Proefschrift Stella Linn Deel 1

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Proefschrift Stella Linn Deel 1 University of Groningen Dichterlijkheid of letterlijkheid? Linn, Stella Irene IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 1998 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Linn, S. I. (1998). Dichterlijkheid of letterlijkheid? prioriteiten in de Spaanse vertalingen van Nederlandstalige poëzie. Thesis. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 29-09-2021 DICHTERLIJKHEID OF LETTERLIJKHEID? DICHTERLIJKHEID OF LETTERLIJKHEID? PRIORITEITEN IN DE SPAANSE VERTALINGEN VAN NEDERLANDSTALIGE POËZIE Stella Linn RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN DICHTERLIJKHEID OF LETTERLIJKHEID? Prioriteiten in de Spaanse vertalingen van Nederlandstalige poëzie Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Letteren aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. F. van der Woude, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 16 maart 1998 des namiddags te 4.15 uur door Stella Irene Linn geboren op 14 november 1961 te Beverwijk Promotores: Prof. dr H.L.M. Hermans Prof. dr R. van den Broeck ISBN 90-5170-445-3 ISBN 90-5170-445-3 NUGI 941/951 © Stella Linn, 1998 Omslagontwerp: Anne Mieke Eggenkamp Lay-out: Tom Koks Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Thesis Publishers, Prinseneiland 305, 1013 LP Amsterdam. Tel.: +31 (0)20 625 54 29. Fax: +31 (0)20 620 33 95 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 90-5170-445-3 NUGI 941/951 Voor mijn ouders Inhoud Voorwoord 1 Hoofdstuk 1 Inleiding 5 1.1 Uitgangspunten en affiniteiten 5 1.2 Onderzoeksvragen en opzet 14 1.3 Corpus 17 Noten 18 Hoofdstuk 2 Een opzet voor een vertaaldescriptief onderzoek 19 2.1 Inleiding 19 2.2 Dynamiek van het vertalen 19 2.3 De doeltekst verklaren 21 2.4 Product, proces en functie 22 2.5 Werkwijze 24 2.6 Het belang van een macro-tekstanalyse 26 2.7 Tekstinterne en tekstexterne factoren en de rol van de vertaler 26 2.8 Het model-van Leuven 28 2.8.1 Een 'opwaarts werkende' analysemethode? 30 2.8.2 Taal- of vertalergebonden verschuivingen? 32 2.8.3 Wegen alle verschuivingen even zwaar? 39 2.8.4 Bruikbaarheid van het model 39 2.9 De methode-Streekstra 40 2.9.1 Equivalentie: een bruikbaar begrip? 41 2.9.2 Een adequate taalkundige basis? 42 2.9.3 Een genrespecifieke vertaalbeschrijvingsmethode? 44 2.9.4 Bruikbaarheid van de methode 46 2.10 Conclusie 47 Noten 48 Inhoudsopgave Hoofdstuk 3 Prioriteiten bij het vertalen van poëzie: de vertaalpraktijk 53 3.1 Inleiding 53 3.2 Vertalen als keuzeprobleem 53 3.3 Een vertaalproject in drie fasen 56 3.4 Herkenning en begrip 61 3.5 Didactische relevantie van het vertalen 63 3.6 Conclusie 64 Noten 64 Hoofdstuk 4 Prioriteiten bij het vertalen van poëzie: een model 67 4.1 Inleiding 67 4.2 'Checklist' voor het beschrijven van poëzievertalingen 71 4.3 Toepassing 78 4.4 Vergelijking tussen vertalingen en brontekst 84 4.5 Evaluatie van de methode 88 4.6 Didactische relevantie van de vertaalbeschrijving 90 4.7 Conclusie 91 Noten 92 Hoofdstuk 5 Een poging tot reconstructie van het vertaalproces 95 5.1 Inleiding 95 5.2 Toepassing 96 5.3 Vergelijking 102 5.4 Evaluatie van de methode 105 5.5 Conclusie 106 Noten 107 Hoofdstuk 6 Vertaalstrategieën in de driedubbele Lucebert-vertalingen van Carrasquer 109 6.1 Inleiding 109 6.2 Corpus 110 6.3 Globale verschuivingen in de vertaalstrategie 111 6.4 Poging tot verklaring 119 6.5 Evaluatie van de methode 122 6.6 Conclusie 123 Noten 123 Inhoudsopgave Hoofdstuk 7 Over vertalen en interpreteren 127 7.1 Inleiding 127 7.2 Visies op interpretatie 129 7.3 Analyse van dónde estoy 134 7.4 Analyse van 'waar ben ik' 138 7.5 Twee interpretaties 140 7.6 Twee vertaalstrategieën 144 7.7 Evaluatie van de methode 148 7.8 Interpreteren en vertalen 149 7.9 Conclusie 151 Noten 151 Hoofdstuk 8 Conclusie 155 Bijlagen bij hoofdstuk 1 A. De Nederlandstalige literatuur in Spaanse vertaling 1945-1995 163 B. Lijst van Nederlands-Spaanse vertalingen 1945-1995: algemeen 191 C. Lijst van Nederlands-Spaanse vertalingen 1945-1995: poëzie 209 Bijlage bij hoofdstuk 3 213 Bijlage bij hoofdstuk 6 225 Summary in English 253 Síntesis en español 261 Bibliografie 269 Register 285 12 Voorwoord Voorwoord De drijfveer om iets te onderzoeken komt, naast intellectuele nieuwsgierigheid, vaak voort uit onvrede met een bestaande situatie. Dat geldt in zekere zin ook voor dit proefschrift. Sinds mijn studie vertaalwetenschap heb ik mij geregeld geërgerd aan de vertaalkritiek zoals die in Nederland door het merendeel van de recensenten bedreven wordt. Als er al iets wordt gezegd over hoe een boek vertaald is (want meestal wordt het feit dat het om een vertaling gaat genegeerd), is het doorgaans in negatieve zin: er is altijd wel wat mis mee. Soms wordt zelfs kritiek geleverd door literatoren die openlijk bekennen de vreemde taal te weinig te beheersen om de vertaling met het origineel te kunnen vergelijken. Nu houd ik mij, naast de theorie, ook bezig met de praktijk van het vertalen, en ik besef natuurlijk ook dat vertalers, ikzelf niet uitgezonderd, wel eens fouten maken. Veel vaker echter komen zij weloverwogen tot een bepaalde keuze, en het is dan frustrerend als een beoordelaar geen oog heeft voor dat beslissingsproces maar, louter gefixeerd op een woordje dat hij of zij ergens niet heeft teruggevonden, de vertaler op een fout denkt te betrappen. Toen ik met een groep studenten een bundel poëzie uit het Spaans vertaalde, werd ik mij, scherper nog dan bij proza, bewust van die noodzaak tot kiezen, de onmoge- lijkheid om álle aspecten van het origineel in het Nederlands over te brengen. Een even frustrerende als boeiende ervaring, die mij als docent dwong tot het nadenken over en formuleren van prioriteiten: als je niet alle kenmerken van de tekst kunt vertalen, aan welke geef je dan voorrang, en welke offer je noodgedwongen op? Deze twee ervaringen, de ene - irritatie - negatief en de andere - fascinatie - positief, inspireerden mij ertoe, mij bij het beoordelen van andermans poëzievertalin- gen anders, vooral milder op te stellen dan de doorsnee criticus. Het geheven vingertje, hoe aantrekkelijk soms ook (want wie op tekortkomingen van de vertaler wijst, laat daarmee en passant zijn superieure kennis zien) kon mij steeds minder boeien, en ik ging mij in toenemende mate richten op de vraag waarom de vertaler 2 Voorwoord uit het scala aan mogelijkheden nu juist die concrete keuze of keuzereeks had gemaakt. Had de vertaler soms een bepaalde interpretatie voor ogen, waarbij dit of dat element van het origineel in de vertaling op die manier goed tot zijn recht kwam? Als er ergens een betekenis was weggevallen, kwam dat dan omdat met de gemaakte keuze wèl het oorspronkelijke stilistische effect was overgebracht? Zou misschien door een interview of correspondentie met de vertaler zelf nog te achterhalen zijn hoe deze tot een bepaalde beslissing was gekomen? Dit soort vragen, het achterhalen van de motieven van de vertaler, de aandacht voor diens persoonlijkheid en poëtica, heeft in belangrijke mate de loop van mijn onderzoek gestuurd. De onderwerpskeuze is een - kritisch - eerbetoon aan de vertaler die met zijn pionierswerk de Nederlandstalige literatuur in Spanje heeft geïntroduceerd: Francisco Carrasquer. Carrasquer, die als een der eerste vertalers rechtstreeks uit het Nederlands vertaalde, heeft in de loop der jaren op eigen initiatief de ene dichtbundel na de andere samengesteld, ingeleid en in het Spaans vertaald - en daarna fondsen geworven en subsidies bijeengeharkt om de vertalingen gepubliceerd te krijgen. Als hij er niet geweest zou zijn, was er nu geen brede staalkaart van poëzie uit de Nederlanden in de Spaanse taal beschikbaar. Promoveren doe je niet alleen, daar is een formeel-institutionele en doorgaans ook een sociale context voor nodig. Voor de institutionele inbedding van mijn onderzoek kon ik terecht bij het Centrum voor Literatuurwetenschap Groningen, in 1994 opgegaan in het Rudolf Agricola Instituut. Wat de formele kant betreft, had ik zowel behoefte aan begelei- ding voor de hispanistische als voor de vertaalwetenschappelijke aspecten van het onderzoek. Omdat die niet in één persoon gecombineerd kon worden, wendde ik mij tot twee hoogleraren. Mijn promotor, prof. dr Hub. Hermans (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) nam de beoordeling van de Spaanse kant op zich, waarbij hij mijn analyses steeds nauwgezet tot in detail meelas, terwijl co-promotor prof. dr Raymond van den Broeck (Katholieke Vlaamse Hogeschool Antwerpen) meer de grote lijn in het oog hield en mij daarbij in zijn encyclopedische kennis van de vertaalwetenschap liet delen.
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