Zapata Em Almería: Os Westerns Revolucionários Italianos

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Zapata Em Almería: Os Westerns Revolucionários Italianos UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES GABRIEL BUENO LISBÔA ZAPATA EM ALMERÍA: OS WESTERNS REVOLUCIONÁRIOS ITALIANOS Campinas 2020 GABRIEL BUENO LISBÔA ZAPATA EM ALMERÍA: OS WESTERNS REVOLUCIONÁRIOS ITALIANOS Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Multimeios. ORIENTADOR: IGNACIO DEL VALLE DÁVILA ESTE TRABALHO CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO GABRIEL BUENO LISBÔA, E ORIENTADO PELO PROF. DR. IGNACIO DEL VALLE DÁVILA. Campinas 2020 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): CAPES 88882.435370/2019-01 BANCA EXAMINADORA DA DEFESA DE MESTRADO GABRIEL BUENO LISBÔA ORIENTADOR: IGNACIO DEL VALLE DÁVILA MEMBROS DA BANCA: PROF. DR. IGNACIO DEL VALLE DÁVILA PROF. DR. EDUARDO VICTORIO MORETTIN PROF. DR. ALFREDO LUIZ PAES DE OLIVEIRA SUPPIA Programa de Pós-Graduação em Multimeios do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp A ata de defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros da comissão examinadora encontra-se no SIGA/Sistema de Fluxo de Dissertação/Tese e na Secretaria do Programa da Unidade. DATA DA DEFESA: 20.10.2020 Dedico esse trabalho aos meus pais, Paulo e Cláudia Lisbôa pelo amor infinito. E à Bárbara Pajtak, meu eterno porto seguro. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente ao meu orientador Ignacio Del Valle Dávila pela paciência e dedicação durante essa etapa tão significativa da minha vida acadêmica. Aos professores Pedro Guimarães, Alfredo Suppia, Marcius Freire e Rodrigo de Godoi pelos ensinamentos nas disciplinas em que cursei, bem como pelos conselhos e revisões dos trabalhos que me formaram como pesquisador. E ao Instituto de Artes, o Programa de Multimeios e a Unicamp que me acolheram durante esses mais de dois anos. A minha família e amigos que diariamente se mostram a estrutura pela qual nos sustentamos especialmente em momentos tão difíceis como os últimos anos. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Código de Financiamento 001. RESUMO O western Zapata foi um subgênero do ciclo dos spaghetti westerns, ambientado durante a Revolução Mexicana e que apresentava questões ideológicas a partir de conflitos entre sua dupla de protagonistas, invariavelmente um mexicano e um estrangeiro. As análises fílmicas de Uma Bala Para o General (Damiano Damiani, 1966) e Companheiros (Sergio Corbucci, 1970) servirão de exemplo para entender como os westerns Zapata conseguiram a partir de um gênero de sucesso na Europa naquele momento, criar pontes entre o México revolucionário de lutas por reformas estruturais e a Itália do Pós-Milagre Econômico. Estes filmes fizeram reverberar sua temática politizada entre cidadãos italianos, principalmente estudantes e trabalhadores das grandes cidades, mas também em um público majoritariamente rural dos cinemas do sul da Itália, numa época de alta efervescência política. Palavras-chave: cinema de gênero; cinema italiano; Revolução Mexicana; história comparada; análise fílmica. ABSTRACT The Zapata Western was a subgenre of the spaghetti westerns cycle, set during the Mexican Revolution and presented ideological issues arising from conflicts between its pair of protagonists, invariably a Mexican and a foreigner. The film analysis of A Bullet for the General (Damiano Damiani, 1966) and Compañeros (Sergio Corbucci, 1970) will serve as an example to understand how the Zapata Westerns, through a successful genre in Europe at that time, created bridges between the revolutionary Mexico marked by struggles for structural reforms and the post-Economic Miracle Italy. These films made its politicized themes reverberate among Italian citizens, mainly students and workers from big cities, but also in a largely rural audience in theaters of southern Italy, at a time of high political effervescence. Keywords: film genre; Italian cinema; Mexican Revolution; comparative history; film analysis. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 01 – Walter e Silvana dançam jazz em meio às mondine em Arroz Amargo............................................................................................................................20 Figura 02 – Cartaz italiano de Maciste Contra o Vampiro (1961)..................................24 Figura 03 – Cartaz americano de Maciste Contra o Vampiro (1961).............................24 Figura 04 – Cartaz inglês de Os Violentos Vão Para o Inferno (1968)...........................25 Figura 05 – Cartaz francês de Os Violentos Vão Para o Inferno (1968).........................25 Figura 06 – Cartaz iugoslavo de Os Violentos Vão Para o Inferno (1968).....................25 Figura 07 – Programação dos circuitos de cinemas em Roma no jornal L’Unità em maio de 1966.................................................................................................................................27 Figura 08 – Django abandona o cemitério na última imagem do filme.........................29 Figura 09 – Cartaz de As Façanhas de Hércules (1958)................................................33 Figura 10 – Cartaz da versão de Hércules de 1983........................................................33 Figura 11 – Cartaz de Aeroporto (1970).........................................................................36 Figura 12 – Cartaz de Aeroporto 77 (1977)....................................................................36 Figura 13 – O Marquês de Labordere (Cesar Romero), Bem Trane (Gary Cooper) e o bando de Joe Erin (Burt Lancaster) sob a mira dos juaristas em Vera Cruz (1954)..............................................................................................................................41 Figura 14 – Bill Dolworth (Burt Lancaster) é ameaçado por um bandido mexicano.....43 Figura 15 – Cartaz de O Tesouro dos Renegados (1962)................................................46 Figura 16 – Cartaz de Por um Punhado de Dólares (1964)............................................46 Figura 17 – Cena de Meu Nome é Ninguém (1973)........................................................50 Figura 18 – Anúncio de Investigação Sobre um Cidadão Acima de Qualquer Suspeita (1970)...............................................................................................................................53 Figura 19 – Cena de O Dia da Desforra (1966)..............................................................55 Figura 20 – Soldado sul-vietnamita em Huế no Vietnã em 1968....................................56 Figura 21 – Cartaz de Uma Bala Para o General (1966)................................................64 Figura 22 – Cartaz de Companheiros (1970)..................................................................64 Figura 23 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................66 Figura 24 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................67 Figura 25 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................68 Figura 26 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................71 Figura 27 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................72 Figura 28 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................74 Figura 29 – Ocupação em uma fábrica da Fiat, 1968......................................................80 Figura 30 – Manifestação em Verona, 1970....................................................................80 Figura 31 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................81 Figura 32 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................81 Figura 33 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................81 Figura 34 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................81 Figura 35 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................84 Figura 36 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................84 Figura 37 – Imagem de Uma Bala Para o General (1966).............................................84 Figura 38 – Passeata maoísta em Milão em 1970...........................................................91 Figura 39 – Folheto do Partido Comunista em 1968......................................................91 Figura 40 – Vasco a esquerda, Lola ao centro e a imagem de San Bernardino à direita...............................................................................................................................95 Figura 41 – Manchete do jornal Corrieri Della Sera, 1969............................................96 Figura 42 – Imagem de Companheiros (1970)................................................................98 Figura 43 – Imagem de Companheiros (1970)................................................................98 Figura 44 – Imagem de Companheiros (1970)...............................................................100 Figura 45 – Imagem de Companheiros (1970)...............................................................101 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................ 12 1 GÊNEROS CINEMATOGRÁFICOS E O CINEMA POPULAR ITALIANO .. 18 1.1. O Fenômeno dos Filoni .....................................................................................
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