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1.2 Porous Media Flow Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Experimental and numerical investigation of porous media flow with regard to the emulsion process Author(s): Benedikt Hövekamp, Tobias Publication Date: 2002 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004511272 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No. 14836 Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Porous Media Flow with regard to the Emulsion Process A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH¨ for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences presented by Tobias Benedikt Hov¨ ekamp Dipl.-Ing. born June 18, 1970 citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr.-Ing. E. Windhab, examiner Prof. Dr. K. Feigl, co-examiner. 2002 c 2002 Tobias Hov¨ ekamp Laboratory of Food Process Engineering (ETH Zurich)¨ All rights reserved. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Porous Media Flow with regard to the Emulsion Process ISBN: 3-905609-17-7 LMVT Volume: 16 Published and distributed by: Laboratory of Food Process Engineering Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich¨ ETH Zentrum, LFO CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland http://www.vt.ilw.agrl.ethz.ch Printed in Switzerland by: bokos druck GmbH Badenerstrasse 123a CH-8004 Zurich¨ Rien n’est plus fort qu’une idee´ dont l’heure est venue Victor Hugo To Barbara Danksagung Die vorliegende Dissertation wurde erst durch die Mithilfe und Unterstutzung¨ vieler Men- schen moglich.¨ Gerne mochte¨ ich mich an dieser Stelle bei allen bedanken, die zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. Mein besonderer Dank gilt: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Erich Windhab, der mich in sein Team aufnahm und mir eine grosse akademi- sche Freiheit bei meiner Promotion einraumte.¨ Daruberhinaus¨ bedanke ich mich herzlich fur¨ die anregenden – teils weit uber¨ das fachliche hinausgehenden – Gesprache.¨ Prof. Dr. Kathleen Feigl, die die numerischen Aspekte meiner Arbeit souveran¨ begleitete und das Koreferat ubernahm.¨ Gerne blicke ich auf die Zeit zuruck,¨ in der sie noch im Buro¨ neben- an sass. Dem gesamten Team des Laboratoriums fur¨ Lebensmittelverfahrenstechnik fur¨ die sehr ange- nehme Arbeitsatmosphare,¨ die vielen Anregungen, die ich erhalten habe, und die gemeinsa- men Erlebnisse. Insbesondere gilt mein Dank den Mitarbeitern der Werkstatt: Ulrich Glunk, Dani Kiechl, Jan Corsano und Peter Bigler. Sie standen stets mit Rat und Tat zur Seite. Den Semester- und Diplomarbeitern sowie Hilfsassistenten, die durch ihre wertvolle Arbeit wichtige Resultate und Einsichtigen lieferten: Paul Bannister, Daniela Brauss, Adrian Durig,¨ Elia Herklotz, Fabien Rubli und Luzian Tobler. Der Informatik-Support-Group, insbesondere den Mitarbeitern der ‘ersten Stunde’ Peter Bir- cher und Roland Wernli. Gerne bedanke ich mich auch bei den Mitgliedern des Akademischen Chors Zurich¨ und des Zurcher¨ Studenten Skiklub, mit denen ich zusammen als Ausgleich musikalische und sportli- che Gipfel erklimmen durfte. Adrian Whatley, fur¨ die gewissenhafte Durchsicht des Manuskripts und die geduldige Verbes- serung meiner sprachlichen Unreinheiten. Dem Schweizerischen Nationalfonds, der im Rahmen des Projekts Investigation of flow ” through compressible porous media” (21-50622.97) die vorliegende Arbeit finanziell un- terstutzt¨ hat. Meinen Eltern Thea und Theo Hov¨ ekamp, die meinen Lebensweg mit viel Liebe und Hingabe geebnet und begleitet haben. Ein ganz spezieller Dank geht an Barbara Meier fur¨ den steten Ansporn zur Durchfuhrung¨ dieser Arbeit und die sehr schone,¨ gemeinsame Zeit. Zurich,¨ 30. September 2002 v Contents Notation xi Abstract xix Zusammenfassung xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Dispersing . 1 1.2 Porous Media Flow . 2 1.3 Aim of this Work . 2 2 Background 3 2.1 Flow through Porous Media and Nozzles . 3 2.1.1 Porous Media Flow . 3 2.1.1.1 Introduction . 3 2.1.1.2 Flow Behavior in Sphere Packings . 4 2.1.1.3 Characteristics of Sphere Packing Flow . 5 2.1.1.4 Regularly Arranged Porous Media . 7 2.1.1.5 Representative Capillary Diameter . 8 2.1.1.6 Compressible Porous Media . 9 2.1.2 Model Geometries for Porous Media . 10 2.1.2.1 Orifice Geometry . 11 2.1.2.2 Nozzle with Constant Elongation Rate . 12 2.1.3 Comparison of Geometries . 12 2.1.4 Viscoelastic Flow in Porous Media and Nozzles . 13 2.1.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics . 14 2.1.6 Velocity Gradient . 14 2.1.6.1 Shear and Elongation Rates . 14 2.1.6.2 Predefined Velocity Gradients . 15 2.1.6.3 Strain . 15 2.2 Dispersing . 16 2.2.1 Single Droplet Break-up . 16 2.2.1.1 Steady Flow Conditions . 16 2.2.1.2 Unsteady Flow Conditions . 18 2.2.1.3 Numerical Simulation of Droplet Break-up . 18 2.2.2 Emulsions . 19 vii viii CONTENTS 2.2.2.1 Introduction . 19 2.2.2.2 Emulsion Processes . 19 2.2.2.3 Emulsion Rheology . 20 3 Material and Methods 23 3.1 Numerical Methods . 23 3.1.1 Calculation of Macroscopic Flow Field . 23 3.1.1.1 Introduction . 23 3.1.1.2 Sepran . 23 3.1.2 Calculation of Drop Deformation . 24 3.1.2.1 Introduction . 24 3.1.2.2 BIM program . 25 3.1.3 Statistical Analysis . 26 3.1.3.1 Strategy for Establishing Models . 26 3.1.3.2 Model Naming Conventions . 26 3.2 Analytical Methods . 27 3.2.1 Fluid Viscosity . 27 3.2.2 Fluid Density . 27 3.2.3 Particle Size Distribution . 27 3.3 Characterization of Fluids . 27 3.3.1 PEG – SDS – H2O Solutions . 28 3.3.1.1 Introduction . 28 3.3.1.2 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) . 28 3.3.1.3 Viscosity Variation with Temperature . 28 3.3.1.4 Density Variation with Temperature . 29 3.3.2 Xanthan Gum . 30 3.3.3 Silicone Oils . 30 3.3.4 Rape Seed Oil . 31 3.3.5 Emulsions . 31 3.3.5.1 Surfactant . 31 3.3.5.2 Interfacial Tension . 31 3.3.5.3 Preparation of Pre-emulsions . 32 3.3.5.4 Stability of Emulsions . 32 3.4 Experimental Setups and Procedures . 33 3.4.1 Process Unit with Flow-Through Cell . 33 3.4.1.1 Introduction . 33 3.4.1.2 Data Acquisition . 33 3.4.2 Sphere Packings . 34 3.4.2.1 Packing Structures . 34 3.4.2.2 Types of Flow-Through Cells . 35 3.4.2.3 Incompressible Spheres . 36 3.4.2.4 Incompressible Sphere Packing Flow Characteristics . 36 3.4.2.5 Compressible Spheres . 37 3.4.3 Orifices . 38 3.4.3.1 Orifice Geometries . 38 3.4.3.2 Droplet Break-up within Orifice Flows . 38 CONTENTS ix 3.4.4 Experimental Procedures . 38 4 Results and Discussion 39 4.1 Numerical Simulation . 39 4.1.1 Adjoint Converging Diverging Nozzles . 39 4.1.1.1 Geometry . 39 4.1.1.2 Mesh . 40 4.1.1.3 Annulus Probability . 41 4.1.2 Flow field within Converging-Diverging Nozzles . 42 4.1.2.1 Reynolds-number Re = 100 . 42 4.1.2.2 Reynolds-number Re = 1000 . 44 4.1.3 Droplet Deformation and Break-up . 45 4.1.3.1 Droplet Break-up . 46 4.1.3.2 Shear and Elongation Rate . 48 4.1.3.3 Periodicity . 48 4.1.3.4 Droplet Size . 48 4.1.3.5 Particle Track . 50 4.1.3.6 Entrance Flow . 51 4.1.3.7 Cumulative Effects . 52 4.1.4 Orifice Flow . 55 4.2 Dispersing Process . 57 4.2.1 Dispersing in Sphere Packing Flow . 57 4.2.1.1 Energy and Power Input . 59 4.2.1.2 Packing Length and Viscosity Ratio . 61 4.2.1.3 Mean Diameter Model for Sphere Packing Flow (x50;3 – pack – IV) . 63 4.2.1.4 Influence of Dispersed Phase Volume Fraction . 64 4.2.1.5 Width of Particle Size Distribution (span –pack – IV) . 64 4.2.1.6 Comparison with Numerical Simulations . 65 4.2.2 Dispersing in Orifice Flow . 66 4.2.2.1 Mean Diameter Model for Orifice Flows (x50;3 –orif) . 67 4.2.2.2 Width of Particle Size Distributions (span –orif) . 68 4.3 Compressible Porous Media Flows . 69 4.3.1 Packing Characteristics . 69 4.3.1.1 Flow and Compressibility Characteristics . 69 4.3.1.2 Influence of Packing Type . 72 4.3.1.3 Influence of Material Strength . 75 4.3.1.4 Influence of Packing Length . 76 4.3.1.5 Non-Newtonian fluid (watery Xanthan solution) . 77 4.3.2 Emulsification in Compressible Porous Media . 77 4.3.2.1 Result of Emulsification Process . 78 4.3.2.2 Comparison with Incompressible Porous Media . 79 x CONTENTS 5 Conclusions 81 5.1 Viscosity Ratio . 81 5.2 Physical Parameter Models . 81 5.3 Compressible Porous Media . 82 5.4 Capabilities and Limitations of CFD . 82 6 Bibliography 83 Appendices 90 A Crystal Families and Bravais Lattice Types 91 B Parameters of Dispersing Experiments 93 C Adjoint Nozzle Flow Field 97 D Statistical Analysis – Model Quality 99 Notation Latin letters Symbol SI-Units Meaning A [m2] area a [m] undeformed droplet radius b [–] exponent in dispersing model B [–] Andrade Law coefficient c [–] concentration d [m] diameter E [J] (activation) energy f.
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