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Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DAS RELAÇÕES POLÍTICAS JOSÉ MÁRIO GONÇALVES ENTRE TÁTICAS E ESTRATÉGIAS: TOLERÂNCIA E INTOLERÂNCIA RELIGIOSA NO EPISTOLÁRIO DE AGOSTINHO DE HIPONA (390-430) VITÓRIA 2016 JOSÉ MÁRIO GONÇALVES ENTRE TÁTICAS E ESTRATÉGIAS: TOLERÂNCIA E INTOLERÂNCIA RELIGIOSA NO EPISTOLÁRIO DE AGOSTINHO DE HIPONA (390-430) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em História, na área de concentração em História Social das Relações Políticas. Orientador: Dr. Sérgio Alberto Feldman VITÓRIA 2016 JOSÉ MÁRIO GONÇALVES ENTRE TÁTICAS E ESTRATÉGIAS: TOLERÂNCIA E INTOLERÂNCIA RELIGIOSA NO EPISTOLÁRIO DE AGOSTINHO DE HIPONA (390-430) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em História, na área de concentração em História Social das Relações Políticas. Aprovada em ____ de ___________ de 2016. COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA Prof. Dr. Sérgio Alberto Feldman - Orientador Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Prof.ª Dr.ª Ana Paula Tavares Magalhães Universidade de São Paulo Prof. Dr. Ruy de Oliveira Andrade Filho Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" Prof. Dr. Gilvan Ventura da Silva Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Prof.ª Dr.ª Érica Cristhyane Morais da Silva Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Gonçalves, José Mário, 1971- G635e Entre táticas e estratégias: tolerância e intolerância religiosa no epistolário de Agostinho de Hipona (390-430)/ José Mário Gonçalves. – 2016. 193 f. Orientador: Sérgio Alberto Feldman. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. 1. Agostinho, Santo, Bispo de Hipona, 354-430. 2. Donatistas. 3. Paganismo. 5. Cristianismo. 6. Roma. I. Feldman, Sérgio Alberto. II. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. III. Título. CDU: 93/99 A Rosimar e a Ana Maria, companheiras de caminhada. Aos meus pais, Gonzaga e Jovelina, doutores na escola da vida. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Dr. Sérgio Alberto Feldman, por sua disponibilidade, bondade e estímulo. Da graduação ao doutorado, foi mais que um orientador, tornou-se um grande amigo. Aos professores Dr. Gilvan Ventura da Silva e Dr.ª Érica Christyane Morais da Silva (UFES), pelas críticas e contribuições valiosas que fizeram em minha Banca de Qualificação e pela participação na Banca de Defesa de Tese. À Dr.ª Cláudia Beltrão da Rosa (UNIRIO), pelos importantes apontamentos feitos por ocasião do Seminário de Tese. Aos professores Dr.ª Ana Paula Tavares Guimarães (USP) e Dr. Ruy de Oliveira Andrade Filho (UNESP – Assis), por aceitarem o convite de participar da Banca de Defesa de Tese. Ao professor Dr. Michael Alain Soubbotnik (UFES/Université Paris-Est), pela gentileza de sempre. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pelo apoio financeiro. Aos professores do PPGHIS/UFES, por tudo que aprendi com eles em minha formação nesta Universidade. Aos funcionários e estagiários que sempre se mostraram disponíveis e atentos. Aos colegas de pesquisa, pelo aprendizado e incetivo. Aos colegas da Faculdade Unida de Vitória, pelo apoio neste percurso. RESUMO O presente trabalho investiga a correspondência entre o bispo católico norte-africano Agostinho de Hipona (354-430) e seus interlocutores pagãos e donatistas. A análise de tais discursos revela as estratégias e táticas utilizadas por cada uma das partes envolvidas nas disputas religiosos daquele contexto, além de mostrar uma realidade onde estão presentes a tolerância e a intolerância, o conflito e a coexistência. O uso das cartas de Agostinho como fonte de pesquisa permitiu olhar essa realidade a partir de situações concretas do cotidiano do bispo de Hipona e de seus interlocutores. O resultado da investigação revelou um mundo de conflitos onde cada grupo, através de discursos e práticas, lutava para afirmar a sua identidade. Revelou também, contudo, um mundo de coexistência, de apropriações e reapropriações, de equivalências e continuidades. À medida que crescia a intolerância e a repressão contra os grupos religiosos divergentes do catolicismo, diminuíam as situações de convivência; e aumentavam as de violência e conflito. Apoiado pelo poder coercitivo do Império, cuja legislação favorecia o catolicismo e criminalizava os seus adversários, Agostinho se encontrava numa posição de vantagem e, a partir desta condição, estabelecia estratégias de legitimação desta posição diante dos demais. Em resposta, seus interlocutores lançavam mão de diversas táticas: da parte dos pagãos, há exemplos tanto do recurso à violência quanto da busca de aproximação e diálogo; da parte dos donatistas, a prática do rebatismo, as acusações de perseguição e a recusa em responder as cartas de Agostinho e debater com ele. Todas são expressões de afirmação de identidade e resistência ao predomínio católico. Palavras-chave: Agostinho de Hipona. Cristianismo. Donatismo. Paganismo. ABSTRACT This work investigates the correspondence between the North-African Catholic bishop Augustine of Hippo (354–430) and his Donatist and pagan interlocutors. The analysis of those discourses reveals strategies and tactics employed by each of those involved in the religious conflicts of that context; also, it shows a reality in which tolerance and intolerance, dissension and coexistence, are present. The use of Augustine’s letters as basis for research allowed for a look at such realities from concrete situations of the bishop and his interlocutors’ day to day. Investigation results revealed a world of conflicts in which each group fought to affirm its identity through discourse and praxis. However, it has also revealed a world of coexistence, appropriation and reappropriation, equivalence and continuity. As intolerance and repression against religious groups that diverged from Catholicism grew, situations of coexistence decreased; and those of violence and clash increased instead. The Empire’s coercive force — whose legislation favored Catholicism and criminalized its adversaries — backed Augustine, who from that advantageous position established strategies for the legitimation of such position. His interlocutors responded by availing themselves of various tactics. Regarding pagans, there are examples from both the employment of violence and dialogue attempts; regarding Donatists, the practice of rebaptism, accusations of persecution and the refusal to reply to Augustine’s letters and debate him. Those were all expressions of identity affirmation and resistance to Catholic dominance. Keywords: Augustine of Hippo. Christianity. Donatism. Paganism. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................... 10 1. ESCREVENDO CARTAS ...................................................................................... 16 1.1. O GÊNERO EPISTOLAR NA ANTIGUIDADE E NO CRISTIANISMO ANTIGO.. 16 1.1.1.O gênero epistolar entre gregos e latinos: conloquia absentium ...................... 16 1.1.2. O cristianismo e o gênero epistolar ................................................................. 23 1.2. AS CARTAS DE AGOSTINHO DE HIPONA ....................................................... 27 1.2.1.Agostinho, bispo de Hipona .............................................................................. 27 1.2.2. O epistolário agostiniano ................................................................................. 32 1.2.3. As cartas de Agostinho como fonte de pesquisa ............................................. 36 2. TOLERÂNCIA E INTOLERÂNCIA RELIGIOSA NA ANTIGUIDADE TARDIA ...... 40 2.1. CONCEITUANDO TOLERÂNCIA E INTOLERÂNCIA ........................................ 40 2.2. TOLERÂNCIA E INTOLERÂNCIA RELIGIOSA NO IMPÉRIO ROMANO: O CASO DO CRISTIANISMO ....................................................................................... 41 2.3 CRISTIANISMO E INTOLERÂNCIA .................................................................... 54 2.3.1 Tolerância e intolerância na tradição neotestamentária .................................... 55 2.3.2 Tolerância e intolerância nos escritos cristãos dos séculos II a IV ................... 69 2.4 AGOSTINHO DE HIPONA E A INTOLERÂNCIA RELIGIOSA ............................. 76 3. AGOSTINHO E O PAGANISMO: ENTRE TÁTICAS E ESTRATÉGIAS ............... 85 3.1. CRISTÃOS E PAGÃOS NOS TEMPOS DE AGOSTINHO: APONTAMENTOS HISTORIOGRÁFICOS .............................................................................................. 85 3.2. AGOSTINHO CONTRA O PAGANISMO ............................................................ 90 3.2.1. Sobre Deus e os deuses: em busca de diálogo............................................... 93 3.2.2. Em busca de tolerância em tempos de conflito ............................................... 98 4. AGOSTINHO E OS DONATISTAS: CONFLITO E CONVIVÊNCIA .................... 126 4.1. DONATISMO: HISTÓRIA E HISTORIOGRAFIA ............................................... 126 4.2. AGOSTINHO E OS DONATISTAS ................................................................... 133 4.2.1. Histórias de convivência e busca de diálogo ................................................. 137 4.2.2. Tensões e conflitos .......................................................................................
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