and co-created by consumers and target audiences. This influence of an audience, through online communication, social media outlets and large personal networks, can have a powerful effect on a brand’s success. Allowing citizens to give feedback and adapting the new city’s brand accordingly can better foster ties between a new city and its residents, and ultimately reflect the city in a more meaningful way.
Additionally, building cities in a way that encourages appropriation can help communities feel ownership through the freedom to personalize their environment. New cities should consider tools for planning and policy that discourage mass ‘cookie cutter’ housing, and instead encourage adapting architecture to reflect personal choice and character.
Building new cities, while an enormous task, is only half the battle. The creativity and energy required to populate them and communicate their value cannot be overestimated. The intangible values and unique opportunity new cities offer must reach a critical mass for such huge projects to gain momentum and achieve success.
20 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Conclusion
Value exists at many levels and is perceived dialogue on measuring green differently by stakeholders from various initiatives can contribute to more perspectives. The two days of discussion meaningful guidelines. and exchange at Cityquest – KAEC • The role of policy and regulation in Forum 2015 revealed key insights into ensuring a new city’s sustainability the major challenges and opportunities goals and values are maintained. facing contemporary new city projects. Governance The Forum also raised several questions Because there is little precedence for and unexplored themes worthy of future privately run cities, a discussion on city consideration within the community of new governance becomes important as the city builders. population in new cities grows without Gaps in the discussion the traditional structure of mayors or city councils. Climate change • How will systems of accountability work within corporate governance At a global level, how can climate change- models? How will new cities interact related challenges be considered in the with their residents, what avenues of planning and development of new cities? communication they can use, and what While all participating new city projects level of influence will residents have in mentioned sustainability as a priority, this their development and operations? complex topic requires more nuanced discussion for achieving long-term goals in • How can privately governed new new cities, such as: cities manage the conflicting • Strategies for holistic, proactive needs and interests of their residents and investors? Formulating responses to climate change: new models of governance will be impact mitigation for construction, essential to developing equitable reducing harm to the environment, new cities. regenerative development practices, sustainable access to water, and Security preventing soil erosion, among others. As several new cities are developed outside • Long-term resilience planning, of existing jurisdictions, and within privately including proactive responses to managed land areas, discussions have yet projected impacts of changing to include the topic of security and policing climate systems, temperatures, and of new city developments. weather patterns. • Considering the tools and metrics • In the wake of increasing global used to measure sustainability: conflict and terrorism, new cities including sustainability experts in a must contemplate strategies for
21 Conclusion
maintaining safety and security during critics, the shared lessons at Cityquest – their construction phases as well as KAEC Forum 2015 are an important step during everyday operations. towards laying sound foundations for the development to come. • Protecting and representing residents’ property and interests, general public Whereas new cities of the past tried to prove safety and policing, as well as legal political and social theories, contemporary liabilities for the safety and security new cities have entered a global competition within a city’s limits are all important to build value, attempting to create greater aspects of the responsibility of opportunities for citizens to prosper. If new cities which require further new cities’ inhabitants are to drive their exploration. growth and innovation, it is of paramount Regulatory Reform importance to design cities with their needs and wellbeing in mind. The public sector increasingly recognizes the importance of the private sector New cities today represent a renewed in accommodating burgeoning urban occasion for learning from past mistakes populations. Yet there has been little and offer the chance to integrate best dialogue around how a legal framework for practices in planning, design and policy this mutual support may look. from their outset. As they race to build new nodes in the global urban system, they • What extent of control and profit must build ahead of the curve, responding sharing are privately developed new to the demand for livable, affordable, and cities prepared to concede in entrepreneurial urban environments. It is no exchange for stronger levels of public easy task keeping pace with the new urban sector support? realities emerging around the world. New • Many governments are unfamiliar with cities, as bold experiments, offer a path private development projects at a city to advancing models for development in scale. Developing a common language more urgent timeframes, with the potential around new city projects that is to create smarter, less wasteful, and more understood across sectors is essential socially inclusive places to live, work and for productive communications. play in the process. Concluding Remarks
Today’s cities can offer us access to new ways of life, new opportunities, and a viable solution to the needs of a growing population and environment in distress. Bold approaches have their place in answering to the pressing needs of this century of cities. While building a new city represents an enormous challenge and faces many
22 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
Appendix: New City Profiles
23 Photo Credit © King Abdullah Economic City Appendix: New City Profiles New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities of new citiesacross and Egypt. deficit, housing the address to promote a healthy planned form of urbanization seeks as a model for sustainable development City New Alamein Cairo, in development for employment. As a reaction to the pressure of population growth and unplanned logistics, andhigher education to attract new investment, andcreate anew center agriculture, trade, regional tourism, - industries main five develop to aims city new this the development of adesertareaby theNorthCoast of Egypt. The conceptual planfor new economically self-sustaining cities in the country, Alamein New City aims to foster strategy Egypt’s of planning for part coast. As north Egypt’s city’ on ‘green first the build assistance from UNHabitat’s Achieving Sustainable UrbanDevelopment program, to Alamein New City isagovernment-initiated new city project, supported with technical Alamein NewCity,Egypt Photo Credit© Alamein New City Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe Over $40billion First phase20,000residents 205 km 2015 -2050 investors anddevelopers. Partnership between theEgyptian government andprivate 2 24 Appendix: New City Profiles global technology hubby 2020. startups, as well asacenter for higher education, Cyberjaya aimsto transform itself into a welcoming ecosystem for multinational corporations, small to mediumenterprises, and areas includingsmartcities,bigdata, biotechnology andother industries. By creating a nucleus of thishubto become acenter of innovation for research anddevelopment in development inthemultimedia andICT sector. Cyberjaya haspositioned itself asthe country’s the advance to created hub technology a is It Malaysia. in ‘cybercity’ first the and (SEZ) Zone Economic Special a Corridor’, Super ‘Multimedia the of project flagship Situated Cyberjaya, Malaysia Credit ©Cyberjaya Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe 40 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur, Cyberjaya was conceptualized asthe 1997 -2025 29 km Over $4billion 210,000 investors. A joint venture between the publicsector andmultiple local 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 25 Appendix: New City Profiles Photo Credit©Economic City of Egypt(ECE) economy. institutions intend to contribute to developing Egypt’s R&Dcapabilities,labor force and Plans for auniversity campusandpartnerships with local andinternational educational major commercial andentertainment facilities to create aholistic new city environment. centers, thisproject envisions ascalable,plannedmixed-usedevelopment including center. Inresponseto therapid growth andcongestion of Cairo andother major urban to thesurrounding region,inorder to serviceanew export hubandlocal industrial to develop a new seaport, as well as a transportation network and railway connection Egypt, includingtourism, industry, andcommercial centers. Economic City of Egyptplans through public-private partnership to create anew center for major economic activitiesin Situated in Northern Egypt, the Economic City of Egypt is a planned new city development Economic CityofEgypt(ECE), New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe 100 km In planningstages n/d 500,000 Public-private partnership 2 26 Appendix: New City Profiles are established andsustained. services relating to connectivity, communication, technology, security, andquality of life implement and all infrastructure inandaround GIFT onaturnkeyfinance, basisto ensurethat all develop, to plans investor, key a GIFTCL, indirectly. million a half another drivers of thesurrounding urbancenters andprovide half amillionjobs directly, and the state of Gujarat. By developing local economic activity, ithopesto feedtheeconomic km from the Ahmedabad International Airport, between Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, in quality infrastructure andfacilities in Western India.Its development siteislocated 12 high firms global offering by hub services IT and financial global a become to aims GIFT (GIFT), India Gujarat InternationalFinanceTec-City Photo Credit© Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT) Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe $11 billion 3.59 km 2007 -2027 500,000 residents, 500,000working population Services, andGujarat UrbanDevelopment Co. Ltd (GUDC). Company Limited(GIFTCL),Infrastructure Leasing&Financial The primary investors are Gujarat International Finance Tec-City 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 27 Appendix: New City Profiles ASEAN region. leverage onthefast growing economic powerhouses of IndiaandChinaas well asthe Its location intheheartof Southeast Asia andadjacent to Singapore is well positioned to aims to become astrong andsustainable metropolis of international standing by 2025. Strategically located at thesouthernmost tipof Peninsular Malaysia, Iskandar Malaysia template for urbandevelopment inemergingcountries with burgeoningpopulations. green technologies andsocial integration, Iskandar Malaysia aimsto serveasapotential to bedeveloped intheregion.Founded onprinciplesof low carbon,green economy, Launched in2006,Iskandar Malaysia isthesinglelargest special economic regionever Iskandar Malaysia,Malaysia New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities Photo Credit©Iskandar Malaysia Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe Local andforeign investors from several nations Over $100billioninvested 2006-2025 3,000,000 2,217 km 2006 -2025 2 (3timesthesizeof Singapore) 28 Appendix: New City Profiles Photo Credit© Jazan Economic City national development goals. employ thousandsof young Saudis during JEC’s development, contributing to local and and textiles. A local Technical and Vocational Training Corporation seeks to train and downstream opportunitiesinmanufacturing andprocessing, includingfood processing strong provide will facilities production and refining titanium and steel, Oil, industries. of creating value chains through carefully selected sectors for export that will see a clustering Situated along the mainRedSeashippingroute, JEC’s industrial strategy focuses on abundant labor sourceto foster development of Saudi Arabia’s peopleandeconomy. Asia. It aimsto leverage available raw materials inthesouthwest of thecountry andan important route for maritimetransport inthe Red Seaconnecting Europe, East Africa and Jazan Economic City plannedontheRedSeacoast (JEC), of Saudi Arabia, overlooks an Jazan EconomicCity,SaudiArabia Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe 108 km 150,000 Local andinternational investors Over $50billion 2007 -2031 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 29 Appendix: New City Profiles Credit ©Kabul New City poor. creating opportunity for returning refugees, internally displaces persons, and the urban New City aimsto attract private investment anddrivesustainable economic growth, while city. throughout the Kabul scales ofagriculturalintegration different atthe development Notably, thegovernment retains along-term shareinall development, andhasincluded housing. (25%) low-income and (25%) medium of percentages specific for requirements commercialand development willoutbycarried be privatethe sector, following specific quality infrastructure andpublicfacilities through several PPP models, while housing units andgenerating upwards of 500,000jobs inthelong term.Its master planlays out to access poor and deficit, services and healthy living conditions in Kabul by providing housing over massive urbanization, unplanned the address to the existing city andisplannedto betwice itssize. This new city development seeks in thecapital,Kabul. The new city islocated intheDehsabz andBarikab areasnorthof issues socio-economic urban increasing several solve to efforts reconstruction greater The Afghan Government initiated theproject for Kabul New City in2006aspartof Kabul NewCity,Afghanistan Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe Partnership with Landowner development models. Housing and Commercial Areas: Private Developers, including (PPP) schemes. Private developers through favorable PublicPrivate Partnership Secondary and Tertiary Infrastructure and Public Facilities: and International Donors including JICA and ADB. Primary Infrastructure andPublicFacilities:Government Afghan $80 billion 3,000,000 740 2006 -2036
km 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 250,000 residential 30 Appendix: New City Profiles King AbdullahEconomicCity,SaudiArabia (FMCG), plastics, automotive, building materials, andpharmaceuticals. valley’, KAECseeks to develop sectors including logistics, fast moving consumer goods goal of KAECisto become aglobal logistics and manufacturing hub. Through its‘industrial for a young population, 65% of which are under the age of expansion, diversify itseconomy from oil,andto provide housingandjobopportunities City (KAEC)isoneof four new citiesbeingcreated inSaudi Arabia to promote industrial Located onthecoast of theRedSea,100kmnorthof Jeddah, King Abdullah Economic New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities Photo Credit©King Abdullah Economic City Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe 181 km from Saudi Arabia.from investors high-profile of number a PJSC,and Properties Emaarby than half of the Saudi population bought stock in it. EEC is headed first successful public offering in July its offered company.KAEC management When and development Emaar, The Economic City (EEC),anda Tadawul-listed real estate Over $100billion 2,000,000 2005 -2030 2 30. Centered onanew port,the 2006, EECmadehistory: more 31 Appendix: New City Profiles discourages sprawl. The central urbanarea will includeintegrated publictransit, mixed design, with a walkable, densecenter that encourages high-value development and for KTC,doneby New York basedSHoP Architects, aimsto promote sustainable urban and business through Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES). The master plan amenities. KTC will develop world-class infrastructure, andfacilitate research,education driver for thenation, with a vibrant mixof businesses, workers, residents, andurban 60 kilometers south of Nairobi, isto beasustainable technology hubandamajor economic nation by fostering science,technology, andinnovation. Konza Technology national City, planned the Kenyan for project flagship government’s ‘Vision2030’ to transform Kenya state-led into anewly industrializing, middle-income a is (KTC) City Technology Konza Konza TechnologyCity(KTC),Kenya New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities Photo Credit©Konza Technology City Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe Mainly publically financed, with public-private partnership to partnership public-private finance further implementation phases. with financed, publically Mainly $3 billionfor thefirst phase;$8.5billionestimated total. 200,000 20 km 2015-2030 2 32 Appendix: New City Profiles will serveasatemplate for theconstruction of other citiesof thisscale within India. practices throughout its development. Lavasa seeks to become a replicable model that management, and soil erosion prevention to encourage responsible environmental includes a variety of strategies, such as biodiversity conservation, integrated watershed natural landscape, and 80% of the population will live and work in 20% of the land. The city with asustainable focus. Seventy per cent of thelandisdesignated asopenspaceand follows theprinciplesof new urbanismto prioritize walkable andaccessibleneighborhoods Lavasa city, hill planned post-independence first India’s As Corridor. Industrial Mumbai metro area,Pune,andnear therichest bandof economic activity inthecountry--the Delhi- Lavasa isaprivately developed city located 50kilometers west of India’s eighth largest Lavasa, India Photo Credit©Lavasa Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe 100 km Lavasa shareholders &IndianBanks 2004 -after 2020 $1 billion 300,000 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 33 Appendix: New City Profiles sustainable residential development. further expansion focusing ontheresearchanddevelopment cluster along with further Power (CSP) andpilot projects includingpersonal rapid transit (PRT) cars.see Phase2will completed, with technology deployments such as a Solar PV plant, Concentrated Solar shading andreducedenergy consumption. Masdar City’s Phase1development is75% Dhabi. The urban designfeatures apedestrian-friendly layout, passivearchitecturefor is built Masdar + Partners, Foster firm architectural international companies experimenting insustainable urbandesign.Designedby British the city areledby theMasdar Institute of Scienceand Technology andmany leading learn andplay. Innovation, knowledge andresearchdevelopment activitiesin for how the cities of the future could be designed and built where people live, work, company, Masdar City is an innovative low-carbon development, providing a “greenprint” knowledge-based industries. Overseen by Masdar, Abu Dhabi’s renewable energy most sustainable urbandevelopments, andhubof sustainable technologies andother Masdar isanambitiousurbandevelopment project aimingto become the world’s Masdar City,AbuDhabi New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities Masdar City Illustration Masterplan ©Masdar City Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe No information No information 40,000 residents, 50,000workers Founded in2008 6 km 2 17 kilometers from downtown Abu 34 Appendix: New City Profiles a healthy urbanenvironment to itsresidents. area, while the city’s commitment to sustainable development and greenspace provides phosphate fertilizers, andallow moreeducated Moroccans to participate andexpand this of business core OCP’s help and from benefit both to are fields research and education the goal of becoming acenter for industrial andsustainable development leadership. The create an R&D center around a hub of connected incubators and innovation centers with university has signed preliminary agreements with l’École des Mines de Paris, and seeks to The specifications. sustainability neighborhood ND LEED following development R&D University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), surrounded by housing,commercial, and people, which hosts OCP’s second largest operations. The heartof thecity will bethe between CasablancaandMarrakesh, adjacent to Benguerir, anexisting city of 80,000 Phosphates (OCP), the world’s largest exporter of phosphate fertilizers. The city islocated Ville-Verte Mohammed 6) VI (VVM is a city-building venture led by the Office Chérifien des Morocco Mohammed VIGreenCity/Ville-VerteVI, Credit ©Mohammed VI GreenCity Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe 10 km 2010 -2040 n/d 90,000 -120,000workers Office Chérifiendes Phosphates (OCP) andprivate financing 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 35 Appendix: New City Profiles hi-tech officepark. is designedfor amulti-religious population.campus, andacentral businessdistrict and catalyst of economic growth. It isplannedto accommodate a variety of lifestyles and media, ICT, including new destination for Palestinians, by improving livingstandards andactingasamajor sectors different in entertainment, andservices. As anew city intheregion,itaimsto provide anattractive opportunities employment sustainable millionaire, Bashar Masri.Rawabi’s economic growth strategy isdesignedto generate private sector project inthehistory of Palestine, itismainly borneby Palestinian multi- located is city, Palestinian planned first the Rawabi, Rawabi, Palestine New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities (source: http://www.rawabi.ps/maps.php) Numerous Palestinian villages surround Rawabi, nineof which areimmediately adjacent Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe Company, Bashar MasriandQatari Diar Private partnership between Bayti Real Estate Investment 6.3 km 2008 –undisclosed (First residents in2015) Over $1.2billion 40,000 2 9km Northof Ramallah. The largest
36 Appendix: New City Profiles the country’s knowledge economy. Korea of techcorporations, universities, and researchinstitutes to beagrowth enginein South in hub a new create to aims also Sejong provision. utility efficient for technology as alargeshareof itstransportation, as well asitsuseof green-space, andIT/smart facilities. The city hasbeenplannedto have alow-carbon impact, with publictransit a campus hub for higher education centers and supporting commercial and recreational incubation, andstartup supportfacilities, ascienceparkhubfor techcorporations, and Ministry of Strategy andFinance.It features aplannedcreative hubcentered around R&D, including the Prime Minister’s Office, Ministry of Construction and Transportation, and the Korean peninsula. Sejong will have the largest share of government offices outside Seoul - the south of Seoul andsymbolically providing anextension towards therest of theSouth Sejong City isthe new planned administrative capital of South Korea, located 120kmto City ofSejong,SouthKorea Credit ©City of Sejong Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe Publically financed $21 billion 500,000 72 km 2006 -2030 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 37 Appendix: New City Profiles Photo Credit© Songdo multinational organizations includingtheSecretariat of theGreenClimate Fund. many to home is It world. the in buildings green certified of concentrations highest the of one it making buildings, certified LEED of meters square currentlymillion hasover 2 residents canreachone-third of the world’s population within 3.5hours. SongdoIBD draws of thisnew city isitsstrategic location intheNortheast Asia region, which means Internationalbya Incheon Airport to connected and (IFEZ), partnership, Songdoislocated 56 km from Seoul within the Incheon Free Economic Zone buildings, utilities, transportation, education, health andgovernment. Ledby public-private security, facilities management andcitizenservices. All dimensionsof lifeareintegrated: Songdo IBD’s IT-enabled infrastructure provides solutions regarding transportation, scale development and a testing ground for leading-edge technological infrastructure. Songdo International Business District (SongdoIBD) isa6squarekmmaster-planned city- Songdo, SouthKorea New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe International, andPOSCO E&C. Joint venture between IncheonMetropolitan City, Gale $35 billion population of approximately 300,000) (greater SongdoCity currently isat 100,000 35,000 Songdo IBD:6km 2003 -2020 residents currently, with an intended population of 75,000 2 (greater SongdoCity 53km 21 kmbridge.One of thekey with anintended 2 ) 38 Appendix: New City Profiles a carbon-neutral industrial zone. plant, and other sustainable initiatives in Sri City arepartof a wider ambition for becoming infrastructure and quality environment needed for local development. A solar power for export manufacturing andentry into theIndianmarket, while developing thesocial environment, SriCity’s goal isto balancetheneedsof businessandinvestors looking and publicamenitiesfor workers andfamilies. Conceptualized asa work-learn-live-play options housing quality as well as offices, and factoriesready-builtproviding region, the high- with Zone Economic Special quality a infrastructure development, Sri City aimsto develop a new manufacturing hub in As states. both of climate industrial developed Pradesh state borders, taking advantage of the large workforce, talent pool,and well- Sri City islocated inEastern India,55kmnorthof Chennaionthe Tamil Nadu– Andra Sri City,India Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe Credit ©SriCity Multiple private investors Over $2billion 200,000 33 km 2007 -onwards 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 39 Appendix: New City Profiles term development. long- economic for blueprint national country’s recognized bythe “Kenya Vision 2030”, system.urban decentralized Tatumore a Nairobi,to private sectorfirst projectthe City is in urbandevelopment inKenya, away from itssingle-nodemodel around downtown congestion inthecapital.Underlying the vision for Tatu City istheaimto catalyze ashift middle classinKenya, andaddressthecountry’s chronic housingshortageandincreasing technology, andinnovation. This new privately developed city seeks to cater to agrowing in the region to create a new node of development and economic activity in science, Tatu of Nairobi, city the to City positions itself adjacent to provide muchneededphysical andtechnological infrastructure Planned housing. affordable of forms including industrial, social,andrecreational facilities, as well asa variety of residential options, for Tatu City isanew planneddevelopment conceptualized asamixed-use environment Tatu City,Kenya New CitiesandConcepts of Value: Planning,building, andrespondingto new urbanrealities Credit © Tatu City Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe 100,000 residents and30,000commuting visitors. Plansinclude various commercial, 100,000 10 km 2010 -2030 Africa. Rendeavour, urbanlanddevelopment corporation activeacross Over $2.5billion-$3 2 40 Appendix: New City Profiles Credit © Yachay Knowledge City promote to efforts sustainable development andecological building designs. as well as placemaking and walkability, life, of quality street-level environment for both domestic and international investors. The City’s plansfocus on high quality infrastructure andenvironmentally-friendly city designfor a welcoming energy. and nanotechnology, IT, sciences, city introduce life The to including: aims fields Zone. Yachayecosysteman Citybe oftoinnovators, aims promoting in entrepreneurship four distinct zones for different related industries and researchfeatures ZoneAuthority, Economic fields,Incheon Korean South allthe by done plan, master The within a Free-Trade agricultural andagro-business community. is being set up and linked with public and private research institutes and Ecuador’s Experimental Research University of Technological first the Currently, lands. bio-diverse the nearest port, Yachay isbuilt onfertilelandandisclose to someof the world’s most economy. Located at equidistance from thecapital,Quito, theColombian border, and innovation, andthetransfer of new applications of technology to helpchangeEcuador’s research, foster to order in activities economic and academic scientific, integrates city new ‘City of Knowledge’, inline with international standards andbest practices. This new The mission of YACHAY E.P., a government-owned company, is to develop andmanage a Yachay KnowledgeCity,Ecuador Intended population Financing Cost Size Timeframe 170,000 Public andprivate funding 45 km 2012 -2035 $1 billionfor first five years of development 2 Appendix: New City Profiles 41 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
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43 New Cities and Concepts of Value: Planning, Building, and Responding to New Urban Realities
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