Landis Property: Data Recovery at Three Prehistoric Sites (41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245) in Potter County, Texas Volume II: Appendices
By: J. Michael Quigg, Charles D. Frederick, Paul M. Matchen, and Kendra G. DuBois
Prepared for: Prepared by: Bureau of Land Management
Rio Puerco Field Office Albuquerque, New Mexico TRC Environmental Corporation Austin, Texas
TRC Report No. 150832
June 2010
Landis Property: Data Recovery at Three Prehistoric Sites (41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245) in Potter County, Texas Volume II: Appendices
By: J. Michael Quigg, Charles D. Frederick, Paul M. Matchen, and Kendra G. DuBois
Prepared for:
Bureau of Land Management Rio Puerco Field Office Albuquerque, New Mexico
Prepared by:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
J. Michael Quigg, Principal Investigator TRC Report No. 150832
BLM Delivery Order Number NAD080024, Contract Number NAC050010
June 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME II
Page
CHAPTERS 1-14…………………………………………………………………….....see Volume I APPENDIX A BACKHOE TRENCH DESCRIPTIONS ...... 617 APPENDIX B ARTIFACT DISTRIBUTIONS ...... 671 APPENDIX C OBSIDIAN SOURCE ANALYSIS ...... 685 APPENDIX D BIOSILICATE ANALYSIS AND PALYNOLOGY ...... 695 APPENDIX E CHERT SOURCING IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE: COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF CHERT AND JASPER SOURCES AND ARTIFACTS, LANDIS PROPERTY PROJECT ...... 735 APPENDIX F STARCH ANALYSES FROM THE BLM LANDIS PROPERTY ...... 767 APPENDIX G ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS EXTRACTED FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL BURNED ROCK AND POTTERY RESIDUES FROM SITES IN POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS ...... 791 APPENDIX H STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ON BISON BONES ...... 827 APPENDIX I PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ABORIGINAL CERAMICS FROM THE BLM LANDIS PROPERTY, TEXAS PANHANDLE ...... 833 APPENDIX J INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF CLAYS AND CERAMICS FROM THE TEXAS PANHANDLE ...... 857 APPENDIX K RADIOCARBON ASSAYS ...... 873 APPENDIX L FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF STONE TOOLS FROM BLM PROJECT - LANDIS PROPERTY IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE (SITES 41PT186 AND 185/C) ...... 967 APPENDIX M LATE HOLOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF UPPER WEST AMARILLO CREEK VALLEY, TEXAS ...... 995 APPENDIX N PLANT REMAINS FROM 41PT185/C, 41PT186, AND 41PT245 ...... 1035 APPENDIX O MULTI-INSTRUMENT GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT 41PT185, 41PT186, AND 41PT245 ...... 1047 APPENDIX P DIATOM PALEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 41PT185/C, BLM PROJECT- LANDIS PROPERTY IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS ...... 1091 APPENDIX Q METRIC AND NON-METRIC DATA FOR ARTIFACTS FROM THE LANDIS PROPERTY SITES (41PT185, 41PT186, AND 41PT245) AND PROJECT ARTIFACT DATABASE ...... 1119 APPENDIX R ORGANIC RESIDUE (FTIR) ANALYSIS OF BURNED ROCK, GROUNDSTONE, AND LITHIC SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS ...... 1161
Technical Report No. 150832 i This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX A
BACKHOE TRENCH DESCRIPTIONS
BACKHOE TRENCH DESCRIPTIONS
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Charles D. Frederick, Ph.D. Geoarcheological Consultant Dublin, Texas
Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 1
Location: 0230420E 3900247N Core of T1 surface on the right bank meander south of 41PT186 Geologic Units: Unit E resting unconformably upon a thin, truncated remnant of Unit D. Cultural material: Broad ash bed between 7-10 cm, presumably clearance related; no other material observed. Comments: Near channel overbank facies with multiple weakly developed buried soils.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 C 0-7 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) loam, loose, weak fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 C 7-10 White (10YR 8/2, m) silt loam, loose, single grain, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, Ash, thin but extensive bed of ash, probably result of land clearance activity, with an oxidized rim beneath it in a few places. 3 C 10-28 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) silt loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few granules throughout; Unit E. 4 Ab 28-50 Dark gray to dark grayish brown (10YR 4/1 to 4/2, m) loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few bits of charcoal scattered throughout, buried soil; Unit E. 5 AC 50-81 Dark grayish brown (7.5YR 4/2, m) loam, firm, weak coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 6 C 81-90 Brown-yellowish brown (10YR 5/3.5, m) slightly gravelly to gravelly loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, approximately 40% coarse fragments which are mostly sub-rounded caliche smaller than 1 cm in diameter, largest clast observed was 3 cm long; Unit E. 7 C 90-98 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) loam, hard, massive, clear to abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <1% coarse fragments; Unit E. 8 C 98-102 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) sand to loamy sand, slightly hard, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (~50%) dark colored very dark gray to dark gray (10YR 3/1 to 4/1) worm casts, few granules throughout, original bed was a fairly clean sand prior to being run through by worms which resulted in a finer texture overall; Unit E. 9 2Ab 102-118 Dark gray (10YR 4/1, m) loam, hard, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-2%) coarse fragments. 10 2C 118-128 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) slightly gravelly loamy sand, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, ~10-15% coarse fragments, numerous granules impart a speckled appearance; Unit E. 11 3Ab 128-145 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loamy sand to sandy loam, hard, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 12 3C 145-150 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) slightly gravelly loamy sand, slightly hard to loose, massive to weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-15% coarse fragments; Unit E. 13 3C 150-167 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) sandy loam, hard, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 14 3C 167-176 Brown (10YR 5/3, m) gravelly loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 40-50% coarse fragments; Unit E. 15 3C 176-196 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) loamy fine sand, very friable, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E.
Technical Report No. 150832 621 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 16 3C 196-198 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loamy sand, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 17 3C 198-203 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) slightly gravelly to gravelly sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15-30% coarse fragments; Unit E. 18 3C 203-225 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) loamy sand, slightly hard, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 19 3C 225-231 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) sandy loam, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5% coarse fragments, few calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 20 3C 231-250 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loamy sand, friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1- 3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 21 3C 250-260 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) loam, hard, moderate to strong medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 22 3C 260-268 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) loamy sand, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 23 3C 268-280 Pale brown (10YR 6/3, m) slightly gravelly sandy loam, very friable to loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 24 3C 280-308 Pale brown (10YR 6/3, m) sand, loamy sand and very fine sandy gravel, loose to very friable, single grain to massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, zone comprises several thin beds; Unit E. 25 4Ck 308-320 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) loam to silt loam, firm, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, a bulk sediment sample of this zone collected from 310-313 cm yielded an age of 2180 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-328307);Unit D. 26 4C 320-330 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) very gravelly sand, loose, single grain, violently effervescent, 60-70% coarse fragments, mostly fine gravel, common strong brown 7.5YR 5/8 stains on gravel surfaces; few manganese stains on gravels as well; Unit D.
622 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 2
Location: 0230459E 3900214N Rear of T1 surface on a slightly elevated (~1 m) bench Geologic Units: Middle and/or Late Holocene Colluvium Cultural material: None observed Comments: Numerous discontinuous gravelly lenses
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-60 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many krotovina, few gravels throughout (matrix supported), 3-5% coarse fragments; Qc. 2 AC 60-120 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) slightly gravelly loamy sand to sandy loam, friable, massive, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-7% coarse fragments, matrix supported; Qc. 3a C 120-320 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) sandy loam, friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few calcium carbonate filaments, 7-15% coarse fragments, matrix supported; Qc. 3b C 120-320 Light brown (7.5YR 6/3, m) slightly gravelly loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, zone comprises numerous slightly westward dipping discontinuous beds of angular to subrounded caliche fragments. 4 R >320 Massive indurated caliche, Ogallala Formation. Top of this deposit has been eroded and slopes to toward the valley axis.
Technical Report No. 150832 623 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 3
Location: 0230399E 3900278N Core of T1 surface on the right bank meander south of 41PT186 Geologic Units: Unit B overlain by a thin veneer of Unit E. Cultural material: An extensive scatter of FBR, a single Alibates flake and a few bone fragments between 0.8 and 2.2 m below the surface in the rubified Early or Middle Holocene alluvium. Comments: This trench exposes a near channel overbank to medial overbank facies of the early- Middle Holocene alluvium. The A horizon is extensively bioturbated, and because it is considerably sandier, it may actually be a thin veneer of the Late Holocene alluvium.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-80 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many krotovina; Unit E. 2 Bw 80-160 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) loam, firm, strong coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common krotovina, few scattered FCR and bone fragments throughout; Unit B. 3a Bk 160-230 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loamy sand, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, zone comprises four distinct sandy beds that pinch out to the west, within 2 m of the east trench end; basal sand bed has a small amount of gravel; Unit B. 3b Bk 160-230 Brown (7.5YR 5/4.5, m) loam, friable, strong coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5- 7%) calcium carbonate filaments, possibly a few calcium carbonate coats on ped faces, numerous FCR and few scattered bone fragments throughout; Unit B. 4 C 230-265 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) loamy sand to sandy loam, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, appears to be at least 3 different beds but they were difficult to clearly discern, so described as a single zone; Unit B. 5 C 265-280 Brown (7.5YR 4/4,m) loamy sand, very friable, massive, violently effervescent; Unit B.
624 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 4
Location: 0230361E 3900323N Trench was placed on the T0 surface, which in this location lies about 1.5 m above the channel floor. Geologic Units: Recent (modern) alluvium, resting unconformably upon Unit E , which in turn rests unconformably upon an Unit D. Cultural material: A rusted can was observed within the recent alluvium in the top 30 cm. Comments: The recent alluvium was a thin veneer in most of the trench but in the northernmost 20 cm of this trench this unit dove to a depth of more than 1.2 m and probably upwards of 2 m just to the north of the trench. Numerous samples were collected from the older channel plug at depth.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 AC 0-16 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) loamy sand, very friable to loose, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt broken boundary, violently effervescent, many krotovina have left only fragments of original beds; modern. 2 C 16-23 Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, m) sand, loose, single grain, abrupt- broken boundary, violently effervescent, laminated in places, but most in this profile has been disturbed by rodents; modern. 3 C 23-47 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) sand to loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <1% coarse fragments; modern. 4 C 47-60 Dark grayish brown-brown (10YR 4/2.5, m) slightly gravelly to gravelly sandy loam to loamy sand, slightly hard, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, crudely laminated in places, 15-30% coarse fragments; Unit E. 5 AC 60-66 Very dark grayish brown-dark grayish brown (10YR 3.5/2, m) loamy sand to sandy loam, slightly hard, weak medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, looks to be very locally re-deposited zone 7 material, <3% coarse fragments; Unit E. 6 C 66-70 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) loamy sand, slightly hard, weak fine subangular blocky to massive structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, hints of bedding in places, 1-3% coarse fragments; Unit E. 7 3Ab 70-102 Dark brown-brown (10YR 3.5/3, m) sandy loam, slightly hard, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, small fragments of charcoal are present in upper half of this zone; Unit E. 8 3C 102-121 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) slightly gravelly to gravelly sandy loam to loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, hints of bedding in places, 15-30% coarse fragments; Unit E. 9 4Ck1 121-145 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) sandy loam, friable, moderate very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15-20% calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 10 4Ck2 145-177 Gray (10YR 5/1, m) gravelly silty clay, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 30-40% coarse fragments (<2cm subrounded caliche, matrix supported), common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, few brown (7.5YR 5/4) medium distinct mottles; Unit E. 11 4Ck3 177-198 Pale brown (10YR 6/3, m) sand and slightly gravelly sand, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <15% coarse fragments, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, few brown (7.5YR 5/4) medium distinct mottles, several distinct alternating coarse and fine laminated thin beds, some appear contorted, possibly due to trampling; Unit D.
Technical Report No. 150832 625 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 12 4Ckg1 198-234 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, m) silty clay loam, firm, strong coarse angular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments on ped faces, common fine distinct red (2.5YR 6/6) mottles and along bedding planes; Unit D. 13 4Ckg2 234-258 Very dark grayish brown to dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 to 4/2, m) slightly gravelly silty clay, firm, strong coarse angular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few fine faint (7.5YR 4/4) thread-like mottles, 15-20% coarse fragments (rounded caliche matrix supported), common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments on ped faces; Unit D. 14 4C 258-277 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) sand to loamy sand, friable, massive, abrupt wavy boundary, prominently laminated, few very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay laminae the upper of which has a continuous <1 mm carbonate coat (travertine?), and a few other carbonate partings on bedding planes were present throughout this bed; Unit D. 15 4C 277-322 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, m) loam to slightly gravelly loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, zone comprises sever interbedded alternating coarse and fine beds, coarser beds have 15-25% coarse fragments, common medium faint olive yellow (2.5Y 6/8) irregular and thread-like mottles; Unit D. 16 4Cg 322-340 Brown (10YR 5/3, m) loam to slightly gravelly loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, common fine faint yellow (10YR 7/6) thread-like mottles; Unit D. 17 4Cg 340-350 Sandy gravel (hard to determine color), loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, >80% coarse fragments, violently effervescent, common strong brown to dark reddish brown (7.5YR 5/8 to 5YR 3/4) iron stains on gravel surfaces; Unit D. 18 4C 350-360 (7.5YR 4/2, m) sandy clay, firm, strong medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, few fine faint brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) thread-like mottles; Unit D. 19 4Cg 310-360 Very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1, m) clay, firm, strong coarse angular blocky structure, violently effervescent, 5-10% coarse fragments, common open cylindrical molds of reeds throughout, common sand coats on ped faces, common coarse prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) irregular shaped mottles on ped faces; Unit D.
626 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 5
Location: 0230-420E 3900314N This trench was placed upon the T1b surface immediately south of the site, which is centered upon then T1a surface. Geologic Units: Unit E is 3 m deep here and appears to rest upon Unit D. Cultural material: One prominent prehistoric occupation surface on the top of a buried soil (zone 7) which appears to have extremely well define activity areas as we uncovered an ash dump (a positive relief feature) and a thin bed of butchered bone, spatially offset from each other. Comments: Exquisite buried occupation surface.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-32 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak fine subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 C 32-52 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, m) sandy loam, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to no (0-3%) coarse fragments, with one diffuse gravel scatter at ~40 cm which becomes more prominent to northeast in this trench; Unit E. 3 C 52-57 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) slightly gravelly to gravelly loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15-40% coarse fragments which are mostly fine subrounded caliche clasts reworked from the Ogallala Fm., this zone becomes more gravelly away from the cutbank; Unit E. 4 C 57-70 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) loam to a sandy loam, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 5 C 70-75 Dark grayish brown to brown 10YR 4/2-4/3, m) loamy sand, very friable, weak medium to fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, becomes slightly gravelly to northeast away from the cutbank/channel; Unit E. 6 C 75-77 Ash dump. White (N8/0, m) silt, loose to very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, contains a few rounded aggregates of burned earth (7.5YR 6/6), clearly a positive relief dump of ash, a piece of charcoal from this ash was radiocarbon dated and yielded an age of 230 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-235482), and a piece of butchered bison bone from the same stratigraphic position on the opposite side of the trench yielded an age of 210 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta- 238317). 7 2Ab 77-112 Dark brown-brown (10YR 3.5/3, m) sandy loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt broken boundary, violently effervescent, boundary with zone 8 disturbed by worm bioturbation, there is a prominent Protohistoric occupation on top of this zone; Unit E. 8 2C 112-118 Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, m) sand to sandy loam, very friable to loose, massive, abrupt broken boundary, violently effervescent, this was a discrete bed of clean sand but it has been seriously altered by worm bioturbation; Unit E. 9 3Ab 118-149 Brown-dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2.5, m) loam, very friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt broken boundary, violently effervescent, incipient A-horizon; Unit E. 10 3C 149-152 (10YR 6/4, m) sand, loose, single grain, abrupt broken boundary, violently effervescent, clean sand severely altered by worm bioturbation; Unit E. 11 3C 152-158 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) loam, very friable, massive, abrupt broken boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E.
Technical Report No. 150832 627 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 12 3C 158-162 Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, m) sand to loam sand, loose to very friable, single grain to weak fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt broken boundary, violently effervescent, a relatively clean sand severely altered by worm bioturbation; Unit E. 13 3C 162-210 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure to massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, hints off thin beds/lamination throughout; Unit E. 14 3C 210-213 Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, m) loamy sand to sand, loose to very friable, single grained to massive, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 15 3C 213-233 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 16 4ACk 233-245 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) silty clay loam, friable, strong fine to medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, this bed dips and thickens to the west, where it exhibits some hints of internal bedding. Dark color of this bed may be detrital rather than pedogenic; Unit D. 17 4C 245-255 Pale brown (10YR 6/3, m) loamy sand, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit D. 18 5ACk 255-264 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) silty clay loam, friable, strong medium angular blocky structure, abrupt wavy boundary, few (1-3%) coarse fragments, violently effervescent, few (3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit D. 19 6Bkg 264-300+ Gray (5Y 5/1, m) slightly gravelly loam to sandy clay loam, very friable, violently effervescent, many (25%) calcium carbonate filaments, few fine coarse distinct olive (5Y 5/6) mottles; Unit D.
628 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 6
Location: 0230417E 3900341N This trench is located on the T1 surface, south of the corral adjacent to the T1 scarp overlooking the floodplain. Geologic Units: A thin drape of Unit E (?) resting upon Unit B. Cultural material: A small number of items were observed in the top 30 cm, but this part of the deposit is extensively bioturbated. Comments: None.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 Ap 0-7 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) sandy loam to loamy sand, very friable to loose, weak fine subangular blocky structure to single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <1% coarse fragments, appears to be recent rodent spoil, but possibly a veneer of recent alluvium; Unit E. 2 A 7-65 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) loam to sandy loam, firm, strong very coarse prismatic, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few coarse fragments (1%) most of which are granule to fine gravel sized clasts, notably slightly concentrated in the bottom 10 cm of the zone. This may be, at least partially, a thin drape of late Holocene alluvium; Unit E. 3 Bw 65-92 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) loam to silty clay loam, firm, strong coarse prismatic structure parting to medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (3-5%) coarse fragments throughout, which are primarily 3-5 mm granules of reworked caliche, but a few looked like in situ pedogenic nodules; Unit B. 4 Bk 92-140 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) loam to silt loam, firm, strong medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (5%) coarse fragments in the lower 5 cm of the zone, common (7-15%) prominent white calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 5 2Ab? 140-157 Brown (7.5YR 4/2.5, m) silty clay, friable, strong coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, possibly a very weak A horizon. A bulk sample was collected for radiocarbon dating from the top of this zone and it yielded an age of 8280 ± 50 years B.P. (Beta-235483); Unit B. 6 2Bk 157-198 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) silt loam to silty clay loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 7 3Ab? 198-216 Dark brown-brown (7.5YR 4/2.5, m) silt loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, possibly a very weakly developed A-horizon; Unit B. 8 3Bk 216-320 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) silty clay loam, firm, moderate to strong columnar structure, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, and a few 5-10 mm irregular shaped diffuse edged calcium carbonate nodules, a bulk sample collected from 264-269 cm within this zone was radiocarbon dated and yielded an age of 9610 ± 50 years B.P. (Beta-235484); Unit B.
Technical Report No. 150832 629 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 7
Location: 0230409E 3900381N Trench was located on the north side of the T1a surface adjacent to the cutbank, which was slightly lower than the core of the T1a surface. Geologic Units: Thin veneer of Unit E resting upon Unit B. Cultural material: None observed. Comments: None.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-30 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, possibly a thin veneer of Unit E. 2 AB 30-60 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3, m) silty clay loam, friable, strong medium tom coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few coarse fragments (1-3%), most of which are granules of reworked caliche throughout; Unit B. 3 Bk 60-135 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) silty clay, firm, strong medium to coarse prismatic structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, rare (<1%) 1- 3 mm calcium carbonate nodules, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 4 Bk 135-190 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) silt loam to silty clay loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) prominent white calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 5 Ab? 190-203 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) loam to silt loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, few (3%) calcium carbonate filaments, appears to be a very weakly developed A horizon; Unit B. 6 Bk 203-252 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loam, very friable, weak to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, few to common (3- 5%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 7 C 252-270 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, few cobbles at the top of this zone; Unit B.
630 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 8
Location: 0230361E 3900347N This trench was placed across the T1b surface along the west side of site 41PT185 (?). Geologic Units: Unit E resting unconformably upon Unit D. Cultural material: At least one prehistoric occupation surface is present in the trench. Comments: Both of the units present have significant dips and lateral facies changes in the length of the trench, mostly from north to south across the floodplain; look like lateral accretion beds.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-37 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, m) sandy loam, friable, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) coarse fragments throughout, extensively bioturbated; Unit E. 2 C 37-61 Brown-dark yellowish brown (10YR4/3.5, m) loamy sand, very friable, moderate fine to medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (<3%) coarse fragments, extensively bioturbated; Unit E. 3 2Ab 61-95 Dark grayish brown-brown (10YR 4/2.5, m) sandy loam, slightly hard, moderate medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1-3%) coarse fragments; Unit E. 4 2C 95-105 Brown (10YR 5/3, m) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, hard, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (15-30% coarse fragments, mostly clast supported, this is a discontinuous bed which dips to the north and west; Unit E. 5 2C 105-117 Brown (10YR 5/3, m) loamy sand, firm, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 6 2C 117-128 Brown (10YR 5/3, m) loamy sand to (10YR 6/3, m) sand, very friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, multiple thin laminated beds, extensively worm bioturbated; Unit E. 7 3Akb 128-153 Very dark grayish brown to dark grayish brown(10YR 3/2 to 4/2, m) sandy clay, very firm, strong medium prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1-5%) coarse fragments; Unit D. 8 3Akgb 153-175 Very dark gray-dark gray (10YR 3.5/1, m) sandy clay loam, firm to very firm, strong medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (15%) calcium carbonate filaments, few fine fine (2.5Y 5/6) mottles; Unit D. 9 3C 175-189 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) clayey gravel, firm, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 60-80% coarse fragments, prominent laterally discontinuous gravel bed; Unit D. 10 4Ab 189-198 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1, m) sandy clay, firm, strong fine prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, 5-10% coarse fragments mostly matrix supported; Unit D. 11 4C 198-203 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) slightly gravelly sandy clay, hard, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15-25% coarse fragments mostly matrix supported; Unit D. 12 5Ab 203-205 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) slightly gravelly clay, very hard, strong medium to coarse angular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5% matrix supported coarse fragments; Unit D.
Technical Report No. 150832 631 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 9
Location: Trench runs east-west from the western edge of the Corral, down the axis of a meander of West Amarillo Creek, stopping just before the bike trail. Geologic Units: Unit E, draping Units D, C and B. Cultural material: Extensive amounts of cultural material in thee Unit E veneer (which is very bioturbated), and small amounts of material in Unit C. Comments: A very complex trench. No depths are listed as the descriptions refer to a long wall drawing.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A -- Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) loam to sandy loam, firm, weak very coarse prismatic structure in a few places, but mostly massive (owing to bioturbation), clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few coarse fragments (1%) most of which are granule to fine gravel sized clasts, a piece of bison bone recovered from the base of this unit where it drapes Unit C yielded an age of 600 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-237020) and a sample of bulk soil collected from approximately the same position yielded an age of 2040 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-235495) which is more likely close to the age of the immediately underlying Unit C; Unit E 2 2ACb -- Dark gray to very dark gray (10YR 3.5/1, m) sandy clay loam, firm to very firm, strong medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (15%) calcium carbonate filaments, few fine (2.5Y 5/6) mottles; Unit D. 3 3Ck -- Brown (10YR 5/3) loam (marl?), friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, abundant diffuse calcium carbonate, many (15-25%) calcium carbonate filaments, <1% coarse fragments; Unit C. 4 4Akb -- Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, friable, moderate to strong subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (10-15%) calcium carbonate filaments, abundant diffuse calcium carbonate, few fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) redox depletions, weak A horizon, a bulk sample of which collected from the top of the zone yielded an age of 2150 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-235486) and a piece of charcoal collected from this zone was radiocarbon dated and yielded an age of 2490 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-237021); Unit C. 5 4C -- Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam, friable, weak to moderate very coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (7-15%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit C 6 4C -- Gravelly sandy loam, loose, single grain, violently effervescent, 60- 90% coarse fragments; Unit C 7 5Ab -- Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3, m) silty clay loam, friable, strong medium tom coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few coarse fragments (1-3%), most of which are granules of reworked caliche throughout; Unit B. 8 5Bk -- Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) silty clay, firm, strong medium to coarse prismatic structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, rare (<1%) 1-3 mm calcium carbonate nodules, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B.
632 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 10
Location: 0230410E 3900486N Trench was placed on the T1b surface on the downstream side of the meander. Geologic Units: A thin veneer of Unit E over a northward thickening wedge of Unit D. Cultural material: A hearth was discovered at a depth of 105-110 cm in the late Holocene clayey alluvium. Comments: Both of the alluvial units in this trench dip and thicken to the north, and a rubified alluvial fill was exposed on the floor of the trench.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A1 0-14 Dark brown (7.5R 3/2, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 A2 14-32 Brown-dark brown (7.5YR 3.5/2, m) loamy sand to sandy loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 3 C 32-56 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) sandy loam, friable, moderate fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 4 2Ab 56-80 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) silty clay to sandy clay loam, firm, strong medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 1-3 % matrix supported coarse fragments; Unit D. 5 AC 80-154 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1, m) silty clay loam, friable, strong medium to very fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, common (7%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1-3%) matrix supported coarse fragments; Unit D. 6 3Ab 154-155 Very dark grayish brown to very dark gray (10YR 3/1 to 3/2, m) slightly gravelly silty clay, friable, massive, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 15-45% coarse fragments often clast supported, discontinuous gravelly bed; Unit D. 7 3AC 156-180 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) clay to silty clay, friable, strong coarse prismatic parting to strong fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit D. 8 3Ab >180 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) silt loam, friable, strong medium to fine subangular blocky structure, many (7-15%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1%) 1- 5 mm calcium carbonate nodules, common fine faint 10YR 5/6 mottles; Unit D.
Technical Report No. 150832 633 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 11
Location: 0230549E 3900092N Trench placed on colluvial slope at the edge of the alluvial valley just above a cutbank that exposes a buried soil which appears to be a Late Pleistocene alluvial fill (Unit A). Terrace appears to be the T2 surface which lies about 6-7 m above the channel of West Amarillo Creek. Geologic Units: Holocene colluvium over Unit A, over Ogallala Formation. Cultural material: None observed Comments: Prominent well-developed soil formed in the Late Pleistocene deposit, the top of which
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-20 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, m) loamy sand, friable to very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 10% coarse fragments scattered throughout the zone; Qc. 2 Bk 20-50 Brown (7.5YR 4/2.5, m) sandy loam, friable, moderate fine to medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, , common to many (5-15%) calcium carbonate filaments, 3-5% coarse fragments scattered throughout the zone; Qc. 3 2Akb 50-90 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) sandy loam, friable, strong medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, weakly to moderately effervescent, many (7-15%) calcium carbonate filaments, 5% coarse fragments throughout; Unit A. 4 2Btkb 90-120 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) loam to sandy clay, friable, strong very coarse prismatic structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (7-15%)calcium carbonate filaments, many (50-90%) continuous prominent white calcium carbonate coats on ped faces, 5-10% coarse fragments throughout zone, more colluvial component to this zone than zone 5; Unit A. 5 2Btkb2 120-153 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) loam to sandy clay, friable, strong very coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (7-15%)calcium carbonate filaments, many (50-90%) continuous prominent white calcium carbonate coats on ped faces; Unit A. 6 3Akb 153-180 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) sandy loam, friable, strong medium to coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, many (25-90%) prominent white calcium carbonate coats on ped faces, base of zone has been blurred by krotovina, a bulk soil sample collected from the top of this zone yielded an age of 10,730 ± 70 years B.P. (Beta- 238309); Unit A. 7 4Bk 180-260 Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, m) slightly gravelly loamy sand, very friable, strong very coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, strongly effervescent, 10-20% coarse fragments scatted throughout; Ogallala Formation. 8 4Bk 260-290 Pink (7.5YR 7/4, m) sand, loose to very friable, single grain, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, few fine (1- 2mm) distinct 7.5YR 5/8 thread-like mottles; Ogallala Formation?.
634 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 12
Location: 0230469E 3900503N Located adjacent to cutbank on outside of meander on the T1a surface. Geologic Units: Thin veneers of late Holocene alluvium (Units C, D and/or E; 0-60 cm) resting upon Unit B (60-260+ cm). Cultural material: Cultural material was observed widely scattered in the top 1.2 m, and a hearth was observed eroding from the cutbank immediately north of the trench. Comments: Zones 1-6 increase in thickness from south to north in this trench, going from 62 cm at south end to 130 at the north end.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-41 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) loamy sand to sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-5% coarse fragments, most of which are fine gravels widely dispersed in the matrix; Late Holocene. 2 A 41-84 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, few (<1%) coarse fragments, a small number of bone and FCR were found scattered in this zone; late Holocene. 3 2Bw 84-104 Brown (7.5YR 5/4 to 4/4, m) silt loam, very friable, weak coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 4 2Bk 104-115 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) loam, firm, moderate to strong fine prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) medium (2-5 mm) distinct white irregular shaped calcium carbonate nodules; Unit B. 5 3Akb 115-139 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) silt loam, firm, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) medium (2-5 mm) distinct white irregular shaped calcium carbonate nodules; Unit B. 6 3Bkb1 139-186 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loam to sandy loam, friable, moderate coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (7- 10%) medium (2-5 mm) distinct white irregular shaped calcium carbonate nodules; Unit B. 7 3Bkb2 186-230 Brown-light brown (7.5YR 5.5/4, m) sandy loam, friable, weak to moderate coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (7-10%) medium (2-5 mm) distinct white irregular shaped calcium carbonate nodules; Unit B. 8 3C 230-250 Light brown (10YR 6/4, m) coarse sand, very friable to loose, single grained, abrupt smooth boundary, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-10% coarse fragments; Unit B. 9 3Cg 250-260+ Light brown (7.5YR 6/4, m) medium sand, loose to very friable, single grain, violently effervescent, common medium distinct 7.5YR 5/8 cylindrical mottles; Unit B.
Technical Report No. 150832 635 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 13
Location: 0230509E 3900009N Trench was located close to leading edge of the T1b surface. Geologic Units: Unit E resting upon Unit D, which in turn rests on Unit B at the base of the trench. Cultural material: A few scraps of bone were observed in the backdirt but none was observed in the trench. Comments: Top half of this trench was extensively disturbed by rodents; a few large boulders were observed in the lower half of the trench in association with gravel beds.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-10 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/3, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 A 10-40 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/3 to 4/2, m) sandy loam, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent., few (1-3%) coarse fragments throughout, extensively bioturbated; Unit E. 3 C 40-160 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, m) loamy sand, very friable to loose, weak coarse subangular blocky structure to single grain, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) coarse fragments, common krotovina; Unit E. 4 C 160-190 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) loam to silt loam, very friable, moderate fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent. Few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 5 C 190-200 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, m) gravelly loamy sand, very friable to loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 50- 60% coarse fragments, a few isolated boulders were observed associated with this otherwise thin gravelly bed away from the measured section; Unit E. 6 2Ab 200-215 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) loam to silt loam, friable, moderate fine prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit D. 7 2AC 215-220 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) gravelly silt loam, friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit D. 8 2Ab 220-270 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, m) silt loam, friable, moderate fine prismatic structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit D. 9 3Bw 270-290+ Strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, m) loamy sand, very friable, massive, violently effervescent, few 1-3% calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B.
636 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 14
Location: 0230525E 3900000N Trench was placed on the T1a surface at rear of the floodplain. Geologic Units: Holocene colluvium resting upon a buried soil formed within what is suspected to be Unit B. Cultural material: None observed. Comments: None.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-33 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, m) loamy sand, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, very friable, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-2%) coarse fragments; Qc. 2 A 33-70 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, m) slightly gravelly sandy loam, friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (7-10%) coarse fragments; Qc. 3 Bw 70-230 Brown (7.5Y 4/3, m) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, common (7-10%) coarse fragments scattered throughout; Qc. 4 2Akb 230-250 Brown (10YR 4/3, m) silt loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse prismatic structure, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B.
Technical Report No. 150832 637 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 15
Location: 0230488E 3900091N Geologic Units: Units E, D and B. Cultural material: None observed. Comments: Trench was placed across the T0-T1 scarp and encountered considerable stratigraphic complexity (see long wall drawing). No depths are listed here as the description is not from a vertical column.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A -- Brown (7.5YR 4/3) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent. 2 C -- Gravelly loamy sand (hard to determine color), loose, single grain, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, 40-60% coarse fragments. 3 Ab -- Brown (7.5YR 4/2) loam to sandy loam, friable, moderate fine prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) coarse fragments. 4 C -- Very gravelly fine sand (hard to determine color), loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 80% coarse fragments, mostly 1-4 mm reworked caliche nodules. 5 Akb -- Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam, friable, strong medium prismatic structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-7% calcium carbonate filaments, few thin discontinuous calcium carbonate coats on ped faces, few (1-3%) coarse fragments. 6 Akb -- Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam to silty clay loam, hard, strong very coarse prismatic structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1% calcium carbonate filaments, few (1-5%) coarse fragments. 7 Bw -- Brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam, friable, moderate coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) coarse fragments scattered throughout. 7a Ab -- Brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay, extremely hard, strong fine prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent. 7b Bk -- Brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, friable, strong extremely coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, 5-7% calcium carbonate filaments, common faint discontinuous calcium carbonate coats on ped faces. 8 Ab -- Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy clay, friable strong fine columnar structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15-20% granules throughout zone. 9 C -- White (~10YR8/1) very gravelly sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, ~60% coarse fragments, laminated with graded beds. 10 Akb -- Brown (7.5YR 4/3) sandy loam, friable, weak very coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% calcium carbonate filaments, few faint white discontinuous calcium carbonate coats on ped faces. 11 C -- Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent. 12 C -- Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy gravel to gravelly loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent, 40-80% coarse fragments. 13 C -- Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loamy sand, very friable to loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, laminated. 14 C -- White (~10YR 8/1) sand, loose, single grain, violently effervescent, laminated.
638 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 16
Location: 0230488E 3900091N Geologic Units: Unit B with a drape of younger sandy sediment (Unit E?) Cultural material: Two burned rocks were observed with ashy soil and charcoal flecks around 2.8-2.9 m below surface. Comments:
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-40 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-2%) coarse fragments. 2 2Bw 40-78 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy loam, friable, weak to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1-2%) coarse fragments. 3 3Ab 78-130 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) sandy loam to loam, friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) coarse fragments, a very faint and weakly developed A horizon. 4 3Bk 130-240 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, friable, weak to moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine angular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-7% calcium carbonate filaments, few faint discontinuous calcium carbonate coats on ped faces, few (1-3%) coarse fragments. 5 3Bk 240-253 Strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam, friable, weak to moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate to strong fine angular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5% calcium carbonate filaments, few faint discontinuous calcium carbonate coats on ped faces, few (3-5%) coarse fragments. 6 4Akb 253-300 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam to silt loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, few (3%) calcium carbonate filaments, possibly a week A horizon, two burned rocks were found between 280-290 cm, and this zone also contained flecks of charcoal and had an ashy feel in places.
Technical Report No. 150832 639 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 17A
Location: 0230437E 3900678N Geologic Units: Thin veneer of late Holocene sediment resting upon Unit B Cultural material: Two levels of burned rock appear to be present in this trench, one around 35 cm below surface, and another around 52-60 cm. Comments: This trench is situated immediately west of the pavilion, adjacent to the point where the hike and bike trail crosses over the terrace scarp down to the channel of West Amarillo Creek. It was situated here on the basis of a shallowly buried hearth cropping out in the cutbank exposure.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-65 Very dark gray to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/1 to 10YR 3/2) sandy loam to loam, massive to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, gradual to abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, violently effervescent, two levels of burned rock were observed in this zone, one at about 35 cm, which was same as the hearth exposed on cutbank, and another around 52-60 cm. 2 2AB 65-72 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, friable, massive to weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 14-40% coarse fragments, mostly fine (1-3 mm) gravels and granules. 3 2Bw 72-107 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) to brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy clay loam, firm, strong coarse prismatic structure parting to strong coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent. 4 3Ab 107-174 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam to silt loam, very friable, moderate medium prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent. 5 3Bk 174-224 Brown (7.5YR 4.5/4) sandy loam, firm, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (5%) calcium carbonate filaments). 6 3C 205-210 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) gravelly sand, very friable to loose, single grain, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, 50-60% coarse fragments, discontinuous gravel bed. 7 3C 224-240 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly silt loam, friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (70%) coarse fragments, mostly 1-2 cm subrounded reworked caliche fragments. 8 4Ab 240-265 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, very friable, weak coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1%) coarse fragments. 9 4Bk 265-310+ Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam to silt loam, very friable, weak coarse prismatic structure, violently effervescent, many (15%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (2%) coarse fragments.
640 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 17B
Location: 0230483E 3900031N Geologic Units: Thin veneer of late Holocene alluvium (Unit E?) over Unit B. Cultural material: Possible cultural deposit was observed around 259 cm in zone 7, consisting of ashy soil, and charcoal. Comments:
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-45 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, friable, strong coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common krotovina. 2 2Bw 45-82 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam to sandy loam, very friable, weak very coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few krotovina. 3 3Ab 82-120 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam to silt loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few thin discontinuous coats of calcium carbonate on ped faces, few (5-10%) coarse fragments. 4 3AB 120-170 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loamy sand to sandy loam, very friable, weak medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few thin discontinuous coats of calcium carbonate on ped faces. 5 3C 170-216 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loamy sand, very friable, weak coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, a thin, discontinuous gravel stringer was present around 195-200 cm. 6 3C 216-255 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) slightly gravelly loam, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 10-20% coarse fragments, few thin discontinuous gravel stringers. 7 4Ab 255-280* Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam to silt loam, very friable, weak to moderate medium prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, 5-7% calcium carbonate filaments, several charcoal fragments were observed, and soil has an ashy feel. No cultural objects were observed, although an anthrogenic component is suspected here.
Technical Report No. 150832 641 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 18
Location: 0230428E 3900666N Geologic Units: Unit E overlying Unit C Cultural material: a scatter of burned rock was observed at the interface of the two deposits, and was thought in the field to be in Unit C, but radiocarbon dating of material from the cultural deposit clearly indicates that this material is in Unit E (430 ± 40 years B.P., Beta- 238318) Comments: Depths are not listed as the descriptions relate to a long wall drawing.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A1 -- Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, very friable, weak fine to medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, contains a discontinuous thin bed (to a scatter) of coal fragments within the top 20 cm, excluding coal this zone has < 2% coarse fragments. 2 A2 -- Dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, very friable, massive, clear to gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, violently effervescent, < 2% coarse fragments, significantly bioturbated. 3 C -- Brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand, loose to very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, several large krotovina. 4 C -- Brown (7.5YR 4/4) slightly gravelly loam, very friable, weak fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15-25% coarse fragments, this is a colluvial bed at rear of the Unit E deposit, adjacent to Unit B. 5 2Ab -- Very dark gray to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/1 to 10YR 3/2) loam to silt loam, very friable, moderate fine to medium prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments. 6 2C -- Brown (10YR 4.5/4) loam, friable to very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt broken boundary, violently effervescent, many large krotovina. 7 2C -- Brown (7.5YR 4/3) slightly gravelly loam to silt loam, friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-2%) calcium carbonate filaments, this is a colluvial bed that, like zone 4, is situated at the rear of the T0 surface, and pinches out a short distance from the Unit B exposure at the east end of this trench. 8 2C -- Black (N 2/0) loamy sand, very friable, massive to weak fine subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, broad gently concave burned zone that extends almost entire length of the Unit E exposure in this trench (more than 6 m). 9 3Bk1 -- Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) to brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam to silt loam, very friable, weak to moderate medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, truncated Unit B, hints of bedding in places, common 0.5 cm faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) mottles, abundant diffuse calcium carbonate, many (10-15%) calcium carbonate filaments, marl, with a few burned rocks situated within 10 cm of the interface; a radiocarbon date from this cultural material yielded an age of 430 ± 40 years B.P., Beta-238318, suggesting that the cultural material was deposited on the eroded top of Unit C, and has been integrated into it by pedoturbation. 10 3Bk2 -- Brown (7.5YR 5/4) to strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) slightly gravelly silt loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments; this deposit, which is unit B, was not described in detail here as Trench 17a is only a few meters away.
642 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 19
Location: 0230467E 3900711N Geologic Units: Thin veneer of Unit E on top of Unit D Cultural material: Two apparent occupations, one around 118 cm and another slightly deeper, around 130-134 cm. Comments: Most of this is a cumulic soil, formed from fine grained alluvium.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-56 Very dark gray to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/1.5) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 2Ab 56-82 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, friable, moderate medium coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 3 2AC 82-105 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy sand, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 4 3Ab 105-135 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, friable, moderate fine prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-20% coarse fragments, two prehistoric occupations appear to be present in this zone, one at ~118 cm and a second around 130-134 cm, a bulk sediment sample collected near the top of this zone at 125-127 cm was radiocarbon dated and yielded an age of 1390 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-237026) ; Unit D. 5 4Ab 135-150 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam to silt loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit D. 6 4Ab 150-174 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, firm, moderate to strong medium prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 15-30% coarse fragments; Unit D. 7 4Ab 174-260 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, friable, strong fine subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, 1-5% coarse fragments, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit D.
Technical Report No. 150832 643 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 20
Location: 0230488E 3900719N Geologic Units: Unit E resting on top of Unit D Cultural material: None within the recorded section, but there were several bones observed within this long trench. Comments:
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 C 0-10 Very pale brown (10YR 7/4) loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, approximately 10% coarse fragments, introduced fill derived from Pleistocene or older alluvium. 2 2Ab 10-25 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <3% coarse fragments; Unit E. 3 3Ab Between Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam, zones 2 and 4 friable, weak to moderate subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <3% coarse fragments, zone pinches out within the trench, being thickest at northwest end closest to the stream channel; Unit E. 4 3AC 25-60 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, massive, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 5 4Ab 60-85 Very dark gray to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/1 to 10YR 3/2) loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 6 4AC 85-105 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <2% coarse fragments; Unit E. 7 5Ab1 105-160 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, firm, moderate to strong coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 3-5% coarse fragments; Unit D. 8 5Ab2 160-215 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, firm, strong coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (5-10%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1%) coarse fragments, a bulk sediment sample collected from 180 cm within this trench yielded an age of 1210 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-237022); Unit D. 9 5Ab3 215-270 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, firm, strong coarse prismatic structure parting to strong fine angular blocky structure, violently effervescent, few to common (1-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 3% coarse fragments, a bulk sediment sample collected from 240 cm within this trench yielded an age of 1840 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta237023) ; Unit D.
644 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 21
Location: 0230450E 3900629N Geologic Units: Unit B resting upon Unit A. Cultural material: None observed. Comments: Two radiocarbon dates were obtained from this trench, one, a bulk sediment sample from 145-148 cm (zone 5), which yielded an age of 10,590 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta- 238320) which appears to date the early phase of Unit B deposition in a floodplain facies. The second age was also obtained from a bulk sample within the A horizon at 271-274 cm (zone 7) and yielded an age of 10,850 ± 50 years B.P. (Beta-238319) which is a maximum age for the deposition of Unit A.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-30 Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, very friable, massive to weak fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E? 2 2Bt 30-60 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay, firm to very firm, strong coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, strongly effervescent, few (1-5%) coarse fragments; Unit B. 3 2Btk1 60-90 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay, very firm, strong coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, strongly effervescent, common to many (5- 7%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (3%) irregular shaped white 7-12 mm calcium carbonate nodules; Unit B. 4 2Btk2 90-120 Brown (7.5YR 4/3 to 4/2) silty clay, firm, strong fine angular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (10- 15%) calcium carbonate filaments, common (5-7%) irregular shaped white 7-12 mm calcium carbonate nodules; Unit B. 5 2Bk 120-185 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) silt loam, friable, moderate fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (15- 20%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 6 3Akb1 185-230 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam, friable, moderate to strong medium to coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (2%) calcium carbonate filaments (although dry sample may exhibit more), 3% coarse fragments, mostly fine gravel sized fragments of reworked Ogallala caliche, few thin black manganese coats lining pores; Unit A. 7 3Akb2 230-270 Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty clay, friable, moderate to strong medium to fine prismatic structure, violently effervescent, many (15%) calcium carbonate filaments, few thin black manganese coats lining pores; Unit A.
Technical Report No. 150832 645 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 22
Location: 0230407E 3900614N Geologic Units: Unit E resting upon Unit D. Cultural material: Few scattered burned rock were observed between 45 and 55 cm. Comments: Upper 1.2 m appeared to be extensively pedoturbated.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-28 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, massive, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1% coarse fragments; Unit E. 2 AC 28-65 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium to fine subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <3% coarse fragments, few large krotovina, few burned rocks scattered between 45 and 55 cm; Unit E. 3 2Ab 65-90 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, moderate medium prismatic structure, abrupt to clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <3% coarse fragments, common large krotovina, few burned rocks scattered between 45 and 55 cm; Unit E. 4 2AC 90-115 Brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very friable, weak to moderate prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <3% coarse fragments, common large krotovina; Unit E. 5 3Ab 115-155 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam, friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-15 % coarse fragments; Unit D. 6 3C 155-170 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly sandy loam, friable, massive to single grain (depending upon moisture), abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 30-70% coarse fragments; Unit D. 7 4AC 170-190 Brown (10YR 5/3) loam, friable, massive, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent, ~5% coarse fragments; Unit D. 8 4C 190-215 White to brown (10YR 8/1 to 10YR 5/3) very gravelly loamy sand, loose to very friable, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, ~70% coarse fragments; Unit D. 9 4C 215-227 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sand interlaminated, friable to loose, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments, mostly in sands; Unit D. 10 5Agb 227-285 Black (10YR 2/1) clay, firm, strong very coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, numerous fine (1-3mm) gravels throughout (~3% coarse fragments), few to common aquatic snails and bivalves; Unit D. 11 5Cg 285-300 Dark gray-very dark gray (10YR 3.5/1) loam to sandy clay, friable, moderate medium prismatic structure, violently effervescent, few (3%) fine gravel sized fragments of reworked caliche throughout; Unit D.
646 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 23
Location: 0230563E 3901216N Geologic Units: Unit E (?) resting upon Unit B. Cultural material: Two zones of cultural material were apparent in the trench, one around 39-42 cm, and a second between 75 and 77 cm. Comments: This trench is within the confines of Site 41PT185, Locus B.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-30 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak fine to medium subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E? 2 AC 30-55 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loamy sand to sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure to massive, abrupt smooth to wavy boundary, violently effervescent, few scattered burned rocks between 39 and 42 cm; Unit E? 3 2Ab 55-100 Dark grayish brown to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3.5/2) silty clay loam, very firm, strong extremely coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments, few scattered burned rocks between 75 and 77 cm; Unit B. 4 2Bw 100-170 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam, friable, moderate medium prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 3-5% coarse fragments; Unit B. 5 3Ab 170-200 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam to silt loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, 3-5% coarse fragments, very weak a horizon; Unit B.
Technical Report No. 150832 647 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 24
Location: 0230600E 3901219N Geologic Units: Unit E (?) resting upon Unit B, which in turn rests upon an unidentified deposit, possibly Unit A, or an older, yet unidentified deposit. Cultural material: None observed. Comments: This trench is within the confines of Site 41PT185, Locus B. Zone 8, 9 and 11 are the very margin of a channel deposit that was present east of this trench, which was inferred from dramatic litho logical changes from one trench wall to the other.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-37 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak fine to medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E? 2 AC1 37-60 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E? 3 AC2 60-92 Brown (10YR 4/3) loam, friable, moderate medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, Unit B. 4 AC3 92-115 Brown (7.5YR 4/3 to 5/3) loam, friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1% coarse fragments; Unit B? 5 2Akb 115-148 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay to silty clay, firm, strong coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common medium prominent white irregular shaped calcium carbonate nodules, common faint thin clay films on ped faces; former Btk horizon over printed with an A horizon; Unit A or older deposit. 6 2Bk 148-180 Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loam, friable, strong coarse prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, abundant diffuse calcium carbonate, common (20%) 0.5-1 cm diameter prominent white, irregular calcium carbonate nodules; Unit A or older deposit. 7 2Bkg 180-230 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-10% calcium carbonate filaments, common faint gray (2.5Y 6/1) redox depletions; Unit A or older deposit. 8 2Bkg 230-265 Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, common faint gray (2.5Y 6/1) redox depletions; Unit A or older deposit. 9 2C 265-270 Light gray (2.5Y 7/2) sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit A or older deposit. 10 2Ckg 270-280 Light olive brown-light yellowish brown (2.5Y 5.5/3) loamy sand, very friable, massive to weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, few fine faint gray (2.5Y 7/2) redox depletions; Unit A or older deposit. 11 2C 280-300 Light gray (2.5Y 7/2) sand, loose, single grain, violently effervescent, few coarse prominent black (N 2/0) manganese haloes (hypocoats) around pores and channels, few coarse brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) cylindrical mottles which are lined by manganese hypocoats.
648 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 25
Location: 0230566E 3901163N Geologic Units: Unit E. Cultural material: A burned rock and a bone were recovered from zone 9, but they appeared to be very isolated. Comments: This deposit is on the leading edge of the T0 surface, and exposes a deposit that appears to be entirely Unit E, as there are no significant breaks in the column. The channel deposit represented by the lowest 3 zones was a channel that was offset from the modern channel by about 20-30 m, which suggests the channel location has shifted slightly throughout the period of Unit E deposition.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-40 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure to massive, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5% coarse fragments; Unit E. 2 AC 40-55 Brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, loose to very friable, single grain to weak coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5% coarse fragments; Unit E. 3 C 55-65 Brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sand, loose, single grain, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, 20-40% coarse fragments, appears to be one (but possibly two) flood deposits; Unit E. 4 2Ab 65-90 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam to sandy clay, friable, moderate medium prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 7-20% coarse fragments; Unit E. 5 2C 90-122 Brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand, very friable, massive, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <10% coarse fragments; Unit E. 6 2C 122-145 Brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam to slightly gravelly sandy loam, loose to very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-25% coarse fragments; Unit E. 7 2C 145-172 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam, friable, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, <5% coarse fragments; Unit E. 8 2C 172-200 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam to loam, friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, 5-20% coarse fragments; Unit E. 9 2C 200-240 Brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, <1% coarse fragments; Unit E. 10a 2C 240-270 Grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, interbedded with zone 10b; Unit E. 10b 2C 240-270 Pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand to sand, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, entire suite of deposits (10a and 10b) dip slightly away from (to the west of) the then active channel, which was located immediately east of this trench; Unit E. 11 2C 270-290 White (10YR 8/1) sandy gravel, loose, single grain, violently effervescent, >90% coarse fragments most of which are reworked caliche with a small amount (~20%) reworked Triassic mud balls and sandstone fragments.
Technical Report No. 150832 649 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 26
Location: 0230550E 3901127N Geologic Units: A drape of Unit E resting upon Unit D. Cultural material: None obvious. Comments: Depths are not listed owing to major lateral variation within the trench. Refer to the long wall drawing for the relative location of each zone. There is a sloping unconformity in the middle of this trench that is mantled with large rocks (boulders) which derive from the Triassic sandstone outcrop on the other side of the channel. It is hard to envision how these rocks got here without human assistance, but no evidence of cultural material was apparent within this deposit despite very slow excavation. At the very least this exposure suggests that there was some complexity to the deposition of Unit D.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A -- Black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <3% calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 2 AC -- Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) slightly gravelly sandy loam, very friable to loose, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-15% coarse fragments; Unit E. 3 C -- Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to brown (10YR 4/3) slightly gravelly loam, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 30-40% coarse fragments; Unit E. 4 AC -- Brown (10YR 4/3) loam, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, <1% coarse fragments; Unit E. 5 2Ab -- Very dark gray(10YR 3/1) silty clay, friable, strong very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1-7%) coarse fragments mostly fine gravel and granules throughout, few fine red mudballs of reworked Triassic muds, few fine faint reddish brown (5Y 5/4) mottles, aquatic invertebrates (snails and bivalves) throughout; Unit D. 6 3C -- Dark reddish brown (5YE 3/4) and pale olive (5Y 6/1) flaggy rubble, loose, structureless, abrupt smooth boundary, zone consists of large 20-50+ cm diameter slabs of Triassic sandstone, mudstone and Ogallala caliche that armor an inclined unconformity within the Unit D deposit. This looks anthrogenic but we could find no cultural material associated with it. 7 4Ab1 -- Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common to many (7-10%) calcium carbonate filaments, few aquatic mollusks throughout; Unit D. 8 4Ab2 -- Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay, friable, strong coarse subangular blocky parting to strong fine subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, common (7%) calcium carbonate filaments, few aquatic mollusks throughout; Unit D.
650 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 27
Location: 0230584E 3901129N Geologic Units: Unit E resting unconformably upon Unit B, which sits upon a truncated remnant of a much older deposit, possibly Unit A. Cultural material: A scatter of burned rock was observed within zone 2 at a depth of approximately 70 cm, and a radiocarbon date obtained from this material yielded an age of 2640 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-238312). A bone fragment recovered from 145 cm within zone 6 yielded an age of 2940 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-238313) but this conflicts with other, stratigraphically consistent ages from this deposit (which is Early Holocene) and therefore this second age is considered erroneous and is rejected as accurate for the age of this deposit. Comments:
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-55 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many krotovina, <1% coarse fragments; Unit E. 2 AB 55-75 Dark brown (10YR 3/3/) loam, friable, moderate very coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1% coarse fragments, few pieces of scattered burned rock were observed within this zone, and vestiges of a possible hearth was observed out of context on the bench within this trench, a radiocarbon sample from this occupation debris yielded an age of 2640 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-238312); Unit E. 3 2Bw 75-95 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, friable to firm, strong coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, few very faint discontinuous white calcium carbonate coats on ped faces; Unit B. 4 3Akb 95-117 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay loam, friable to firm, strong medium prismatic structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common to many (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, possibly a few very small incipient calcium carbonate nodules, Unit B. 5 3Bk 117-144 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam to silty clay loam, firm, strong coarse to medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common to many (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, few to common (3-5%) 5-7 mm diameter irregular shaped white calcium carbonate nodules, Unit B. 6 4Akb 144-160 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (3%) calcium carbonate filaments, faint A horizon; Unit B. A bone fragment recovered from 145 cm within zone 6 yielded an age of 2940 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-238313). 7 4ACkb 160-185 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 8 4Bk 185-210 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam, very friable, moderate to strong coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common to many (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 9 4Bk 210-260 Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) loamy sand, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, many (7-15%) calcium carbonate filaments, common (5-7%) large (1-1.5 cm) irregular shaped white calcium carbonate nodules, abundant diffuse calcium carbonate; Unit A?.
Technical Report No. 150832 651 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 28
Location: 0230566E 3901142N Geologic Units: Unit E, although it is possible the bottom 3 zones of this trench may be Unit C, based upon the yellow mottling that was observed in only a few places in the valley, most notably in Trench 40 within the base of Unit C. Cultural material: Bones that occur in zone Comments: Sands at the base of this trench are part of a channel that begins to crop out within the trench about 2 m east of the place this vertical profile was described.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A1 0-23 Black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 3-5% coarse fragments, many krotovina; Unit E. 2 A2 23-32 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, loose, single grin, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, several bison bone fragments were observed within this zone; bed gradually thickens towards the modern channel (to the west), 7-15% coarse fragments; Unit E. 3 2Ab 32-60 Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 3-5% coarse fragments, numerous krotovina; Unit E. 4 2AC 60-110 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay loam, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (2-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 7-10% coarse fragments most of which are dispersed throughout but there is one fairly clear stringer around 80 cm; Unit E. 5 2AC 110-125 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) slightly gravelly sandy clay, friable, moderate very coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 20- 30% coarse fragments most of which are reworked caliche nodules but there are a few green sandstone slabs; Unit E. 6 2ACg 125-155 Brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay loam to clay, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, few medium faint brownish yellow(10YR 6/6) mottles; Unit E. 7 2Cg 155-190 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam to sandy clay loam, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (3%) calcium carbonate filaments, <1 % coarse fragments, zone looks yellow in the field; Unit E or Unit C. 8 3ACg 190-215 Very dark grayish brown-dark grayish brown (10YR 3.5/2) loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 7-15% coarse fragments, common medium distinct gray to light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/1 to 6/2) redox depletions; Unit E or Unit C. 9 3Cg 215-240 Light gray (2.5Y 7/2) loamy sand, very friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles lining pores; Unit E or Unit C.
652 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 29
Location: 0230546E 3901158N Geologic Units: Unit E Cultural material: One possible occupation around 45 cm which contained numerous bison bones. No clear cultural material observed. Comments: Like Trench 25, the lowest deposits in this trench respect a channel situated east of the modern channel, just east of this trench, which suggests that the position of the channel of West Amarillo Creek has shifted slightly during the period of Unit E deposition.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-35 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, very friable, moderate coarse to fine subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5% coarse fragments; Unit E 2 C 35-58 Brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-15% coarse fragments; Unit E. 3 C 50-54 Brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loamy sand, very friable to loose, single grain, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, 40-70% coarse fragments, comprises one clear thin gravelly bed which pinches out within the trench and clearly originated from the modern channel, but there is at least one other, more diffuse gravelly bed within zone 2; Unit E. 4 2Ab 58-77 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam to sandy clay loam, friable, moderate very coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 7-10% coarse fragments; Unit E. 5 2C 77-110 Brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sandy loam, friable, massive, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 45-60% coarse fragments; Unit E. 6 2C 110-148 Brown (10YR 4/3) slightly gravelly sandy loam, friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 30% coarse fragments; Unit E. 7 2C 148-200 Brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments, 5% coarse fragments, mostly < 1 cm in diameter and dispersed throughout zone; Unit E. 8 2C 200-270 Brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, very friable, massive to weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% calcium carbonate filaments, zone 9 and 10 are alternately bedded in this interval and represent near channel overbank sediments; Unit E. 9 2C 200-270 Pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand to loamy sand, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% calcium carbonate filaments, zone 9 and 10 are alternately bedded in this interval; Unit E.
Technical Report No. 150832 653 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 30
Location: 0230572E 3901113N Geologic Units: Unit E resting upon Unit B. Cultural material: Two apparent occupations within the sandy veneer on top of Unit B, one at 49-57 cm, and a second between 70 and 73 cm. Comments:
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-60 Very dark gray (10YR 3/2) loam, friable to very friable, moderate medium to fine subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments, one possible occupation around 49-59 cm represented by a few burned rock and debitage fragments; Unit E. 2 AB 60-74 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam to sandy clay loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-7%) calcium carbonate filaments which occur in conspicuous small patches, 1-5% coarse fragments, scatter of burned rock and debitage suggest the presence of an occupation around 70-73 cm; Unit E (but transitional to Unit B). 3 2Bw 74-101 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit B. 4 3Ab 101-116 Brown (7.5YR 4/4 to 4/3) sandy clay, friable to firm, strong medium to coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, appears visibly darker in field and may be a faint, weakly developed A horizon; Unit B. 5 3Bk 116-140 Yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy clay to sandy clay loam, firm, strong coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1-3%) small to medium (3-7mm) irregular shaped white calcium carbonate nodules; Unit B. 6 4Akb 140-170 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam to sandy clay loam, friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7% calcium carbonate filaments, few (1-3%) small to medium (3-7mm) irregular shaped white calcium carbonate nodules in the top 10 cm of this zone; Unit B. 7 4Bk 170-190 Yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam, friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, 5% calcium carbonate filaments and appears to have more diffuse carbonate; Unit B.
TRENCH 31
Location: 0230598E 3901167N Geologic Units: Unit E resting upon Unit B. Cultural material: Numerous prehistoric artifacts were observed within the top 50 cm of this trench. Comments: This trench was not described.
654 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 32
Location: 0230571E 3901073N Geologic Units: Unit E resting unconformably upon Unit D. Cultural material: A quartzite cobble and a sandstone slab were observed at the base of zone 2, but no definite cultural material was observed. Comments: Trench was placed into the T0a surface that forms the core of a tortuous meander in this location.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A1 0-30 Black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few krotovina; Unit E. 2 A2 30-85 Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy sand, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, extremely bioturbated, a quartzite pebble and sandstone slab were observed near the base of this zone around 82 cm and may be a prehistoric occupation surface; Unit E. 3 2Ab1 85-135 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) slightly gravelly silty clay, friable, moderate to strong medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-15% coarse fragments, most of which were matrix supported small reworked caliche fragments and mudballs of reworked Triassic, generally 0.5-3 cm in diameter, a few aquatic snails and bivalves throughout; Unit D. 4 2Ab2 135-165 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay, friable, moderate to strong medium to coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, few (1%) coarse fragments, few aquatic snails and bivalves; Unit D. 5 2Ab3 165-230 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) slightly gravelly clay to silty clay, friable, strong medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, few to common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 5-10% coarse fragments throughout, most of which are fine gravel to granule size bits of reworked Ogallala caliche, traces of charcoal. few aquatic snails and bivalves; Unit D.
Technical Report No. 150832 655 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 33
Location: 0230546E 3901062N Geologic Units: Three different depositional units are present within this trench. The top 0.9 m is a veneer of Unit E, which rests upon a 55 cm thick drape of Unit D, which in turns rest unconformably upon a truncated core of Unit B. Cultural material: Prehistoric cultural material was observed within Unit D, zone 3 and 4. Comments: None.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A1 0-30 Black (10YR 2/1) to very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse to medium subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, numerous krotovina; Unit E. 2 A2 30-90 Very dark brown to very dark grayish brown (10YR 2.5/2) sandy loam to loamy sand, very friable, weak to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, numerous large krotovina. 3 2Ab1 90-145 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam to silty clay loam, friable, strong extremely coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 1-3% coarse fragments; Unit D. 4 3Akb 145-163 Brown (7.5YR 4/2) to dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loam, firm, strong medium prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 1% coarse fragments, a prehistoric occupation was observed at the interface of this zone with zone 5 around 138 cm; Unit D or Unit B. 5 3Bk 163-194 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam, friable, strong extremely coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 1% coarse fragments, a burned rock was observed at approximately 155 cm; Unit D. 6 4Akb 194-230 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) sandy clay loam, friable, strong medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, 1% coarse fragments, appears to be a weak A horizon; Unit B.
656 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 34
Location: 0230552E 3901031 N Geologic Units: A thin drape of Units E/D on top of Unit B. Cultural material: One prominent prehistoric occupation around 70 cm below surface. Comments: This trench is one of the few places where a channel deposit associated with Unit B has been observed. Many of the upper strata dip slightly to the east, toward the modern stream channel.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A1 0-40 Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak to moderate subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 A2 40-70 Dark brown (10YR 3/2) loam to sandy loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, numerous krotovina1-3% coarse fragments; Unit E. 3 2Bw 70-100 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, very friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt irregular boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments, a prehistoric occupation is present at the very top of this zone, and consists primarily of a burned rock scatter, although at least three features were present within the wall of this trench; Unit B 4 2C 100-120 Brown (7.5YR 4/4)gravelly sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 40-60% coarse fragments, mostly 1-5mm gravels, few slightly larges, all caliche; Unit B. 5 2C 120-160 White (~10YR 8/1) gravel, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, open framework gravel, fining upward, ranging from 3-5 cm diameter clasts at base and grading upwards to mostly 1-3 mm diameter clasts at top, also contains a few reworked burned rock and quartzite pebbles; Unit B. 6 2C 160-165 Strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) slightly gravelly to gravelly sand, very friable to loose, moderate to strong coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 30-70% coarse fragments, most of which are 1-5mm reworked caliche nodules, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 7 2C 165-185 Strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) slightly gravelly sand, very friable, weak coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, ~30% coarse fragments mostly fine gravel sized reworked caliche, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B 8 3Akb 185-200 Brown (7.5YR 4/3 to 4/2) sandy loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse prismatic structure, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, weakly expressed A horizon; Unit B
Technical Report No. 150832 657 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 35
TRENCH DATA LOST
TRENCH 36
Location: 0230567E 3900999N Geologic Units: Unit E inset into Unit D. Cultural material: None observed. Comments: This was the longest continuous section of Unit D observed during fieldwork, and was more than 4 m thick, where beveled and overlain by Unit E. The trench also exposed a continuous and superimposed suite of Unit D channel complexes which were sampled by a series of monoliths. Depths are associated with two measured sections, one through Unit E at east end of the trench, and a second through the thickest part of Unit D, which starts at ~160 cmbs. A bison skeleton was observed within the deposits in approximately the position of zones 18-21, although it was not present in the wall where this measured section was made. The codes in the depth column below the depth for zones 10 to 44 are the stratigraphic designations for those strata in the monoliths.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-30 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, sandy loam, very friable to loose, massive to weak medium to fine subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 AC 30-60 Dark brown to brown (10YR 3.5/3) loamy sand, very friable, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments; Unit E. 3 C 60-72 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand, very friable, weak to moderate fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 3-5% coarse fragments; Unit E. 4 2Ab 72-95 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, very friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 7-15% coarse fragments, one prominent but discontinuous stringer of gravel near 75 cm; Unit E. 5 2C 95-117 Dark brown to brown (10YR 3.5/3) sandy loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 5-7% coarse fragments; Unit E. 6 2C 117-130 White (~10YR 8/1) to very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sandy gravel, loose, single grain, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, 90% coarse fragments; Unit E. 7 2Bk 130-180 Brown (10YR 4/3) loam to sandy loam, very friable, moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (7%) calcium carbonate filaments, 5-7% coarse fragments, two bison bones were observed around 145-150 cm; Unit E. 8 2Bk 180-220 Brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, violently effervescent, 2-5% calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 9 2Cg 220-270 Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, prominently laminated; Unit E. 10 3C 160-167 Pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy gravel, abrupt smooth boundary, violently M6-1 effervescent; Unit D. 11 3C 167-192 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam to loam, clear smooth boundary, violently M6-2 effervescent, 1-3% calcium carbonate filaments, few scattered gravels, few aquatic snails; Unit D.
658 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 12 3C 192-201 Pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam, abrupt smooth boundary, violently M6-3 effervescent, subtle horizontal laminations; Unit D. 13 3C 201-205 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay, abrupt smooth boundary, violently M6-4 effervescent; Unit D. 14 3C 205-209 Light gray (2.5Y 7/1) loam (marl?), abrupt wavy boundary, many tiny M6-5 aquatic snails, possibly some diatomaceous laminae; Unit D. 15 3C 209-220 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) to very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam to clay loam, M6-6 abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common aquatic snails M5-1 and mussels; Unit D. 16 3C 220-221 Pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand, abrupt smooth boundary, violently M5-2 effervescent, laminated; Unit D. 17 3C 221-232 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay, clear smooth boundary, violently M5-3 effervescent, common charcoal fragments within this zone, one of which (at 224 cm) was radiocarbon dated and yielded an age of 860±40 years BP (Beta-239635); Unit D 18 3C 232-237 Gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam, clear smooth boundary, violently M5-4 effervescent; Unit D. 19 3C 237-288 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay to clay loam, moderate to strong coarse M5-5 subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, common (5-7%) M4-1 calcium carbonate filaments, numerous tiny (<1mm) snails, a piece of charcoal from 277 cm was submitted for radiocarbon dating and yielded an age of 750 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-239652); Unit D. 20 3C 288-294 Dark gray to gray (10YR 4/1 to 5/1) loam, massive, abrupt wavy M4-2 boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments, few (reworked?) small clams; Unit D. 21 3C 294-302 Black to very dark gray (10YR 2/1 to 3/1) clay, strong medium to coarse M4-3 angular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1% calcium carbonate filaments; Unit D. 22 3C 302-303 Gray (10YR 5/1) sand parting, abrupt smooth, violently effervescent, M4-4 prominent break in clay bed; Unit D. 23 3C 303-319 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam, abrupt smooth boundary, violently M4-5 effervescent; Unit D. M3-1 24 3C 319-320 Light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand, abrupt smooth boundary, M3-2 violently effervescent, prominent parting in thicker clay bed; Unit D. 25 3C 320-329 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay, strong coarse angular blocky structure, M3-3 abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, massive clay with prominent tendency to crack, a bulk sediment sample from this zone was radiocarbon dated and yielded an age of 1430 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta- 239651); Unit D 26 3C 329-330 Light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, prominent parting in thicker clay bed; Unit D. 27 3C 330-339 White (10YR 7/1) sandy gravel, abrupt smooth boundary, violently M3-4 effervescent, gravels are mostly 0.5-3 mm; Unit D. 28 3C 339-350 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay, strong coarse angular blocky structure, M3-5 clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, possibly laminated; Unit D 29 3Cg 350-360 Gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam, abrupt smooth boundary, violently M3-6 effervescent, common fine (1-3mm) distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) mottles around pores; Unit D 30 3Cg 360-408 Olive gray (5Y 5/2) sand, interdigitated with zone 31, part of a channel z.12 column body, very friable, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit D. 31 3Cg 360-408 Dark gray (5Y 4/1) sandy loam, very friable, abrupt smooth boundary, z.13 column violently effervescent, occasional charcoal fragments, common aquatic mollusks; Unit 32 3Cg 408-413 Light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), clear wavy boundary, violently M2-1 effervescent, common fine (1-3mm) distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) mottles around pores; Unit D.
Technical Report No. 150832 659 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 33 3Cg 413-447 Light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand, abrupt irregular boundary, violently M2-2a effervescent, intimately interbedded with zone 33, both of which exhibit contorted bedding and appear disturbed; Unit D. 34 3Cg 413-447 Gray (10YR 5/1) loam to silty clay loam, clear smooth boundary, violently M2-2b effervescent, common fine (1-3 mm) distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) mottles around pores, common small pieces of charcoal throughout; Unit D. 35 3Cg 447-450 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay to clay, strong very fine subangular M2-3 blocky structure, abrupt irregular boundary, violently effervescent, appears to contain some wood fragments; Unit D. 36 3Cg 450-460 Light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) to pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand to sandy M2-4 loam, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit D. M1-1 37 3Cg 460-472 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, clear smooth boundary, violently M1-2 effervescent; Unit D. 38 3Cg 472-484 Grayish brown (10YR 5/2) slightly gravelly sandy loam, abrupt smooth M1-3 boundary, violently effervescent, bottom half of zone is laminated and includes small bivalves; Unit D. 39 3Cg 484-486 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay, friable, abrupt smooth boundary, violently M1-4 effervescent; Unit D. 40 3Cg 486-487 Light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand, loose, abrupt smooth boundary, M1-5 violently effervescent; Unit D. 41 3Cg 487-490 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, friable, abrupt smooth boundary, M1-6 violently effervescent, horizontally laminated; Unit D. 42 3Cg 490-494 Light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loam, weak fine platy structure, clear M1-7 smooth boundary, violently effervescent, seems carbonate rich and possibly is a marl, prominent horizontal laminations; Unit D. 43 3Cg 494-498 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, friable, abrupt smooth boundary, M1-8 violently effervescent, horizontally laminated, few white laminations (either marl or diatomite), a bulk sediment sample collected from this zone was submitted for radiocarbon dating but the results are not yet available; Unit D. 44 3Cg 498-506 White (10YR 8/1) sand, loose, violently effervescent, few fine (1-3 mm) M1-9 distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) mottles around pores, Unit D
660 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 37
Location: 0230474E 3900957N Geologic Units: Holocene colluvium (Qc; undifferentiated) resting upon Unit B. Cultural material: None observed. Comments: Trench is located on a colluvial slope near the margin of the alluvial valley.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-30 Brown (7.5YR 5/3) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15-35% coarse fragments which are mostly 1-3 cm diameter reworked Ogallala caliche fragments, and a few (5-10%) quartzite pebbles (composition is similar for all Qc deposits in this trench); Qc. 2 C 30-67 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (1-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 15- 35% coarse fragments; Qc 3 2Ab 67-72 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (1-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 15- 35% coarse fragments; Qc 4 2C 72-110 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (1-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 15- 35% coarse fragments; Qc 5 3Ab 110-118 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (1-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 15- 35% coarse fragments; Qc. 6 3C 118-155 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) slightly gravelly to gravelly loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (1-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, 15- 35% coarse fragments; Qc. 7 4AC 155-190 Brown (7.5YR 4/2) slightly gravelly loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 7-25% coarse fragments; Qc/Unit B transition. 8 5Akb 190-240 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy clay, very friable, moderate medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, few thin discontinuous coats of calcium carbonate on ped faces; Unit B. 9 5Bk 240-300+ Yellowish red (5YR 4.5/6) sandy clay loam, friable, moderate to strong medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, common to many (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B.
Technical Report No. 150832 661 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 38
Location: 0230425E 3900964N Geologic Units: Pliocene Ogallala Formation resting unconformably upon the Triassic Trujillo Formation. Cultural material: None. Comments: Trench was excavated to examine the geologic context of the quartzite gravel that crops out in mid-slope positions in various areas of the valley. The trench revealed that these quartzite gravels are basal Ogallala Formation, and rest directly upon the Trujillo Formation mudstones.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-10 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand, very friable, massive to weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; soil formed on Ogallala Formation. 2 Bk 10-70 Light reddish brown-reddish yellow (5YR 6/5) slightly gravelly to gravelly loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common 0.5-2 cm irregular shaped calcium carbonate nodules (possibly dissolving), 15-60% coarse fragments; this is the fill of a karstic solution pit formed into the calcrete developed within the Ogallala Formation. 3 K1 5-20 White (N 8/1) massive calcrete sandy gravel conglomerate, extremely hard, massive structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, >70% calcium carbonate; Ogallala Formation. 4 K2 20-70 White (N 8/1) massive calcrete sandy gravel conglomerate, extremely hard, massive, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent, 60-90% coarse fragments, some of the gravel clasts appear to be imbricated toward the southeast, gravel is mostly siliceous (quartzitic) well-rounded and mostly 2-3 cm in diameter although a few are upwards of 15 cm; Ogallala Formation. 5 K3 70-90 Very dark gray (N 3/0) massive calcrete, sandy fine gravel conglomerate, extremely hard, weak very thin, platy structure in places, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, nearly all gravels are completely coated with manganese oxide, gravels are siliceous (like zone 4 and 6); Ogallala Formation. 6 K4 90-135 White (N 8/1) massive calcrete sandy gravel conglomerate, extremely hard, massive, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent, 60-90% coarse fragments, some of the gravel clasts appear to be imbricated toward the southeast, gravel is mostly siliceous (quartzitic) well-rounded and mostly 2-3 cm in diameter although a few are upwards of 15 cm, very thin laminar calcrete in the top few mm of this zone; Ogallala Formation. 7 K5 135-142 White (N 8/1) laminar calcrete, nearly completely calcium carbonate, extremely hard, strong thin to very thin platy structure, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent; occurs at the interface between the Ogallala and Trujillo Formations. 8 2Bkssg 142-240 Reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay, extremely hard, strong extremely coarse wedge structure parting to strong fine wedge structure, violently effervescent, many thick (1-2 mm) continuous white coats of calcium carbonate on ped faces in top 50 cm of zone, few coarse prominent light greenish gray (5GY 7/1) mottles on ped faces, common prominent black (N 2/0) coats on ped faces, few 0.5-1.5 cm calcium carbonate nodules in the top 20 cm of this zone; Trujillo Formation.
662 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 39
Location: 0230468E 3900900N Geologic Units: Unit E resting unconformably upon Unit D. Cultural material: None observed. Comments: none
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 AC 0-50 Brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 3-5% coarse fragments; Unit E. 2 2Ab 50-65 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 3 2AC 65-135 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam, friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 4 3Ab 135-195 Dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, friable, moderate fine to medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5% calcium carbonate filaments, 2-3% coarse fragments; Unit D. 5 3AC 195-210 Brown (10YR 4/3) loam to sandy loam, friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% calcium carbonate filaments, 1-3% coarse fragments; Unit D. 6 4Ab 210-260 Black (10YR 2/1) to very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy clay, friable, strong very coarse subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, 1-2% calcium carbonate filaments, hints of bedding, few faintly visible 1-2 cm thick sandier beds; Unit D.
Technical Report No. 150832 663 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 40
Location: 0230484E 3900851N Geologic Units: Thin drape of Unit E and possibly Unit D on top of Unit C Cultural material: None observed Comments: This is the most complete section of Unit C observed in the valley. Zones 5, 6, 7 and 8 appear to be freshwater marl, or at least have significantly elevated amounts of diffuse calcium carbonate.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-40 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular block structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 AC 40-85 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy sand, very friable, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 3 2Ab 85-150 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 3% calcium carbonate filaments; Unit D? 4 2AB 150-180 Very dark grayish brown-dark grayish brown (10YR 3.5/2) loam to silt loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, Unit D? 5 3Ck 180-210 Brown (10YR 5/3) loam (marl?), friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, abundant diffuse calcium carbonate, many (15-25%) calcium carbonate filaments, <1% coarse fragments; Unit C. 6 4Ak 210-245 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, friable, moderate to strong subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (10-15%) calcium carbonate filaments, abundant diffuse calcium carbonate, few fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) redox depletions, weak A horizon, a bulk sample of which collected from the top of the zone at 210-215 cm yielded an age of 2250 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-238310); Unit C. 7 4Bk 245-280 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam, friable, weak to moderate very coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (15-25%) calcium carbonate filaments, abundant diffuse calcium carbonate, few articulated bivalves; Unit C. 8 4Bk 280-330 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam to loam, friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (7-10%) calcium carbonate filaments, 3-10% coarse fragments, few articulated bivalves; Unit C. 9 4Cg 330-342 Brown (7.5YR 5/3) slightly gravelly loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 30-50% coarse fragments most of which are fine gravel size reworked caliche clasts, common medium to coarse light olive gray (5Y 6/2) cylindrical redox depletions; Unit C. 10 4Cg 342-363 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy loam, friable, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, looks yellow in the field, few fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) cylindrical redox depletions; Unit C. 11 4C 363-371 Brown (7.5YR 5/3) slightly gravelly loam, very friable, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 30-50% coarse fragments most of which are fine gravel size reworked caliche clasts; Unit C.
664 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 12 4C 371-420 Brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam, friable, moderate to strong coarse subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1- 3%) calcium carbonate filaments, few fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) cylindrical redox depletions; Unit C. 13 4C 420-445 Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit C. 14 5AC 445-458 Brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, friable, weak very coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, possibly a weak A horizon, a bulk sample of which was radiocarbon dated and yielded an age of 4330 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-238311); Unit C. 15 5C 458-470 Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slightly gravelly sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 20-40% coarse fragments; Unit C. 16 6AC 470-480+ Brown (10YR 5/3) loam, very friable, weak coarse prismatic structure, violently effervescent; Unit C.
TRENCH 41
Location: 0230482E 3900810N Geologic Units: Cultural material: None observed. Comments: Not described.
Technical Report No. 150832 665 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 42
Location: 0230494E 3900771N Geologic Units: Thin veneer (0.5 m) of Unit E on top of Unit B Cultural material: None observed. Comments: This trench was excavated to the maximum reach of the backhoe in an attempt to reach the base of Unit B, but this was unsuccessful, and the trench was terminated at 4.5 m.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-44 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 3-5% coarse fragments; Unit E. 2 2Ab 44-85 Black (7.5YR 2.5/1) sandy clay to clay loam, very hard, strong very coarse prismatic structure parting to strong coarse angular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments; Unit B. 3 2Bw 85-110 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay, very hard, strong very coarse prismatic structure parting to strong coarse angular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments; Unit B. 4 2Bk 110-170 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay, very hard, strong very coarse prismatic structure parting to strong coarse angular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 5 3Ab1 170-185 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay, firm, strong very coarse prismatic structure parting to strong coarse angular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments (quite coarse ones), 3-5% coarse fragments; Unit B. 6 3Ab2 185-200 Brown (7.5YR 4/4 to 4/3) silty clay, friable, moderate coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common to many (7-10%) calcium carbonate filaments, possibly a few small calcium carbonate nodules but hard to tell owing to the gravel component, 5-20% coarse fragments most of which were 1-5 mm in diameter; Unit B. 7 3Bk 200-280 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam to sandy clay, friable, weak to moderate medium to coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak to moderate coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 8 4Ab 280-294 Strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty clay, firm, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, common faint white discontinuous calcium carbonate coats on ped faces; Unit B. 9 4C 294-315 Strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 10 4C 315-375 Brown (7.5YR 5/4 to 7.5YR 4/4) loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (3-5%) calcium carbonate filaments, has a mottled appearance, possible due to presence of small discontinuous manganese coats on grains; Unit B. 11 4C 375-410 Brown-strong brown (7.5YR 5/5) sandy loam, very friable, weak to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 12 4C 410-450 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, few prominent black (N2/0) thick (3-5 mm) hypocoats of manganese lining a few channels and pores; Unit B.
666 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 43
Location: 0230502E 3900765N Geologic Units: Unit E Cultural material: None observed Comments: This appears to be all Unit E deposited in a near channel overbank setting.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-34 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent, <10% coarse fragments; Unit E. 2 C 34-38 Yellowish brown (~10YR 5/4) gravelly sand, very friable, single grain, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent, 40-70% coarse fragments; Unit E. 3 C 38-70 Brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1% coarse fragments; Unit E. 4 2Ab 70-90 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, very friable to friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-10% coarse fragments; Unit E. 5 2C 90-120 Dark brown (10YR 3/2) slightly gravelly sandy loam, very friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 10-25% coarse fragments mostly 1-3 cm in diameter scattered throughout; Unit E. 6 2C 120-130 Brown (10YR 4/3) slightly gravelly to gravelly sandy loam, very friable, weak medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 30-60% coarse fragments; Unit E. 7 2C 130-142 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam to slightly gravelly loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 10-25% coarse fragments; Unit E. 8 2C 142-175 Brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1- 3%) calcium carbonate filaments, <1% coarse fragments; Unit E. 9 2C 175-180 Yellowish brown (~10YR 5/4) extremely gravelly sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 60-90% coarse fragments; Unit E. 10 2C 180-200 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand to loamy sand, loose to very friable, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 11 2C 200-217 Brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very friable, weak to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 12 3Akb 217-235 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam to sandy clay, very friable, weak to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 13 3C 235-245 Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loamy sand, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 14 3C 245-250 Very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <3% coarse fragments; Unit E. 15 3C 250-258 Brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, very friable, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 16 3C 258-280 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand, very friable, massive, violently effervescent; Unit E.
Technical Report No. 150832 667 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions
TRENCH 44
Location: 0230471E 3899821N Geologic Units: Holocene colluvium (Qc) overlying Unit A, which in turn rests upon the Ogallala Formation. Cultural material: None observed Comments: Trench was placed behind and upslope of one of two outcrop exposures of Unit A observed on the Landis Property, and, unfortunately revealed the upslope end of this deposit.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 AC 0-30 Brown (10YR 4/3) slightly gravelly sandy loam, loose to very friable, massive to weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 10-20% coarse fragments; Qc. 2 2Ab 30-50 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) slightly gravelly sandy loam, very friable, weak to moderate medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15% coarse fragments, few worm casts; Qc. 3 2Bk 50-100 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) slightly gravelly sandy loam, very friable, weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15% coarse fragments, few worm casts; Qc. 4 3Akb1 35-80 Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, very friable, moderate extremely coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, strongly effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, common thin patchy calcium carbonate coats on ped faces; Unit A. 5 3Akb2 80-140 Black (10YR 2/1) loam, very friable, strong extremely coarse prismatic structure, clear smooth boundary, strongly effervescent, many (7-15%) calcium carbonate filaments, many thin prominent white calcium carbonate coats on ped faces, 3% coarse fragments; Unit A. 6 4Bkm 140-150 White (10YR 8/1) sandstone, extremely firm, massive, gradual irregular boundary, violently effervescent, petrocalcic horizon formed in sand; Ogallala Formation. 7 4Bk 150-180 Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sand, loose to very friable, massive, abrupt irregular boundary, violently effervescent, common (5-7%) calcium carbonate nodules, an unlithified section of the Ogallala Formation.
668 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TRENCH 45
Location: 0230478E 3900071N Geologic Units: Mostly Unit B Cultural material: None observed. Comments: This was a long trench excavated between two trenches on this surface that appeared to contain possible cultural material around 2.5 m below the surface.
Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 A 0-40 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam to sandy loam, very friable, weak to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1% coarse fragments; Unit E and/or Unit B. 2 Bw 40-70 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1% coarse fragments; Unit B. 3 2Ab 70-160 Brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam to silt loam, friable, strong medium prismatic structure, diffuse smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 1-3% coarse fragments, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B. 4 2Bk 160-210 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam to silt loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5%) calcium carbonate filaments, few faint discontinuous calcium carbonate coats on ped faces; Unit B. 5 2Bk3 210-300 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam to silty clay loam, friable, moderate to strong fine prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, common (5%) calcium carbonate filaments, few faint discontinuous calcium carbonate coats on ped faces, 5-20 % coarse fragments; Unit B. 6 C 300-320 Brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, clear smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1- 3%) calcium carbonate filaments, 1% coarse fragments; Unit B. 7 C 320-380 Strong brown (7.5YR 4.5/6) sandy loam, very friable, massive, violently effervescent, few (1%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit B.
TRENCH 46
Location: Immediately east of BT 40, cutting across the creek channel. Geologic Units: Modern alluvium (Unit F) Cultural material: A little glass was observed in one deposit. No prehistoric material was observed. Comments: Only drew cross-section, did not describe in detail.
Technical Report No. 150832 669 This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX B
ARTIFACT DISTRIBUTIONS This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT185 Locus A
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 7 Test Unit 8 Test Unit 9 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 1 3 3 10-20 3 2 20-30 5 1 1 1 30-40 1 1 4 40-50 1 4 11 4 1 1* 50-60 1 1 3 1 1 4 60-70 1 1 1 1 7 70-80 27 4 123 2 3 80-90 9 1 41 TOTAL 8 2 5 40 6 165 26 8 18 1
Test Unit 10 Test Unit 11 Test Unit 12 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 2 10-20 2 1 20-30 1 1 30-40 3 1 1 3 40-50 5 1 1 50-60 60-70 3 1 70-80 80-90 7 90-100 1 100-110 110-120 1 120-130 1 1 130-140 TOTAL 8 11 1 1 5 1 3 7
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
Technical Report No. 150832 673 Appendix B Artifact Distributions
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT185 Locus A
For each test pit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for items present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with'*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 13 Test Unit 14 Test Unit 15 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 10-20 3 1 1 1 20-30 1 7 3 1 30-40 1 3 1 40-50 6 50-60 1 4 1 60-70 1 4 1 1 2 70-80 3 1 9 80-90 9 4 3 90-100 5 2 1 1 100-110 1 2 1 1 110-120 120-130 130-140 TOTAL 2 4 1 1 1 44 11 19 4
Test Unit 16 Test Unit 17 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 10 19 10-20 6 10 4 1 20-30 12 1 1 17 11 30-40 8 1 9 2 1 1 40-50 6 10 5 1 50-60 6 7 1 4 1 60-70 9 9 10 1 1 1 70-80 12 5 5 1 80-90 1 1 1 2 90-100 2 1 TOTAL 72 18 1 88 25 8 3 2 L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
674 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT185 Locus C
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 18 Test Unit 19 Test Unit 20 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 1 1 10-20 3 1 1 20-30 1 1 1 1 30-40 2 40-50 1 1 1 50-60 1 1 60-70 1 1 2 2 70-80 1 4 2 80-90 1 1 28 90-100 2 9 2 1 100-110 4 3 TOTAL 2 1 2 9 2 14 13 36 3
Test Unit 21 Test Unit 22 Test Unit 23 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 10-20 3 1 1* 20-30 5 4 1 30-40 5 1 5 1 40-50 6 5 50-60 4 6 1 60-70 1 3 3 1 70-80 2 5 5 7 1 80-90 2 5 3 1 1 5 90-100 2 3 5 6 8 39 100-110 2 3 25 110-120 TOTAL 4 3 31 19 40 6 3 12 69
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
Technical Report No. 150832 675 Appendix B Artifact Distributions
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT185 Locus C
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 24 Test Unit 25 Test Unit 26 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 1 10-20 1 20-30 1 1 2 2 30-40 2 1 1 2 40-50 1 3 2 50-60 2 3 7 1 4 60-70 3 6 8 70-80 5 1 1 80-90 11 3 1 1 90-100 1 3 100-110 2 3 1 110-120 120-130 130-140 1 140-150 TOTAL 14 24 21 1 3 9 1 15
Test Unit 27 Test Unit 28 Test Unit 29 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 10-20 1 1 20-30 1 30-40 1 2 1 40-50 2 1 50-60 1 60-70 1 1 70-80 1* 1 80-90 2 2 90-100 TOTAL 2 1 2 1 2 1 7 2 1 L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
676 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT185 Locus C
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 30 cmbs L B C S ChBRT GS 0-10 1 10-20 0 1 20-30 30-40 2 40-50 50-60 1 60-70 1 3 70-80 80-90 90-100 TOTAL 2 1 6
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
Technical Report No. 150832 677 Appendix B Artifact Distributions
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT186
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 2 Test Unit 3 Test Unit 4 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 1 10-20 10 1 1 20-30 11 2 1 30-40 5 3 12 8 40-50 4 50-60 12 2 1 60-70 1 70-80 80-90 2 90-100 3 1 100-110 110-120 9 120-130 130-140 1 140-150 TOTAL 3 12 1 12 29 9 15 2 8
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
678 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT186
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present. Test Unit 5 Test Unit 6 Test Unit 7 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 2 1 4 1 10-20 6 9 1 6 7 1 20-30 4 8 5 10 1 2 3 30-40 7 7 5 5 3 3 40-50 5 33 8 12 1 2 1 50-60 4 14 9 32 1 5 60-70 1 6 1 3 11 1 2 70-80 1 8 2 4 32 2 3 4 80-90 1 6 26 1 6 90-100 1 3 4 1 5 19 1 1 3 100-110 4 26 1 9 110-120 1 1 4 120-130 2 130-140 140-150 2 1 150-160 1 1 160-170 2 2 170-180 1 1 180-190 1 1 1 190-200 1 1 3 62 173 1 16 6 Test Unit 6B 100-110 1 12 1 110-120 13 1 TOTAL 35 116 6 4 1 25 2 14 20 1
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
Technical Report No. 150832 679 Appendix B Artifact Distributions
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT186
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 7B Test Unit 8 Test Unit 9 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 10-20 8 20-30 8 30-40 21 40-50 1 3 1 50-60 13 60-70 110 70-80 18 80-90 31 3 90-100 3 1 29 1 1 100-110 1 17 1 24 110-120 1 4 11 120-130 1 4 2 130-140 5 140-150 1 1 150-160 1 1 160-170 2 8 170-180 1 6 180-190 4 190-200 3 1 TOTAL 10 53 1 1 1 98 1 1 1 184
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
680 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT245
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 3 Test Unit 4 Test Unit 5 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 4 6 10-20 8 6 20-30 6 1 30-40 2 40-50 2 50-60 1 60-70 1 70-80 80-90 2 90-100 8 100-110 1 2 1 6 110-120 1 5 3 120-130 2 39 3 1 130-140 2 2 1 140-150 1 150-160 160-170 7 46 1 8 1 170-180 Test Unit 4B *120- 17 4 17 140 TOTAL 20 12 1 2 17 4 17 19
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
Technical Report No. 150832 681 Appendix B Artifact Distributions
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT245
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 6 Test Unit 7 Test Unit 8 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 1 10-20 3 20-30 30-40 1 2 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 2 90-100 1 100-110 1 2 2 110-120 2 2 1 1 1 120-130 2 16 130-140 3 28 5 140-150 1 150-160 160-170 1 170-180 180-190 190-200 200-210 210-220 220-230 1 230-240 11 TOTAL 2 11 46 1 1 1 10 6
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
682 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT245
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 9 Test Unit 9B Test Unit 9C cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 2 4 1 60-70 1 4 1 1 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120 120-130 1 1 130-140 1 2 140-150 150-160 1 2 16 3 4 160-170 1 5 20 170-180 1 3 11 180-190 2 2 190-200 TOTAL 3 10 1 2 3 1 4 20 11 35
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
Technical Report No. 150832 683 Appendix B Artifact Distributions
Artifact Frequency Distribution Site # 41PT245
For each test unit, tabulate artifact frequency (from field catalog) by artifact class (columns) and depth (rows). Use '+' for artifacts present (per level notes) but not counted. Note counts which include a temporal diagnostic with '*'. Note bottom of each unit with a heavy horizontal line at end of bottom level. Shade levels in each unit if a feature is present.
Test Unit 10 Test Unit 11 cmbs L B C S Ch BR T GS L B C S Ch BR T GS
0-10 1 6 2 1 10-20 1 2 20-30 1 3 30-40 1 40-50 1 50-60 2 60-70 1 70-80 10 80-90 2 90-100 4 100-110 3 110-120 7 120-130 17 130-140 10 TOTAL 5 66 2 1 1
L = Lithic, B = Bone, C = Ceramic, S = Shell, Ch = Charcoal, BR = Burned Rock, T = Tool, GS = Ground Stone
684 Technical Report No.150832 APPENDIX C
OBSIDIAN SOURCE ANALYSIS This page intentionally left blank. OBSIDIAN SOURCE ANALYSIS
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
M. Steven Shackley, Ph.D. Professor and Director Berkeley Archaeological XRF Lab. University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3710 http://www.swxrflab.net This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
C.1 INTRODUCTION converter. Elemental composition is identified with digital filter background The vast majority of the source provenance removal, least squares empirical peak for the 16 artifacts is from one of the sources deconvolution, gross peak intensities and net in the Jemez Mountains from northern New peak intensities above background. Mexico. One sample with very high strontium does not match any known source The analysis for mid Zb condition elements in North or Central America, and one Ti through Nb, Pb, Th, the x-ray tube is sample appears to be modern or perhaps 19th operated at 30 kV, using a 0.05 mm century glass. The one piece of metal (medium) Pd primary beam filter in an air “tinker cone” is indeed a copper alloy path at 200 seconds livetime to generate x- dominated by copper and zinc. ray intensity Ka-line data for elements titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), iron (as C.2 ANALYSIS AND Fe2O3T), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper, INSTRUMENTATION (Cu), zinc, (Zn), gallium (Ga), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), zirconium All archaeological samples are analyzed (Zr), niobium (Nb), lead (Pb), and thorium whole. The results presented here are (Th). Not all these elements are reported quantitative in that they are derived from since their values in many volcanic rocks are “filtered” intensity values ratioed to the very low. Trace element intensities were appropriate x-ray continuum regions through converted to concentration estimates by a least squares fitting formula rather than employing a least-squares calibration line plotting the proportions of the net intensities ratioed to the Compton scatter established in a ternary system (McCarthy and for each element from the analysis of Schamber 1981; Schamber 1977). Or more international rock standards certified by the essentially, these data through the analysis National Institute of Standards and of international rock standards, allow for Technology (NIST), the U.S. Geological inter-instrument comparison with a Survey (USGS), Canadian Centre for predictable degree of certainty (Hampel Mineral and Energy Technology, and the 1984). Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques in France (Govindaraju All analyses for this study were conducted 1994). Line fitting is linear (XML) for all on a ThermoScientific Quant’X EDXRF elements but Fe where a derivative fitting is spectrometer, located in the Department of used to improve the fit for iron and thus for Anthropology, University of California, all the other elements. When barium (Ba) is Berkeley. It is equipped with a analyzed in the High Zb condition, the Rh thermoelectrically Peltier cooled solid-state tube is operated at 50 kV and 1.0 mA, Si(Li) X-ray detector, with a 50 kV, 50 W, ratioed to the bremsstrahlung region (see ultra-high-flux end window bremsstrahlung, Davis et al. 1998). Further details Rh target X-ray tube and a 76 µm (3 mil) concerning the petrological choice of these beryllium (Be) window (air cooled), that elements in Southwest obsidians are runs on a power supply operating 4-50 available in Shackley (1988, 1990, 1992, kV/0.02-1.0 mA at 0.02 mA increments. 1995, 2005; also Mahood and Stimac 1991; The spectrometer is equipped with a 200 l and Hughes and Smith 1993). Specific miní1 Edwards vacuum pump, allowing for standards used for the best fit regression the analysis of lower-atomic-weight calibration for elements Ti through Nb, Pb, elements between sodium (Na) and titanium Th, and Ba, include G-2 (basalt), AGV-2 (Ti). Data acquisition is accomplished with (andesite), GSP-1 (granodiorite), SY-2 a pulse processor and an analogue-to-digital (syenite), BHVO-2 (hawaiite), STM-1 (syenite), QLO-1 (quartz latite), RGM-1
Technical Report No. 150832 689 Appendix C Obsidian Source Analysis
(obsidian), W-2 (diabase), BIR-1 (basalt), ore. With this analysis it is impossible to SDC-1 (mica schist), TLM-1 (tonalite), determine whether where or when it was SCO-1 (shale), all U.S. Geological Survey produced. Copper-zinc alloys are standards, BR-1 (basalt) from the Centre de commonly made today and presumably in Recherches Pétrographiques et the 19th century. Géochimiques in France, and JR-1 and JR-2 (rhyolite) from the Geological Survey of C.4 REFERENCES CITED Japan (Govindaraju 1994). Baugh, T. G. and F. W. Nelson, Jr. The data from the WinTrace software were 1987 New Mexico Obsidian Sources and translated directly into Excel for Windows Exchange on the Southern Plains. software for manipulation and on into SPSS Journal of Field Archaeology for Windows for statistical analyses when 14:313-329. necessary. In order to evaluate these quantitative determinations, machine data Davis, M. K., T. L. Jackson, M. S. Shackley, were compared to measurements of known T. Teague, and J. H. Hampel standards during each run. RGM-1 is 1998 Factors Affecting the Energy- analyzed during each sample run for Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence obsidian artifacts to check machine (EDXRF) Analysis of calibration. Archaeological Obsidian. In Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Trace element data exhibited in Tables C-1 Method and Theory, edited by M. S. and C-2 and Figure C-1 are reported in parts Shackley, pp. 159-180. Advances in per million (ppm), a quantitative measure by Archaeological and Museum weight. Source nomenclature is from Baugh Science 3. Springer/Plenum Press, and Nelson (1987, and unpublished), New York. Glascock et al. (1999), and Shackley (2005; see also Glascock, M. D., R. Kunselman, and D. http://www.swxrflab.net/swobsrcs.htm). Wolfman 1999 Intrasource Chemical C.3 DISCUSSION Differentiation of Obsidian in the Jemez Mountains and Taos Plateau, While the vast majority of obsidian used to New Mexico. Journal of produce these artifacts was originally Archaeological Science 26:861-868. procured from northern New Mexico sources, one “unknown” (186-20.1) exhibits Govindaraju, K. chemistry more similar to a mafic or 1994 Compilation of Working Values and intermediate volcanic rock (Table C-1). It Sample Description for 383 does not resemble any known source north Geostandards. Geostandards or south of the international border. The Newsletter 18 (special issue). analysis in 2009 does not change the mix of obsidian source provenance in any Hampel, J. H. significant way. 1984 Technical Considerations in X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian. The one piece of metal, called a “tinkler In Obsidian Studies in the Great cone” is definitely produced from a Basin, edited by R. E. Hughes, pp. copper/zinc alloy (Table C-2). The other 21-25. Contributions of the elements detected appear to be trace University of California elements that are likely part of the original
690 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Archaeological Research Facility 45. Berkeley. Shackley, M. S. 1988 Sources of Archaeological Obsidian Hughes, R. E., and R. L. Smith in the Southwest: An 1993 Archaeology, Geology, and Archaeological, Petrological, and Geochemistry in Obsidian Geochemical Study. American Provenance Studies. In Scale on Antiquity 53(4):752-772. Archaeological and Geoscientific Perspectives, edited by J. K. Stein 1992 The Upper Gila River Gravels as an and A. R. Linse, pp. 79-91. Archaeological Obsidian Source Geological Society of America Region: Implications for Models of Special Paper 283. Exchange and Interaction. Geoarchaeology 7(4):315-326. Mahood, G. A., and J. A. Stimac 1990 Trace-Element Partitioning in 1995 Sources of Archaeological Obsidian Pantellerites and Trachytes. in the Greater American Southwest: Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta An Update and Quantitative 54:2257-2276. Analysis. American Antiquity 60(3):531-551. McCarthy, J. J., and F. H. Schamber 1981 Least-Squares Fit with Digital 1998 Geochemical Differentiation and Filter: A Status Report. In Energy Prehistoric Procurement of Obsidian Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, in the Mount Taylor Volcanic Field, edited by K. F. J. Heinrich, D. E. Northwest New Mexico. Journal of Newbury, R. L. Myklebust, and C. Archaeological Science 25:1073- E. Fiori, pp. 273-296. National 1082. Bureau of Standards Special Publication 604, Washington, D.C. 2005 Obsidian: Geology and Archaeology in the North American Schamber, F. H. Southwest. University of Arizona 1977 A Modification of the Linear Least- Press, Tucson. Squares Fitting Method which Provides Continuum Suppression. In X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Environmental Samples, edited by T. G. Dzubay, pp. 241-257. Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
Technical Report No. 150832 691 Appendix C Obsidian Source Analysis
Table C-1. Elemental Concentrations for Archeological Rock Samples and RGM-1. (Note: All Measurements in Parts Per Million [ppm].)
SITE/SAMPLE N0. Ti Mn Fe Zn Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba Source 185/A-156-001-1 1100 498 11430 108 156 8 39 168 51 80 Valles Rhy 185/A-167-001-1 981 527 12043 98 175 9 47 183 57 61 Valles Rhy 185/C-221-001-1 1206 499 8772 114 147 9 19 75 43 38 El Rechuelos 185/C-221-001-2 984 470 7328 113 157 9 26 71 44 23 El Rechuelos 185/C-264-001 901 533 11214 96 196 7 64 18098 8 Cerro Toledo Rhy 186-344-001-1 1111 451 10778 85 147 12 44 161 44 24 Valles Rhy 186-20.1 2327 1849 6990 95 50 789 45 108 3 1172 unknown 245-403-001 965 546 11057 133 190 5 62 17087 7 Cerro Toledo Rhy 186-305-001-1 916 587 11492 103 208 6 59 17793 7 Cerro Toledo Rhy 185/C-326-001-1 827 579 10561 151 229 5 68 185 97 0 Cerro Toledo Rhy 185/C-312-001-1 1053 530 9932 213 204 8 57 163 83 0 Cerro Toledo Rhy 185/C-310-001-1 872 452 9833 91 173 8 46 178 54 33 Valles Rhy 185/C-480-001-1 906 488 10671 127 186 10 48 171 55 24 Valles Rhy 185/C-480-001-2 983 406 9157 150 159 7 39 157 48 48 Valles Rhy 185/C-642-001-1 869 513 9975 162 215 6 64 180 92 0 Cerro Toledo Rhy 185/C-857-001-1 546 149 2895 46 1 9 2 16 1 19 modern glass? RGM1-S4 1522 299 12871 36 147107 25 2197 835 standard RGM1-S4 1506 399 14053 35 148100 24 22016 824 standard
Table C-2. Elemental Concentrations for the Metal Sample. (Note: All Measurements in Parts Per Million [ppm].)
Site/Sample Ti Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba Pb Th 186-506-009-1 2757 145 48323 1065 2080315 140982 15 5 2 25 118 0 9502 120
692 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Source 70 Cerro Toledo Rhy El Rechuelos Valles Rhy
60
50
Y 40
30
20
10
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Nb
Figure C-1. Y versus Nb Biplot of Archeological Data.
(Note: The one “unknown” sample removed.)
Technical Report No. 150832 693 This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX D
BIOSILICATE ANALYSIS AND PALYNOLOGY This page intentionally left blank. PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION AT WEST AMARILLO CREEK, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS, BASED ON BIOSILICATE ANALYSIS AND PALYNOLOGY
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D.1 INTRODUCTION proportion of the phytolith record represents localized deposition (Piperno 1988). D.1.1 PROJECT GOAL D.1.3 PHYTOLITH STABILITY The goal of this study was to reconstruct vegetative histories at 41PT185/C, 41PT186 The dissolution and stability of phytoliths in and 41PT245 based on phytolith analysis soils and sediments is not fully understood. and at 41PT185/C based on palynology. Laboratory experiments demonstrate, Differences in vegetation were then used to however, that the solubility of silica is a reconstruct paleoenvironments. Other function of temperature, particle size, pH, biosilicates (diatoms, algal statospores, and and the presence of a disrupted surface sponge spicules) were analyzed to glean as layer. Studies show that the solubility of much paleoenvironmental information as amorphous silica increases linearly with possible. temperature from 0oC. Particle size is another factor affecting stability as opal D.1.2 PHYTOLITH FORMATION dissolution is greater with a decrease in size (Wilding et al. 1977, 1979). Pease (1967) Growing plants typically absorb water experimentally determined that there containing dissolved silica through their appears to be a slight increase in phytolith roots. Microscopic silica bodies are solubility in the range of 5.0 to 8.5, an added subsequently produced by the precipitation . increase between pH 8.5 and pH 9.0, and a of hydrated silicon dioxide (SiO2 nH2O) large increase beginning at pH 9.0. Opal within the plant's cells, cell walls, and stability is also a function of the presence of intercellular spaces. Silica bodies which certain metallic ions and sesquioxides. The have characteristic shapes and sizes are adsorption of Al and Fe ions onto the called opal phytoliths (Wilding and Drees 1971). The term phytolith is derived from surface of opal will decrease silica the Greek words phyton, meaning plant, and dissolution due to the formation of relatively lithos, meaning stone. Opal is the common insoluble silicate coatings. The presence of name for amorphous, hydrated silica sesquioxides may increase dissolution of dioxide. Opaline bodies formed in plants phytoliths due to the adsorption of without specific shapes are simply plant monosilicic acid (Wilding et al. 1977). opal. D.1.4 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY Phytoliths form in most plants and are Monocotyledons, particularly the Poaceae, produced in a multitude of shapes and sizes. produce a wide variety of morphologically Many phytolith types are specific to distinctive phytolith forms. The most particular groups of plants. A phytolith type taxonomically useful types of grass is considered "characteristic" if it is common phytoliths are silicified short cells that range in one specific taxon but also produced in in size from 10 to 35 µm long. Several very limited amounts in one or more other types of trapezoidal circular, rectangular, taxa. A phytolith type is "diagnostic" if its and elliptical short cells are diagnostic of the shape and/or size are specific to a particular Pooideae (Brown 1984; Twiss 1987; taxon. Fortunately, many phytoliths are Bozarth 1992b), a grass subfamily adapted resistant to weathering and are preserved in to cool temperatures and high available soil most soils for long periods of time. Because moisture (Twiss 1987). phytoliths are formed primarily in the vegetative parts of plants and are released on Saddle-shaped bodies occur most commonly soil surfaces when the plant decays, a large in the Chloridoideae (Brown 1984; Twiss 1987; Mulholland and Rapp 1992), a grass
Technical Report No. 150832 699 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology subfamily that flourishes in areas with warm silicified prickly-hairs composed of two temperatures and low available soil parts, an outer sheath and an inner core. The moisture. Saddle-shaped phytoliths are outer sheath dissolves soon after being similar in appearance to double-edged battle deposited on the soil, while the inner core axes formed by two opposite convex edges remains well preserved. Silicified tracheids and two opposite concave edges. However, are also formed in grasses, albeit rarely. a few saddle-shaped phytoliths have only Silicified stomata are taxonomically useful one concave side (Brown 1984). at various levels, but are typically not well preserved. Bilobate and cross-shaped phytoliths are formed in the Panicoideae (Brown 1984; Grass floral bracts produce at least three Twiss 1987; Mulholland and Rapp 1992), a distinctive types of phytoliths not formed in grass subfamily that thrives in warm other parts of the plant. Dendriforms are temperatures and high available soil cylindrical rods of varying length with moisture (Twiss 1987). Bilobates with protrusions or spines radiating from a central indented, concave, or pointed lobes are core. Asteriforms consist of platy bodies formed only in the Panicoid subfamily. with peg like protrusions. Scutiform Bilobates with raised lobes edges and round phytoliths are saucer-shaped bodies that or flat ends which are symmetrical in side have a unique, slanted apex (Piperno 1988). view are also formed only in the Panicoids Scutiforms appear to be diagnostic of (Bozarth 1992b). Maize (Zea mays) cobs Pooideae, whereas dendriforms are formed produce another type of phytolith that is in most, if not all, native grasses. These diagnostic of the species (Bosarth 1993b). three types of phytoliths can be used to identify areas/artifacts used to process native Bilobate phytoliths with raised lobe edges grass seeds as they occur only rarely in and round ends are also formed in three-awn natural environments (Bozarth 1998a). grasses (Aristida species), a genus in the Chloridoid subfamily (Gould and Shaw Non-grass monocots also produce numerous 1968). However, bilobates formed in taxonomically valuable phytoliths. Sedge Aristida differ from Panicoid bilobates in (Cyperus) produces distinctive phytoliths in that the raised edges on the top (the longer the form of cone shaped-bodies with round part) slope down at the ends. In addition, wavy margins. These phytoliths occur both they are asymmetrical in side view as the top singly and in multiples. Truncated cones is more concave than the bottom (Bozarth with multiple peaks and round wavy bases 1992b). Needlegrass, a genus (Stipa) in the are formed in bulrush (Scripus pallidus). Pooid subfamily (Gould and Shaw 1968), Both of these phytolith types appear to be also produces bilobates (Bozarth 1992b). diagnostic of the genera that produce them These bilobates differ from those produced (Bozarth 1995). Sedge phytoliths with in Panicoids and Aristida by not having angular and verrucate bases and knobby raised lobe edges. Many have a small lobe apices may be restricted to inflorescences on one side in the middle. Unlike most (Ollendorf 1992). Pooids, Stipa species grow in dry areas (Pohl 1968). Several types of phytoliths are formed in woody dicotyledons (deciduous shrubs and There are several other types of phytoliths in trees) and herbaceous dicotyledons (forbs addition to short cells produced in grass. and weeds). The two most common types of Long cells are relatively large (30 to 150 µm diagnostic dicot phytoliths are flat or cupped long) elongate bodies with smooth or wavy polyhedrons with 5-8 sides and anticlinal edges (Twiss 1987). Bulliform cells are cells (Rovner 1971; Wilding and Drees large keystone shaped-cells. Trichomes are 1971; Geis 1973; Wilding et al. 1977;
700 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Bozarth 1992a). Anticlinal cells have wavy, plum (P. americana), choke cherry (P. undulating walls with the appearance of virginiana), currants (Ribes odoratum), jigsaw-puzzle pieces. Most of these elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), white polyhedral and anticlinal phytoliths consist oak (Quercus alba), and burr oak (Q. only of silicified cell walls and are not well macrocarpus). Other reference species preserved in sediment (Wilding and Drees include two forbs, devil's claw (Proboscidea 1974; Bozarth 1992a). Other phytolith types louisianica) and groundcherry (Physalis formed only in dicots include branched virginiana), a wild grape (Vitis riparia), and elements with spiral thickened rings and a cactus prickly pear (Opuntia macrorhiza). honeycomb-shaped assemblages (Geis 1973; Of these 15 species, diagnostic phytoliths Wilding and Drees 1973, 1974; Bozarth were formed only in hackberry fruits. These 1992a). phytoliths, produced in the fruit stone, are in the form of platelets with irregular edges Several species of arboreal dicots produce and short echinate (spiny) sculpturing on opal spheres that range in size from 1 to 50 one side (Bozarth 1987b). µm (Wilding and Drees 1973, 1974). Opal spheres are also produced in conifers (Klein Subsequent to this study, four additional and Geis 1978), but are much smaller (3 to 8 samples from economic species were µm). Opaque opal spheres have been analyzed: nuts and bracts from hazelnut extracted from the A horizon of several (Corylus americana), achenes from marsh forested soils in Ohio demonstrating that elder (Iva annua), and achenes with bracts they are well-preserved (Wilding and Drees from Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum 1973, 1974). Wilding and Drees (1973) also pensylvanicum). No taxonomically useful reported opaque bladed forms (which appear phytoliths were found. Furthermore, to be opaque platelets), in white oak previous unpublished studies indicate that (Quercus alba). Similar particles were Palmer's pigweed (Amaranthus palmeri), observed in isolates from a soil formed rough pigweed (A. retroflexus), and lamb's under deciduous forest. quarters (Chenopodium album) do not produce diagnostic phytoliths. Distinctive spinulose spheres are produced, although only rarely, in the leaves of Other dicots produce phytoliths diagnostic at chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii), red oak various taxonomic levels. Opaque platelets (Q. rubra) and red oak (Q. rubra), as well as with systematic perforations and certain the endocarp of black walnut (Juglans types of segmented hairs are diagnostic of nigra). Spinulose spheres have been Asteraceae (the Sunflower family). Flat identified with other deciduous tree polyhedrons with 5-8 sides that are filled phytoliths in late-Pleistocene and Holocene with coarse verrucae (bumps) appear to be loessal sites in Nebraska (Bozarth 1998a, unique to Ulmaceae (the Elm family) 1998b, 1998c, 2000, 2008). (Bozarth 1985a, 1992a). Silicified, multi- celled hair bases are formed in the disks of Phytolith analysis of 14 dicots and one common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and cactus native to the Central Great Plains domesticated sunflowers (H. annuus var. shows that diagnostic phytoliths are only macrocarpa) (Bozarth 1986b). Certain rarely formed in edible fruits and nuts. Most types of stalked verrucate phytoliths are of the fruits and nuts studied were from trees specific to hackberry, mulberry (Morus), and shrubs, including shagbark hickory false nettle (Boehmeria), or nettle (Urtica). (Carya ovata), hackberry (Celtis Elongate verrucate phytoliths with one or occidentalis), persimmon (Diospyros both ends tapering to a point are unique to virginiana), black walnut (Juglans nigra), clearweed (Pilea) (Bozarth 1992a). sandhill plum (Prunus angustifolia), wild Phytoliths with deeply scalloped surfaces of
Technical Report No. 150832 701 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
contiguous concavities are diagnostic of D.1.5 APPLIED PHYTOLITH RESEARCH IN squash and wild buffalo gourd (Cucurbita THE GREAT PLAINS species) (Bozarth 1987a). Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) also produce diagnostic Phytoliths are largely a "decay in place" phytoliths (Bozarth 1990b). fossil (Rovner 1975) and represent the vegetation of a site at the time of deposition Several types of phytoliths are produced in (Piperno 1988). Opal phytoliths can be the pine family (Pinaceae). Silicified, isolated from buried sediment samples and irregularly-shaped, polyhedral cells are the analyzed to reconstruct the most common taxonomically useful paleoenvironment for a particular area. This Pinaceae phytolith. This type of phytolith is has been successful on a number of produced in red spruce (Picea rubens), black sediment types, including loessal sites in spruce (P. mariana), white spruce (P. Nebraska (Fredlund et al. 1985; Bozarth glauca), Engelmann spruce (P. 1992b, 2008; Johnson 1993), Kansas engelmannii), and jack pine (Pinus (Bozarth 1984a; Johnson and Bozarth 1996), banksiana) (Norgren 1973; Klein and Geis and Texas (Bozarth 1995), as well as 1978; Bozarth 1988, 1993a). Blocky alluvium in Kansas (Bozarth 1986a, 1990a) polyhedra with smooth surfaces and at least and Texas (Bozarth 1995). Regional fossil eight non-parallel sides are characteristic but phytoliths were first recognized by Twiss et not diagnostic of Pinaceae, because they are al. (1969) in buried soils in north-central also produced, although relatively Kansas, but the paleoenvironments were not infrequently, in grasses (Bozarth 1993a). reconstructed.
In contrast to smooth polyhedrons, Phytolith analysis has also been used to polyhedrons with bordered pit impressions identify cultigens and other economic on the surface are unique to the Pinaceae. species in prehistoric archaeological sites. This type of phytolith is abundant in pine Phytolith analysis was first applied to Great (Pinus), spruce (Picea), Douglas-fir Plains paleoethnobotanical studies by (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and less commonly Bozarth (1984b) who identified sunflower- in larch (Larix), hemlock (Tsuga), and fir like phytoliths in sediment samples collected (Abies) (Klein and Geis 1978). Douglas-fir in features at Site 23DX3, a Central Plains needles produce distinctive, branched, Tradition village in northeast Nebraska. silicified particles (Brydon et al. 1963). These silicified, multi-celled hair bases are This same type of phytolith was also commonly formed in the disks of common reported in Douglas-fir by Garber (1966) as sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and irregular shapes with spiny processes and by domesticated sunflower (Helianthus annuus Norgren (1973) as amoeboid bodies with var. macrocarpa (Bozarth 1986b). tapering, conical protrusions. Thin plates with wavy margins on all four sides are Additional taxonomic classification formed in needles of white spruce and demonstrated that diagnostic phytoliths are appear to be unique to that species. formed in the rinds of selected varieties of Phytoliths with spiny irregular bodies are squash (Cucurbita species) (Bozarth 1985b, commonly formed in needles of jack pine 1986b, 1987a) and in the pods of common and appear to be diagnostic of that species beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Bozarth 1986b, (Bozarth 1993a). 1990b). Squash phytoliths (scalloped spheroids) were recovered at Site 23DX3 (described above)(Bozarth 1986b) and Site 3CT50, a Late Woodland site in northeast Arkansas (Bozarth 1985b, 1987a). Bean phytoliths (silicified hooked hairs) were
702 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management identified in an isolate from Site 14MN328, D.3 METHODOLOGY a Great Bend Aspect village located in central Kansas (Bozarth 1989a, 1990b). D.3.1 DATA RECOVERY PHASE I (2007)
Mulholland (1986, 1987) reported two types Phytoliths and other biosilicates (diatoms, of phytoliths characteristic of maize, one in algal statospores, and sponge spicules) were chaff and the other in leaves and husks, analyzed from 13 radiocarbon dated which could be used as indicators of maize sediment samples collected at 41PT185/C, in archaeological sites in North Dakota. 41PT186, and 41PT245. Pollen was also Extensive taxonomic research by Bozarth analyzed from four dated samples from BT (1989a, 1989b, 1993b) demonstrated that 36 at 41PT185/C (#M-1-1, #M-3-4, #M-5-9, maize cobs produce diagnostic phytoliths. and #M-4-6). The 13 dated samples were Based on these studies, maize was identified collected across the study area to gain an in two features at Site 14MN328 (described understanding of the overall Holocene above). environment in West Amarillo Creek.
As previously reported, most archaeological D.3.2 DATA RECOVERY PHASE II (2008) phytolith analyses reconstruct Biosilicates and pollen were analyzed from paleoenvironments or plant subsistence 20 samples collected from a dated column in strategies. However, other types of studies BT 36 at 41PT185/C, the stratigraphy of can be done with phytoliths. For example, which is shown in Figure D-1. Biosilicates at the Hatcher Site (14DO19), a Plains were also analyzed from three samples Village period habitation structure located in (#471-004-1a, #1129-004-1a, and #3801- northeastern Kansas, a study of phytoliths 004-1a) collected from three cultural from a daub concentration demonstrates that features (Features 8, 18, and 10) at Panicoids (tall-grasses) and Pooids (cool- archaeological site 41PT185/C. The moist season grasses) were the most phytolith classification system reported by common grasses used in construction at the Fredlund (Fredlund and Tieszen 1994) was site (Bozarth 1987c). A phytolith analysis utilized to determine if the prehistoric short of prehistoric bison tooth calculus and cell assemblages at 41PT185/C match any of impacta from sites in Kansas and Oklahoma the modern analogs from various sites in demonstrates that this type of study can be North America. used to reconstruct the diet of prehistoric bison in the central Great Plains (Bozarth 1993c). D.4 BIOSILICATES Biosilicates were isolated from 2 to 5 gram D.2 PREVIOUS WORK IN STUDY sediment samples using a procedure based AREA on heavy-liquid (zinc bromide) flotation and centrifugation. This procedure consists of Palynological results indicate climatic five basic steps: 1) removal of carbonates change over time at IO 8 (isolated with dilute hydrochloric acid; 2) removal of occurrence of a fossilized bone and a colloidal organics, clays, and very fine silts mammoth tooth) but the data were by deflocculation with sodium problematic. Paleobotanical analyses at pyrophosphate, centrifugation, and 41PT185 and 41PT186 indicate vegetation decantation through a 7-µm filter; 3) continuity but the results were again oxidation of sample to remove organics; 4) problematic. No evidence of prehistoric heavy-liquid flotation of phytoliths from the plant use was found (Gish 2000). heavier clastic mineral fraction using zinc bromide concentrated to a specific gravity of
Technical Report No. 150832 703 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
2.3; 5) washing and dehydration of gymnosperms; and 6) 2 species of phytoliths with butanol; and 6) dry storage Equisetum. in 1-dram glass vials. D.5 POLLEN Representative portions of the isolates were mounted on microscope slides in immersion A number of pollen extraction procedures oil under 22 x 40 mm cover glasses and exist, but heavy-liquid flotation and sealed with clear nail lacquer. A minimum centrifugation was selected because of the of 200 phytoliths were taxonomically vulnerability of pollen from the study area to classified in each slide. Phytoliths were degradation by chemical digestion analyzed at a magnification of 625X with a techniques. The heavy-liquid flotation and petrographic Zeiss microscope. Biosilicate centrifugation procedure has been refined in data were reported with TG View. Phytolith the University of Kansas Palynology concentrations were calculated using an Laboratory and has proven to be highly indirect method reported by Piperno (1988). effective in the isolation of pollen from a A known number of exotic spores (in this variety of sediment matrices. case Lycopodium) were added to each sample after the oxidation stage. The Pollen was extracted from 3-50 gram concentration of phytoliths (per gram) was sediment samples, depending on the amount computed as follows: available. This procedure is similar to that for phytoliths and consists of six steps; 1) Phytolith conc. = no. of phytoliths counted x introduction of "spike" spores; 2) removal of (total no. exotics added / no. exotics carbonates with dilute hydrochloric acid; 3) counted) / sample wt. removal of colloidal organics, clays, and very fine silts by deflocculation with sodium Concentration permits an evaluation of the pyrophosphate, centrifugation, and phytolith production, preservation, and decantation through a 7- m filter; 4) heavy- sedimentation rate for a given sample liquid flotation of phytoliths from the interval. heavier clastic mineral fraction using zinc bromide concentrated to a specific gravity of Phytoliths were classified according to a 1.95; 5) washing and dehydration of isolate convention that has been developed and with butanol; and 6) storage in a 1-dram used in other reports and publications. An glass vial with several times as much extensive reference collection of plants silicone fluid (1000-centistoke viscosity) as native to the Great Plains has been isolate. After thorough mixing, aliquots of developed in the palynology laboratory the mixture were mounted on two through field collection, research plots, microscope slides under 22 x 40 mm cover solicited samples, and specimens supplied glasses and sealed with paraffin. by the University of Kansas Herbarium. The phytolith reference collection consists A minimum of 200 pollen grains were of phytoliths extracted from complete or taxonomically classified in each slide with representative aerial portions of the adequate concentrations. Otherwise, one following: 1) 25 species of 20 genera of 11 complete slide was analyzed. Classification tribes of 6 subfamilies of the Poaceae of pollen was based largely on analysis of (grass); 2) 11 species of 4 genera of 4 non- the University of Kansas Palynology grass monocot families; 3) 65 species of 62 Laboratory reference collection in addition genera of 11 families of herbaceous dicots; to standard reference keys (Kapp 1969; 4) 20 species of 18 genera of 13 families of Lewis et al. 1983; McAndrews et al. 1973; woody (mostly arboreal) dicots; 5) 14 Moore and Webb 1978). Palynology is species of 7 genera of 5 families of
704 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management especially useful for identifying non-grass are presented in Table D-3. Pollen data plants, including forbs, shrubs, and trees. without vesiculate grains (pine and spruce) Pollen data were reported with TG View. are shown in Table D-4.
Pollen concentration studies can be useful D.6.2 DATA RECOVERY PHASE II for determining the amount of pollen that may have been destroyed during the post- Figure D-2 consists of biosilicate depositional period of a deposit. Post- frequencies and concentrations. Figure D-3 depositional processes, such as pedogenesis, consists of total phytolith data and Figure D- mechanical destruction, chemical oxidation, 4 of only short cells data. A temperature rapid changes in atmospheric-moisture index (Pooids/Pooids +Chloridoids levels, high pH levels, and microbial +Panicoids) and an aridity index activity, may greatly reduce the amount of (Chloridoids/Chloridoids + Panicoids + pollen in a deposit. The pollen recovered Pooids) reported by Twiss (1987) and are from archaeological site sediments represent presented in Figure D-5. Pollen frequencies the sum total of the originally deposited and concentrations are presented in Figure pollen minus the pollen lost to the various D-6. A separate pollen frequency table was processes of deterioration. Pollen created, but without vesiculate grains (pine concentrations from open air sites which do and spruce) which can be blown long not contain at least 1,000 pollen grains per distance from the source, to better gram have undergone severe pollen loss understand local vegetation (Figure D-7). A through post depositional alteration and may diagram of pine pollen frequencies is not provide reliable information. Low presented in Figure D-8. Tables D-5, D-6, numbers of identified plant taxa and high and D-7 consist of biosilicate, phytolith, and percentages of indeterminate grains also short cell frequency data, respectively, for suggest that the pollen data may be suspect the three archaeological samples. because of poor preservation (Bryant and Hall 1993). D.7 RECONSTRUCTION OF HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENT – As mentioned above, "spike" tablets PHASE I containing Lycopodium spores were introduced into the soil/sediment sample Biosilicates were well-preserved in all 13 prior to the flotation in order to verify pollen dated samples from 41PT185/C, 41PT186, extractions and for quantitative evaluation of and 41PT245. Pollen was also preserved in microfossil concentrations. The pollen four stratified samples from BT 36 at concentration per gram was calculated as 41PT185/C. These samples were collected follows: Pollen conc. = no. of pollen grains across the study area to understand the counted x (total no. exotics added / no. Holocene environment. Interpretation of exotics counted) / sample wt. microfossil spectra is based on sample chronology (Table D-1). D.6 MICROFOSILL DATA PRESENTATION At 10,850 B.P. the study area was relatively cold based on the highest frequency of Pooids found in any of the samples. The D.6.1 DATA RECOVERY PHASE I vegetation consisted of grassland with a Interpretation of microfossil spectra is based limited number of deciduous trees/shrubs as on sample chronology. Biosilicate revealed by the presence of 0.5 percent frequencies are shown in Table D-1 and spinulose spheres. The high phytolith phytolith frequency data for short cells and concentration (498,839) is the result of trees and shrubs in Table D-2. Pollen data relatively stable surface at this time.
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At 9610 B.P. conditions were warmer based this time on but a low frequency of flat on a decrease of Pooids and drier given a polyhedral phytoliths (0.3 percent) indicates decrease in Panicoids and an increase of that another type of woody dicot was Chloridoids. As in the first sample, present. Pollen was well-preserved at this deciduous trees/shrubs were present based level, but is difficult to interpret as it is the on the low frequency (0.5 percent) of lowest pollen sample in the column. spinulose spheres. However, it is clear that pine (Pinus ponderosa and P. edulis) pollen blew in At 8280 B.P. the vegetation consisted of from some distance as pine phytoliths were many more deciduous shrubs/trees based on not found in any of the samples. a much higher frequency of spinulose arboreal phytoliths (6.9 percent). The At 1840 B.P. cooler conditions are indicated relatively low phytolith concentration is based on an increase in Pooids. There was explained by the fact that arboreal species no evidence of trees or shrubs at this time. produce very few phytoliths compared to grasses. The predominance of Pooid At 1430 B.P. conditions were warmer and grasses, within the native grass component drier based on an increase in Chloridoids of the overall assemblage, indicates that the and a decrease in Pooids. This interpretation area had cooled almost to the temperature at is supported by the pollen data in that the 10,850 B.P. No evidence of an increase in frequency of pine (Pinus edulis) increased deciduous shrubs/trees for this time period considerable at this level compared to the was found in studies by Bryant and 1890 B.P. assemblage. The decrease in Holloway (1985) and Hall (1985). willow (Salix) pollen from 4 to 0.4 percent provides additional evidence of increasing At 4330 B.P. conditions were much warmer aridity. The surface was very stable at this based on a lower frequency of Pooids and time given the very high phytolith drier given a higher frequency of concentration (622,797). Chloridoids. The vegetation was largely grassland with far fewer deciduous At 1390 B.P. conditions may have cooled shrubs/trees given the low frequency of based on a higher frequency of Pooids. spinulose spheres (0.5 percent). This However, comparison to the previous assemblage is very similar to that for 9610 sample, which is from pond sediment, may B.P. except that it formed on a more rapidly not be reliable. The 1390 B.P. assemblage aggrading surface based on the lower is very similar to assemblage dated to 1840 phytolith concentration (70,510 versus B.P. except that an increase in Chloridoids 241,182). and a decrease in Pooids show that conditions were slightly warmer and drier. At 2250 B.P. vegetation consisted of slightly more humid grassland based on an At 860 B.P. the study area was warmer and increase in Panicoids. The surface was drier based on a lower frequency of Pooids much more stable given the much higher and a higher frequency of Chloridoids. A phytolith concentration (204,280). decrease in frequency of algal statospores Deciduous shrubs/trees were present in low and diatoms at this level compared to the numbers based on the same frequency of 1430 B.P. sample provides additional spinulose spheres (0.5 percent). evidence of drier local conditions. An increase in pine pollen, with P. edulis At 1890 B.P. conditions were much warmer remaining the dominant type, may reflect a and more arid based on an increase in more arid regional environment when Chloridoids and a decrease in Pooids. No compared to the 1430 B.P. sample. The more spinulose spheres were identified from absence of oak (Quercus) and willow (Salix)
706 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management pollen provide evidence of increasing local B.P. until 300 B.P. The overall trend was aridity as well. However, the composition from relatively cool and humid savannas of native grass in the study area was not with scattered deciduous trees/shrubs to much different given the similarity of short warmer and drier grasslands. The sample cell assemblages between this sample and dated to 8280 B.P. was especially interesting the one dated at 1430 B.P. in that the phytolith data show an unexpected increase of deciduous There is a clear increase in pollen aggregates trees/shrubs. at this level. Aggregates that consist of over six grains were found for sage (Artemisia), D.8 PALEOENVIRONMENTAL low-spine Asteraceae and Brassicaceae. RECONSTRUCTION OF These are especially interesting since COLUMN SAMPLES IN BT 36 aggregates of six of more grains usually do AT 41PT185/C – PHASE II not occur naturally (Bohrer 1984). These aggregates may have been “created”, i.e., Twenty one sediment samples were knocked off the inflorescences, by grazing collected in a column for a precise animals. This interpretation is supported by reconstruction of approximately the last the presence of a dung fungus spore 2,000 years (Figure D-1). Biosilicates and (Sporomiella) found only at this level. pollen were generally well-preserved. Twenty four types of phytoliths were At 750 B.P. vegetation and climate were identified, in addition to diatoms, algal largely unchanged given the overall statospores and sponge spicules. Twenty similarity in the phytolith and pollen data eight plant taxa were classified in the pollen compared to the previous sample. However, record, as well as two types of non-fungal the surface was more stable based on the spores. Zones were created based on higher phytolith and pollen concentrations. similarity of microfossil data to trace The pollen aggregate data for high-spine changes in vegetation and thus Asteraceae may indicate disturbance from paleoenvironments. grazing as in the previous sample. Zone A: Study area warm and dry; stable At 600 B.P. conditions were much cooler site surface. based on a higher frequency of Pooids. The phytolith concentration (180,700) shows that Sample #1 (482-486 cmbs): At 1890 B.P. the surface was aggrading relatively rapidly the study area was clearly arid based on the at this time. dominance of Chloridoids (83.1 percent). However, the frequency of diatoms (19.5 At 300 B.P. conditions were more arid percent) and the presence of cattail (Typha) based on an increase in frequency of and willow (Salix) pollen, and to a lesser Chloridoid grasses. It was also considerably extent the sedge family (Cyperaceae) pollen, warmer given a lower percentage of Pooid show that the site was ponded. The site grasses compared to the previous sample. surface was relatively stable based on a The phytolith data from this sample are a phytolith concentration of 3,282,358. Zone close match to those of a surface sample A is largely defined by the relative high collected at Lubbock, Texas (Fredlund and concentration of non-vesiculate pollen. The Tieszen 1994). source area of vesiculate pollen was relatively dry based on the low percentage In summary, analysis of phytoliths and of pine pollen (7.1 percent). pollen show a dynamic vegetation history and paleoenvironment for West Amarillo Creek, Potter County, Texas from 10,850
Technical Report No. 150832 707 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Zone B: Study area cooler and moister; of cattail pollen to only 0.5 percent and the aggrading site surface. absence of willow pollen indicate that ponded area was relatively small. The Sample #2 (475-479 cmbs): The study area source of the vesiculate pollen may have was slightly cooler and moister based on the been more mesic based on an increase in climate indices (Figure D-5). The site was pine pollen to 34.5 percent. more ponded given an increase cattail and Cyperaceae pollen. Willow pollen Zone C: Study area warm and dry; stable decreased slightly but remained relatively site surface. high. There was also a slight increase in diatoms. The site surface was aggrading Sample #7 (367-370 cmbs): The study area more rapidly based on a phytolith was warmer at this level based on a decrease concentration of 2,480,342. The source in Pooids and drier based on an increase in area for the vesiculate pollen was also Chloridoids and a decrease in Panicoids. moister given the increase in pine and The site was generally drier given the spruce pollen from 7.1 to 30.5 percent. absence of cattail pollen and the paucity of willow pollen. However, an increase in Sample #3 (458-462 cmbs): The study area frequency of diatoms (36.4 percent) shows became warmer and drier based on the that the site was still ponded. An increase in climate indices. However, the site was more native grass pollen may be the result of more ponded based on an increase in cattail and arid conditions that favored drought tolerant willow pollen, as well as the presence of a grasses. Cottonwood (Populus) and oak fern spore. Moreover, the percentage of (Quercus) become the principal woody diatoms remained high. The surface was species at the site. An increase in phytolith aggrading more rapidly. The source of the concentration (8,027,856) reflects an vesiculate pollen was moister based on an increase in site stability. The regional increase in pine and spruce pollen to 41.2 environment was also drier based on a percent. decrease in vesiculate pollen to 24 percent.
Sample #4 (429-432 cmbs): The study area Sample #8 (350-354 cmbs): The study area became considerably cooler given an was warmer and drier based on the climate increase in frequency of Pooids from 7.3 to indices. A decrease in diatoms indicates that 26.4 percent. It was also moister (Figure D- marsh had shrunk. Sedge and moss may 5). A decrease in diatoms indicates that the have been growing on the disturbed damp site was less ponded. An increase of willow area around the marsh based on the presence pollen from 8.7 to 16.4 percent may be the of moss spores and sedge pollen. result of willows colonizing the “disturbed” Cottonwood is the dominant arboreal marsh margin. This interpretation is species in the area. The high frequency of supported by the as the highest percentage pine pollen (50.2 percent) shows that the (3.0 percent) of Lycopodium (moss) spores source area was more mesic. found in the study and the continued presence of cattail pollen. The source of the Sample #9 (336-340 cmbs): At 1430 B.P. vesiculate pollen was drier based on a the study area was cooler and slightly decrease in pine pollen to 25.1 percent. moister based on the climate indices. The site was still ponded based on the diatom Sample #6 (387-391 cmbs): The study area frequency. Cattail and sedge were present. became cooler and moister at this level The non-vesiculate pollen and phytolith based on the climate indices. An increase in concentrations are the highest at this level diatoms (14.8 percent) shows that the site reflecting a very stable site surface. The returned to a marsh. However, the decline source of the vesiculate pollen was
708 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management considerably drier based on a pine frequency Sample #13 (275-278 cmbs): At ca. 800 of only 18.1 percent. B.P. the study area was slightly warmer and drier based on the climate indices. Sample #10 (318-321 cmbs): The study However, the ponded area was slightly area was warmer and drier based on an larger given an increase in diatoms to 15.7 increase in Chloridoids and a decrease in percent. Sedge pollen and fern spores are Pooids. The site was drier, but still ponded, present at the same frequencies as the based on a decrease in diatoms. Pollen from previous sample. Surface stability was water loving plants such as cattail and about the same. The source of the pine willow is absent at this level. However, pollen was slightly drier. cottonwood is still relatively common. The surface was very stable given the high Zone D: Study area warmer and drier; more phytolith and pollen concentrations. The rapid site aggradation. source area of the pine pollen was more mesic based on a higher frequency of pine Sample #14 (260-264 cmbs): The study pollen (30.3 percent). area was cooler and moister (Figure D-5). The marsh was smaller based on a decrease Sample #11 (305-309 cmbs): The study in diatoms. Moreover, the absence of area was slightly warmer and drier based on cottonwood pollen indicates more arid local the climate indices. The ponded area was conditions. Surface stability decreased slightly larger based on an increase in based on both the phytolith and pollen diatoms. This is the only sample with a concentrations. The source of the pine sponge spicule. The absence of cattail and pollen was slightly moister. willow pollen may due to the absence of these plants from the site due to increased Sample #15 (247-251 cmbs): The study aridity. This was evidently the most stable area was slightly warmer and drier (Figure surface as it had the highest phytolith D-5). The marsh was larger given an concentration (12,787,513). However, the increase in diatoms which may relate to an pollen concentration decreased. Thus, increase in Ambrosia pollen. The site was relatively more phytoliths were being less stable based on a decrease in phytolith deposited than pollen as compared to the and pollen concentrations. The source of the previous samples. These differences in pine pollen was moister. concentrations can be explained by less vegetation around the marsh which Sample #16 (188-192 cmbs): The trend evidently was producing much of the pollen. towards warmer and drier conditions The source area of the pine pollen was drier. continued in the study area based on the climate indices. However, the site itself was Sample #12 (290-293 cmbs): The study more ponded given the very high frequency area is slightly cooler and drier based on of diatoms (72.4 percent) at a level. The relative differences in short cells. The presence of moss spores supports this frequency of diatoms (11.4 percent) show interpretation. The site was also aggrading the site was still ponded. The presence of more rapidly. The source of the pine pollen sedge pollen and fern spores shows that was significantly drier. these plants were growing nearby, probably on the wet margin. Cottonwood and oak are Zone E: Study area moister; more rapid site still present. The surface was less stable at aggradation. this level based on a lower phytolith concentration (7,497,837) but still relatively Sample #17 (194-199 cmbs): The study stable. The source of the pine pollen was area was slightly warmer and drier (Figure more mesic. D-5). The site was much drier than the
Technical Report No. 150832 709 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology previous level given the dramatic drop in the Zone A (482-486 cmbs): At 1890 B.P the frequency of diatoms. Sage (Artemisia) study area was warm and dry. The site was pollen is absent from this level to the top of ponded with a stable surface. the sequence. Site stability was about the same. The source of the vesiculate pollen Zone B (475-391 cmbs): The study area was was more mesic. cooler and moister. The site surface was more rapidly aggrading and was ponded Sample #18 (188-192 cmbs): The study except at 429-432 cmbs when the marsh area was cooler and moister based on an nearly dried up. increase in Pooids and Panicoids with a concomitant decrease in Chloridoids. A Zone C (367-278 cmbs): The study area was significant decrease in diatoms reflects a warmer and drier. The site had a stable significantly smaller marsh. Grass pollen surface and was ponded to varying degrees. increases at this level. The site was aggrading more rapidly based on an increase Zone D (260-192 cmbs): The study area was in pollen and phytolith concentrations. The warmer and drier. The site was the most source of the pine pollen was slightly drier. ponded at (188-192 cmbs) and experienced more rapid aggradation. Sample #19 (185-178 cmbs): The study area was slightly warmer and drier (Figure Zone E (194-151 cmbs): The study area D-5). The site continued to be dry based was slightly moister. The site was much low diatom frequency. Surface stability was drier and aggraded more rapidly. about the same. The source of the pine pollen was slightly moister. The vesiculate pollen, mostly pine, evidently blew in from some distance (probably to the Sample #20 (163-167 cmbs): At 500 B.P. southwest in New Mexico) as it does not (projected date) the study area was slightly occur in the study area today warmer and moister (Figure D-5). The site (http://plants.usda.gov). Moreover, pine continued to be dry. Surface stability at the phytoliths were not found in any of the site did not change significantly. The source samples. Fluctuations in pine pollen of the pine pollen was drier. frequencies show that the climate varied considerably in the source area. However, Sample #21 (146-151 cmbs): The study there were no clear correlations with the site area was somewhat cooler and moister or study area data. (Figure D-5). The site continued to be relatively dry as in the as in the three There were no close matches between the previous samples. The site was aggrading phytolith data from this study and modern somewhat more rapidly at this level. The phytolith assemblages analyzed by Fredlund source of the pine pollen was drier. (Fredlund and Tieszen 1994). Grass phytoliths, other than short cells, were not D.8.1 SUMMARY OF BT 36 COLUMN sensitive to paleoenvironmental changes. SAMPLES Pollen concentrations low in Zones B, D, and E due to rapid aggradation not poor Analysis of phytoliths, diatoms, and pollen preservation. show a dynamic vegetational history and paleoenvironment for the site, study area, and the source of vesiculate (pine and spruce) pollen. Five paleoenvironmental zones were identified.
710 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
D.9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 1984b Cultigen Phytolith Analysis at 41PT185/C 23DX3. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, Wichita State The terrace on which the archaeological site University, Kansas, and the was situated was covered by a short grass Nebraska State Historical Society. prairie dominated by Chloridoids grasses typical of the study area today. No evidence 1985a Distinctive Phytoliths from Various of plant use was found in these three feature Dicot Species. Paper presented at (Features 8, 18, and 10) samples. The the 2nd Phytolith Conference, charred phytoliths (produced when plant University of Minnesota, Duluth. materials burn) in these samples do not reflect cultural activities given that similar 1985b An Analysis of Opal Phytoliths from numbers of burned phytoliths were found in Rinds of Selected Cucurbitaceae the non-archaeological samples. This Species. M. A. thesis, Department suggests short-term occupation. Phytolith of Anthropology, University of concentrations are typical of what was found Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. in BT 36 and thus do not indicate cultural activities. The algal statospores and diatoms 1986a Phytoliths. In Along the Pawnee may have blown in from the adjacent marsh. Trail, Cultural Resources at Wilson No evidence of plant subsistence was found, Lake, by Donald Blakeslee, Robert including maize phytoliths. Blasing, and Hector Garcia, pp. 86- 101. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers D.10 REFERENCES CITED (Kansas City District), Contract DACW41-85-C-0135. Bohrer, Vorsila L. 1984 Domesticated and Wild Crops in the 1986b Morphological Distinctive Caep Study Area. In Prehistoric Phaseolus, Cucurbita, and Cultural Development in Central Helianthus annuus Phytoliths. In Arizona: Archaeology of the Upper Plant Opal Phytolith Analysis in New River Region, edited by Archeology and Paleoecology; Patricia M. Spoerl and George J. Proceedings of the 1984 Phytolith Gumerman, pp. 183-379. Research Workshop, edited by Irwin Occasional Paper 5, Center for Rover, pp. 56-66. Occasional Archaeological Investigations, Papers No. 1 THE Southern Illinois University, PHYTOLITHARIEN, North Carolina Carbondale, Illinois. State University, Raleigh.
Bozarth, Steven R. 1987a Diagnostic Opal Phytoliths from 1984a Pollen and Opal Phytolith Analysis, Rinds of Selected Cucurbita the Jetmore Mammoth Site, 14HO1. Species. American Antiquity 52: In Kansas Preservation Plan for the 607-615. Conservation of Archaeological Resources, edited by K. L. Brown 1987b Opal Phytolith Analysis of Edible and A. H. Simmons, pp. 4-56 to 4- Fruits and Nuts Native to the 67. Ms. on file, Office of Central Plains. Phytolitharien Archaeological Research, Museum Newsletter 4(3): 9-10. of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence. 1987c Opal Phytolith Analysis of Daub Samples from the Hatcher Site. In Archaeological Investigations of the
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Clinton Reservoir Area in vulgaris). American Antiquity Northeastern Kansas - National 55:98-104. Register Evaluation of 27 Prehistoric Sites, edited by Brad 1991 Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction Logan, pp. 237-244. Kaw Valley of the La Sena Site Based on Opal Engineering and Development, Inc., Phytolith Analysis. In The La Sena Junction City, Kansas. Submitted to Mammoth Site, 25FT177 – Medicine the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Creek Reservoir, Frontier County, Kansas City District, Contract edited by Steven Holen, pp. 129- DACW41-86-C-0072. 142. Technical Report 2008-09, Denver Museum of Nature and 1988 Preliminary Opal Phytolith Analysis Science. of Modern Analogs from Parklands, Mixed Forest, and Selected Conifer 1992a Classification of Opal Phytoliths Stands in Prince Albert National Formed in Selected Dicotyledons Park, Saskatchewan. Current Native to the Great Plains. In Research in the Pleistocene 5: 45- Phytolith Systematics-Emerging 46. Issues, edited by George Rapp, Jr. and Susan Mulholland, pp. 193-214. 1989a Opal Phytoliths. In Final Summary Plenum Press, New York. Report, 1986 Archaeological Investigations at 14MN328, a Great 1992b Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction Bend Aspect Site Along U. S. of the Sargent Site, a Fossil Highway 56, Marion, Kansas, by Biosilicate Analysis. Ms. on file, William B; Lees, John D. Reynolds, Department of Geology, University Terrance J. Martin, Mary Adair, and of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 22 p. Steven Bozarth, pp. 85-90. Archaeology Department, Kansas 1993a Biosilicate Assemblages of Boreal State Historical Society. Submitted Forests and Aspen Parklands. In to the Kansas Department of Current Research in Phytolith Transportation. Analysis: Applications in Archaeology and Paleoecology, 1989b Evidence for Zea Mays at 14MN328 edited by Deborah Pearsall and Based on Opal Phytolith Analysis. Dolores Piperno, pp. 95-105. Paper presented at the 11th Annual MASCA (Museum Applied Science Flint Hills Archaeological Center for Archaeology) Series, Conference. University off Pennsylvania, Vol. 10. 1990a Results of Preliminary Biosilicate Analysis of 14LT351. In The 1993b Maize (Zea mays) Cob Phytoliths Archaeology of the Stigenwalt Site, from a Central Kansas Great Bend 14LT351, by Randall Thies, pp. Aspect Archaeological Site. Plains 149-156. Contract Archaeological Anthropologist 38(146):279-286. Series, Publication Number 7, Kansas State Historical Society. 1993c Phytolith Analysis of Bison Teeth Calculus and Impacta from Sites in 1990b Diagnostic Opal Phytoliths from Kansas and Oklahoma. In Pods of Selected Varieties of Investigations of Seasonality, Herd Common Beans (Phaseolus Structure, Taphonomy, and Paleoecology at Folsom Bison Kill
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Sites on the Great Plains: 10,500 B. History of Investigations, P., edited by Jack Hoffman, Paleoecology and Stratigraphy, Department of Anthropology, edited by Steven Holen, pp. 129- University of Kansas, Lawrence. 142. Technical Report 2008-09, Denver Museum of Nature and 1995 Analysis of Fossil Biosilicates from Science. the Valley Fill. In Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Late Brown, Dwight A. Quaternary Valley Fills on the 1984 Prospects and Limits of a Phytolith Southern High Plains, edited by Key for Grasses in the Central Vance Holliday, pp. 161-171. United States. Journal of Geological Society of America Archaeological Science 11:345-368. Memoir 186. Bryant, Vaughn M. Jr. and Richard G. 1998a Opal Phytolith Analysis at Holloway 14LV1071. In Prehistoric 1985 A Late-Quaternary Settlement of the Lower Missouri Paleoenvironmental Record of Uplands, the View form DB Ridge, Texas: An Overview of the Pollen Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, edited Evidence, edited by Vaughn M by Brad Logan, pp. 74-85. Museum Bryant, Jr. and Richard G. of Anthropology, University of Holloway, pp. 95-123. American Kansas, Project Report Series 98. Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation. 1998b Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Great Plains Based on Bryant, Vaughn M. Jr., and Stephen A. Hall Biosilicate Analysis. Abstracts – 1993 Archaeological Palynology in the Annual Meetings of the Great United States: a Critique. American Plains/Rocky Mountain Division of Antiquity 58:277-286. the Association of the American Geographers. Brydon, James E., William G. Dore, and John S. Clark 1998c Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction 1963 Silicified Plant Asterosclereids of the Sargent Site, Southwestern Preserved in Soil. Proceedings of Nebraska – a Fossil Biosilicate the Soil Science Society of America Analysis. Abstracts – Institute for 27:476-477. Tertiary-Quaternary Studies. Fredlund, Glen, W.C. Johnson, and W. Dort, 2000 Reconstruction of Vegetative Jr. Histories and Paleoenvironments in 1985 A preliminary analysis of opal Northeastern Kansas Based on Opal phytoliths from the Eustis ash pit, Phytolith Analysis. Current Frontier County, Nebraska: Research in the Pleistocene 15:95- Nebraska Academy of Sciences, 96. Institute for Tertiary-Quaternary Studies, TER-QUA Symposium 2008 Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction Series 1:147-162. of the La Sena Site Based on Biosilicate Analysis. In The La Fredlund, Glen and Larry Tieszen Sena Mammoth Site, 25FT177 – 1994 Modern phytolith assemblages from Medicine Creek Reservoir, Frontier the North American Great Plains. County, Nebraska – Volume 1:
Technical Report No. 150832 713 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Journal of Biogeography 21:321- 335. Johnson, William C., and Steven R. Bozarth 1996 Variation in Opal Phytolith Garber, Lowell W. Assemblages as an Indicator of Late 1966 Influence of Volcanic Ash on the Quaternary Environmental Change Genesis and Classification of Two on Fort Riley, Kansas, review draft. Spodosols in Idaho. Master’s thesis, Prepared under contract No. Department of Soil Science, DACA88-95-M-0422, for the U.S. University of Idaho, Moscow. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL). Geis, James W. 1973 Biogenic Silica in Selected Species Kapp, Ronald O. of Deciduous Angiosperms. Soil 1969 Pollen and Spores. Wm. C. Brown Science 116:113-130. Company, Dubuque, Iowa.
Gish, Jannifer W. Klein, Robert L., and James W. Geis 2000 Paleobotanical Results from IO 8, 1978 Biogenic Silica in the Pinaceae. 41PT185, and 41PT186, Texas. Soil Science 126:145-155. Appendix F – Paleobotanical Analysis. In Phase II Archeological Lewis, Walter H., Prathibha Vinay, and Testing: Landis Property, Potter Vincent E. Zenger County, Texas, by G. M. Haecker. 1983 Airborne and Allergenic Pollen of National Park Service, North America. The John Hopkins Intermountain Support Office, University Press, Baltimore. Anthropology Program, Santa Fe, New Mexico for the Bureau of Land McAndrews, John H., Albert A. Berti, and Management, Helium Operations Geoffrey Norris Unit, Amarillo, Texas. 1973 Key to the Quaternary Pollen and Spores of the Great Lakes Region. Gould, F. W., and R. B Shaw Life Sciences Miscellaneous 1968 Grass Systematics, 2nd edition. Publication, Royal Ontario Texas A & M University Press, Museum, Canada. College Station. Moore, P. D., and J. A. Webb Hall, Stephen A. 1978 An Illustrated Guide to Pollen 1985 Quaternary Pollen Analysis and Analysis. Halstead Press, John Vegetational History of the Wiley and Sons, New York. Southwest. In Pollen Records of Late-Quaternary North American Mulholland, Susan C. Sediments,edited by Vaughn M. 1986 Phytolith Studies at Big Hidatsa, Bryant, Jr. and Richard G. North Dakota: Preliminary Results. Holloway, pp. 95-123. American In The Prairie: Past, Present and Association of Stratigraphic Future. Proceedings of the Ninth Palynologists Foundation. North American Prairie Conference, July 29 to August 1, 1984, Johnson, William C. (editor) Moorhead, Minnesota, edited by 1993 Second International Paleopedology Gary K. Clambey and Richard H. Symposium Field Excursion: Pemble, pp. 21-24. Tri-College Kansas Geological Survey Open- University Center for File Report No. 93-30. Environmental Studies.
714 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
1987 Phytolith Studies at Big Hidatsa. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Twiss, P. C. University of Minnesota. 1987 Grass Opal Phytoliths as Climatic Indicators of the Great Plains Mulholland, Susan C., and George Rapp, Jr. Pleistocene. In Quaternary 1992 A Morphological Classification of Environments of Kansas, edited by Grass Silica-Bodies. In Phytolith W. C. Johnson, pp. 179-188. Systematics, edited by George Rapp, Kansas Geological Guide Book, Jr. and Susan C. Mulholland, pp. 65- Series 5, Lawrence, Kansas. 89. Plenum Press, New York. Twiss, P. C., E. Suess, and R. M. Smith Norgren, J. 1969 Morphological Classification of 1973 Distribution, Form and Significance Grass Phytoliths. Soil Science of Plant Opal in Oregon Soils. Society of America, Proceedings, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Vol. 33, p. 109-115 Department of Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 176 p. Wilding, L. P., and L. R. Drees 1971 Biogenic Opal in Ohio Soils. Ollendorf, Amy L. Proceedings of the Soil Science 1992 A Morphological Classification of Society of America 35:1004-1010. Grass Silica-Bodies. In Phytolith 1973 Scanning Electron Microscopy of Systematics, edited by George Rapp, Opaque Opaline Forms Isolated Jr. and Susan C. Mulholland, pp. 65- from Forest Soils in Ohio. 89. Plenum Press, New York. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America 37:647-650. Pease, D. S. 1974 Contributions of Forest Opal and 1967 Opal Phytoliths as Indicators of Associated Crystalline Phases of Paleosols. Unpublished Master's Fine Clay Fractions of Soils. Clays thesis, New Mexico State and Clay Minerals 22:295-306. University, University Park. Wilding, L. P., C. T. Hallmark, and N. E. Piperno, Dolores R. Smeck 1988 Phytolith Analysis - An 1979 Dissolution and Stability of Archaeological and Geological Biogenic Opal. Journal of Soil Perspective. Academic Press, Inc. Science Society of America 43:800- New York. 802.
Pohl, R. W. Wilding, L. P., N. E. Smeck, and L. R. 1968 How to Know the Grasses, 3rd Drees edition. The Pictured Key Nature 1977 Silica in Soils: Quartz, Cristobalite, Series, Wm. C. Brown Company Tridymite, and Opal. In Minerals in Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Soils Environment, edited by J. B. Dixon and S. B. Weed, pp. 471-552. Rovner, Irwin Soil Science Society of America, 1971 Potential of Opal Phytoliths for Use Madison, Wisconsin. in Paleoecological Reconstruction. Quaternary Research 1:343-359. 1975 Plant Opal Phytolith Analysis in Midwestern Archaeology. Michigan Academician 8:591.
Technical Report No. 150832 715 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Figure D-1. Profile of Backhoe Trench 36 Showing Sample and Radiocarbon Locations.
716 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Biosilicate Frequency (%) for 41PT185/C
Grass subfamilies Other grass phytoliths Trees and shrubs
e typ - s tion id a tida ths he res li s ris piece-typec e re A e a yto s/ h e e Tr p spo ds s id s a a g to i o m m lls e ea r n n a h Concentr o in or -lobede bodies m ce c i w t t s d d if riformfor ly ra a ed o id n ti p gc r h n ls toli o lori nicoidu ter pe nch a h a on icho y nk lg Dates (B.P.) Po C P Ar As DendScu RodsDee L BulliformTr TracheidsC Aste Poly JigsawBra puzzlSmoothSpinulose spheresU sphSpongeA spiculesDiatoms Phy Zone 150
E
200
D
250 860 ± 40 750 ± 40
300
C 1430 ± 40
Depth (cmbs) Depth 350
400
B
450
1890 A
500 20 20 40 60 20 20 20 40 60 80 500 1000 1500 phytoliths per gram x 10,000 Fighre D-2. Biosilicate Frequesncy (percentages for 21 Column Samples from BT 36 at 41PT185/C Showing Interpreted Paleoenvionmental Zones at Right Side
Technical Report No. 150832 719 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Phytolith Frequency (%) for 41PT185/C
Grass subfamilies Other grass phytoliths Trees and shrubs
pe e -ty typ a ds ce- i hs ie es t che s Aristid d bodies le p a ere her s e e d s m m s ph ation oi r ell cea puzz ing Trh s se spwn phytolintr id ifo rifor orm c mes raceaea t o o e coid d f s o ul c lor ni n d cho saw o n n h a e o i racheids ster o Dates (B.P.) Pooids C P Arundinoids/Aster D Scuti R Deeply-lobLong BulliformTr T CypeA PolyhedraJig BranchSm Spi UnknC Zone 150
E
200
D
250 860 ± 40 750 ± 40
300
C 1430 ± 40
Depth (cmbs) 350
400
B
450
1890 A
500 20 20 40 60 80 20 20 500 1000 1500 phytoliths per gram x 10,000
Figure D-3. Phytolith Frequency (percentages) for 21 Column Samples from BT 36 at 41PT185/C Showing Interpreted Paleoenvionmental Zones at Right Side.
720 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Phytolith Short Cell Frequency (%) for 41PT185/C
Grass subfamilies and genera
ype a-t istid /Ar tion e oids oids ds -typ rid din entra nc ooi pa run Dates (B.P.) P Sti Chlo Panicoids A Co Zone 150
E
200
D
250 860 ± 40 750 ± 40
300
C 1430 ± 40
Depth (cmbs) 350
400
B 450
1890 A 500 20 20 40 60 80 100 20 20 40 60 80 100
phytoliths per gram x 100,000 Figure D-4. Phytolith Short Cell Frequency (percentages) for 21 Column Samples from BT 36 at 41PT185/C Showing Interpreted Paleoenvironmental Zones at Right Side.
Technical Report No. 150832 721 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Figure D-5. Climate Indices Calculated from Phytolith Frequencies of Pooids (Po), Chloridoids (C), and Panicoids (Pan), Indicating Relative Temperature and Moisture Changes Through Time from the 321 Column Samples out of BT 36, 41PT185/C.
722 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Pollen Frequency (%) for 41PT185/C
Trees and Shrubs Herbaceous Plants
e p -ty a h ra e ae a ce the riogonum a ra Acalypa s e E On Clarkia breweri llen e terace eae/ / a s c e/ n tion ulis yp e Ast rae a ceae/ Po r d us -t s ia a tus bia a eae dium e r s s s in sia a ae r ace ae c o F e cu ine Asp o or ob e r e a p s e ip s ulu x br sicaceae c ho g te u n u p er temi sp w- ulif s ac p e in ln o u ali r ycium ig o na yco ril Dates (B.P.) Picea Pinus pondero P Ju EphedraA JuglanP Q S A L Hi- Lo Am L Bra Cheno-amSar P Eu O OnagraceaeCaryophyllaceaePolygonLiliacSphaeralceCyperaTyph UnknownL T Concentra Zone 150
E
200
D
250 860 ± 40
750 ± 40
300
C 1430 ± 40
Depth (cmbs) Depth 350
400
B
450
1890 A 20 40 20 20 20 20 40 60 20 20 20 100 200 300 400 500 pollen grains per gram x 100 Figure D-6. Pollen Frequency (percentages) for 21 Column Samples from BT 36 at 41PT185/C Showing Interpreted Paleoenvironmental Zones at Right Side.
Technical Report No. 150832 723 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Non-Vesiculate Pollen Frequency (%) for 41PT185/C
Trees and Shrubs Herbaceous Plants
ri -type e a w m e ph a nu ly r o a c kia br /A athe bs aceae n ae /Eriog u r ae O Clar e te e / / c ae a c ae ae a e n s type a e e c ae ation u - m e i c c a e n Pollen ium tr nd Shr ra us ine Asteraceae -a a b a a hyll ae ralcea c w d a er ns c p osia or on e a a en p ed s a ulus r ix r no h gr gr op g c ae er h po c h u p l ssicaceae e ry a p p co n uni p ln ugl o ue ow-s mb a h na na a ili y nkno y ilete Fero Dates (B.P.) J E A J P Q Sa ArtemisiaLyciumHi-spine AsL A LiguliforaraeBr C SarcobatusPoace Eup O O C Poly L Sph C Ty U L Tr C Trees Zone 150
E
200
D
250 860 ± 40 750 ± 40
300
C 1430 ± 40 Depth (cmbs) 350
400
B
450
1890 A 20 20 20 20 20 40 60 20 20 20 20 100 200 300 400 20 500 grains per gram x 100
Figure D-7. Non-Vesiculate Pollen Frequency (percentages) for 21 Column Samples from BT 36 at 41PT185/C Showing Interpreted Paleoenvironmental Zones at Right Side.
724 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure D-8. Aridity Index Based on Pinus Pollen Frequency, Indicating Relative Moisture Shifts through Time for 21 Column Samples from BT 36 at 41PT185/C.
Technical Report No. 150832 725 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Table D-1. Biosilicate Frequency Data for West Amarillo Creek, Potter County, Texas
Age B.P. 10850 9610 8280 4330 2250 1890 1840 1430 1390 860 750 600 300 Site 41PT245 41PT186 41PT186 41PT186 41PT186 41PT185/C 41PT245 41PT185/C 41PT245 41PT185/C 41PT185/C 41PT186 41PT186 TU 4 Trench/Unit BT 21 BT 6-2a BT 6-1a BT 40 BT 40 BT 36 BT 20-2 BT 36 BT 36 BT 36 BT 9-1 BT 5-5 bulk A Depth (cmbs) 271-274 264-268 136-139 445-448 210-215 480 240 346-348 120-130 265-268 282-285 125 horizon 418-004- 341-004- 341-004- 10-004- 10-004- 417-004- 263-004- 353-004- 263-004- 263-004- 343-004- 340-004- Catalog number 263-004-5 1a 2a 1a 2a 1b 1a 4a 1a 1a 2a 1a 1a Phytolith Sum 215 213 200 211 212 216 203 200 217 213 220 221 221 Phytolith 498,839 241,182 61,943 70,510 204,280 311,073 376,271 622,797 222,731 718,933 931,561 180,700 394,063 Concentration Biosilicate 216 214 202 217 222 321 205 308 218 229 286 223 227 Sum/counts Grass Subfamilies Arundinoids; 0.5 3.3 1.0 0.9 0.5 - 1.0 - 0.9 - 0.3 0.4 0.4 Aristida Chloridoids 28.7 40.7 6.4 41.5 37.4 48.3 44.9 41.6 51.4 60.3 52.8 12.1 51.1 Panicoids 5.1 0.5 0.5 1.8 4.1 3.4 1.5 2.6 1.4 1.7 1.7 0.4 4.4 Pooids 31.9 24.3 12.9 27.6 24.3 7.8 22 4.2 19.7 8.3 7 7.6 16.3 Pooids; Stipa 1.6 - 0.5 0.9 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.7 0.4 0.9 Grass Inflorescence/ seeds Asteriform ------0.5 ------Dendriform 0.9 - - - 0.9 ------Scutiform ------0.4 - Rods ------Deeply-lobed 0.5 - - 0.5 1.8 - 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 - - 0.9 bodies Other Grass
Phytoliths Long cells 17.6 13.1 24.3 8.3 12.2 5.2 13.7 10.4 11.9 10 8.4 33.2 12.8 Bulliform 8.3 10.7 38.6 10.1 7.7 - 5.9 3.9 8.9 4.8 3.1 36.8 2.6 Trichomes 1.4 3.7 5.4 2.8 3.2 2.2 6.3 1.6 3.2 7 2.1 7.6 4.4 Tracheids 0.5 ------Stomata - - - - 0.5 ------726 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management Cyperaceae plant ------Cyperaceae ------inflorescence Dicotyledons Trees, Shrubs and
Herbs Flat Polyhedra - - - - - 0.3 - - 0.5 - 0.3 - - Trees and shrubs Spinulose spheres 0.5 0.5 6.9 0.5 0.5 ------Unknown 1.6 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.3 - 1.5 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.3 - 3.5 phytoliths Sponge spicules - - 0.5 - - - - 0.3 - - - - - Algal statospores 0.5 0.5 - 1.8 4.5 6.8 0.5 4.2 0.5 2.2 5.6 0.9 1.3 Diatoms - - 0.5 0.9 - 25.9 0.5 30.5 - 4.8 17.5 - 1.3
Technical Report No. 150832 727 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Table D-2. Phytolith Frequency Data for Short Cells and Trees and Shrubs at West Amarillo Creek, Potter County, Texas
Age B P. 10850 9610 8280 4330 2250 1890 1840 1430 1390 860 750 600 300 Site 41PT245 41PT186 41PT186 41PT186 41PT186 41PT185/C 41PT245 41PT185/C 41PT245 41PT185/C 41PT185/C 41PT186 41PT186 TU 4 Provenience BT 21 BT 6-2a BT 6-1a BT 40 BT 40 BT-36 BT 20-2 BT-36 BT-36 BT-36 BT-9-1 BT 5-5 bulk A Depth (cmbs) 271-274 264-268 136-139 445-448 210-215 480 240 346-348 120-130 265-268 282-285 125 horizon Catalog 418-004- 341-004- 341-004- 10-004- 10-004- 417-004- 263-004- 353-004- 263-004- 263-004- 343-004- 340-004- 263-004-5 number 1a 2a 1a 2a 1a 1a 4a 1a 1a 2a 1a 1a Phytolith Sum 148 147 57 159 149 192 143 149 162 161 180 47 166 Grass
subfamilies
Arundinoids; 0.7 4.8 3.5 1.3 0.7 1.4 - 1.2 - 0.6 2.1 0.6 Aristida Chloridoids 41.9 58.5 22.8 56.6 55.7 80.7 64.3 85.9 69.1 85.7 83.9 57.4 69.9 Panicoids 7.4 0.7 1.8 2.5 6 5.7 2.1 5.4 1.9 2.5 2.8 2.1 6 Pooids 46.6 35.3 45.6 37.7 36.2 13.1 31.5 8.7 26.5 11.8 11.1 36.2 22.3 Pooids; 2.7 - 1.8 1.3 0.7 - 0.7 - 0.6 - 1.1 2.1 1.2 Stipa Dicotyledons Trees, shrubs
and herbs Flat - - - - - 0.5 - - 0.6 - 0.6 - - Polyhedra Trees and
shrubs Spinulose 0.7 0.7 24.6 0.6 0.7 ------spheres
728 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table D-3. Pollen Data for 41PT185/C
Age (B.P.) 1890 ± 40 1430 ± 40 860 ± 40 750 ± 40 Depth (cmbs) 480 334-336 265-268 282-285 Provenience BT 36, M-1-1 BT 36, M-3-4 BT 36, M-5-9 BT 36, M-4-6 Catalog No. 263-004-5 263-004-3a 263-004-1a 263-004-2a Pollen Sum 227 276 225 228 Pollen Concentration 24,912 25,670 3,566 11,005 Trees and Shrubs Abies - 0.4 0.4 0.4 Pinus - 0.4 0.9 1.3 Pinus ponderosa-type 11.9 3.6 15.1 15.4 Pinus edulis-type 5.7 14.6 24.4 20.6 Juniperus 1.3 1.1 0.4 - Ephedra 1.3 1.4 - 2.2 Alnus - 0.4 - - Juglans - - 0.4 - Populus-type 0.9 - 0.4 1.3 Quercus 2.2 2.5 - - Salix 4 0.4 - - Artemisia 9.7 4.7 4 1.8 Herbaceous Plants Acalypha-type 1.3 Long-spine ASTERACEAE - 0.7 - - Hi-spine ASTERACEAE 4.4 6.5 5.3 20.6 Low-spine ASTERACEAE 21.6 36.6 20 14.4 Ambrosia 0.4 2.2 6.2 1.8 BRASSICACEAE 4 5.1 3.1 1.8 Cheno-am 4.8 6.5 2.2 4.4 Eriogonum-type 2.6 0.4 - - FABACEAE 1.3 MALVACEAE 2.2 ONAGRACEAE - 0.4 0.9 1.3 POACEAE 5.3 4.7 12.9 7.4 Polygonum 2.6 2.2 0.9 1.8 CYPERACEAE 1.3 2.5 0.9 0.9 Unknown pollen 11 2.5 0.9 2.6 Sporomiella - 0.4 Aggregates Artemisia - 4, 5.5, 9 - High-spine Asteraceae 1, 2, 2 - 1, 2, 2 18, 2.7, 8 Low-spine Asteraceae 2, 2.5, 3 4, 2.3, 3 17, 4.1, 12 - Cheno-am - 1, 3, 3 - BRASSICACEAE - 4, 14.3, 30 1, 3, 3 Ephdra - - 2, 2, 2 POACEAE - - 4, 3.5, 5 *Aggregate notation shows total number, mean size, and largest aggregate (Texas pollen 2)
Technical Report No. 150832 729 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Table D-4. Pollen Data (without vesiculate grains) on Four Samples from 41PT185/C
Age (B.P.) 1890 ± 40 1430 ± 40 860 ± 40 750 ± 40 Depth (cmbs) 480 334-336 265-268 282-285 BT 36, M- BT 36, M- BT 36, M- Provenience BT 36, M-4-6 1-1 3-4 5-9 Catalog No. 263-004-5 263-004-3a 263-004-1a 263-004-2a Pollen Sum 187 223 135 140 Pollen Concentration 20,522 20,741 2,140 6,757 Trees and shrubs Juniperus 1.6 1.3 0.7 - Ephedra 1.6 1.8 - 3.6 Alnus - 0.5 - - Juglans - - 0.7 - Populus-type 1.1 - 1.5 2.1 Quercus 2.7 3.1 - - Salix 4.8 0.5 - - Artemisia 11.8 5.8 6.7 2.9 Herbaceous plants Acalypha-type 1.6 - - - Long-spine ASTERACEAE - 0.9 - - Hi-spine ASTERACEAE 5.3 8.1 8.9 33.6 Low-spine ASTERACEAE 26.2 45.3 33.3 23.6 Ambrosia 0.5 2.7 10.4 2.9 BRASSICACEAE 4.8 6.3 5.2 2.9 Cheno-am 5.9 8.1 3.7 7.1 Eriogonum-type 3.2 0.5 - - FABACEAE 1.6 - - - MALVACEAE 2.7 - - - ONAGRACEAE - 0.5 1.5 2.1 POACEAE 6.4 5.8 21.5 12.1 Polygonum 3.2 2.7 1.5 2.9 CYPERACEAE 1.6 3.1 1.5 1.4 Unknown pollen 13.4 3.1 2.2 2.9 Sporomiella - - 0.7 - Aggregates Artemisia - 4, 5.5, 9 - High-spine Asteraceae 1, 2, 2 - 1, 2, 2 18, 2.7, 8 Low-spine Asteraceae 2, 2.5, 3 4, 2.3, 3 17, 4.1, 12 - Cheno-am - 1, 3, 3 - BRASSICACEAE - 4, 14.3, 30 1, 3, 3 Ephdra - - 2, 2, 2 POACEAE - - 4, 3.5, 5 *Aggregate notation shows total number, mean size, and largest aggregate (Texas pollen 3)
730 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table D-5. Biosilicate Frequency Data for 41PT185/C
Provenience N104 E105 N118 E105 N112 E105 1129-004- Catalog number 471-004-1a 801-004-1a 1a Depth (cmbs) 50-60 50-60 62-65 Feature 8 18 10 Phytolith Sum 285 283 358 Phytolith Concentration 3,259,172 2,404,109 2,289,106 Biosilicate Sum 288 285 362 Grass subfamilies Pooids (total) = 6.9 7.8 9.4 Keeled 1 3.2 {2} 1.4 Conical 2.4 0.4 3 Pyramidal - - 0.3 Crenate 3.5 3.5 3.3 Disks w/ peg like sculpturing - 0.7 1.4 Stipa-type - - - Chloridoids (total) = 66.3 {1} 60 50.8 {1} Panicoids (total) = 1.3 0.7 1.2 Simple lobate 0.7 0.7 - Panicoid type 0.3 - 0.6 Cross 0.3 - 0.6 Arundinoids - - - Aristida-type 0.3 2.1 1.1 Grass inflorescence/seeds Asteriform - - - Dendriform - - .3 Scutiform - - - Rods - - - Deeply-lobed bodies 0.7 1.1 Other grass phytoliths - Long cells 14.9 16.1 21.5 {1} Bulliform 4.5 6.7 {1} 6.9 Trichomes 2.8 3.9 5 Tracheids - - - Cyperaceae - - - Asteraceae - - Trees and shrubs Polyhedra 0.7 - 0.6 Spinulose spheres - 0.4 - Unknown phytoliths 0.3 1.8 1.1 Sponge spicules - - - Algal statospores 1 0.4 0.3 Diatoms - 0.4 0.8 *(41PT185/C biosilicates features) {number of charred phytoliths}
Technical Report No. 150832 731 Appendix D Biosilicate Analysis and Palynology
Table D-6. Phytolith Frequency Data for 41PT185/C
Provenience N104 E105 N118 E105 N112 E105 Catalog Number 471-004-1a 1129-004-1a 801-004-1a Depth (cmbs) 50-60 50-60 62-65 Feature 8 18 10 Phytolith Sum 285 283 358 Phytolith Concentration 3,259,172 2,404,109 2,289,106 Grass subfamilies Pooids (total) = 7 7.8 9.6 Keeled 1 3.2 {2} 1.4 Conical 2.5 0.4 3.1 Pyramidal - - 0.3 Crenate 3.5 3.5 3.4 Disks w/ peg like sculpturing - 0.7 1.4 Stipa-type - - - Chloridoids (total) = 67.0 {1} 60.4 51.4 {1} Panicoids (total) = 1.3 0.7 1.2 Simple lobate 0.7 0.7 - Panicoid type 0.3 - 0.6 Cross 0.3 - 0.6 Arundinoids - - - Aristida-type 0.3 2.1 1.1 Grass inflorescence/seeds Asteriform - - - Dendriform - - .3 Scutiform - - - Rods - - - Deeply-lobed bodies 0.7 - 1.1 Other grass phytoliths - Long cells 15.1 16.3 21.8 Bulliform 4.6 6.7 {1} 7 Trichomes 2.8 3.9 5 Tracheids - - - Cyperaceae - - - Asteraceae - - Trees and shrubs Polyhedra 0.7 - 0.6 Spinulose spheres - 0.4 - Unknown phytoliths 0.3 1.8 1.1 *(41PT185/C phytoliths features) {number of charred phytoliths}
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Table D-7. Grass Short-Cell Frequency Data for 41PT185/C
Provenience N104 E105 N118 E105 N112 E105 1129-004- Catalog Number 471-004-1a 801-004-1a 1a Depth (cmbs) 50-60 50-60 62-65 Feature 8 18 10 Short-Cell Sum 216 201 227 Short-Cell Concentration 2,470,110 1,707,512 1,451,472 Grass subfamilies Pooids (total) = 9.2 11 14.9 Keeled 1.4 4.5 {2} 2.2 Conical 3.2 0.5 4.8 Pyramidal - - 0.4 Crenate 4.6 5 5.3 Disks w/ peg like sculpturing - 1 2.2 Stipa-type - - - Chloridoids (total) = 88.4 {1} 85.1 81.1 {1} Panicoids (total) = 1.9 1 1.8 Simple lobate 0.9 1 - Panicoid type 0.5 - 0.9 Cross 0.5 - 0.9 Arundinoids - - - Aristida-type 0.5 3 1.8 *(41PT185/C short cell features) {number of charred phytoliths}
Technical Report No. 150832 733 This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX E
CHERT SOURCING IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE: COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF CHERT AND JASPER SOURCES AND ARTIFACTS, LANDIS PROPERTY PROJECT This page intentionally left blank. CHERT SOURCING IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE: COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF CHERT AND JASPER SOURCES AND ARTIFACTS, LANDIS PROPERTY PROJECT
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Matthew T. Boulanger and Michael D. Glascock Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Missouri Research Reactor Columbia, MO 65211
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E.1 INTRODUCTION may be one means of confidently identifying the stone from which a particular artifact is One-hundred and twenty-nine chert samples made. This analysis also seeks to determine from Texas and New Mexico were whether unique chemical “fingerprints” can submitted for compositional analysis by be identified for specific prehistoric quarries neutron activation. Analyses were or geological sources of these lithic conducted at the Archaeometry Laboratory materials, thereby allowing archaeologists to at the University of Missouri Research address questions relating to the Reactor (MURR). Samples analyzed in this procurement and distribution of lithic study represent materials collected from resources. chert and jasper sources in the Texas Panhandle and northeastern New Mexico E.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION (Table E-1 and Figure E-1) as well as chert and jasper artifacts from three Upon arrival at MURR, the source samples archaeological sites in Potter County, Texas were washed in deionized water to remove (Table E-2, Figures E-2). Samples were all possible dirt and loose material from submitted by Mike Quigg, of TRC, Austin, their surfaces. Samples for INAA were Texas, as part of the Landis Property project prepared by placing source specimens (TRC Project 150832) in the Texas between two tool-steel plates and crushing Panhandle. them with a Carver Press. Several small 50– 100 mg fragments were obtained from the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analyses crushed specimens. Fragments were (INAA) of Texas cherts, here used as a examined under low-power magnification, catch-all term for cryptocrystalline silicates and fragments with metallic streaks or crush such as flint, jasper, agate, etc., have been fractures were eliminated from undertaken at MURR by multiple consideration. Several grams of the researchers since 1994 (Table E-3). In some remaining fragments were obtained from instances (e.g., Frederick et al. 1994) these each sample and temporarily stored in studies have resulted in meaningful plastic bags. discrimination among geological sources. Other studies have demonstrated that Two analytical samples were prepared from chemical variation within individual sources each source specimen. Portions of is too great to allow confident identification approximately 200 mg of rock fragments by INAA (e.g., Boulanger and Glascock were weighed into clean high-density 2008). polyethylene vials used for short irradiations at MURR. At the same time, 800 mg The primary goals of the current study are to aliquots from each sample were weighed determine whether sufficient chemical into clean high-purity quartz vials used for variation exists among different chert long irradiations. Individual sample weights sources in the Texas Panhandle to allow were recorded to the nearest 0.01 mg using confident association of artifacts with a an analytical balance. Both vials were particular geological source. Specifically, sealed prior to irradiation. Along with the chert (more-properly an agatized dolomite) unknown samples, standards made from from the Quartermaster Formation and chert National Institute of Standards and (colloquially referred to as a jasper) from the Technology (NIST) certified standard Tecovas Formation are compared. The two reference materials of SRM-1633a (Coal Fly lithic materials have highly variable Ash), SRM-278 (Obsidian Rock), and SRM- characteristics, some of which confound 688 (Basalt Rock) were similarly prepared. efforts to distinguish either material based solely on visual criteria. Chemical analysis
Technical Report No. 150832 739 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
E.3 IRRADIATION AND GAMMA- The element concentration data from the RAY SPECTROSCOPY three measurements are tabulated in parts per million using Microsoft® Office Excel. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) of most Descriptive data for archaeological samples archaeological samples at MURR, which are appended to the concentration consists of two irradiations and a total of spreadsheet. These data are also stored in a three gamma counts, constitutes a superset dBase/FoxPro database file useful for of the procedures used at most other NAA organizing, sorting, and extracting sample laboratories (Glascock 1992; Glascock and information. The combined descriptive, Neff 2003; Neff 2000). As discussed in contextual, and compositional database for detail by Glascock (1992), a short irradiation samples analyzed as part of this study is is carried out through the pneumatic tube available upon request to the Archaeometry irradiation system. Samples in the polyvials Laboratory. are sequentially irradiated, two at a time, for five seconds by a neutron flux of 8 x 1013 n E.4 INTERPRETING CHEMICAL cm-2 s-1. The 720-second count yields DATA gamma spectra containing peaks for nine short-lived elements aluminum (Al), barium Analyses at MURR described previously (Ba), calcium (Ca), dysprosium (Dy), produce elemental concentration values for potassium (K), manganese (Mn), sodium 32 elements in most analyzed samples. (Na), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V). However, cryptocrystalline silicates do not always have sufficient quantities of these 32 The long-irradiation samples are elements to be detectable using the above encapsulated in quartz vials and are procedures. Compositional data for the 129 subjected to a 70–hour irradiation at a samples were divided into subgroups neutron flux of 5 x 1013 n cm-2 s-1. This long reflecting each geological source location. irradiation is analogous to the single Each of these subgroups was then assessed irradiation utilized at most other for missing elemental values. Any element laboratories. After the long irradiation, missing in greater than 50% of the samples samples decay for seven days, and then are within each particular subgroup was counted for 1800 seconds (the "middle eliminated from consideration in the count") on a high-resolution germanium statistical evaluation of these data. This detector coupled to an automatic sample process eliminated 14 elements from the changer. The middle count yields database (Table E-4). determinations of seven medium half-life elements, namely arsenic (As), lanthanum All subgroups were then re-combined, and (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), statistical analyses were subsequently samarium (Sm), uranium (U), and ytterbium carried out on base-10 logarithms of (Yb). After an additional three- or four- concentrations on the remaining 18 week decay, a final count of 8500 seconds is elements. Use of log concentrations rather carried out on each sample. The latter than raw data compensates for differences in measurement yields the following 17 long magnitude between the major elements, such half-life elements: cerium (Ce), cobalt (Co), as sodium, and trace elements, such as the chromium (Cr), cesium (Cs), europium (Eu), rare earth or lanthanide elements (REEs). iron (Fe), hafnium (Hf), nickel (Ni), Transformation to base-10 logarithms also rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), scandium yields a more normal distribution for many (Sc), strontium (Sr), tantalum (Ta), terbium trace elements. (Tb), thorium (Th), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr).
740 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
The interpretation of compositional data Initial hypotheses about source-related obtained from the analysis of archaeological subgroups in the compositional data can be materials is discussed in detail elsewhere derived from non-compositional information (e.g., Baxter and Buck 2000; Bieber, et al. (e.g., archaeological context, decorative 1976; Bishop and Neff 1989; Glascock attributes, etc.) or from application of 1992; Harbottle 1976; Neff 2000) and will various pattern-recognition techniques to the only be summarized here. The main goal of multivariate chemical data. Some of the data analysis is to identify distinct pattern recognition techniques that have homogeneous groups within the analytical been used to investigate archaeological data database. Based on the provenance sets are cluster analysis (CA), principal postulate of Weigand et al. (1977), different components analysis (PCA), and chemical groups may be assumed to discriminant analysis (DA). Each of the represent geographically restricted sources. techniques has it own advantages and For lithic materials such as obsidian, basalt, disadvantages which may depend upon the and cryptocrystalline silicates (e.g., chert, types and quantity of data available for flint, or jasper), raw material samples are interpretation. frequently collected from known outcrops or secondary deposits and the compositional The variables (measured elements) in data obtained on the samples is used to archaeological and geological data sets are define the source localities or boundaries. often correlated and frequently large in The locations of sources can also be inferred number. This makes handling and by comparing unknown specimens (i.e., interpreting patterns within the data difficult. ceramic artifacts) to knowns (i.e., clay Therefore, it is often useful to transform the samples) or by indirect methods such as the original variables into a smaller set of “criterion of abundance” (Bishop, et al. uncorrelated variables in order to make data 1982) or by arguments based on geological interpretation easier. Of the above- and sedimentological characteristics (e.g., mentioned pattern recognition techniques, Steponaitis, et al. 1996). The ubiquity of PCA is a technique that transforms from the ceramic raw materials usually makes it data from the original correlated variables impossible to sample all potential “sources” into uncorrelated variables most easily. intensively enough to create groups of knowns to which unknowns can be Principal components analysis creates a new compared. Lithic sources tend to be more set of reference axes arranged in decreasing localized and compositionally homogeneous order of variance subsumed. The individual in the case of obsidian or compositionally PCs are linear combinations of the original heterogeneous as is the case for most cherts. variables. The data can be displayed on combinations of the new axes, just as they Compositional groups can be viewed as can be displayed on the original elemental “centers of mass” in the compositional concentration axes. PCA can be used in a hyperspace described by the measured pure pattern-recognition mode, i.e., to search elemental data. Groups are characterized by for subgroups in an undifferentiated data set, the locations of their centroids and the or in a more evaluative mode, i.e., to assess unique relationships (i.e., correlations) the coherence of hypothetical groups between the elements. Decisions about suggested by other criteria. Generally, whether to assign a specimen to a particular compositional differences between compositional group are based on the overall specimens can be expected to be larger for probability that the measured concentrations specimens in different groups than for for the specimen could have been obtained specimens in the same group, and this from that group. implies that groups should be detectable as
Technical Report No. 150832 741 Appendix E Chert Sourcing distinct areas of high point density on plots separation and to the distinctive shapes of of the first few components. the various groups. Such a plot is commonly referred to as a “biplot” in Principal components analysis of chemical reference to the simultaneous plotting of data is scale dependent, and analyses tend to objects and variables. The variable inter- be dominated by those elements or isotopes relationships inferred from a biplot can be for which the concentrations are relatively verified directly by inspecting bivariate large. As a result, standardization methods elemental concentration plots. are common to most statistical packages. A common approach is to transform the data Whether a group can be discriminated easily into logarithms (e.g., base 10). As an initial from other groups can be evaluated visually step in the PCA of most chemical data at in two dimensions or statistically in multiple MURR, the data are transformed into log dimensions. A metric known as the concentrations to equalize the differences in Mahalanobis distance (or generalized variance between the major elements such as distance) makes it possible to describe the Al, Ca and Fe, on one hand and trace separation between groups or between elements, such as the rare-earth elements individual samples and groups on multiple (REEs), on the other hand. An additional dimensions. The Mahalanobis distance of a advantage of the transformation is that it specimen from a group centroid (Bieber, et appears to produce more nearly normal al. 1976; Bishop and Neff 1989) is defined distributions for the trace elements. by:
One frequently exploited strength of PCA, DyXIy2 [][t X ] discussed by Baxter (1992), Baxter and yX, x Buck (2000), and Neff (1994; 2002), is that where y is the 1 x m array of logged it can be applied as a simultaneous R- and elemental concentrations for the specimen of Q-mode technique, with both variables interest, X is the n x m data matrix of logged (elements) and objects (individual analyzed concentrations for the group to which the samples) displayed on the same set of principal component reference axes. A plot point is being compared with X being it 1 using the first two principal components as x m centroid, and Ix is the inverse of the m x axes is usually the best possible two- m variance-covariance matrix of group X. dimensional representation of the correlation Because Mahalanobis distance takes into or variance-covariance structure within the account variances and covariances in the data set. Small angles between the vectors multivariate group it is analogous to from the origin to variable coordinates expressing distance from a univariate mean indicate strong positive correlation; angles at in standard deviation units. Like standard 90 degrees indicate no correlation; and deviation units, Mahalanobis distances can angles close to 180 degrees indicate strong be converted into probabilities of group negative correlation. Likewise, a plot of membership for individual specimens. For sample coordinates on these same axes will relatively small sample sizes, it is be the best two-dimensional representation appropriate to base probabilities on of Euclidean relations among the samples in Hotelling’s T2, which is the multivariate log-concentration space (if the PCA was extension of the univariate Student’s t. based on the variance-covariance matrix) or standardized log-concentration space (if the When group sizes are small, Mahalanobis PCA was based on the correlation matrix). distance-based probabilities can fluctuate Displaying both objects and variables on the dramatically depending upon whether or not same plot makes it possible to observe the each specimen is assumed to be a member of contributions of specific elements to group the group to which it is being compared.
742 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Harbottle (1976) calls this phenomenon data (Sayre 1975). When many specimens “stretchability” in reference to the tendency are analyzed for a large number of elements, of an included specimen to stretch the group it is almost certain that a few element in the direction of its own location in concentrations will be missed for some of elemental concentration space. This the specimens. This occurs most frequently problem can be circumvented by cross- when the concentration for an element is validation, that is, by removing each near the detection limit. Rather than specimen from its presumed group before eliminate the specimen or the element from calculating its own probability of consideration, it is possible to substitute a membership (Baxter 1994; Leese and Main missing value by replacing it with a value 1994). This is a conservative approach to that minimizes the Mahalanobis distance for group evaluation that may sometimes the specimen from the group centroid. exclude true group members. Thus, those few specimens which are missing a single concentration value can still Small sample and group sizes place further be used in group calculations. constraints on the use of Mahalanobis distance: with more elements than samples, E.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the group variance-covariance matrix is singular thus rendering calculation of Ix (and 2 As stated above, the NAA results were D itself) impossible. Therefore, the entered into a spreadsheet and combined dimensionality of the groups must somehow with the provided descriptive data to create a be reduced. One approach would be to database for sorting and extraction of quarry eliminate elements considered irrelevant or subgroups. These data are provided in redundant. The problem with this approach Appendix E-1. is that the investigator’s preconceptions about which elements should be An RQ-mode principal components analysis discriminate may not be valid. It also (PCA) with variance-covariance matrix squanders the main advantage of reveals that greater than 90% of the multielement analysis, namely the capability cumulative variance in the dataset is to measure a large number of elements. An explained by 10 principal components alternative approach is to calculate (Table E-5). The first three eigenvectors are Mahalanobis distances with the scores on most-heavily loaded by transition metals— principal components extracted from the specifically Mn and Fe. Biplots of PC variance-covariance or correlation matrix for scores show a high degree of overlap the complete data set. This approach entails between all of the chert sources in the Texas only the assumption, entirely reasonable in Panhandle database (Figures E-3 and E-4). light of the above discussion of PCA, that Failure to separate individual sources or most group-separating differences should be specific geological formations in PC space visible on the first several PCs. Unless a reflects general compositional similarities data set is extremely complex, containing among all of the sources. However, the numerous distinct groups, using enough relatively large number of elements components to subsume at least 90 percent excluded from this analysis (N = 14) and the of the total variance in the data can be relatively small number of samples generally assumed to yield Mahalanobis representing individual sources (min. = 1; distances that approximate Mahalanobis max. = 13) are factors that likely bias these distances in full elemental concentration results. space. It is not surprising that most of the Lastly, Mahalanobis distance calculations Quartermaster cherts are chemically similar, are also quite useful for handling missing
Technical Report No. 150832 743 Appendix E Chert Sourcing particularly when it is considered that most resulting CD scores fail to fully distinguish of the samples are derived from two most of the sources from each other, with geographically close sources in Potter the exceptions of the Randall County jasper County. What is surprising is that the source and the chert source in Baldy Hill, various sources of Tecovas jasper appear to NM. Randall County jaspers appear to be have highly variable compositions, despite enriched in Na, whereas Baldy Hill cherts some of them being separated by distances appear enriched in Th and Sm. As with the of more than 60 miles. Despite general previous CDA, there appears to be some chemical similarities of the jasper samples, separation between Quartermaster chert and samples from Randall County are enriched Tecovas jasper. Quartermaster cherts, in in Mn such that they can be easily general, are La, Co, and U. Tecovas jaspers distinguished from other jasper sources. are enriched in Sb, Na, Ce, Ba, and Eu. Similarly, the two chert samples from the However, samples from Roberts County Dockum Group of northeastern New Mexico appear to split into both the chert and jasper are distinguished from chert/dolomite of the portions of the biplots (Figure E-9). Given Quartermaster Formation. the overlap of most individual sources in CD space, resolving artifact “source” appears Given that only slight differences in restricted to designating a general chemistry exist among specific sources, provenance to Potter County Alibates, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was Tecovas Jasper, Baldy Hill, and Randall conducted on the source samples grouped County jasper. As with the previous CDA, according to geological formation of origin. visual characterization is in general Scores from the resulting CDA matrix agreement with chemical characterization produce clear separation between the (Figures E-10, E-11, and E-12). Quartermaster chert/dolomite samples and the Tecovas jasper sources. Elements La, The overall low number of samples Sb, Ce, Na, and Co are responsible for the representing each quarry prevents us from greatest differences between these two calculating artifact probabilities of source materials in CDA space (Figure E-5). membership within specific quarry When artifact samples are projected in a compositional groups. Further, given the biplot of CD scores for the Tecovas jasper current sample database, we do not believe and Quartermaster chert/dolomite, most that sufficient elemental variation exists artifacts visually classified as chert/dolomite among specific quarries to result in from the Quartermaster Formation appear to meaningful artifact assignments. However, be compositionally similar to source we are able to demonstrate that samples from that formation (Figure E-6). Quartermaster chert/dolomite is chemically There is less agreement between the visual distinct from Tecovas formation jasper. As and chemical classifications of suspected such, when source samples are grouped Tecovas jasper artifacts (Figure E-7). according to geological formation and Figure E-8 shows artifacts that were not canonical discriminant scores are used as the visually classified. distance metric, probabilities of membership in these compositional groups may be A second CDA on individual quarries calculated for artifacts (Table E-6). Care represented in the database met with mixed should be taken in interpreting these results success. Based on the highly similar given the chemical heterogeneity of compositions of samples from 41PT1 and individual sources. We recommend that as a the unnamed Potter County source, and the general rule, samples with greater than 5 geographical proximity of these two sources, percent probability of belonging to a certain we opted to consolidate them into a single group be considered members of that group. Potter County source group. Biplots of the Importantly, this is statistical argument.
744 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Although decreasing the probability level compositional variability in these lithic necessary for considering a sample a valid materials. group member would increase the number of assignments, but it would also increase the E.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS chances of incorrectly classifying individual specimens. Corinne Rosania and Chris Oswald were responsible for sample preparation and E.6 CONCLUSIONS analysis of the chert samples by INAA, and we gratefully acknowledge their Analysis of a large sample of chert and contributions to the completion of this jasper samples from the Texas Panhandle project. Any errors in interpretation and text has demonstrated that meaningful chemical are the responsibility of the authors. differences may exist among different geological formations. Jasper source E.8 REFERENCES samples obtained from Randall County, and chert samples obtained from Baldy Hill Baxter, M. J. appear to be distinct from all other sources 1992 Archaeological Uses of the Biplot— sampled in this study. Admittedly, only a A Neglected Technique? In handful of samples have been analyzed from Computer Applications and these sources, so these findings must be Quantitative Methods in considered preliminary. Importantly, we Archaeology, 1991, edited by G. have demonstrated that source samples of Lock and J. Moffett, pp. 141-148. the Alibates agatized dolomite/chert from BAR International Series. Vol. the Quartermaster Formation can be S577. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford. distinguished from source samples of the Tecovas jasper using CDA. Projecting 1994 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis artifact samples into the CD space for the in Archaeology. Edinburgh database suggests that visual classification University Press, Edinburgh. of Quartermaster materials is in good agreement with chemical characterization. Baxter, M. J. and C. E. Buck Visual classification of Tecovas jasper is in 2000 Data Handling and Statistical less agreement. Analysis. In Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, Given the chemical heterogeneity of source edited by E. Ciliberto and G. Spoto, samples analyzed here and the number of pp. 681-746. John Wiley and Sons, elements that had to be eliminated because New York. of low or no concentrations, sourcing studies may also be well served by comparative Bieber, A. M. J., D. W. Brooks, G. Harbottle petrographic analyses of source samples. and E. V. Sayre Our inability to refine these results to 1976 Application of Multivariate produce quarry-specific compositional Techniques to Analytical Data on groups is hampered by the relatively few Aegean Ceramics. Archaeometry samples analyzed from each source. Future 18:59-74. studies of these sources should focus on obtaining at least 10 to 5 representative Bishop, R. L. and H. Neff samples from each individual source. 1989 Compositional Data Analysis in Enlarging the number of samples per quarry Archaeology. In Archaeological should allow refinement of these results, as Chemistry IV, edited by R. O. Allen, well as a better understanding of the pp. 576-586. Advances in
Technical Report No. 150832 745 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Chemistry. vol. 220. American Chemical Society, Washington, 2001 Letter report dated May 10, 2001, D.C. summarizing INAA of 30 chert samples from Leon Creek, Bluff, Bishop, R. L., R. L. Rands and G. R. Holley Texas. Archaeometry Laboratory, 1982 Ceramic Compositional Analysis in University of Missouri Research Archaeological Perspective. Reactor. Submitted to Dale Hudler, Advances in Archaeological Method Texas Archaeological Research and Theory 5:275-330. Laboratory.
Boulanger, M. T. and M. D. Glascock Glascock, M. D. and H. Neff 2007 Neutron Activation Analysis of 2003 Neutron Activation Analysis and Chert Artifacts from 41MS69 and of Provenance Research in Geological Chert Samples from the Archaeology. Measurement Science Llano River Gravel, the Gorman and Technology 14:1516-1526. Formation, and the Marble Falls Formation. Archaeometry Glascock, M. D. and R. J. Speakman Laboratory, Missouri University 2006a Instrumental Neutron Activation Research Reactor. Submitted to Analysis of Natural Chert from Mike Quigg, TRC, Austin, TX. Gillespie County in Central Texas -- TRC Project 46843/0020. 2008 Neutron Activation Analysis of Archaeometry Laboratory, Geological and Archaeological University of Missouri Research Chert Source Samples from the Reactor. Submitted to Mike Quigg, Callahan Divide, Jones, Nolan, and TRC Companies, Inc., Austin, TX. Taylor Counties, Texas. Archaeometry Laboratory, Missouri 2006b Instrumental Neutron Activation University Research Reactor. Analysis of Natural Chert from the Submitted to Karen Caffrey, Callahan Divide Area of North Department of Anthropology, Central Texas -- TRC Project University of Texas at Austin. 49150. Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Missouri Research Frederick, C. D., M. D. Glascock, H. Neff Reactor. Submitted to Mike Quigg, and C. M. Stevenson TRC Companies, Inc., Austin, TX. 1994 Evaluation of Chert Patination as a In Reconnaissance In Phase II East Dating Technique: A Case Study and Chert Collection Across Phase I from Fort Hood, Texas. Research and II East for FPL Energy’s Horse Report No. 32, Archaeological Hollow Project, Taylor County, Resource Management Series. Texas, by J. M. Quigg, M. Glascock, United States Army, Fort Hood. and R. J. Speakman. Technical Report No. 49150. Glascock, M. D. 1992 Characterization of Archaeological 2008 Instrumental Neutron Activation Ceramics at MURR by Neutron Analysis of Chert from the Varga Activation Analysis and Site (41ED28) in Southwest Texas. Multivariate Statistics. In Chemical In The Varga Site: A Characterization of Ceramic Pastes Multicomponent, Stratified in Archaeology, edited by H. Neff, Campsite in the Canyonlands of pp. 11-26. Prehistory Press, Edwards County, Texas, by J. M. Madison, WI. Quigg, J. D. Owens, P. M. Matchen,
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G. D. Smith, R. A. Ricklis, M. C. Glowacki and H. Neff. Monograph Cody, and C. D. Frederick, Volume 44. Cotsen Institute of II:885-950. Texas Department of Archaeology, Los Angeles. Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division, Archeological Sayre, E. V. Studies Program Report No. 110 1975 Brookhaven Procedures for and TRC Technical Report No. Statistical Analyses of Multivariate 35319, Austin. Archaeometric Data. Brookhaven National Laboratory Report BNL- Harbottle, G. 23128. 1976 Activation Analysis in Archaeology. Radiochemistry 3(1):33-72. Steponaitis, V., M. J. Blackman and H. Neff 1996 Large-scale Compositional Patterns Leese, M. N. and P. L. Main in the Chemical Composition of 1994 The Efficient Computation of Mississippian Pottery. American Unbiased Mahalanobis Distances Antiquity 61(3):555-572. and their Interpretation in Archaeometry. Archaeometry Turnbow, C. A. and D. P. Staley 36:307-316. 1995 Cultural Resource Investigations of Three Lithic Procurement Sites Neff, H. (41RG39, 41RG40, and 41HW52) in 1994 RQ-mode Principal Component Howard and Reagan Counties, Analysis of Ceramic Compositional Texas. For Cap Rock Electric Data. Archaeometry 36:115-130. Cooperative, Inc., Stanton, Texas. MAI Project 1089, Mariah 2000 Neutron Activation Analysis for Associates, Inc., Albuquerque. Provenance Determination in Confidential. Archaeology. In Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, Weigand, P. C., G. Harbottle and E. V. edited by E. Ciliberto and G. Spoto, Sayre pp. 81-134. John Wiley and Sons, 1977 Turquoise Sources and Source New York. Analysis: Mesoamerica and the Southwestern U.S.A. In 2002 Quantitative Techniques for Exchange Systems in Prehistory, Analyzing Ceramic Compositional edited by T. K. Earle and J. E. Data. In Ceramic Source Ericson, pp. 15-34. Academic Determination in the Greater Press, New York. Southwest, edited by D. M.
Technical Report No. 150832 747 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Table E-1. Analytical IDs (ANIDs), Provenience, Type, and Number of Chert and Jasper Source samples Analyzed in this study.
All assessments of the geological nature of material are made by M. Quigg
Quartermaster Formation Chert/Dolomite Sample No. ANIDs Site Material Formation Location Type Samples TRC407–411, Agatized 41PT1 Quartermaster Potter Co., TX Source 13 448, 520–526 Dolomite Day Creek TRC438 Greenbelt Quartermaster Donley Co., TX Source 1 Chert ? Agatized TRC390–393 Quartermaster Roberts Co., TX Source 4 Dolomite TRC399–404, Agatized Quartermaster Potter Co., TX Source 8 441–442 Dolomite Tecovas Formation Jasper Sample No. ANIDs Site Material Formation Location Type Samples TRC439–440 Blue Creek 1 & 3 Jasper Tecovas Moore Co., TX Source 2 TRC510–514 41PT434 Jasper Tecovas Potter Co., TX Source 5 TRC515–519 41OL284 Jasper Tecovas Oldham Co., TX Source 5 TRC384–389, 41PT276 Jasper Tecovas Potter, Co., TX Source 9 487–490 TRC394–398 Jasper Tecovas BriscoeCo., TX Source 5 TRC444–447 Jasper Tecovas Randall Co.,TX Source 4 Other Chert Sources Sample No. ANIDs Site Material Formation Location Type Samples TRC405–406 Baldy Hill Chert Dockum Union Co., NM Source 2
Table E-2. Analytical IDs (ANIDs), Provenience, Type, and Number of Chert and Jasper Artifacts Analyzed in this Study.
No. ANIDs Site No. Site Name Location Samples TRC412–418, 449–471, 491–509 41PT185/C Pipeline Potter Co., TX 49 TRC419–423, 472–483 41PT186 Corral Potter Co., TX 17 TRC424–428 41PT245 Pavilion Potter Co., TX 5
748 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table E-3. Prior Studies of Texas Cherts Conducted by NAA at MURR.
Note that published reports for projects by Hudler (1998) could not be located at the time of this writing.
Formation or Investigator Year Chert Name Location Reference C. Frederick 1994 Edwards Fort Hood, TX (Frederick, et al. 1994) Turnbow and Staley C. Turnbull 1994 Edwards/ Segovia Howard County, TX 1995 D. Hudler 1998 Willis Gravels De Witt County, TX D. Hudler 2001 Leon Creek Bluff, TX (Glascock 2001) Southwest TX (Glascock and M. Quigg 2004 Edwards Fmt. (multiple) Speakman 2008) (Glascock and M. Quigg 2006 Glen Rose Gillespie County, TX Speakman 2006a) (Glascock and M. Quigg 2006 Edwards Fmt. Taylor County, TX Speakman 2006b) Llano Riv. Gravel, (Boulanger and M. Quigg 2007 Gorman Fmt., & Mason County, TX Glascock 2007) Marble Falls Fmt. Callahan Divide, TX (Boulanger and K. Caffrey 2008 Edwards Fmt. (multiple) Glascock 2008)
Table E-4. List of Elements in Chert Samples from the Texas Panhandle Found to be at or Below the Minimum Detectable Limits using Standard MURR Procedures.
These elements were removed from consideration
Quartermaster Chert/Dolomite As Lu Yb Cs Ni Rb Ta Zn Al Ca Dy K Ti V 41PT1 X X X X Roberts Co. X X X Potter Co. X X X Greenbelt X X XXXXXX
Tecovas Jasper As Lu Yb Cs Ni Rb Ta Zn Al Ca Dy K Ti V 41OL284 X X X X X X 41PT276 X X X 41PT434 X X Briscoe Co. X Blue Creek X X X X X X Randall Co. X X X X XXXXX Other As Lu Yb Cs Ni Rb Ta Zn Al Ca Dy K Ti V Baldy Hill X X X X X X
Technical Report No. 150832 749 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Table E-5. RQ-Mode Principal Component Analysis with Variance-Covariance Matrix.
The first eight principal components are shown, representing greater than 90% cumulative variance within the dataset. Strong elemental loading scores on eigenvectors are shown in bold.
Principal Components PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 PC8 % Variance 34.63461 20.18220 13.55667 7.00662 5.99693 4.97551 3.53998 2.50200 Cum. % Var. 34.63461 54.81681 68.37348 75.38010 81.37703 86.35254 89.89251 92.39451 Eigenvectors Mn 0.48263 0.61678 0.10174 -0.06124 0.21039 -0.12939 0.39232 0.14787 Cr 0.30444 -0.31126 -0.15430 -0.02140 0.74736 -0.17515 -0.35016 -0.18661 Co 0.28206 0.16631 -0.07789 -0.23831 -0.07122 -0.42179 -0.09487 0.14838 Sb 0.25534 -0.04137 -0.43423 0.02125 -0.14448 0.04533 0.27647 -0.43832 Ce 0.24784 -0.00204 0.09863 0.25670 -0.05871 0.10014 -0.02223 0.01477 Fe 0.24570 -0.14924 -0.65560 -0.08341 -0.38195 -0.07345 -0.10227 0.15656 Sm 0.22868 0.03140 0.05127 0.31094 -0.07447 0.15469 -0.18032 -0.04145 U 0.22750 0.11009 -0.03171 0.37138 -0.02102 0.25915 -0.19727 -0.05318 Nd 0.21297 0.02381 0.09319 0.26264 -0.08068 0.16322 -0.17081 -0.00946 Ba 0.21007 0.05873 0.13239 -0.38016 -0.17693 0.46644 -0.19392 -0.17006 La 0.19483 -0.01944 0.15499 0.20833 -0.06206 0.08725 -0.13112 0.21104 Sr 0.19140 -0.04668 0.19360 -0.59085 -0.01765 0.25627 -0.12312 -0.13520 Tb 0.18034 -0.20945 0.33703 0.00932 -0.30359 -0.38714 -0.09489 -0.15285 Eu 0.17748 -0.21795 0.32414 0.01703 -0.25332 -0.37136 -0.06382 -0.11003 Hf 0.16591 -0.40334 0.13688 0.09710 0.06052 0.11019 0.63694 -0.25549 Th 0.15614 -0.35475 0.03891 -0.06605 0.02627 0.19538 0.17927 0.58869 Sc 0.12911 -0.25027 -0.01587 -0.05964 0.03257 0.01263 0.05028 0.39873 Na 0.08427 -0.09400 0.03426 -0.08584 0.11041 0.10179 0.05555 0.04206
750 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table E-6. Mahalanobis-Distance-Based Probabilities of Group Membership within the Quartermaster Formation or Tecovas Formation Compositional Groups. Probabilities are derived from canonical discriminant scores calculated from a matrix derived from the Quartermaster, Tecovas, Day Creek, and Baldy Hill samples. Visual classification of the samples is also provided. Best group designation is made by evaluating both probability values, and using a cut-off of 1%.
Quartermaster Tecovas Visual Catalog ANID Best Group Formation Formation Classification 195-001a TRC412 74.26 0.07 Quartermaster n/a 199-001a TRC413 58.38 0 Quartermaster n/a 209-001a TRC414 12.96 0 Quartermaster n/a 210-001-1a TRC415 3.92 0.13 Quartermaster n/a 214-001-1a TRC416 2.06 0.16 Quartermaster Tecovas 226-001a TRC417 68.75 0.01 Quartermaster n/a 255-001a TRC418 80.97 0.01 Quartermaster n/a 265-010a TRC419 30.44 0.01 Quartermaster n/a *265-001a TRC420 0.02 10.54 Tecovas Tecovas *284-001a TRC421 10.82 5.72 Quartermaster Tecovas *288-001a TRC422 0.22 38.51 Tecovas n/a *307-001a TRC423 0 0.96 n/a Tecovas **347-001a TRC424 1.13 1.83 n/a Tecovas **351-001 TRC425 0.13 10.42 Tecovas n/a **362-001a TRC426 0.49 0 n/a Tecovas **363-010a TRC427 0 0.54 n/a n/a **366-001a TRC428 3.34 0 Quartermaster Tecovas 346-010a TRC449 32.69 0.29 Quartermaster Quartermaster 347-010a TRC450 95.22 0.03 Quartermaster Quartermaster 962-010a TRC451 0.07 27.51 Tecovas Tecovas 522-010a TRC452 69.95 0.12 Quartermaster Quartermaster 545-001-1a TRC453 90.49 0.01 Quartermaster n/a 596-010a TRC454 93.14 0 Quartermaster Quartermaster 621-010a TRC455 16.54 0.01 Quartermaster Quartermaster 785-010a TRC456 19.8 0.01 Quartermaster Quartermaster 800-010a TRC457 76.15 0.03 Quartermaster Tecovas 802-010a TRC458 89.1 0.01 Quartermaster Tecovas 836-010a TRC459 1.75 1.76 n/a Quartermaster 916-010a TRC460 3.26 39.28 Tecovas Tecovas 928-010a TRC461 33.42 0.02 Quartermaster Quartermaster 942-010a TRC462 0.17 5.76 Tecovas n/a 1022-010a TRC463 70.24 0.2 Quartermaster Tecovas 1038-010a TRC464 0 0.01 n/a Tecovas 1085-011a TRC465 91.78 0.06 Quartermaster Quartermaster
Technical Report No. 150832 751 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Quartermaster Tecovas Visual Catalog ANID Best Group Formation Formation Classification 1091-010a TRC466 38.41 0.09 Quartermaster Quartermaster 1132-010a TRC467 95.85 0.01 Quartermaster Quartermaster 1155-010a TRC468 62.2 0.23 Quartermaster Quartermaster 1206-010a TRC469 0.02 24.08 Tecovas Tecovas 1221-010a TRC470 0.01 26.19 Tecovas Tecovas 1269-010a TRC471 65.85 0 Quartermaster Quartermaster 461-001-1 TRC472 81.18 0 Quartermaster Quartermaster 473-001-1a TRC473 0.2 44.57 Tecovas n/a 482-001-1 TRC474 83.02 0 Quartermaster Quartermaster 498-001-1 TRC475 5.95 0.84 Quartermaster Quartermaster 446-014a TRC476 42.07 0.16 Quartermaster Quartermaster 446-015a TRC477 97.38 0 Quartermaster Tecovas 446-016a TRC478 84.66 0.05 Quartermaster Quartermaster 446-017a TRC479 80.67 0.12 Quartermaster Tecovas 503-001a TRC480 97.42 0.03 Quartermaster Quartermaster 528-001 TRC481 12.12 1.11 Quartermaster Quartermaster 533-001 TRC482 79.46 0.03 Quartermaster Quartermaster 537-001-1 TRC483 88.29 0.02 Quartermaster Tecovas 268-001-1a TRC491 0 1.02 Tecovas Tecovas 374-001-1a TRC492 0.92 63.77 Tecovas Quartermaster 400-001-1 TRC493 8.6 0.01 Quartermaster n/a 533-001-1a TRC494 82.95 0.02 Quartermaster Quartermaster 593-001-1 TRC495 10.85 19.77 Tecovas Quartermaster 781-001-1 TRC496 0 0.7 n/a Tecovas 805-001-1 TRC497 1.39 12.63 Tecovas n/a 802-001-1a TRC498 6.49 0.07 Quartermaster Tecovas 867-001-1a TRC499 15.11 0 Quartermaster Tecovas 878-001-1a TRC500 0.02 0.95 n/a n/a 953-001-1a TRC501 91.15 0 Quartermaster Tecovas 963-001-1 TRC502 15.25 0 Quartermaster Tecovas 989-001-1a TRC503 0 4.08 Tecovas Tecovas 992-001-1a TRC504 13.48 7.02 Quartermaster Tecovas 1094-001-1 TRC505 0.02 47.58 Tecovas Tecovas 1125-001-1a TRC506 26.44 0 Quartermaster Quartermaster 1193-001-1a TRC507 0.2 0 n/a n/a 1213-001-1a TRC508 0 9.24 Tecovas Tecovas 1321-001-1a TRC509 0.08 17.28 Tecovas Tecovas * = site 41PT186; ** = 41PT245
752 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure E-1. Locations from which Archaeological and Geological Samples were Obtained for this Study.
Circles indicate geological (both primary and secondary depositional contexts) sources of chert and jasper. Star indicates location of three archaeological sites from which artifacts were sampled (see Figure 2). 1: Baldy Hill, NM; 2: Roberts Co., TX; 3: Blue Creek #1, Moore Co., TX; 4: Blue Creek #3, Moore Co., TX; 5: 41PT1 (Alibates Flint Quarry National Monument) and unnamed Potter Co. source; 6: 41PT434 (Coetas Creek Quarry); 7: 41OL284 (South Basin Quarry); 8: 41PT276; 9: Randall Co., TX; 10: Greenbelt, Donley Co., TX; 11: Briscoe Co., TX. Unnamed Tecovas Jasper source in Potter Co. is not shown. Sample locations provided by M. Quigg. Basemap data obtained from the Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS).
Technical Report No. 150832 753 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Figure E-2. Locations of Archeological Sites from which Chert and Jasper Samples were Obtained.
All sites are located in Potter County, Texas. Site locations provided by M. Quigg.
754 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure E-3. Biplot of the First Two Principal Components for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Source samples of Quartermaster chert/dolomite and Tecovas jasper are shown. Ellipses represent 90% confidence interval of group membership. Elemental-loading axes are shown and labeled.
Technical Report No. 150832 755 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Figure E-4. Biplot of the First Two Principal Components for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Source samples of Quartermaster chert/dolomite and Tecovas jasper are shown. Ellipses represent 90% confidence interval of group membership. Elemental-loading axes are shown and labeled.
756 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure E-5. Biplot of the First Canonical Discriminant Functions for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Source samples of Quartermaster chert/dolomite and Tecovas jasper are shown. Ellipses represent 90% confidence interval of group membership. Elemental-loading axes are shown and labeled.
Technical Report No. 150832 757 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Figure E-6. Biplot of the first Canonical Discriminant Functions for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Artifacts classified visually as Quartermaster chert/dolomite are projected against the 90% confidence ellipses of group membership for the Tecovas jasper and Quartermaster chert/dolomite source samples.
758 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure E-7. Biplot of the First Canonical Discriminant Functions for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Artifacts classified visually as Tecovas jasper are projected against the 90% confidence ellipses of group membership for the Tecovas jasper and Quartermaster chert/dolomite source samples.
Technical Report No. 150832 759 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Figure E-8. Biplot of the first Canonical Discriminant Functions for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Artifacts not given a visual classification are projected against the 90% confidence ellipses of group membership for the Tecovas jasper and Quartermaster chert/dolomite source samples.
760 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure E-9. Biplot of the First Two Canonical Discriminant Functions for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
All samples sources are shown with 90% confidence ellipses for membership. Elemental-loading axes are shown and labeled. Note that samples from 41PT1 and the unnamed Potter Co. chert source are combined to represent an Alibates source group. Also note that samples from Randall Co. and Baldy Hill are clearly separated from all other source samples.
Technical Report No. 150832 761 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Figure E-10. Biplot of the First Two Canonical Discriminant Functions for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Sources are shown with 90% confidence ellipses for membership. Artifacts classified visually as Quartermaster formation chert/dolomite are shown and labeled with ANIDs. Note that most samples cluster within or near the 90% confidence ellipse for the Alibates source group comprised of Potter Co. source samples.
762 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure E-11. Biplot of the First Two Canonical Discriminant Functions for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Sources are shown with 90% confidence ellipses for membership. Artifacts classified visually as Tecovas jasper are shown and labeled with ANIDs. Note that most samples appear to either 41PT276 or to the Potter Co. Alibates sources.
Technical Report No. 150832 763 Appendix E Chert Sourcing
Figure E-12. Biplot of the First Two Canonical Discriminant Functions for the Texas Panhandle Chert Dataset.
Sources are shown with 90% confidence ellipses for membership. Artifacts not classified visuallyare shown and labeled with ANIDs. Note that most samples cluster within or near the 90% confidence ellipse for the Alibates source group comprised of Potter Co. source samples.
764 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Attachment E-1 Compositional Data for Chert and Jasper Samples from the Texas Panhandle
Technical Report No. 150832 765 This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX F
STARCH ANALYSES FROM THE BLM LANDIS PROPERTY This page intentionally left blank. STARCH ANALYSES FROM THE BLM LANDIS PROPERTY
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Linda Perry, Ph.D. Research Collaborator Archaeobiology Program Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
16 May 2009 This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
F.1 INTRODUCTION TO STARCH MacMasters 1964; Reichert 1913), and their GRAIN ANALYSES methods have been expanded by archeobotanists who are now able even to Archeobotanical investigators are constantly distinguish wild from domesticated species seeking new methods by which previously in some plant families (Iriarté et al. 2004; unobtainable data can be recovered. Among Pearsall et al. 2004; Perry 2001, 2002a, archeologists who work in regions 2004; Piperno et al. 2000). Basic physical characterized by the poor preservation of features that are comparable between organic remains, the analyses of starch modern reference specimens and granules have proven particularly useful in archeological samples can be viewed using a accessing the residues of starchy root and light microscope and include gross tuber crops that have previously been morphological features such as shape and invisible in the archeological record (Bryant faceting, the location of and appearance of 2003; Coil et al. 2003; Fullagar et al. 1998; the hilum, and presence and patterning of Hall et al. 1989; Iriarté et al. 2004; Loy et al. lamellae (Iriarté et al. 2004; Loy 1994; 1992; Pearsall et al. 2004; Perry 2001, Pearsall 2004; Perry 2004; Piperno and 2002a, 2004, 2005, 2007; Perry et al. 2006, Holst 1998; Piperno et al. 2000). Fissuring 2007; Piperno and Holst 1998; Piperno et al. and other internal patterning have also 2000). These residues have proven to be proven to be useful criteria for tenacious survivors in harsh climates, and identification. The successful identification their preservation on the surfaces of lithic of starch granules relies upon the viewing of tools that were used in the processing of each granule in three dimensions to gain an starch-bearing plants occurs consistently in accurate assessment of its morphological archeobotanical investigations (Iriarté et al. features. 2004; Pearsall et al. 2004; Perry 2001, 2002a, 2004, 2005, 2007; Perry et al. 2006, Because starch granules differ 2007; Piperno and Holst 1998; Piperno et al. morphologically between plants, their 2000). distinctive characteristics can often allow identification to the level of genus or species Investigations of the starchy remains of in archeological samples (e.g., Iriarté et al. plant foods on the surfaces of archeological 2004; Pearsall et al. 2004; Perry 2001, lithic tools began with simple analyses using 2002a, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007a, 2007b; chemical reagents that identified the Piperno and Holst 1998; Piperno et al. residues in question as plant-derived storage 2000). The method has proven particularly starch (Bruier 1976) rather than animal useful in identifying the remains of plant tissue. Within the last fifteen years, tissues that would not usually be preserved however, archeologists have been as macroremains, such as the remnants of successfully employing morphological root and tuber crops (Bryant 2003; Coil et criteria to identify plant taxa. The methods al. 2003; Fullagar et al. 1998; Hall et al. are almost identical to those used in the 1989; Iriarté et al. 2004; Loy et al. 1992; analysis of phytolith microfossils. Pearsall et al. 2004; Perry 2001, 2002a, 2004, 2005; Piperno and Holst 1998; Just as different plants produce Piperno et al. 2000). This role of starch characteristically shaped leaves, flowers, analysis as a tool for revealing the and seeds, different genera and species make significance of plant foods in the starch grains that are distinctive to and archeobotanical record also adds to our diagnostic for each taxon. The anatomical understanding of the pre-contact features that distinguish the starch of one significance of starchy seed crops like maize species of plant from another have been (Zea mays). noted by botanists (e.g., Denniston 1904;
Technical Report No. 150832 769 Appendix F Starch Analysis
In a citation of preliminary results from an Starch granules of maize, manioc (Manihot ongoing study, the archeological remains of esculenta), both wild type and domesticated maize starch have been extracted from 2000 yams (Dioscorea spp.), and arrowroot year old obsidian artifacts from the (Maranta arundinacea) have been recovered Honduran site of Copán (Haslam 2003, from edge-ground cobbles and grinding 2004). The starchy residues of maize were stone bases collected from the Aguadulce also successfully recovered and identified rock shelter as well as the sites of from a migmatite milling stone from Cueva Monagrillo, La Mula, and Cerro Juan Diaz de los Corrales 1 in Argentina (Babot and in Panama (Piperno and Holst 1998; Piperno Apella 2003). In this case, the grinding et al. 2000). Edge-ground cobbles are stone was found to have multiple purposes, characterized by faceting that is including the grinding of burnt bone, hypothesized to have resulted from the presumable for a non-food purpose. Starch processing of root crops against larger analyses of ground stone artifacts from Real grinding stone bases (Ranere 1975), and the Alto have supported previously published analyses of the residual remains of plant phytolith studies that indicate the great tissues supports this hypothesis. However, antiquity of maize in Ecuador, and its role in the use of the milling stones does appear to subsistence during the Formative period have been more complex than previously (Pearsall et al. 2004). Seventeen examined believed. Maize remains were recovered artifacts from Real Alto yielded from all twelve artifacts that bore starch concentrations of maize starch granules (Piperno et al. 2000). The numbers of starch ranging from one to more than ten granules granules of maize per artifact ranged from per sampled tool. Other Neotropical studies one to twenty-five per artifact. Two starch have resulted in the recovery of more granules of arrowroot occurred on a single complex assemblages of starches. artifact, manioc starch granules were recovered from three artifacts (one, five, and Archeologists have recovered starch eight granules), and yam starch granules granules from maize, beans (Phaseolus sp.), were found on the surfaces of three of the and Canna from the Los Ajos mound artifacts (two, three, and sixteen granules) complex in Uruguay (Iriarté et al. 2004). (Piperno et al. 2000). These investigations Maize starch granules were reported from resulted in the recovery of the oldest three ground stone tools including one mano evidence for root and tuber crop cultivation and two milling stone bases. Concentrations in the Neotropics, with radiocarbon dates of maize starches ranged from two to eleven spanning from 5000 to 7000 years B.P. granules on tools from contexts dating from 3600 years before present (B.P.) to about Starch granules of maize, yams, and 500 years B.P. (Iriarté et al. 2004: arrowroot have also been recovered from supplementary information). The starch twelve flake and three ground stone tools data were combined with phytolith evidence collected from Pozo Azul Norte 1 and Los and, together, these results introduce Mangos del Parguaza in Venezuela (Perry compelling evidence for the early 2001, 2002a, 2004, 2005). These sites date development of a mixed subsistence from the middle first century A.D. to economy in this region of South America. contact. As in the above-cited set of studies, In other regions of the Neotropics, starch maize remains were recovered from every analysis has been an essential tool in examined artifact and ranged in number defining similar subsistence patterns that from two to fifty-one per artifact. included the exploitation of root and Additionally, four granules of yam starch tuberous food plants. were recovered from two flake tools, four flake tools yielded four granules of guapo (Myrosma sp.) starch, and seven starch
770 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management granules from arrowroot were collected that the residues were the result of the tools’ from five tools, one of which was a ground use and not environmental contamination. stone artifact. These findings were Similar experiments have been undertaken significant in that five of the examined independently by other researchers, and the artifacts were chosen for study due to their results were equivalent. hypothetical function as microlithic grater flakes from a manioc specific grater board. In a study of obsidian artifacts recovered The evidence indicated a more complex from an open air site in Papua New Guinea, function of these tools that did not include the frequency of starch granules recovered the processing of manioc. from stone artifacts was compared to that present in the soil matrix immediate to the More recent investigations have led to the tool (Barton et al. 1998). The frequency of recovery of direct evidence for contact starch granules was found to be much higher between the highland Peruvian Andes and on used artifacts than in the surrounding the lowland tropical forest to the east (Perry soil. Thus, the conclusion was drawn that et al. 2006). This contact and interaction the tools were not contaminated by had been a significant component of Andean environmental starch sources. Further, use- theory for decades, but direct evidence had wear analyses were used in combination been elusive until starch microfossils of with the soil and starch analyses to assess arrowroot were collected from both the degree of association of starchy residues sediment samples and lithic tools at the mid- with the used surfaces of tools (Barton et al. elevation site of Waynuna (Perry et al. 1998). The researchers found that, indeed, 2006). Further, the discovery and cataloging the occurrence of starch granules was highly of a microfossil will allow for the recovery correlated with obsidian tools that bore use- and understanding of the origins and wear and was not correlated with unused subsequent dispersals of chili peppers (Perry tools. et al. 2007), plants whose histories are poorly understood due to the lack of In a study of starch residues occurring on preservation of macroremains in the stone pounding tools from the Jimmium site archeobotanical record. Remains of these in north central Australia, the starch forms in plants have been successfully recovered soil samples were compared to those throughout the Americas from ceramic extracted from the artifacts (Atchison and sherds, lithic tools, and sediment samples Fullagar 1998). It was found that, although dating from 6250 B.P. to European contact. starch granules did occur in the soil matrices surrounding the tools, they were of different size and shape than those present on the F.2 UNDERSTANDING THE pounding stones, and, therefore, are RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN probably not from the same plant source. RESIDUES AND ARTIFACTS This result was interpreted as evidence that Early work on starch remains from the tools had not been contaminated by soil- Panamanian sites used stepwise analysis to borne starches. support the direct association between Another method for assessing whether or not starchy residues on tools and the tools’ use starch residues are culturally deposited (Piperno et al. 2000). These studies involves the analysis of control samples demonstrated that starch grains were not from non-cultural contexts surrounding a present in sediments adhering to stone tools site. If different types of starches, or or on unused parts of the lithic tools, but different concentrations of starches, or no they did occur in the cracks and crevices of plant residue whatsoever are recovered from the tools on used surfaces, thus indicating the control samples than are recovered from
Technical Report No. 150832 771 Appendix F Starch Analysis the artifacts undergoing testing, then one can from its surface. Funding has been sought be more secure that the residues are the for experimentation to address these issues, remains of prehistoric food processing but it has not yet been obtained. (Brieur 1976). F.3 STARCH ANALYSES AND In addition to the study of association of TEXAS ARCHEOLOGY microfossils with tool use, experimentation with processing methods has also been Archeological investigations that include undertaken. In Argentina, a researcher starch analyses allow researchers to access replicated ancient Andean methods of food data that is otherwise unavailable to them, processing and found that each different and to determine if models of subsistence process resulted in diagnostic damage to ranging from simple artifact function to starch granules in plant tissues including staple crop reliance are well founded. In the potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) and harsh climate of Texas where organic quinoa seeds (Chenopodium spp.) (Babot remains often preserve poorly, these 2003). Modern plant materials were techniques will prove invaluable to subjected to freeze-drying, dehydration, archeologists interested in understanding roasting, charring, desaponification (a plant exploitation and subsistence strategies. process particular to the preparation of Because every journey must begin with a quinoa), and grinding. It was found that first step, we have applied the techniques of fragments of starches that would probably starch analysis to burned rocks, both ground otherwise be identified as unknowns or non- stone and flaked lithic tools, sediment starches are actually damaged starches. samples, and ceramic sherds from the BLM Further, with careful analysis, researchers Landis project. can link damage patterns with processing techniques (Babot 2003). Experimentation The Landis Property lies in the Texas with various cooking techniques has resulted Panhandle just outside Amarillo, Texas. in similar conclusions: cooked starches are The region is part of the Southern Plains at identifiable as such, and different cooking the very northern end of the Llano Estacado techniques yield different patterns of in what is often referred to as the Canadian damage (Henry et al. 2009). Breaks. The project area is centered on a 1.6 km long section of the upper reaches of Archeobotanists have focused their energies West Amarillo Creek. This creek drains upon honing their methods toward the northward through the middle of this effective recovery of and identification of property into the Canadian River. residual starch granules to understand plant use and processing. Studies have resulted in The data recovery occurred at three known an impressive assemblage of various suites archeological sites 41PT185 (Pipeline), of starchy food plants, both wild and 41PT186 (Corral), and 41PT245 (Pavilion). domesticated, raw and cooked. At this Site 41PT185 was divided into three Loci juncture in time, more studies are being labeled A, B, and C with the data recovery undertaken and starch remains are being only at Locus C, abbreviated as 41PT185/C. successfully recovered. What we now lack are baseline data as to how and why The data recovery excavations at the different plant materials may or may not Pipeline site (41PT185/C) targeted a Late adhere to stone tools. Thus, we are not yet Archaic component. Hand excavations in a able to understand issues such as intensity of large block yielded a diverse cultural use based upon numbers of recovered assemblage that included 15 recognized grains, or the history of a tool based upon cultural features (3 through 19), chipped the numbers of species of plants recovered
772 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management stone tools, ground stone tools, a faunal The role of burned rocks in archeological assemblage dominated by bison remains, a sites has been studied and debated for few bone tools, limited lithic debitage, decades, and many scholars believe that sparse charcoal, and large quantities of these artifacts were used in food preparation burned rocks. These diverse classes indicate (for a review, see Thomas 2009). It is a broad range of daily tasks, which indicate hypothesized that rocks were heated in an generalized hunter-gatherer camp activities. open fire after which they were placed into Over a dozen radiocarbon dates document a containers filled with food in an aqueous period of occupation between ca. 1600 and medium. The heated rocks would then heat 2400 B.P. the food and cook it directly in the container. As in the cases discussed above, The data recovery at the Corral site microfossil analysis, and starch grain (41PT186) targeted a deeply buried analysis in particular, will allow us to Protohistoric event in low alluvial terrace on examine microscopic residues from these the southern edge of the larger site through a artifacts. In theory, plant remains from the large block investigation that totaled 144 m2. food being cooked in containers will adhere This Protohistoric occupation, radiocarbon to the hot rocks, and these residues should dated to ca. 200 to 300 B.P., represents a be recoverable. Three main questions can single, short-term camp with horizontally be addressed using these analyses. discrete activity areas and a sparse cultural assemblage. This event included two in situ First, the presence of starchy residues on the hearths, an ash dump, a cluster of butchered burned rocks will allow us to determine if bison bones, and a small cache of chipped they have come into contact with starchy stone tools. The horizontal pattern reflects plant foods. With large enough assemblages the clear distribution of various tasks that of microfossils, taxa may be identifiable so included animal butchering/processing, that it can be determined which plants were stone tool resharpening, and cooking, and being cooked. Second, the presence of indicates a highly intact occupation surface. damage in starch remains will provide a This assemblage reflects a very short-term positive indicator of the cooking of starchy camp (a few days at most) in which the plant foods in an aqueous solution. Third, Native American occupants resharpened a the patterning of starch remains from few chipped stone tools, cached a few artifacts derived from different features will important scrapers and flakes for the future, allow for an assessment of the type of killed and butchered at least one deer and feature being studied and its role in food one bison, and employed at least two heating processing at the site. These studies may elements. also result in the definition of typical patterns of residues that can be associated Data recovery at the Pavilion site (41PT245) with different feature types. Thus, starch targeted a ca. 1200 to 1400 B.P. occupation. grain analysis will allow us to test the Initial investigations across multiple terraces hypothesis that these artifacts were used as indicated multiple events of different ages, cooking tools, they can reveal what plants mostly less than 2000 years old. The were being cooked, and they will provide planned block excavation was terminated data that will delineate cooking features early on as the occupation was not from those used for other purposes. Finally, sufficiently well-defined to justify continued the inclusion of other categories of artifacts excavations. Notably, all three sites such as ground stone tools will allow for contained heating elements characterized by comparison between starch assemblages. burned rock artifacts.
Technical Report No. 150832 773 Appendix F Starch Analysis
F.4 METHODS: the beakers and the surfaces that were cleaned were rinsed again with reverse- The methods of starch grain analysis can be osmosis filtered water that was collected in distilled down into a few simple tasks. the same effluent vessel. These tasks include removing the archeological material from the artifact, Ground stone artifacts and flaked tools were placing it on a glass slide, and observing the treated in a slightly different manner. The residue using a light microscope. The ground stone artifacts were immersed analysis amounts to a careful cleaning of completely, as were the flaked tools with no each artifact and examination of the material clear concentrations of starches. The that was collected during cleaning. If the exception was the corner tang knife, which cleaning results in a relatively large quantity had what appeared to be small groupings of of sediment, the microfossils must be starches on different edges. This tool was separated from the matrix so that they can be placed in a beaker with the edge of interest clearly viewed via microscopy. This step is against the base of the vessel. The water completed with a heavy liquid flotation. was then added until only this edge was Detailed methods are as follows. immersed, and then the procedure continued as described above. In this manner, a Seventy-two (72) artifacts and sediment section of a tool, or multiple areas, can be samples were chosen for analysis. Included sampled separately from the remainder of in the sample were six lithic tools, three the artifact. ceramic sherds, ten ground stone artifacts, forty-eight burned rocks from various types The effluent from the cleaning was allowed of features, three sediment samples, one to settle overnight, then the settled material burned rock collected from a non-cooking was centrifuged for ten minutes at 1000 feature, and a modern experimental rock that RPM to pellet out the solids. The solid was used in a cooking experiment (see Table materials were then subject to a heavy liquid F-1). In this experiment, the limestone rock flotation using Cesium chloride (CsCl) at a was heated in an open fire and then used to density of 1.8 g/cm3 to separate the starch boil cattail roots in water. All artifacts were grains from the sediment matrix. collected and bagged separately without washing. Washing is a traditional step in the The material collected from the flotation collection and curation of artifacts, but it was rinsed and centrifuged three times with will remove some of the residues that are of reverse-osmosis filtered water to ensure that interest to archeologists. the CsCl was completely removed from the solution. At this point, the pellet from the All burned rocks were placed in clean glass final centrifugation was placed on a clean beakers with the unbroken “used” side glass slide with a small amount of pointed toward the base of the vessel. water/glycerin solution. Slides were Reverse-osmosis filtered water was added to scanned with a Zeiss Axio Imager A1 the beaker just to cover the used surface compound light microscope at 200x using leaving the broken surfaces exposed and, cross polarized light microscopy, and thus, not subject to extraction procedures. identifications were made at 400x using The rocks and beakers were then set aside standard methods. The designation “cf.” for five minutes to soak in the hope that this indicates that the microfossils are probably step would loosen the microfossils and allow derived from this taxon, but a secure for a better extraction. At this point, the identification cannot be made at this time. beakers were placed in a sonic bath for ten Intact starch grains were counted singly minutes to shake the microfossils loose from unless they occurred in a cluster that was the artifacts. The rocks were removed from
774 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management clearly derived from a single source (see During scanning of both archeological and Table F-1). modern starch samples, digital images were captured at 400x magnification using Zeiss In the case of the Landis Property study, Axiovision software version 4.6. Images artifacts that were hypothesized to be both were processed and scale bars were added grinding tools and cooking tools were using this software that is integrated into and sampled. Experiments performed by M. included with the microscope package. Quigg included various methods of heating the starchy seeds of wildrye (Elymus F.5 RESULTS canadensis), the probable source of most of the starch remains recovered in this study. The remains of plant tissues in the form of “Cooking” was performed both in the 276 starch grains or granules were recovered presence and absence of water, and seeds from the analyzed samples (Table F-1). were ground with a porcelain mortar and Types of plant remains include intact starch pestle to simulate ground stone damage. grains that have or have not been identified, The types of damage were noted and damaged or degraded starch grains, and compared with that seen in the archeological starches that are clearly gelatinized (Figure residues observed in the samples (Table F-1, Figure F-2). Specific results will be F-1). discussed by archeological feature.
Figure F-1. Starch Remains. (Note: The scale bar indicates 20 microns, and all images are at equivalent magnification. A. A lenticular starch granule from a Late Archaic metate fragment (41PT185/C, 1070-010). B. A lenticular starch granule from a mano (41PT185/C, 1175-010) showing damage from grinding. C. A polygonal starch grain with morphological features consistent with those of maize. This starch was recovered from a Late Archaic burned rock (41PT185/C, #899-003-5b, Feature 12)
A note on classes of plant remains burned rocks had “many” or “abundant” fibers compared to “some” or “few” on the During analysis, I made notes when I ground stone tools and in the sediment encountered plant fibers in samples. samples. Presumably, this larger quantity of Because of the presence of plant fibers in the fibers from the burned rocks is due to the sediment samples, I believe that the vast contact with fuel in the fire, and the remains majority of these plant fragments are part of of this tissue, wood or other plant fibers, the background assemblage of soil adhered to the rocks. Experimentation constituents – noise – that also included would be helpful to aid in the understanding various phytoliths and charcoal flecks. In of, if and how the numbers of fibers relate to the future, however, it may prove useful to the use of these artifacts, and will also yield count fibers, as my notes indicate that the data that indicate whether numbers of fibers
Technical Report No. 150832 775 Appendix F Starch Analysis may differ statistically from one category of experimental starches of wildrye (Elymus artifact to the next. In any case, I do believe canadensis) grains that had been subjected this category of plant remains may prove to several processes including parching, useful in future studies. grinding, and boiling. These samples were provided by M. Quigg. Two main patterns Damaged starches as noted in the table are of damage that relate to this study were those that have been processed in some way, identified. First, gelatinization of starches e.g., cooking, or grinding, but the type of was noted only in the samples of wildrye damage is no longer identifiable due to the that were boiled, not in those that were degraded nature of the residue. When the cooked with dry heat (Figure F-2). Second, damage to a starch grain or group of grains samples that were “cooked” then ground could be clearly categorized, it is noted both showed clumps of distorted starches that do in the data table and in the text. not occur in any examined sample from this study. The categorization of damage was assessed using one-on-one comparisons with modern
Figure F-2. Damaged Starch Granules. (Note: The scale bar indicates 20 microns, and all images are of equivalent magnification. A. Gelatinized starch from a Late Archaic burned rock [41PT185/C, #361-003-1b, F11]. B. Experimental gelatinized starch from boiled wildrye. C. In contrast, a distorted experimental starch granule from parched [dry roasted] wildrye.)
41PT185/C Lithic Tools: 41PT186 Lithic Tools: Four lithic tools were sampled, and, of Two lithic tools were sampled, and starch those, two yielded starch remains. The remains were recovered from both. The chopper (#467-010) contained nineteen scraper yielded seven lenticular granules, lenticular granules and damaged starches. and five were recovered from the flake. One of the side scrapers, a flaked tool (#1221-011), yielded two lenticular starches, 41PT186 Ceramic Sherd: while the other had none (#452-010). The No identifiable starch was extracted from corner-tang knife yielded no starch grains. the ceramic sherd (#443-008).
776 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
41PT245 Ceramic Sherds: from site 41PT186. Sample #535-003-1b did not contain any identifiable plant Sherd #401-008-1b yielded a single, remains. Sample #470-003-1b, in contrast, lenticular starch granule. The other sherd yielded damaged starch as well as starch that did not have identifiable starchy residues. was clearly gelatinized. 41PT185/C Sediment Samples: 41PT185 Burned Rock Artifacts: No identifiable, fragmentary, or damaged Samples from Feature 13, a fragmented starches were recovered from the sediment metate, Features 15a, 15c, and 19, burned samples collected in Features 8, 10, and 18. rock discard piles, and 15b, an intact basin 41PT185/C Ground Stone Artifacts: shaped heating element, yielded no identifiable starch remains. Of the ten ground stone artifacts that were studied, six were not associated with any Feature 2: Two burned rocks from Feature feature (#405-010, #514-010, #966-010, 2, an intact, burned rock heating element, #1089-010, #1070-010, #1175-010), and were sampled for starches, and both yielded two were derived from Feature 18 (#1129- single intact grains. Sample #112-003-1b 011, #1129-010). All ground stone tools contained a single unidentified grain, and yielded lenticular starch granules and six of #112-003-2b contained an unidentified grass the eight tools yielded starch grains from grain as well as clearly gelatinized starch. grasses that produce either polygonal or globular starch grains. Additionally, artifact Feature 3: Four burned rocks from Feature #1089-10 yielded a clump of very small 3, a cluster of smaller burned rocks, were starch granules from an unknown source that examined. Two of the rocks, #198-003-2b may be a wild grass. and #198-003-4b, yielded no identifiable remains. Sample #198-003-1b contained The largest numbers of starches were clearly gelatinized starch while one derived from the ground stone mano (#1175- unidentified and one lenticular starch 010) which also yielded one starch grain that granule were recovered from #198-003-3b. had been gelatinized, either by heating in the presence of water, or by intensive grinding. Feature 4: Four burned rocks from Feature Damage consistent with that produced by 4, a large, intact heating element, were mechanical grinding of modern starches in studied. Rocks #214-003-1b and #214-003- the laboratory was observed on two artifacts, 2b both yielded gelatinized starches. Rock #1070-010 and #1129-010. Damage #214-003-3b contained two lenticular consistent with heating in the presence of starches, and no identifiable remains were water was also observed in the residues recovered from rock #214-003-4b. derived from artifact #514-010, and these gelatinized fragments were observed in large Feature 5: Two burned rocks, #1348-003-1b numbers that were not seen on the other and #1348-003-2b from Feature 5, a discard ground stone artifacts. pile of used rocks and other debris, were examined for starch remains. The former The two samples from Feature 13, a yielded gelatinized starch, while the latter fragmented metate, yielded no identifiable had five lenticular starch granules adhering starch remains. to it.
41PT186 Burned Rock Artifacts: Feature 6: Two burned rocks, #854-003-1b and #854-003-2b were sampled from Two burned rocks, neither of which was Feature 6, another discard pile of rocks. The associated with a feature, were sampled
Technical Report No. 150832 777 Appendix F Starch Analysis former rock had gelatinized starches on it, unidentified grasses. Rock #901-003-4b and the latter yielded a single lenticular yielded the same three types of starch, but granule. had damaged starch that was not clearly gelatinized. Rock #901-003-1b yielded a Feature 8: Four burned rocks were sampled single lenticular starch granule. from Feature 8, an in-situ, circular, rock- filled heating element. Rocks #1341-003-2b Notably, two of the starch grains from rock and #474-003-1b yielded no identifiable #899-003-5b have morphological remains. A single lenticular granule and characteristics that fall within the realm of damaged starch that may be gelatinized were those observed in maize (Figure F-1). recovered from #1341-003-3b. #464-003-1b Because of the presence of other yielded damaged starch, two lenticular unidentified grasses, both within this sample granules, and a single starch grain from an and throughout the assemblage from the site, unknown grass. at this time I am not comfortable making a secure identification. These two starches Feature 9: Six burned rocks from Feature 9 could very well be derived from another were analyzed. Part of this feature consists grass that has not yet been identified. of discard piles of rocks (9b and c) Nonetheless, the possibility of the presence presumably derived from a circular heating of maize at this date and location should be element (9d). Rock #1332-003-1b yielded noted for future research in the region. no identifiable remains. Sample #1340-003- 2b yielded clearly gelatinized starch, Feature 16: Two burned rocks from Feature damaged starch and a single grass starch 16, a burned rock discard pile, were were recovered from #502-003-2b, and sampled. Sample #875-003-1b yielded one rocks #1337-003-1b and #1337-003-2c lenticular granule and one grain derived yielded single lenticular granules. The latter from an unknown grass. Ten lenticular also contained damaged starch. Rock granules and damaged starch were recovered #1337-003-2b, unlike any other artifact from #875-003-2b. analyzed from any site included in the study yielded a single starch grain that is derived Feature 18: One burned rock sampled from from an unidentified root. Three starch Feature 18, a small, square heating element, grains from grasses, an unidentified starch yielded gelatinized starch as well as a single grain, and damaged starch were also starch grain derived from an unknown grass. recovered from the same artifact. A single lenticular granule and damaged starch were recovered from the second Feature 11: Two burned rocks were sampled rock. sampled from Feature 11, a burned rock discard pile, and gelatinized starch was 41PT245 Burned Rock Artifacts: recovered from both samples. Damaged Feature 2: Three burned rocks from Feature starch and a grass starch were also found on 2, a burned rock hearth/heating element, rock #361-003-2b. were sampled and #353-003-2b yielded gelatinized starch, two lenticular starch Feature 12: Four burned rocks were granules and an unidentified grain, while sampled from this circular in-situ heating #353-003-3b contained a single degraded element, and, notably, the largest numbers lenticular granule. Sample #353-003-1b of starch grains recovered from burned rocks contained a single unidentified starch grain. were from this feature. Two rocks (#899- 003-5b and #901-003-2b) contained clearly gelatinized starch, unidentified starch, lenticular starch, and starches from
778 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Feature 4/5: Three rocks from this feature, a identifiable starch remains from Features 15 discard pile, were sampled. One, #389-003- and 19 are less easily explained because 1b, yielded a single unidentified grain. these features do not differ morphologically from other food processing features that did 41PT186 “Control” Rock: yield plant remains. It is possible that these The “control” rock was excavated from a features were used for animal, rather than context directly under a Late Prehistoric plant processing. bison skull that had a hole smashed into its Starch of any sort was also absent from the skull to remove the brains and the skull was sediment samples collected from the soil turned upside down on the rock. matrices of Features 8, 10, and 18 at The control rock yielded fragments of 41PT185/C. This absence strengthens the starches that have been gelatinized. argument that the starches recovered from the lithic artifacts are associated with their Experimental Rock: use and are not the result of contamination from surrounding sediments. The experimental rock was a piece of fresh limestone that was heated in a fire and was Interestingly, the control rock #331-003-1b used to boil cattail roots in water. Once the from Feature 3 at 41PT186, a buried bison cooking was complete, the rock was allowed skull, yielded gelatinized starches. While to air dry and then was stored unwashed at this rock did not derive from a cooking room temperature. feature, it appears that it may have been used previously in a cooking event and was This experimental rock was sampled in the then repurposed for burial with the bison same manner as the others. The plant skull. remains included flecks of charcoal, fibers, fragments of plant tissues including sheets F.6.2 PREDICTING PATTERNS of entire cells, and high numbers of small fragments of starch grains, some of which In terms of both assessing and predicting the bore signs of distortion through likelihood of starch recovery based upon gelatinization. No intact, identifiable classes of artifacts, generally speaking, the starches were recovered. ground stone artifacts yielded more intact, identifiable starch grains than the ceramic sherds, burned rocks, or sediment samples F.6 DISCUSSION did. The notable exceptions are the burned rocks from Feature 12, an intact heating F.6.1 THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF element. STARCH REMAINS Beginning with the features that did not When the pilot study of this project was yield any identifiable starches, Feature 10 completed, it appeared that there would be consisted of two large manuports, sandstone fairly clear patterns of starch recovery from slabs, and the lack of identifiable starches burned rocks based upon the type of feature from this feature indicate that the stones under study. Intact features appeared to be probably had no use as plant processing more likely to contain identifiable starch. implements. This sample also fills the role As more data accumulate, however, it of a control, indicating that the starches becomes more difficult to assess whether or associated with the other classes of artifacts, not burned rocks collected from an intact those from features believed to have been heating element will reliably yield more used for food processing, are related to the starch remains than discarded rocks. Of the use of those features. The absence of four features from which all studied artifacts
Technical Report No. 150832 779 Appendix F Starch Analysis yielded intact starch (Features 9d, 12, 16, from several species of the genus Elymus is and 18), two of the four are intact heating between about 11 and 31 microns. While elements. However, rocks collected from there is significant overlap with the sizes of Feature 15, an intact heating element, starch grains from other genera at the lower yielded no starch. While intact features end of the range, no other starches studied appear to have yielded more starch grains from the New World Triticeae had sizes overall, one of the larger counts (10) was consistently over about 20 microns. The recovered from a burned rock from a discard measurements of lenticular starch granules pile (Feature 16). from the BLM Landis Property are consistently over 20 microns, and the overall F.6.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE STARCH mean of the sample is 26.5 microns, higher REMAINS than the mean of modern Elymus canadensis, the grass with the largest starch The presence of starchy residues on the grains of all Triticeae measured in the study. artifacts indicates that they have come into In addition to the evidence provided by the contact with starchy plant foods. The most sizes of the grains, the morphological commonly identified group of starches were features and characteristics of many of the those with a lenticular shape that is lenticular grains are equivalent to those of characteristic of the grass subfamily modern Elymus observed by the author in Pooidae, and more specifically, the tribes comparative work completed for this study. Bromeae and Triticeae. Wildrye is classified within the Triticeae. Only the The genus Elymus ranges from Canada to genus Bromus occurs in the Bromeae, and Mexico and occurs throughout Texas (for the starches of this genus are smaller in size excellent range maps, see than those recovered at the BLM Landis http://plants.usda.gov/). The seeds of this Property (see Messner 2008). genus are large and have been commonly identified in the macrobotanical assemblages Identification of wildrye, members of the from northeast archeological contexts in genus Elymus, in the starch record is both both northeast coastal and northern mixed easier and more reliable when there is a economy sites where they represent a fairly large assemblage of grains (Messner potential food source (Crawford and Smith 2008). At this point in time, the intensive 2003). Stands of modern wildrye have also comparative work necessary to define one been observed growing outside of cave sites member of the New World Triticeae from in Montana, even in areas outside the natural another has not been completed. However, distribution of the grass (Loendorf 1985). Messner’s study on the North American Human activity, specifically deliberate grasses in the Triticeae indicates that size planting, is implicated in those sites. comparisons can be quite useful in Perhaps the most significant citation in the determining if wildrye is presented in an literature is an archeobotanical report from assemblage. the Blood Run site in Iowa (Green and Tolmie 2004). Here, the researchers report a The starch assemblage from this study macrobotanical grass seed assemblage includes 223 lenticular starch grains, 164 of dominated by wildrye with a few other which were measured (Table F-2). The grasses, including several that remain sizes of the intact starch grains measured unidentified. This pattern seems to be between 12.9 and 43.3 microns, with a mean identical to that of the BLM Landis Property of 26.5 microns. According to work where the vast majority of grass starches are completed by Messner, (2008 Figure 11.4), derived from wildrye, but a few other types the range of sizes of starch grains (extending occur as well. a single standard deviation from the mean)
780 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Identification of the non-lenticular grass in the processing of previously cooked plant starches is not complete at this time in large foods. In contrast to the presence of part due to the fact that nearly all the types gelatinized starch on a single ground stone observed in the assemblage occur in small tool, starches bearing damage from cooking numbers, and most occur as single grains occur throughout the assemblage of burned from single contexts. While most of the best rocks. known grasses from the region have been studied, given the great diversity of grasses Gelatinized starches typically result from in the Texas Panhandle, it would be heating in the presence of water, and the premature to assign any of these grains to a damage is characterized by both taxon without further comparative studies. morphological distortion and changes in the Continuing accumulation of data from the extinction cross (Henry et al. 2009). The region, however, could enlarge the data set, starches identified as gelatinized in this thus making identification of some of the study bear those characteristics, and were, more distinct types more likely. In terms of therefore, exposed to heat in the presence of interpretation of these data, it appears that, water, conditions associated with cooking as was mentioned above, these various processes. It has been noted that the grasses make up a small component of the interpretation of the specific type of larger wildrye-dominated assemblage. cooking, e.g., boiling or baking, should be based upon experiments that are performed Notably, several starch grains in the “other with starch derived from the plant in grass” category, and two in particular from question (Henry et al. 2009). Such Feature 12, bear similar morphological experiments were performed by M. Quigg features and have general characteristics that using seeds of wildrye, and the resulting are consistent with those of some maize processed grains were sent to me for samples (Zea mays) in the author’s analysis. The gelatinized grains in this study comparative collection. Because the bear damage consistent with boiling (Figure phytolith record does not document the F-2). presence of maize at these three sites, and because the numbers of these grains are To further understand what residues might small, at this time I am comfortable result from hot rock cooking, an experiment mentioning the identification as a was undertaken in which a rock was heated possibility, albeit a very exciting one, that in an open fire, then was used to boil roots may help guide future research. in a pot. This experimental rock was sampled in the same manner as the others. F.6.4 ASSESSING TOOL FUNCTION The plant remains included flecks of charcoal, fibers, fragments of plant tissues The ground stone tools yielded starch including sheets of entire cells, and high remains consistent with their hypothesized numbers of small fragments of starch grains, function as implements used for the some of which bore signs of distortion processing of grass seeds. Starch grains through gelatinization. This pattern of from grasses, including those that bear residue is equivalent to that recovered from recognizable grinding damage, were the burned rocks, with the exception that recovered from these artifacts. Due to the there were no intact, identifiable starch larger numbers of damaged, gelatinized, and grains recovered from this rock. The results fragmentary starches present on artifact from both experiments indicate that the #514-010, I believe that this artifact was initial hypothesis, that these rocks were used likely used as a cooking implement, either for cooking in exactly this manner, is instead of, or in addition to use as a grinding supported by the microfossil evidence tool. Another possibility is that it was used recovered from the artifacts.
Technical Report No. 150832 781 Appendix F Starch Analysis
F.6.5 COMPARISONS BETWEEN SITES identical assemblage of plant remains including charcoal flecks, plant tissues, and When the three sites are compared, a single, both fragmentary and gelatinized starches, major pattern occurs in the starch data. but no intact, identifiable starch grains. Starches from grasses other than wildrye Control specimens support the contention occur only in the Late Archaic component of that the plant materials recovered from the the study, and were not found in the Late burned rocks are associated with their use. Prehistoric and Protohistoric sites. It is unclear why this absence occurs, and I am A small number of starch grains from the fully aware that the absence of evidence Late Archaic site may have been derived does not necessarily reflect evidence of from maize. At this time, identification absence. With that disclaimer in mind, the cannot be made with certainty due to the following discussion should be considered number of grasses that have not yet been speculative. It is possible that the smaller identified and studied. The possibility, number of samples from the later sites however, should be noted for future resulted in a bias that simply missed the research. presence of other plant remains. It is also possible, however, that the change in the General patterns seem to be emerging in starch data reflects a shift in the stands of regard to the predictability of starch grasses from which the people collected recovery from a site. Intact features and their food. Weeding of these stands to ground stone tools may be more likely to encourage the proliferation of the preferred yield entire, identifiable starch grains. wildrye may have occurred over time, thus resulting in nearly pure stands of wildrye In summary, the starch analyses from the from which later groups collected. BLM Landis project have provided rare and important data on the use of wildrye and This same absence of a variety of starches other plants for food at the site and have was noted in the six lithic tools sampled. It supported the hypothesis that the burned is more likely that this pattern is the result of rocks were used as cooking tools. a small sample size, particularly because only four of the six artifacts yielded any starch, and this subsample represents two F.7 REFERENCES CITED artifacts from each of two different sites. Atchison, J. and R. Fullagar, F.6.6 CONCLUSIONS 1998 Starch Residues on Pounding Implements from Jinmium Rock- In addition to recovering the remains of Shelter. In A Closer Look: Recent what is very likely wildrye, a plant that has Studies of Australian Stone Tools, been documented in many other sites as edited by R. Fullagar. Sydney macroremains, the patterns of residue on the University Archaeological Methods burned rocks studied in this pilot project are Series 6, Archaeological Computing solid indicators that they are very likely the Laboratory, School of Archaeology, remnants of food preparation processes. University of Sydney, Sydney. Charcoal flecks indicate exposure to open fire, starch grains and other plant tissues Babot, M. del Pilar indicate contact with food plants, and 2003 Starch Grain Damage as an gelatinized materials indicate that the heated Indicator of Food Processing. In rocks were used for cooking plant foods by Phytolith and Starch Research in boiling them. The experimental rock that the Australian-Pacific-Asian was used in a boiling experiment yielded an Regions: The State of the Art, edited
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by D. M. Hart and L. A. Wallis, pp. Studies of Stone Tools, edited by R. 69-81. Papers from a conference Fullagar, pp. 49-58. Archaeological held at the ANU, August 2001, Computing Laboratory, University Canberra, Australia. Pandanus of Sydney. Books. Green W. and C. Tolmie Babot, M. del Pilar and M. C. Apella 2004 Analysis of Plant Remains from 2004 Maize and Bone: Residues of Blood Run. Plains Anthropologist Grinding in Northwestern 49(192):525-542. Argentina. Archaeometry 45:121- 132. Hall, J., S. Higgins, and R. Fullagar 1989 Plant Residues on Stone Tools. Briuer, F. L. Tempus 1:136-155. 1976 New Clues to Stone Tool Function: Plant and Animal Residues. Haslam, M. American Antiquity: 41(4):478-484. 2003 Evidence for Maize Processing on 2000 Year Old Obsidian Artefacts Bryant, V. M. from Copán, Honduras. In Phytolith 2003 Invisible Clues to New World Plant and Starch Research in the Domestication. Science 299:1029- Australian-Pacific-Asian Regions: 1030. The State of the Art. edited by D. M. Hart and L. A. Wallis, pp. 153-161. Coil, J., M. A. Korstanje, S. Archer, and C. Papers from a conference held at the A. Hastorf ANU, August. 2003 Laboratory Goals and Considerations for Multiple 2001 Canberra, Australia. Pandanus Microfossil Extraction in Books. Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 30:991- 2004 The Decomposition of Starch Grains 1008. in Soils: Implications for Archaeological Residue Analyses. Crawford, G. W. and D. G. Smith Journal of Archaeological Science 2003 Paleoethnobotany in the Northeast. 31:1715-1734. In People and Plants in Ancient Henry A. G., Hudson H. F. and Piperno D. Eastern North America, edited by P. R. E. Minnis, pp. 172-257. 2009 Changes in Starch Grain Smithsonian Books, Washington Morphologies from Cooking. D.C. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 915-922. Denniston, R. H. 1904 The Growth and Organization of the Iriarté, J., I. Holst, O. Marozzi, C. Listopad, Starch Grain. Unpublished Ph.D. E. Alonso, A. Rinderknecht, and J. dissertation. University of Montaña Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. 2004 Evidence for Cultivar Adoption and Emerging Complexity During the Fullagar, R., T. Loy, and S. Cox, Mid-Holocene in the La Plata Basin. 1998 Starch Grains, Sediments and Stone Nature 432:614-617. Tool Function: Evidence from Bitokara, Papua New Guinea. In A Closer Look: Recent Australian
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Loendorf, L. L. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 1985 A Possible Explanation for the Southern Illinois University Association between Wildrye Grass Carbondale, Illinois. (Elymus spp.) and Formerly Occupied Cave Sites in the Pryor 2002a Starch Analyses Indicate Multiple Mountains, Montana. Plains Functions of Quartz "Manioc" Anthropologist 30(108):137-144. Grater Flakes from the Orinoco Basin, Venezuela. Interciencia Loy, T. H. 27(11):635-639. 1994 Methods in the Analysis of Starch Residues on Prehistoric Stone 2002b Starch Granule Size and the Tools. In Tropical Archaeobotany: Domestication of Manioc (Manihot Applications and New esculenta) and Sweet Potato Developments, edited by J. G. (Ipomoea batatas). Economic Hather, pp. 86-113. Routledge. Botany 56(4):335-349.
Loy, T. H., M. Spriggs, and S. Wickler 2004 Starch Analyses Reveal the 1992 Direct Evidence for Human Use of Relationship Between Tool Type Plants 28,000 Years Ago: Starch and Function: An Example from the Residues on Stone Artifacts from Orinoco Valley of Venezuela. the Northern Solomon Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science Antiquity 66:898-912. 31(8):1069-1081.
MacMasters, M. M. 2005 Reassessing the Traditional 1964 Microscopic Techniques for Interpretation of “Manioc” Artifacts Determining Starch Granule in the Orinoco Valley of Venezuela. Properties. In Methods in Latin American Antiquity. Carbohydrate Chemistry, edited by R. L. Whistler, pp. 233-240. 2007 Starch Grains, Preservation Biases, Academic Press. and Plant Histories. In Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Messner, T. C. Ethnographic Perspectives, edited 2008 Woodland Period People and Plant by T. Denham , L. Vrydaghs and J. Interactions: New Insights from Iriarté. One World Archaeology, Starch Grain Analysis. Unpublished Left Coast Press. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Temple University. Perry, L., D. Sandweiss, D. Piperno, K. Rademaker, M. Malpass, A. Umire, Pearsall, D. M., K. Chandler-Ezell, and J. A. and P. de la Vera. Zeidler 2006 Early Maize Agriculture and 2004 Maize in Ancient Ecuador: Results Interzonal Interaction in Southern of Residue Analysis of Stone Tools Peru. Nature 440:76-79. from the Real Alto Site. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:423– Perry, L. R. Dickau, S. Zarrillo, I. Holst, D. 442. Pearsall, D. Piperno, M. Berman, R. Cooke, K. Rademaker, A. Ranere, J. Perry, L. Raymond, D. Sandweiss, F. 2001 Prehispanic Subsistence in the Scaramelli, K. Tarble, and J. Middle Orinoco Basin: Starch Zeidler. Analyses Yield New Evidence.
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2007 Starch Fossils and the Panamanian Tropical Forest. Domestication and Dispersal of Nature 407:894-897. Chili Peppers (Capsicum spp. L.) in the Americas. Science 315:986-988. Ranere, A. J. With accompanying Perspective, by 1975 Toolmaking and Tool Use Among S. Knapp. Some Like it Hot. the Preceramic Peoples of Panama. Science 315: 946-947. In Lithic Technology, edited by E. H. Swanson, pp. 173-210. Mouton. Piperno, D. R. and I. Holst 1998 The Presence of Starch Grains on Reichert, E. T. Prehistoric Stone Tools from the 1913 The Differentiation and Specificity Humid Neotropics: Indications of of Starches in Relation to Genera, Early Tuber Use and Agriculture in Species, Etc. In two parts. Carnegie Panama. Journal of Archaeological Institution of Washington. Science 25:765-776. Thoms, A. Piperno, D. R., A.J. Ranere, I. Holst, and P. 2009 Rocks of Ages: Propagation of Hot- Hansell Rock Cookery in Western North 2000 Starch Grains Reveal Early Root America. Journal of Crop Horticulture in the Archaeological Science 36:573-591.
Technical Report No. 150832 785 Appendix F Starch Analysis
Table F-1. Starch Remains Recovered from Artifacts.
(Note: Damaged starches have been processed in some way that has clearly altered them from their native, completely intact form. The designation “gd” indicates the damage is characteristic of that due to grinding. Gelatinized starches have been damaged by exposure to heat and water. “UD” indicates unidentified starches. Lenticular starch grains are those of a specific shape common to grasses in the Pooidae, and are identified in this study as derived from the genus Elymus [see text]. Grass starches are those that are not lenticular in shape, but exhibit characteristics typical of starches produced by grasses that are classified in other taxa. Root starches bear morphological features typical of grains that form in this plant organ).
Site Cat# / Feature Artifact Damaged Gel’d UD Lenticular Grass Root Total Side 41PT185/C 452-010/NA # Scraper 41PT185/C #-010/NA Chopper X 19 19 Corner- 41PT185/C 609-010/NA # Tang Knife Side 41PT185/C 1221-011/NA 2 2 # Scraper 41PT186 #446-011/6 Scraper 7 7 41PT186 #446-017/6 Flake 5 5 41PT186 #443-008/NA Ceramic 401-008- 41PT245 # Ceramic 1 1 1b/NA 341-008- 41PT245 # Ceramic 1b/NA Ground 41PT185/C 405-010/NA X 14 2 16 # stone Ground 41PT185/C 514-010/NA X X 1 1 2 # stone Ground 41PT185/C 966-010/NA X 3 1 4 # stone Ground 41PT185/C 1089-010/NA clump 3 3 # stone Ground 41PT185/C 1070-010/NA X gd 2 2 # stone Ground 41PT185/C 1175-010/NA X X 47 5 52 # stone Ground 41PT185/C 1129-011/18 14 1 15 # stone Ground 41PT185/C 1129-010/18 X gd 9 2 11 # stone Metate 41PT185/C 677-010b/13 # Frag Metate 41PT185/C 712-010b/13 # Frag Burned 41PT185/C 112-003-1b/2 1 1 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 112-003-2b/2 X 1 1 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 198-003-1b/3 X # Rock
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Site Cat# / Feature Artifact Damaged Gel’d UD Lenticular Grass Root Total Burned 41PT185/C 198-003-2b/3 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 198-003-3b/3 1 1 2 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 198-003-4b/3 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 214-003-1b/4 X # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 214-003-2b/4 X # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 214-003-3b/4 2 2 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 214-003-4b/4 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 1348-003-1b/5 X # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 1348-003-2b/5 5 5 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 854-003-1b/6 X # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 854-003-2b/6 1 1 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 1341-003-2b/8 # Rock 1341-003-3a/ Burned 41PT185/C # X ? 1 1 8 Rock Burned 41PT185/C 464-003-1b/8 X 2 1 3 # Rock 474-003-1b/8 Burned 41PT185/C # low Rock 1340-003- Burned 41PT185/C # X 2b/9b Rock 502-003-2b/ Burned 41PT185/C # X 1 1 9c Rock 1332-003- Burned 41PT185/C # 1b/9c Rock 1337-003- Burned 41PT185/C # 1 1 1b/9d Rock 1337-003- Burned 41PT185/C # X 1 3 1 5 2b/9d Rock 1337-003- Burned 41PT185/C # X 1 1 2c/9d Rock Burned 41PT185/C 361-003-1b/11 X # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 361-003-2b/11 X X 1 1 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 899-003-5b/12 X 1 18 11 30 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 901-003-1b/12 1 1 # Rock
Technical Report No. 150832 787 Appendix F Starch Analysis
Site Cat# / Feature Artifact Damaged Gel’d UD Lenticular Grass Root Total Burned 41PT185/C 901-003-2b/12 X 2 3 6 11 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 901-003-4a/12 X 3 45 2 50 # Rock 1234-003- Burned 41PT185/C # 1b/15a Rock 1234-003- Burned 41PT185/C # 2b/15a Rock 1181-003- Burned 41PT185/C # 2b/15b Rock 1192-003- Burned 41PT185/C # 1b/15c Rock 1192-003- Burned 41PT185/C # 2b/15c Rock Burned 41PT185/C 875-003-1b/16 1 1 2 # Rock Burned 41PT185/C 875-003-2b/16 X 10 10 # Rock 1129-003- Burned 41PT185/C # X 1 1 1b/18 Rock 1129-003- Burned 41PT185/C # X 1 1 2b/18 Rock 1070-003- Burned 41PT185/C # 1b/19 Rock 470-003- Burned 41PT186 # X X 1b/NA Rock 535-003- Burned 41PT186 # 1b/NA Rock Burned 41PT245 353-003-1b/2 1 1 # Rock Burned 41PT245 353-003-2b/2 X 1 2 3 # Rock Burned 41PT245 353-003-3b/2 X 1 1 # Rock 389-003- Burned 41PT245 # 1 1 1b/4/5 Rock 398-003- Burned 41PT245 # 3b/4/5 Rock 398-003- Burned 41PT245 # 4b/4/5 Rock 41PT186 #345-005-1b/17 Control X None #MQ CE#14 Exp. Rock X 41PT185/C #1341-004-1b/8 Sediment 41PT185/C #801-004-2b/10 Sediment 1129-004- 41PT185/C # Sediment 1b/18 Totals 12 + 223 40 1 276
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Table F-2. Measurements of Lenticular Starch Grains from Artifacts.
(Note: All measurements are in microns).
Site Cat # / Feature Type No. Range Mean 41PT245 #401-008-1b / NA Ceramic 1 31 31 41PT185/C #405-010 / NA GS 12 15.5 – 37.1 27.1 41PT185/C #966-010 / NA GS 3 24.8 – 28.4 27 41PT185/C #1070-010 / NA GS 2 27.9 – 39.6 33.8 41PT185/C #1089-010 / NA GS 3 18.8 – 25.8 22.9 41PT185/C #1175-010 / NA Mano 42 17.5 – 43.3 27.5 41PT185/C #1129-011 / 18 GS 11 18.5 – 38.2 29.4 41PT185/C #1129-010 / 18 GS 6 19.8 – 32.5 25.6 41PT185/C #198-003-3b / 3 BR 1 30.3 30.3 41PT185/C #214-003-3b / 4 BR 2 28.1 – 42.8 35.5 41PT185/C #1348-003-2b / 5 BR 5 22.6 – 36.7 29.5 41PT185/C #854-003-2b / 6 BR 1 23.8 23.8 41PT185/C #464-003-1b / 8 BR 2 24.8 – 27 25.9 41PT185/C #1341-003-2b / 8 BR 1 36.4 36.4 1337-003-1b / 41PT185/C # BR 1 27.4 27.4 9d 41PT185/C #899-003-5b / 12 BR 16 16.8 – 37 26.2 41PT185/C #901-003-1b / 12 BR 1 30.4 30.4 41PT185/C #901-003-2b / 12 BR 3 17 – 29.7 23.1 41PT185/C #901-003-4a / 12 BR 41 12.9 – 34.5 24 41PT185/C #875-003-1b / 16 BR 1 35 35 41PT185/C #875-003-2b / 16 BR 7 16 – 30 23.4 41PT245 #353-003-2b / 2 BR 2 19.1 – 25.1 22.1 Totals 164 12.9 – 43.3 26.5 GS = Ground Stone, BR = Burned Rock.
Technical Report No. 150832 789 This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX G
ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS EXTRACTED FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL BURNED ROCK AND POTTERY RESIDUES FROM SITES IN POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS This page intentionally left blank. ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS EXTRACTED FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL BURNED ROCK AND POTTERY RESIDUES FROM SITES IN POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
M. E. Malainey, Ph.D. and Timothy Figol 11 Mager Drive West Winnipeg, MB Canada R2M 0R9
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G.1 INTRODUCTION C16:0, refers to a saturated fatty acid with a chain length of 16 carbons. A total of 21 burned rock fragments and two ceramic sherds were submitted for analysis Their insolubility in water and relative in 2008; 42 samples of burned rock and abundance compared to other classes of metate fragments were submitted in 2009. lipids, such as sterols and waxes, make fatty Where necessary, subsamples were taken for acids suitable for residue analysis. Since analysis from larger pieces of material. employed by Condamin et al. (1976), gas Exterior surfaces were ground off to remove chromatography has been used extensively any contaminants and samples were crushed. to analyze the fatty acid component of Absorbed lipid residues were extracted with absorbed archaeological residues. The organic solvents. Lipid extracts were composition of uncooked plants and animals analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) provides important baseline information, but and high temperature GC (HT-GC) and high it is not possible to directly compare modern temperature gas chromatography with mass uncooked plants and animals with highly spectrometry (HT-GC/MS). Residues were degraded archaeological residues. identified on the basis of fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acids, which are found decomposition patterns of experimental widely in fish and plants, decompose more residues, lipid distribution patterns and readily than saturated fatty acids, sterols or through the presence of biomarkers. waxes. In the course of decomposition, Procedures for the identification of simple addition reactions might occur at archaeological residues are outlined below; points of unsaturation (Solomons 1980) or following this, analytical procedures and peroxidation might lead to the formation of results are presented. a variety of volatile and non-volatile products which continue to degrade (Frankel G.1.1 THE IDENTIFICATION OF 1991). Peroxidation occurs most readily in ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESIDUES fatty acids with more than one point of unsaturation. G.1.1.1 Identification of Fatty Acids Attempts have been made to identify Fatty acids are the major constituents of fats archaeological residues using criteria that and oils (lipids) and occur in nature as discriminate uncooked foods (Marchbanks triglycerides, consisting of three fatty acids 1989; Skibo 1992; Loy 1994). The major attached to a glycerol molecule by ester- drawback of the distinguishing ratios linkages. The shorthand convention for proposed by Marchbanks (1989), Skibo designating fatty acids, Cx:yZz, contains (1992) and Loy (1994) is they have never three components. The “Cx” refers to a been empirically tested. The proposed ratios fatty acid with a carbon chain length of x are based on criteria that discriminate food number of atoms. The “y” represents the classes on the basis of their original fatty number of double bonds or points of acid composition. The resistance of these unsaturation, and the “Zz” indicates the criteria to the effects of decompositional location of the most distal double bond on changes has not been demonstrated. Rather, the carbon chain, i.e. closest to the methyl Skibo (1992) found his fatty acid ratio end. Thus, the fatty acid expressed as criteria could not be used to identify highly C18:1Z9, refers to a mono-unsaturated decomposed archaeological samples. isomer with a chain length of 18 carbon atoms with a single double bond located In order to identify a fatty acid ratio nine carbons from the methyl end of the unaffected by degradation processes, Patrick chain. Similarly, the shorthand designation, et al. (1985) simulated the long-term decomposition of one sample and monitored
Technical Report No. 150832 795 Appendix G Lipid Analysis the resulting changes. An experimental appearing in cluster B have very high levels cooking residue of seal was prepared and of C18:2, ranging from 35% to 64% (Table degraded in order to identify a stable fatty G-1). Samples in subclusters V, VI and VII acid ratio. Patrick et al. (1985) found that have levels of C18:1 isomers from 29% to the ratio of two C18:1 isomers, oleic and 51%, as well. Plant roots, plant greens and vaccenic, did not change with some berries appear in cluster C. All cluster decomposition; this fatty acid ratio was then C samples have moderately high levels of used to identify an archaeological vessel C18:2; except for the berries in subcluster residue as seal. While the fatty acid XII, levels of C16:0 are also elevated. composition of uncooked foods must be Higher levels of C18:3Z3 and/or very long known, Patrick et al. (1985) showed that the chain saturated fatty acids (VLCS) are also effects of cooking and decomposition over common except in the roots which form long periods of time on the fatty acids must subcluster XV. also be understood. Secondly, the effects of cooking and G.1.1.2 Development of the degradation over time on fatty acid Identification Criteria compositions were examined. Originally, 19 modern residues of plants and animals As the first stage in developing the from the plains, parkland and forests of identification criteria used herein, the fatty Western Canada were prepared by cooking acid compositions of more than 130 samples of meats, fish and plants, alone or uncooked Native food plants and animals combined, in replica vessels over an open from Western Canada were determined fire (Malainey 1997; Malainey et al. 1999b). using gas chromatography (Malainey 1997; After four days at room temperature, the Malainey et al. 1999a). When the fatty acid vessels were broken and a set of sherds compositions of modern food plants and analysed to determine changes after a short animals were subject to cluster and principal term of decomposition. A second set of component analyses, the resultant groupings sherds remained at room temperature for 80 generally corresponded to divisions that days, then placed in an oven at 75qC for a exist in nature (Table G-1). Clear period of 30 days in order to simulate the differences in the fatty acid composition of processes of long term decomposition. The large mammal fat, large herbivore meat, relative percentages were calculated on the fish, plant roots, greens and basis of the ten fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, berries/seeds/nuts were detected, but the C15:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:0, C18:0, fatty acid composition of meat from C18:1w9, C18:1w11, C18:2) that regularly medium-sized mammals resembles appeared in Precontact Period vessel berries/seeds/nuts. residues from Western Canada. Observed changes in fatty acid composition of the Samples in cluster A, the large mammal and experimental cooking residues enabled the fish cluster had elevated levels of C16:0 and development of a method for identifying the C18:1 (Table G-1). Divisions within this archaeological residues (Table G-2). cluster stemmed from the very high level of C18:1 isomers in fat, high levels of C18:0 in It was determined that levels of medium bison and deer meat and high levels of very chain fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0 and C15:0), long chain unsaturated fatty acids (VLCU) C18:0 and C18:1 isomers in the sample in fish. Differences in the fatty acid could be used to distinguish degraded composition of plant roots, greens and experimental cooking residues (Malainey berries/seeds/nuts reflect the amounts of 1997; Malainey et al. 1999b). Higher levels C18:2 and C18:3Z3 present. The berry, of medium chain fatty acids, combined with seed, nut and small mammal meat samples low levels of C18:0 and C18:1 isomers,
796 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management were detected in the decomposed containing the experimental residue was experimental residues of plants, such as placed in an oven at 75qC. After either 30 roots, greens and most berries. High levels or 68 days, residues were extracted and of C18:0 indicated the presence of large analysed using gas chromatography. The herbivores. Moderate levels of C18:1 results of these decomposition studies isomers, with low levels of C18:0, indicated enabled refinement of the identification the presence of either fish or foods similar in criteria (Malainey 2007). composition to corn. High levels of C18:1 isomers with low levels of C18:0, were G.1.1.3 Using Lipid Distribution and found in residues of beaver or foods of Biomarkers to Identify similar fatty acid composition. The criteria Archaeological Residues for identifying six types of residues were established experimentally; the seventh type, Archaeological scientists working in the plant with large herbivore, was inferred United Kingdom have had tremendous (Table G-2). These criteria were applied to success using high temperature-gas residues extracted from more than 200 chromatography (HT-GC) and gas pottery cooking vessels from 18 Western chromatography with mass spectrometry Canadian sites (Malainey 1997; Malainey et (HT-GC/MS) to identify biomarkers. High al. 1999c; 2001b). The identifications were temperature gas chromatography is used to found to be consistent with the evidence separate and assess a wide range of lipid from faunal and tool assemblages for each components, including fatty acids, long site. chain alcohols and hydrocarbons, sterols, waxes, terpenoids and triacylglycerols Work has continued to understand the (Evershed et al. 2001). The molecular decomposition patterns of various foods and structure of separated components is food combinations (Malainey et al. 2000a, elucidated by mass spectrometry (Evershed 2000b, 2000c, 2001a; Quigg et al. 2001). 2000). The collection of modern foods has expanded to include plants from the Triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and sterols Southern Plains. The fatty acid can be used to distinguish animal-derived compositions of mesquite beans (Prosopis residues, which contain cholesterol and glandulosa), Texas ebony seeds significant levels of both triacylglycerols, (Pithecellobium ebano Berlandier), tasajillo from plant-derived residues, indicated by berry (Opuntia leptocaulis), prickly pear plant sterols, such as ȕ-sitosterol, fruit and pads (Opuntia engelmannii), stigmasterol and campesterol, and only Spanish dagger pods (Yucca treculeana), traces of triacylglycerols (Evershed 1993; cooked sotol (Dasylirion wheeler), agave Evershed et al. 1997a; Dudd and Evershed (Agave lechuguilla), cholla (Opuntia 1998). Barnard et al. (2007), however, have imbricata), piñion (Pinus edulis) and Texas recently suggested that micro-organisms mountain laurel (or mescal) seed (Sophora living off residues can introduce ȕ-sitosterol secundiflora) have been determined. into residues resulting from the preparation Experimental residues of many of these of animal products. Waxes, which are long- plants, alone or in combination with deer chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols meat, have been prepared by boiling foods that form protective coatings on skin, fur, in clay cylinders or using sandstone for feathers, leaves and fruit, also resist decay. either stone boiling (Quigg et al. 2000) or as Evershed et al. (1991) found epicuticular a griddle. In order to accelerate the leaf waxes from plants of the genus Brassica processes of oxidative degradation that in vessel residues from a Late naturally occur at a slow rate with the Saxon/Medieval settlement. Cooking passage of time, the rock or clay tile experiments later confirmed the utility of
Technical Report No. 150832 797 Appendix G Lipid Analysis nonacosane, nonacosan-15-one and mixture, by volume, of chloroform and nonacosan-15-ol to indicate the preparation methanol (2 X 25 mL) using ultrasonication of leafy vegetables, such as turnip or (2 X 10 min). Solids were removed by cabbage (Charters et al. 1997). Reber et al. filtering the solvent mixture into a (2004) recently suggested n-dotriacontanol separatory funnel. The lipid/solvent filtrate could serve as an effective biomarker for was washed with 13.3 mL of ultrapure maize in vessel residues from sites located water. Once separation into two phases was in Midwestern and Eastern North America. complete, the lower chloroform-lipid phase Beeswax can be identified by the presence was transferred to a round-bottomed flask and distribution of n-alkanes with carbon and the chloroform removed by rotary chains 23 to 33 atoms in length and palmitic evaporation. Any remaining water was acid wax esters with chains between 40 and removed by evaporation with benzene (1.5 52 carbons in length (Heron et al. 1994; mL); 1.5 mL of chloroform-methanol (2:1, Evershed et al. 1997b). v/v) was used to transfer the dry total lipid extract to a screw-top glass vial with a Terpenoid compounds, or terpenes, are long Teflon®-lined cap. The sample was flushed chain alkenes that occur in the tars and with nitrogen and stored in a -20qC freezer. pitches of higher plants. The use of GC and GC/MS to detect the diterpenoid, G.2.1 PREPARATION OF FAMES dehydroabietic acid, from conifer products in archaeological residues extends over a A 400 PL aliquot of the total lipid extract span of 25 years (Shackley 1982; Heron and solution was placed in a screw-top test tube Pollard 1988). Lupeol, Į- and ȕ-amyrin and and dried in a heating block under nitrogen. their derivatives indicate the presence of Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES) were plant materials (Regert 2007). Eerkens prepared by treating the dry lipid with 5 mL (2002) used the predominance of the of 0.5 N anhydrous hydrochloric acid in diterpenoid, ǻ–8(9)-isopimaric acid, in a methanol (68°C; 60 min). Fatty acids that vessel residue from the western Great Basin occur in the sample as di- or triglycerides to argue it contained piñyon resins. Other are detached from the glycerol molecule and analytical techniques have also been used to converted to methyl esters. After cooling to identify terpenoid compounds. Sauter et al. room temperature, 3.4 mL of ultrapure water (1987) detected the triterpenoid, betulin, in was added. FAMES were recovered with Iron Age tar using both 1H and 13C nuclear petroleum ether (2.5 mL) and transferred to magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), a vial. The solvent was removed by heat confirming the tar was produced from birch. under a gentle stream of nitrogen; the FAMES were dissolved in 75 µL of iso- octane then transferred to a GC vial with a G.2 METHODOLOGY conical glass insert.
Descriptions of the samples are presented in G.2.2 PREPARATION OF TMS Tables G-3 and G-4. Possible contaminants DERIVATIVES were removed by grinding off the exterior surfaces with a Dremel® tool fitted with a A 100 PL aliquot of the total lipid extract silicon carbide bit. Immediately thereafter, solution was placed in a screw-top vial and the sample was crushed with a hammer dried in a heating block under nitrogen. mortar and pestle and the powder transferred Trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives were to an Erlenmeyer flask. Lipids were prepared by treating the dry lipid with 70 PL extracted using a variation of the method of N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl) developed by Folch et al. (1957). The trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) containing 1% powdered sample was mixed with a 2:1 trimethylchlorosilane, by volume (70ºC; 30
798 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management min.). In 2008, the derivatives were injected foods were actually prepared because directly; in 2009, they were dried under different foods of similar fatty acid nitrogen and then redissolved in 80 µL composition and lipid content would hexane. produce similar residues. It is possible only to say that the material of origin for the Solvents and chemicals were checked for residue was similar in composition to the purity by running a sample blank. The food(s) indicated. High temperature gas entire lipid extraction was performed; chromatography and high temperature gas FAMES and TMS derivatives were prepared chromatography is used to further clarify the and analyzed. Traces of contamination were identifications. subtracted from sample chromatograms. The relative percentage composition was G.2.3 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY calculated by dividing the integrated peak ANALYSIS PARAMETERS area of each fatty acid by the total area of fatty acids present in the sample. The GC analysis was performed on a Varian 3800 gas chromatograph fitted with a flame The step in the extraction procedure where ionization detector connected to a personal the chloroform, methanol and lipid mixture computer. Samples were separated using a is washed with water is standard procedure DB-23 fused silica capillary column (30 m for the extraction of lipids from modern X 0.25 mm I.D.; J&W Scientific; Folsom, samples. Following Evershed et al. (1990), CA). An autosampler injected a 3 PL who reported that this step was unnecessary sample using a split/splitless injection for the analysis of archaeological residues, system. Hydrogen was used as the carrier previously the solvent-lipid mixture was not gas with a column flow of 1.0 mL/min. washed. This step was adopted to remove Column temperature was held at 80°C for impurities so that clearer chromatograms one minute then increased to 140°C at a rate could be obtained in the region where very of 20°C per minute. It was then long chain fatty acids (C20:0, C20:1, C22:0 programmed from 140 to 230°C at 4°C per and C24:0) occur. It was anticipated that the minute. The upper temperature was held for detection and accurate assessment of these 17 minutes. Chromatogram peaks were fatty acids could be instrumental in integrated using Varian Microsoft separating residues of animal origin from Workstation® software and identified those of plant (Malainey et al. 2000a, 2000b, through comparisons with external 2000c, 2001a). qualitative standards (NuCheck Prep; Elysian, MN). In order to identify the residue on the basis of fatty acid composition, the relative G.2.4 HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS percentage composition was determined first CHROMATOGRAPHY AND GAS with respect to all fatty acids present in the CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MASS sample (including very long chain fatty SPECTROMETRY acids) (see Table G-4) and secondly with Both HT-GC and HT GC-MS analyses were respect to the ten fatty acids utilized in the performed on a Varian 3800 gas development of the identification criteria chromatograph fitted with both a flame (C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:0, ionization detector and Varian 4000 mass C18:0, C18:1w9, C18:1w11 and C18:2) (not spectrometer connected to a personal shown). The second step is necessary for computer. For HT-GC analysis, the sample the application of the identification criteria was injected onto a DB-1ht fused silica presented in Table G-2. It must be capillary column (15 m X 0.32 mm I.D.; understood that the identifications given do Agilent J&W; Santa Clara, CA) connected not necessarily mean that those particular
Technical Report No. 150832 799 Appendix G Lipid Analysis to the flame ionization detector, using Two samples submitted in 2009 contained hydrogen as the carrier gas. For HT-GC/MS insufficient fatty acids to attempt analysis, samples were injected onto a VF- identification and no lipid biomarkers were 5ht fused silica capillary column (30 m X detected: 9MQ 10 (502-3-1a) and 9MQ 26 0.25 mm I.D.; Varian; Palo Alto, CA) (1234-3-1a). connected to the mass spectrometer, using helium as the carrier gas. For both analyses, G.3.1 RESIDUES CONTAINING LARGE the column temperature were held at 50°C HERBIVORE PRODUCTS for two minutes then increased to 350°C at a rate of 10°C per minute. The Varian 400 Of the eight residues with sufficient lipids mass spectrometer was operated in electron- analyzed in 2008, large herbivore products impact ionization mode scanning from m/z appear to be present in five: 8MQ 1 (353-3- 50-700. Chromatogram peaks and 1a), 8MQ 2 (353-3-2a), 8MQ 3 (353-3-3a), Microsoft spectra were processed using 8MQ 4 (353-3-4a) and 8MQ 5 (112-3-1a). Varian Microsoft Workstation® software These identifications are made on the basis and identified through comparisons with of:1) levels of C18:0 in the residues, 2) external qualitative standards (Sigma significant levels of cholesterol and 3) the Aldrich; St. Louis, MO and NuCheck Prep; presence of triacylglycerols. The sample Elysian, MN), reference samples and the from which residue 8MQ 3 was extracted NIST database. differs from the other Site 41PT245, feature 2 burned rocks in that significantly less lipid was extracted; amounts of fatty acids ranged G.3 RESULTS OF between 6% and 10% the amounts recovered ARCHEOLOGICAL DATA from the other samples. Levels of the plant ANALYSIS sterol, ȕ-sitosterol, also appear to be quite high. With further analysis it may be The compositions of residues extracted from possible to determine the relative amounts of eight samples analyzed in 2008 are the cholesterol and ȕ-sitosterol in the presented in Table G-5; the 2009 analysis sample; both emerge from the column at the results are presented in Tables G-6 and G-7. same time as other components (co-elute), The term, Area, represents the area under so accurate peak integration is not possible. the chromatographic peak of a given fatty Levels of triacylglycerols in this residue are acid, as calculated by the Varian Microsoft very low compared to the other residues Workstation ® software minus the solvent from this feature. The HT-GC blank. The term, Rel%, represents the chromatogram of residue 8MQ 5 is similar relative percentage of the fatty acid with to residue 8MQ 3 with respect to high levels respect to the total fatty acids in the sample. of ȕ-sitosterol and low levels of Insufficient lipids were recovered from 15 triacylglycerols. Levels of medium chain samples submitted in 2008 to attempt fatty acids are both slightly elevated in these identification: residues 8MQ 6 (112-3-2a), residues, as well. For these reasons, 8MQ 7 (112-3-3a), 8MQ 8 (112-3-4a), 8MQ residues 8MQ 3 and 8MQ 5 are identified as 10 (214-3-2a), 8MQ 11 (214-3-3a), 8MQ 13 large herbivore residues with traces of plant (198-3-1a), 8MQ 14 (198-3-2a), 8MQ 15 material present. Large herbivore residues (198-3-3a), 8MQ 16 (198-3-4a), 8MQ 17 result from the preparation of bison, deer, (389-3-1a), 8MQ 18 (398-3-2a), 8MQ 19 moose, fat elk meat or other bovines or (398-3-3a), 8MQ 20 (398-3-4a), 8MQ 21 cervids; but javelina meat also produce (341-8-1a) and 8MQ 21 (345-5-1a). The residues high in C18:0 and must be identifications of the fatty acids were considered as a potential source where verified through high temperature GC/MS, available. in addition, lipid biomarkers were detected.
800 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
High levels of C18:0 in seven residues triacylglycerols were preserved in residue analyzed in 2009 indicated the presence of 9MQ 16, which further confirms the large herbivore products. Four of the presence of animal products; however, no residues are similar in that the level of C18:0 lipid biomarkers were present in this ranges between about 29% and 34% and residue. Highly significant levels of either moderate-high 9MQ 28 (1181-3-1a) triacylglycerols appear in residue 9MQ 24 and 9MQ 39 (514-10) or high levels 9MQ and the animal sterol cholesterol was 17 (1337-3-1a) and 9MQ 25 (712-3-1a), detected. Dehydroabietic acid was also levels of C18:1 isomers. Residue 9 MQ 28 detected, which confirms the presence of has highly significant levels of conifer products. The source of the conifer triacylglycerols; cholesterol is present and products is not known; they may have been levels of C18:2 are low, suggesting it introduced from firewood, resins or other consists of only large herbivore products, conifer products. perhaps a combination of meat and marrow. Triacylglycerols were present in 9MQ 25 G.3.2 VERY HIGH FAT CONTENT but only traces were detected in residue RESIDUES 9MQ 17 and 9MQ 39. Slightly elevated levels of C18:2 could indicate the presence The levels of C18:1 isomers in one residue of plant material in the last two residues. analyzed in 2008, 8MQ 12 (214-3-4a) is The lipid biomarkers dehydroabietic acid very high, 63.38%. Very high levels of was detected in residue 9MQ39, which C18:1 isomers are observed in the confirms the presence of conifer products. decomposed residues of foods of very high The source of the conifer products is not fat content seeds or nuts, such as piñon. The known; they may have been introduced from elevated levels of C18:2 in this residue are firewood, resins or other conifer products. also typical of plant material. The presence of the plant sterol, ȕ-sitosterol, in the residue One residue, 9MQ 19 (355-3-1a) has was confirmed with HT-GC/MS; the animal similarly high levels of C18:0 but a medium sterol, cholesterol is absent. This further level of C18:1 isomers, 21.61%. This supports a seed or nut origin for this residue. residue appears to represent a combination of large herbivore products and medium or Eleven of the residues analyzed in 2009 had moderate-high fat content plants. Traces of levels of C18:1 isomers in excess of 50%; triacylglycerols were detected but three lipid all also have elevated levels of C18:2, biomarkers appeared in this residue: the ranging between 7.5 and 15.23%, which is consistent with the preparation of seeds or plant sterol ȕ-sitosterol, the animal sterol cholesterol and dehydroabietic acid, which nuts. These very high fat content residues indicates conifer products. can be divided into three groups based on C18:0 levels. Five residues, 9MQ 2 (1348- Two of these residues, 9MQ 16 (1332-3-1a) 3-2a), 9MQ 3 (854-3-1a), 9MQ 4 (854-3- and 9MQ 24 (901-3-3a), are characterized 2a), 9MQ 15 (1340-3-2a) and 9MQ 23 (901- by slightly lower levels of C18:0, 25.50 to 3-2a), have C18:0 levels that are less than 26.26%, and moderate-high levels of C18:1 5%. Triacylglycerols were present in low isomers. This combination is known to levels in the first three of these residues, known to occur in the decomposed residues which is consistent with plant materials. of large herbivore bone marrow and large Azelaic acid is present in residue 9MQ 2, herbivore meat prepared with moderate-high which is a short chain dicarboxylic acid or high fat content seeds or nuts. The levels associated with the oxidation of unsaturated of C18:2 are quite high in these residues, 5% fatty acids (Regert et al. 1998). Unsaturated to 6%, which is consistent with the presence fatty acids are most abundant in seed oils, of seeds or nuts. Significant levels of which suggest that plant seeds or nuts were
Technical Report No. 150832 801 Appendix G Lipid Analysis prepared. Dehydroabietic acid indicates the similar to that of residue 8MQ 12, except presence of conifer products in residue 9MQ residue 8MQ 9 has lower levels of C18:1 4. Levels of triacylglycerols are somewhat isomers and a higher level of C18:0, over higher in the 9MQ 15 and much higher in 10%. The presence of the plant sterol, ȕ- residue 9MQ 23, which suggests the sitosterol, and the animal sterol, cholesterol, presence of animal products. Cholesterol was confirmed with HT-GC/MS. This was detected in both of these residues and ȕ- residue appears to represent that of a plant sitosterol was detected in only the latter material with traces of animal products residue. present.
The second group consists of four residues A total of 13 residues analyzed in 2009 were with C18:0 levels between 7 and 10%: 9MQ characterized as high fat content. Three of 14 (1340-3-1a), 9MQ 27 (1234-3-2a), 9MQ the residues are similar in that the levels of 30 (1181-3-3a) and 9MQ 31 (1192-3-1a). C18:0 are less than 8%: 9MQ 7 (474-3-1a), Triacylglycerol levels were either present in 9MQ 20 (361-3-1a) and 9MQ 21 (361-3-2a). trace amount or were not detected in these Triacylglycerols are present in low levels in residues, which is consistent with plant these residues. Azelaic acid is present in materials. Even so, cholesterol was detected residue 9MQ 7; dehydroabietic acid was in 9MQ 14 and 9MQ 30, which confirms the detected in all three. Both ȕ-sitosterol and presence of animal products; ȕ-sitosterol cholesterol are present in residue 9MQ 21, was present in 9MQ 30. Dehydroabietic but the latter is the only evidence of animal acid, an indicator of conifer products, was products. detected in residues 9MQ 30 and 9MQ 31. Six other residues have levels of C18:0 that The third group consists of two residues, range between about 10% and 12% and 9MQ 5 (464-3-1a) and 9MQ 9 (1341-3-2a), C18:2 levels occur between 4 and 7%: 9MQ that have C18:0 levels of between 13% and 11 (502-3-2a), 9MQ 13 (504-3-4a), 9MQ 18 16%. Only traces of triacylglycerols are (1337-3-2a), 9MQ 22(901-3-1a), 9MQ 34 present in these residues, which is consistent (875-3-2a) and 9MQ 40 (1127-11). with plant products. The higher levels of Triacylglycerols are present but occur in all C18:0 in these residues, however, may residues at fairly low or trace levels. Lipid indicate the presence of plant materials and biomarkers are present in all residues. ȕ- cholesterol is present in residue 9MQ 9. sitosterol and cholesterol both appear in Azelaic acid and dehydroabietic acid appear residues 9MQ 11, 9MQ 18 and 9MQ 40. ȕ- in residue 9MQ 5, so only plant materials sitosterol and dehydroabietic acid both seem to be present. appear in residue 9MQ 40. Cholesterol is present in residue 9MQ 13; dehydroabietic G.3.3 HIGH FAT CONTENT RESIDUES acid is present in 9MQ 34.
One residue analyzed in 2008, 8MQ 9 (214- Four other residues are similar in the levels 3-1a) is high, 42.98%, was characterized as of C18:0 are higher, between about 14 and high fat content. The amount of lipid 21%: 9MQ 32 (1192-3-2a), 9MQ 36 (1129- recovered was very low, which added a 3-2a), 9MQ 37 (1070-3-1a) and 9MQ 42 dimension of uncertainty to the (406-3-1a). Levels of C18:2 range between identification process. Similarly high levels 4.23 and 6.38% in most residues and of C18:1 isomers are observed in the triacylglycerols are present in low or trace decomposed residues of high fat content amounts. The exception is residue 9MQ 36 seeds or nuts and the rendered fats of certain which has a high level of C18:2, 10.26%, mammals (other than large herbivores). The indicating plant products, and significant HT-GC chromatogram of this residue is very levels of triacylglycerols, indicating animal
802 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management products. Three biomarkers were detected 9MQ 41 (1089-10). Level of C18:0 is in this residue, ȕ-sitosterol, dehydroabietic somewhat elevated in 9MQ 38, 17.06%, but acid and azelaic acid, which all indicate the level of C18:2 is also elevated, 5.78%. plant products. Both cholesterol and azelaic Two biomarkers appear in the residue, acid occur in residue 9MQ 37, suggesting azelaic acid and dehydroabietic acid, animal products are present with the plant suggesting only plant products are present. material. Dehydroabietic acid occurs in The level of C18:0 is higher in 9MQ 41, residue 9MQ 32. No lipid biomarkers were 23.01%, and levels of C18:2 are fairly low, detected in residue 9MQ 42, but its elevated 2.36%. Significant levels of triacylglycerols C18:0 level suggests animal products could occur in this residue, indicating animal be present. products; but no lipid biomarkers were detected. Two residues were on the border between high and very high fat content, 9MQ 12 G.3.5 MEDIUM FAT CONTENT RESIDUES (504-3-3a) and 9MQ 29 (1181-3-2a). Levels of C18:2 in these residues are 5.45 Two residues analyzed in 2009 were and 7.19%, respectively, which suggests characterized as medium fat content, 9MQ plant products are present. Only traces of 33 (875-3-1a) and 9MQ 35 (1129-3-1a). triacylglycerols appear in these residues; Examples of medium fat content plant foods levels of C18:0 are variable, 6.50% and include mesquite, corn and cholla. 11.24%, respectively. Somewhat contrary to Freshwater fish, terrapin, Rabdotus snail and expectations, cholesterol and dehydroabietic late winter, fat-depleted elk are examples of acid appear in reside 9MQ 12; only ȕ- medium fat content animal foods. The sitosterol was detected in residue 9MQ 29. source of residue 9MQ 33 is ambiguous because levels of C18:0, C18:2 and medium G.3.4 MODERATE-HIGH FAT CONTENT chain fatty acids are all low; triacylglycerols RESIDUES are present in low amounts but no lipid biomarkers were detected. Levels of C18:0, One residue analyzed in 2008, 8MQ 22 C18:2 and medium chain fatty acids are (401-8-1a), had a moderately-high level of higher in 9MQ 35, suggesting a possible C18:1 isomers, 30.76% and levels of plant and animal combination. This is medium chain fatty acids of over 20%. supported by the detection of cholesterol, Foods known to produce similar levels of azelaic acid and dehydroabietic acid in the C18:1 isomers include Texas ebony seeds residue but no triacylglycerols were and the fatty meat of medium-sized detected. mammals, such as beaver. High levels of medium chain fatty acids are associated with G.3.6 RESIDUES WITH LOW FATTY ACID plant residues and the HT-GC/MS RECOVERIES chromatogram is consistent with that of plant material. The presence of the plant Although three residues contained sterol, ȕ-sitosterol, and the animal sterol, insufficient fatty acids to attempt cholesterol, was confirmed with HT- identification, lipid biomarkers were GC/MS, however. This residue appears to detected using HT-GC/MS (Table G-7). primarily result from the preparation of plant Azelaic acid was detected in residue 9MQ 1 material, but animal products are also (1348-3-1a), 9MQ 6 (464-3-2a) and 9MQ 8 present. (1341-3-1a). As noted above, this short chain dicarboxylic acid is associated with Two residues analyzed in 2009 were the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by moderate-high levels of (Regert et al. 1998). Unsaturated fatty acids C18:1 isomers, 9MQ 38 (1070-3-2a) and are most abundant in seed oils, which
Technical Report No. 150832 803 Appendix G Lipid Analysis suggests that plant seeds or nuts were Kerr County, Texas. Studies in prepared. Dehydroabietic acid appears to be Archaeology 6. Texas present 9MQ 1 and 9MQ 6, which confirms Archaeological Research the presence of conifer products. The source Laboratory, The University of Texas of the conifer products is not known; they at Austin. may have been introduced from firewood, resins or other conifer products. Cholesterol Condamin, J., F. Formenti, M. O. Metais, appears to be present in residue 9MQ 6, M. Michel, and P. Blond indicating an animal origin for the residue. 1976 The Application of Gas Chromatography to the Tracing of G.3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS Oil in Ancient Amphorae. Archaeometry 18(2):195-201. Cholesterol, the lipid biomarker of animal products, occasionally appears in residues Dudd, S. N. and R. P. Evershed with all the characteristics of high fat 1998 Direct demonstration of milk as an content plant residues. Plant seed or nut element of archaeological residues typically have high levels of C18:1 economies. Science 282: 1478- isomers, elevated levels of C18:2, low levels 1481. of C18:0, trace amounts of triacylglycerols and the presence of azelaic acid. It is Eerkens, J. W. possible that the animal sterol was retained 2002 The Preservation and Identification from a previous use. of Pinon Resins by GC-MS in Pottery from the Western Great G.4 REFERENCES CITED Basin. Archaeometry 44(1):95-105.
Barnard, H., A. N. Dooley and K. F. Faull Evershed, R.P. 2007 Chapter 5: An Introduction to 1993 Biomolecular Archaeology and Archaeological Lipid Analysis by Lipids. World Archaeology GC/MS. In Theory and Practice of 25(1):74-93. Archaeological Residue Analysis, edited by H. Barnard and J. W. Evershed, R. P. Eerkens, pp.42-60. British 2000 Biomolecular Analysis by Organic Archaeological Reports Mass Spectrometry. In Modern International Series 1650. Oxford, Analytical Methods in Art and UK. Archaeology, edited by E. Ciliberto and G. Spoto, pp. 177-239. Volume Charters, S., R. P. Evershed, A. Quye, P. W. 155, Chemical Analysis. John Wiley Blinkhorn and V. Denham & Sons, New York. 1997 Simulation Experiments for Determining the Use of Ancient Evershed, R. P., C. Heron and L. J. Goad Pottery Vessels: Te Behaviour of 1990 Analysis of Organic Residues of Epicuticular Leaf Wax during Archaeological Origin by High Boiling of a Leafy Vegetable. Temperature Gas Chromatography Journal of Archaeological Science and Gas Chromatography-Mass 24: 1-7. Spectroscopy. Analyst 115:1339- 1342. Collins M. B., B. Ellis and C. Dodt-Ellis 1990 Excavations at the Camp Pearl Evershed, R.P., C. Heron and L.J. Goad Wheat Site (41KR243): An Early 1991 Epicuticular Wax Components Archaic Campsite on Town Creek, Preserved in Potsherds as Chemical
804 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Indicators of Leafy Vegetables in 429-447. BAR British Series 196 Ancient Diets. Antiquity 65:540- (ii), Oxford. 544. Heron, C., N. Nemcek, K. M. Bonfield, J. Evershed, R. P., H. R. Mottram, S. N. Dudd, Dixon and B. S. Ottaway S. Charters, A. W. Stott, G. J. 1994 The Chemistry of Neolithic Lawrence, A. M. Gibson, A. Beeswax. Naturwissenschaften 81: Conner, P. W. Blinkhorn and V. 266-269. Reeves 1997a New Criteria for the Identification Loy, T. of Animal Fats in Archaeological 1994 Residue Analysis of Artifacts and Pottery. Naturwissenschaften 84: Burned Rock from the Mustang 402-406. Branch and Barton Sites (41HY209 and 41HY202). In: Archaic and Evershed, R. P., S. J. Vaugh, S. N. Dudd and Late Prehistoric Human Ecology in J. S. Soles the Middle Onion Creek Valley, 1997b Fuel for Thought? Beeswax in Hays County, Texas. Volume 2: Lamps and Conical Cups from Late Topical Studies, by R. A. Ricklis Minoan Crete. Antiquity 71: 979- and M. B. Collins, pp. 607- 627. 985. Studies in Archeology 19, Texas Archaeological Research Evershed, R. P., S. N. Dudd, M. J. Laboratory, The University of Texas Lockheart and S. Jim at Austin. 2001 Lipids in Archaeology. In Handbook of Archaeological Malainey, M. E. Sciences, edited by D. R. Brothwell 1997 The Reconstruction and Testing of and A. M. Pollard, pp. 331-349. Subsistence and Settlement John Wiley & Sons, New York. Strategies for the Plains, Parkland and Southern boreal forest. Folch, J., M. Lees and G. H. Sloane-Stanley Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 1957 A simple method for the isolation University of Manitoba. and purification of lipid extracts from brain tissue. Journal of Malainey, M. E. Biological Chemistry 191:833. 2007 Chapter 7: Fatty Acid Analysis of Archaeological Residues: Frankel, E. N. Procedures and Possibilities. In 1991 Recent Advances in Lipid Theory and Practice of Oxidation. Journal of the Science of Archaeological Residue Analysis, Food and Agriculture 54:465-511. edited by H. Barnard and J. W. Eerkens, pp. 77-89. British Heron, C., and A.M. Pollard Archaeological Reports 1988 The Analysis of Natural Resinous International Series 1650. Oxford, Materials from Roman Amphoras. UK. In Science and Archaeology Glasgow 1987. Proceedings of a Malainey, M. E., K. L. Malisza, R. Conference on the Application of Przybylski and G. Monks Scientific Techniques to 2001a The Key to Identifying Archaeology, Glasgow, 1987, edited Archaeological Fatty Acid Residues. by E. A. Slater and J. O. Tate, pp. Paper presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Canadian
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Archaeological Association, Banff, Archaeological Association, Ottawa, Alberta, May 2001. May 2000.
Malainey, M. E., R. Przybylski and B. L. 2000c Developing a General Method for Sherriff Identifying Archaeological Lipid 1999a The Fatty Acid Composition of Residues on the Basis of Fatty Acid Native Food Plants and Animals of Composition. Paper presented at the Western Canada. Journal of Joint Midwest Archaeological & Archaeological Science 26:83-94. Plains Anthropological Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, November Malainey, M. E., R. Przybylski and B. L. 2000. Sherriff 1999b The Effects of Thermal and Marchbanks, M. L. Oxidative Decomposition on the 1989 Lipid Analysis in Archaeology: An Fatty Acid Composition of Food Initial Study of Ceramics and Plants and Animals of Western Subsistence at the George C. Davis Canada: Implications for the Site. Unpublished M.A. thesis, The Identification of archaeological University of Texas at Austin. vessel residues. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:95-103. Marchbanks, M. L. and J. M. Quigg 1990 Appendix G: Organic Residue and 1999c Identifying the former contents of Phytolith Analysis. In: Phase II Late Precontact Period pottery Investigations at Prehistoric and vessels from Western Canada using Rock Art Sites, Justiceburg gas chromatography. Journal of Reservoir, Garza and Kent Archaeological Science 26(4):425- Counties, Texas, Volume II, by D. 438. K. Boyd, J. T. Abbott, W. A. Bryan, C. M. Garvey, S. A. Tomka and R. 2001b One Person’s Food: How and Why C. Fields. pp. 496-519. Reports of Fish Avoidance May Affect the Investigations No. 71. Prewitt and Settlement and Subsistence Patterns Associates, Inc., Austin. of Hunter-Gatherers. American Antiquity 66(1):141-161. Patrick, M., A. J. de Konig and A. B. Smith 1985 Gas Liquid Chromatographic Malainey, M.E., R. Prybylski and G. Monks Analysis of Fatty Acids in Food 2000a The identification of archaeological Residues from Ceramics Found in residues using gas chromatography the Southwestern Cape, South and applications to archaeological Africa. Archaeometry 27(2):231- problems in Canada, United States 236. and Africa. Papers presented at The 11th Anuual Workshops in Quigg, J. M., C. Lintz, S. Smith and S. Archaeometry, State University of Wilcox New York at Buffalo, February 2000 The Lino Site: A Stratified Late 2000. Archaic Campsite in a Terrace of the San Idelfonzo Creek, Webb 2000b Refining and testing the criteria for County, Southern Texas. Technical identifying archaeological lipid Report No. 23765, TRC Mariah residues using gas chromatography. Associates Inc., Austin. Texas Paper presented at the 33rd Annual Department of Transportation, Meeting of the Canadian Environmental Affairs Division,
806 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Archaeological Studies Program Infrared Spectroscopy, Report 20, Austin. Chromatographic Procedures and Mass Spectrometry. In Theory and Quigg, J. M., M. E. Malainey, R. Przybylski Practice of Archaeological Residue and G. Monks Analysis, edited by H. Barnard and 2001 No bones about it: using lipid J. W. Eerkens, pp. 61-76. British analysis of burned rock and Archaeological Reports groundstone residues to examine International Series 1650. Oxford, Late Archaic subsistence practices UK. in South Texas. Plains Anthropologist 46(177): 283-303. Sauter, F., E.W.H. Hayek, W. Moche and U. Jordis Reber, E. A., S. N. Dudd, N. J. van der 1987 Betulin aus archäologischem Merwe and R. P. Evershed Schwelteer. Z. für Naturforsch 42c 2004 Direct detection of maize in pottery (11-12):1151-1152. residue via compound specific stable carbon isotope analysis. Shackley, M. Antiquity 78: 682-691. 1982 Gas Chromatographic Identification of a Resinous Deposit from a 6th Regert, M., H. A. Bland, S. N. Dudd, P. F. Century Storage Jar and Its Possible van Bergen and R. P. Evershed Identification. Journal of 1998 Free and Bound Fatty Acid Archaeological Science 9:305-306. Oxidation Products in Archaeological Ceramic Vessels. Skibo, J. M. Philosophical Transactions of the 1992 Pottery Function: A Use-Alteration Royal Society of London, B 265 Perspective. Plenum Press, New (1409):2027-2032. York.
Regert, M. Solomons, T. W. G. 2007 Chapter 6: Elucidating Pottery 1980 Organic Chemistry. John Wiley & Function using a Multi-step Sons, Toronto. Analytical Methodology combining
Technical Report No. 150832 807 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-1. Summary of average fatty acid compositions of modern food groups generated by hierarchical cluster analysis.
Cluster A B C
Subcluster I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV
Type Mammal Large Fish Fish Berries Mixed Seeds Roots Seeds Mixed Greens Berries Roots Greens Roots Fat and Herbivore and and Marrow Meat Nuts Berries C16:0 19.90 19.39 16.07 14.10 3.75 12.06 7.48 19.98 7.52 10.33 18.71 3.47 22.68 24.19 18.71
C18:0 7.06 20.35 3.87 2.78 1.47 2.36 2.58 2.59 3.55 2.43 2.48 1.34 3.15 3.66 5.94
C18:1 56.77 35.79 18.28 31.96 51.14 35.29 29.12 6.55 10.02 15.62 5.03 14.95 12.12 4.05 3.34
C18:2 7.01 8.93 2.91 4.04 41.44 35.83 54.69 48.74 64.14 39.24 18.82 29.08 26.24 16.15 15.61
C18:3 0.68 2.61 4.39 3.83 1.05 3.66 1.51 7.24 5.49 19.77 35.08 39.75 9.64 17.88 3.42
VLCS 0.16 0.32 0.23 0.15 0.76 4.46 2.98 8.50 5.19 3.73 6.77 9.10 15.32 18.68 43.36
VLCU 0.77 4.29 39.92 24.11 0.25 2.70 1.00 2.23 0.99 2.65 1.13 0.95 2.06 0.72 1.10
VLCS- Very Long Chain (C20, C22 and C24) Saturated Fatty Acids VLCU - Very Long Chain (C20, C22 and C24) Unsaturated Fatty Acids
808 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-2. Criteria for the Identification of Archaeological Residues Based on the Decomposition Patterns of Experimental Cooking Residues Prepared in Pottery Vessels.
Identification Medium Chain C18:0 C18:1 isomers
Large herbivore d 15% t 27.5% d 15% Large herbivore with plant low t 25% 15% d X d 25% or Bone marrow Plant with large herbivore t 15% t 25% no data Beaver low Low t 25% Fish or Corn low d 25% 15% d X d 27.5% Fish or Corn with Plant t 15% d 25% 15% d X d 27.5% Plant (except corn) t 10% d 27.5% d 15%
Technical Report No. 150832 809 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-3. List of Burned Rock and Pottery Samples Analyzed in 2008.
Catalogue Sample Lab No. Site Feature Provenience Description Number Size (g) 41PT245 Burned rock TU4, bulk, 130-136 8MQ 1 353-003-1a 46.135 2 cmbs
41PT245 2 TU4, bulk, 130-136 Burned rock 8MQ 2 353-003-2a 26.429 cmbs 41PT245 2 TU4, bulk, 130-136 Burned rock 8MQ 3 353-003-3a 34.229 cmbs 41PT245 2 TU4, bulk, 130-136 8MQ 4 353-003-4a Burned rock 32.456 cmbs 8MQ 5 41PT185/A 112-003-1a 2 TU 8, 80-90 cmbs Burned rock 39.695
8MQ 6 41PT185/A 112-003-2a 2 TU 8, 80-90 cmbs Burned rock 22.988
8MQ 7 41PT185/A 112-003-3a 2 TU 8, 80-90 cmbs Burned rock 16.753
8MQ 8 41PT185/A 112-003-4a 2 TU 8, 80-90 cmbs Burned rock 22.994
8MQ 9 41PT185/C 214-003-1a 4 TU 23, 90-102 cmbs Burned rock 33.665
8MQ 10 41PT185/C 214-003-2a 4 TU 23, 90-102 cmbs Burned rock 35.271
8MQ 11 41PT185/C 214-003-3a 4 TU 23, 90-102 cmbs Burned rock 30.959
8MQ 12 41PT185/C 214-003-4a 4 TU 23, 90-102 cmbs Burned rock 31.578
8MQ 13 41PT185/C 198-003-1a 3 TU 20, 85-93 cmbs Burned rock 31.574
8MQ 14 41PT185/C 198-003-2a 3 TU 20, 85-93 cmbs Burned rock 33.123
8MQ 15 41PT185/C 198-003-3a 3 TU 20, 85-93 cmbs Burned rock 28.167
8MQ 16 41PT185/C 198-003-4a 3 TU 20, 85-93 cmbs Burned rock 32.483
8MQ 17 41PT245 389-003-1a 4/5 TU 9c, 160-170 cmbs Burned rock 38.406
8MQ 18 41PT245 398-003-2a 4/5 TU 9b, 160-170 cmbs Burned rock 31.359
8MQ 19 41PT245 398-003-3a 4/5 TU 9c, 160-170 cmbs Burned rock 25.932
8MQ 20 41PT245 398-003-4a 4/5 TU 9c, 160-170 cmbs Burned rock 21.371
8MQ 21 41PT245 341-008-1a TU 3, 10-20 cmbs Ceramic 1.222
8MQ 22 41PT245 401-008-1a TU 10, 0-10 cmbs Ceramic 2.474
8MQ 23 41PT186 345-003-1a TU 8, 155 cmbs Burned rock 21.208
810 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-4. List of Samples from Site 41PT185/C Analyzed in 2009.
Catalogue Lab No. Provenience Sample Number Feature Description Size (g) 9MQ 1 1348-003-1a 5 N110 E105, 50-60 Burned Rock 21.923 9MQ 2 1348-003-2a 5 N110 E105, 50-60 Burned Rock 27.465 9MQ 3 854-003-1a 6 N113 E106, 40-50 Burned Rock 25.904 9MQ 4 854-003-2a 6 N113 E106, 40-50 Burned Rock 15.140 9MQ 5 464-003-1a 8 N104 E104, 50-60 Burned Rock 16.032 9MQ 6 464-003-2a 8 N104 E104, 50-60 Burned Rock 20.241 9MQ 7 474-003-1a 8 N104 E105, 60-70 Burned Rock 26.002 9MQ 8 1341-003-1a 8 N104 E105, 50-60 Burned Rock 20.639 9MQ 9 1341-003-2a 8 N104 E105, 50-60 Burned Rock 24.257 9MQ 10 502-003-1a 9c N104 E117, 40-50 Burned Rock 20.487 9MQ 11 502-003-2a 9c N104 E117, 40-50 Burned Rock 23.016 9MQ 12 504-003-3a 9b N104 E117 Burned Rock 17.440 9MQ 13 504-003-4a 9b N104 E117 Burned Rock 23.527 9MQ 14 1340-003-1a 9b N105 E117, 50-60 Burned Rock 17.982 9MQ 15 1340-003-2a 9b N105 E117, 50-60 Burned Rock 23.919 9MQ 16 1332-003-1a 9c N103 E117, 50-60 Burned Rock 23.995 9MQ 17 1337-003-1a 9b N104 E116, 40-50 Burned Rock 19.669 9MQ 18 1337-003-2a 9b N104 E116, 40-50 Burned Rock 14.174 9MQ 19 355-003-1a 11 N102 E104, 55-60 Burned Rock 28.812 9MQ 20 361-003-1a 11 N102 E105, 50-60 Burned Rock 14.143 9MQ 21 361-003-2a 11 N102 E105, 50-60 Burned Rock 23.899 9MQ 22 901-003-1a 12 N114 E106, 40-50 Burned Rock 17.249 9MQ 23 901-003-2a 12 N114 E106, 40-50 Burned Rock 29.909 9MQ 24 901-003-3a 12 N114 E106, 40-50 Burned Rock 18.197 9MQ 25 712-010-1a 13 N110 E106, 40-50 Metate frag. 18.613 9MQ 26 1234-003-1a 15a N120 E103, 40-50 Burned Rock 19.796 9MQ 27 1234-003-2a 15a N120 E103, 40-50 Burned Rock 23.662 9MQ 28 1181-003-1a 15b N119 E104, 40-50 Burned Rock 25.277 9MQ 29 1181-003-2a 15b N119 E104, 40-50 Burned Rock 27.379
Technical Report No. 150832 811 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-4. Continued. List of Samples from Site 41PT185/C Analyzed in 2009
Catalogue Lab No. Feature Provenience Sample Number Description Size (g)
9MQ 30 1181-003-3a 15b N119 E104, 40-50 Burned Rock 22.070
9MQ 31 1192-003-1a 15c N119 E106, 40-50 Burned Rock 16.441
9MQ 32 1192-003-2a 15c N119 E106, 40-50 Burned Rock 20.695
9MQ 33 875-003-1a 16 N114 E98, 70-80 Burned Rock 28.818
9MQ 34 875-003-2a 16 N114 E98, 70-80 Burned Rock 29.610
9MQ 35 1129-003-1a 18 N118 E105, 50-60 Burned Rock 27.599
9MQ 36 1129-003-2a 18 N118 E105, 50-60 Burned Rock 21.036
9MQ 37 1070-003-1a 19 N117 E107, 60-70 Burned Rock 28.078
9MQ 38 1070-003-2a 19 N117 E107, 60-70 Burned Rock 17.081
9MQ 39 514-010-1 N/A N105 E98, 72 cm bs Metate frag. 22.948
9MQ 40 1129-010 18 N118 E105 Metate frag. 36.061
9MQ 41 1089-010 N/A N118 E97, 58 cm bs Metate frag. 31.661
9MQ 42 406-003-1a 11 N103 E104 Burned Rock 25.661
812 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-5. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2008.
8MQ 1 8MQ 2 8MQ 3 8MQ 4 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 12894 0.16 6365 0.09 12091 2.26 9985 0.18 C14:0 244556 2.99 194522 2.63 14547 2.72 118314 2.17 C14:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C15:0 116656 1.43 67494 0.91 4930 0.92 58312 1.07 C16:0 2737630 33.51 2378175 32.19 145087 27.16 1919479 35.16 C16:1 5251 0.06 1374 0.02 1374 0.26 1374 0.03 C17:0 282938 3.46 228074 3.09 20914 3.91 199288 3.65 C18:0 4093125 50.10 3311584 44.82 288798 54.06 2916976 53.43 C18:1s 639953 7.83 1170559 15.84 39127 7.32 209185 3.83 C18:2 0 0.00 0 0.00 3113 0.58 0 0.00 C18:3w3 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C20:0 32850 0.40 23726 0.32 4277 0.80 22967 0.42 C20:1 0 0.00 3700 0.05 0 0.00 0 0.00 C24:0 3371 0.04 2583 0.03 0 0.00 3488 0.06 Total 8169224 100.00 7388156 100.00 534258 100.00 5459368 100.00 Triacyl- Present Present Trace glycerols Present Sterols Cholesterol and Cholesterol Cholesterol ȕ-sitosterol Cholesterol Identification Large Herbivore Large Herbivore Large Herbivore and Plant Large Herbivore Catalogue No. 353-003-1a 353-003-2a 353-003-3a 353-003-4a
Technical Report No. 150832 813 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-5 continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2008.
8MQ 5 8MQ 9 8MQ 12 8MQ 22 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 12037 1.25 7905 2.44 3315 0.66 39570 3.69 C14:0 26606 2.77 11137 3.44 3556 0.70 113467 10.57 C14:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 10474 0.98 C15:0 8222 0.86 2145 0.66 0 0.00 63416 5.91 C16:0 358973 37.33 75852 23.42 89497 17.71 360220 33.56 C16:1 108 0.01 40748 12.58 4013 0.79 8255 0.77 C17:0 27410 2.85 3722 1.15 0 0.00 14075 1.31 C18:0 383047 39.83 32937 10.17 16763 3.32 78660 7.33 C18:1s 133402 13.87 139178 42.98 320257 63.38 330147 30.76 C18:2 11795 1.23 10208 3.15 65444 12.95 46989 4.38 C18:3w3 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3280 0.31 C20:0 0 0.00 0 0.00 52 0.01 1106 0.10 C20:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 2415 0.48 0 0.00 C24:0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3663 0.34 Total 961600 100.00 323832 100.00 505312 100.00 1073322 100.00 Triacyl- Trace Trace/Absent Trace glycerols Trace/Absent Sterols Cholesterol and ȕ-sitosterol and ȕ-sitosterol ȕ-sitosterol and ȕ-sitosterol Cholesterol Cholesterol Identification High Fat Content Nuts or Seeds, Moderately-high fat Large Herbivore and Plant with trace of Very High Fat content Residue Plant animal products Content Plant containing Plant and Animal products Catalogue No. 112-003-1a 214-003-1a 214-003-4a 401-003-1a
814 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-6. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 2 9MQ 3 9MQ 4 9MQ 5 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 11385 2.60 2979 0.36 0 0.00 7564 1.91 C14:0 11775 2.69 10261 1.26 4986 0.93 9347 2.37 C14:1 0 0.00 3781 0.46 0 0.00 0 0.00 C15:0 5549 1.27 5096 0.62 4641 0.86 4067 1.03 C16:0 24451 5.59 121470 14.87 48600 9.02 45907 11.62 C16:1 10187 2.33 13943 1.71 21880 4.06 5108 1.29 C17:0 1229 0.28 1385 0.17 763 0.14 1596 0.40 C17:1 3304 0.76 3022 0.37 2484 0.46 3070 0.78 C18:0 0 0.00 12970 1.59 7291 1.35 61762 15.63 C18:1s 301375 68.89 507906 62.18 380244 70.56 211534 53.55 C18:2 61794 14.12 117329 14.36 49303 9.15 36888 9.34 C18:3s 0 0.00 1247 0.15 3436 0.64 0 0.00 C20:0 1582 0.36 2791 0.34 2946 0.55 2873 0.73 C20:1 3823 0.87 6712 0.82 7903 1.47 2311 0.59 C24:0 1030 0.24 1418 0.17 1895 0.35 3007 0.76 C24:1 0 0.00 4482 0.55 2556 0.47 0 0.00 Total 437484 100.00 816792 100.00 538928 100.00 395034 100.00 Triacyl- Trace Trace/Present Trace/Present glycerols Trace Lipid Biomarkers Azelaic acid None Detected Dehydroabietic acid Azelaic acid; Dehydroabietic acid Identification Very High Fat Very High Fat Very High Fat Very High Fat Content Plant Content Plant Content Plant Content Plant (Seeds/Nuts); conifer (Seeds/Nuts); (Seeds/Nuts) (Seeds/Nuts) products present conifer products present Catalogue No. 1348-003-2a 854-003-1a 464-003-1a 854-003-2a
Technical Report No. 150832 815 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 7 9MQ 9 9MQ 11 9MQ 12 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 8720 1.36 7166 2.24 5371 0.76 2979 0.67 C14:0 13236 2.06 11269 3.52 17083 2.41 11823 2.66 C14:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2407 0.54 C15:0 9079 1.41 6740 2.11 7634 1.08 8066 1.82 C16:0 125988 19.59 27137 8.48 213281 30.12 113516 25.55 C16:1 18908 2.94 8110 2.54 10467 1.48 11575 2.60 C17:0 3855 0.60 2496 0.78 3691 0.52 2644 0.60 C17:1 3481 0.54 3783 1.18 5348 0.76 2937 0.66 C18:0 40094 6.23 42223 13.20 87369 12.34 28901 6.50 C18:1s 307373 47.79 171097 53.49 289322 40.86 220991 49.73 C18:2 53632 8.34 27902 8.72 47652 6.73 24201 5.45 C18:3s 29078 4.52 0 0.00 452 0.06 0 0.00 C20:0 4583 0.71 2887 0.90 6882 0.97 4216 0.95 C20:1 18496 2.88 4372 1.37 5644 0.80 3725 0.84 C24:0 3160 0.49 2426 0.76 4553 0.64 3821 0.86 C24:1 3444 0.54 2289 0.72 3398 0.48 2566 0.58 Total 643127 100.00 319897 100.00 708147 100.00 444368 100.00 Triacyl- Trace Trace Present glycerols Trace Lipid Azelaic acid; Cholesterol; Biomarkers Cholesterol Cholesterol; Dehydroabietic acid ȕ-sitosterol Dehydroabietic acid Identification Borderline High and Very High Fat High Fat Content High Fat Content Very High Fat Content Plant Plant (Seeds/Nuts); Plant (Seeds/Nuts) Content Plant (Seeds/Nuts) with conifer products with trace of (Seeds/Nuts) with trace of animal present animal products trace of animal products products; conifer products present Catalogue No. 474-003-1a 1341-003-2a 502-003-2a 504-005-3a
816 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 13 9MQ 14 9MQ 15 9MQ 16 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 3976 1.19 3184 0.61 3824 0.46 4481 0.62 C14:0 11829 3.55 7217 1.39 6432 0.77 14011 1.93 C14:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C15:0 5796 1.74 6125 1.18 4825 0.58 6530 0.90 C16:0 110722 33.21 114488 22.03 80445 9.67 186040 25.60 C16:1 9152 2.75 13550 2.61 18765 2.25 11484 1.58 C17:0 4174 1.25 3229 0.62 2605 0.31 6350 0.87 C17:1 3364 1.01 0 0.00 4547 0.55 4314 0.59 C18:0 36533 10.96 36560 7.03 11316 1.36 185332 25.50 C18:1s 129323 38.79 268296 51.62 567672 68.20 244662 33.66 C18:2 18485 5.55 64465 12.40 126730 15.23 44221 6.08 C18:3s 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5790 0.80 C20:0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 6948 0.96 C20:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 2975 0.36 3396 0.47 C24:0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C24:1 0 0.00 2595 0.50 2181 0.26 3298 0.45 Total 333354 100.00 519709 100.00 832317 100.00 726857 100.00 Triacyl- Trace Trace Present glycerols Significant Lipid Cholesterol Cholesterol Cholesterol Biomarkers None Detected Identification Very High Fat Very High Fat High Fat Content Large Herbivore Content Plant Content Plant Plant (Seeds/Nuts) Bone Marrow or (Seeds/Nuts) with (Seeds/Nuts) with with trace of animal Flesh with trace of animal trace of animal products Moderate-High Fat products products Plant Catalogue No. 504-003-4a 1340-003-1a 1340-003-2a 1332-003-1a
Technical Report No. 150832 817 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 17 9MQ 18 9MQ 19 9MQ 20 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 9287 1.64 6399 2.15 3805 0.22 0 0.00 C14:0 16756 2.96 8738 2.94 51264 3.03 5975 1.31 C14:1 2898 0.51 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C15:0 6421 1.13 4420 1.49 19806 1.17 4023 0.88 C16:0 110968 19.61 93411 31.45 559347 33.06 134915 29.68 C16:1 9561 1.69 8620 2.90 22200 1.31 13543 2.98 C17:0 4770 0.84 2465 0.83 44066 2.60 1824 0.40 C17:1 4278 0.76 3695 1.24 6171 0.36 2274 0.50 C18:0 172720 30.52 30239 10.18 530793 31.37 33275 7.32 C18:1s 202271 35.74 114574 38.57 365639 21.61 211865 46.61 C18:2 16469 2.91 11620 3.91 57386 3.39 19163 4.22 C18:3s 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C20:0 5143 0.91 4343 1.46 17924 1.06 5672 1.25 C20:1 2286 0.40 4412 1.49 10154 0.60 13644 3.00 C24:0 0 0.00 4092 1.38 0 0.00 4075 0.90 C24:1 2107 0.37 0 0.00 3221 0.19 4338 0.95 Total 565935 100.00 297028 100.00 1691776 100.00 454586 100.00 Triacyl- Trace Trace Trace glycerols Trace/Present Lipid Dehydroabietic acid; Cholesterol; Biomarkers None Detected Cholesterol; Dehydroabietic ȕ-sitosterol ȕ-sitosterol acid Identification Large Herbivore- High Fat Content Large Herbivore and High Fat Content Fatty Meat or with Plant (Seeds/Nuts) Medium Fat Content Plant (Seeds/Nuts); Moderate-High Fat with trace of animal Plants; conifer conifer products Content Plants products products present present Catalogue No. 1337-003-1a 1337-003-2a 355-003-1a 361-003-1a
818 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 21 9MQ 22 9MQ 23 9MQ 24 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 2811 0.62 8278 2.15 4408 0.55 9574 1.05 C14:0 10614 2.33 11542 3.00 9469 1.18 14923 1.64 C14:1 3397 0.75 0 0.00 3931 0.49 2714 0.30 C15:0 6241 1.37 5647 1.47 4652 0.58 6887 0.76 C16:0 146105 32.11 88797 23.09 206397 25.79 199851 21.92 C16:1 12329 2.71 12405 3.23 23066 2.88 6405 0.70 C17:0 5275 1.16 4270 1.11 3016 0.38 5826 0.64 C17:1 7368 1.62 4894 1.27 3132 0.39 3287 0.36 C18:0 35595 7.82 47332 12.31 35827 4.48 239469 26.26 C18:1s 192880 42.39 165020 42.91 429816 53.70 376415 41.28 C18:2 22123 4.86 19011 4.94 76706 9.58 46576 5.11 C18:3s 1418 0.31 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C20:0 0 0.00 5553 1.44 0 0.00 0 0.00 C20:1 5277 1.16 4581 1.19 0 0.00 0 0.00 C24:0 0 0.00 4589 1.19 0 0.00 0 0.00 C24:1 3575 0.79 2661 0.69 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 455008 100.00 384580 100.00 800420 100.00 911927 100.00 Triacyl- Trace Trace Significant glycerols Highly Significant Lipid Cholesterol; Cholesterol; Cholesterol; Biomarkers ȕ-sitosterol; Cholesterol; ȕ-sitosterol ȕ-sitosterol Dehydroabietic acid Dehydroabietic acid Identification High Fat Content High Fat Content Very High Fat Large Herbivore Plant (Seeds/Nuts) Plant (Seeds/Nuts) Content Plant and Bone Marrow or with trace of animal with trace of animal Animal Flesh with High Fat products; conifer products Combination Plant; conifer products present products present Catalogue No. 361-003-2a 901-003-1a 901-003-2a 901-003-3a
Technical Report No. 150832 819 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 25 9MQ 27 9MQ 28 9MQ 29 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 17766 0.96 3885 0.73 9176 1.01 8201 1.50 C14:0 28024 1.51 5847 1.10 24109 2.65 8574 1.57 C14:1 2072 0.11 0 0.00 0 0.00 2400 0.44 C15:0 11008 0.59 4061 0.77 12688 1.39 4989 0.92 C16:0 391090 21.05 105895 20.01 264515 29.07 122295 22.43 C16:1 23398 1.26 12792 2.42 4553 0.50 13353 2.45 C17:0 10448 0.56 0 0.00 32403 3.56 1857 0.34 C17:1 5051 0.27 3522 0.67 2757 0.30 3106 0.57 C18:0 543757 29.27 38412 7.26 307005 33.74 61268 11.24 C18:1s 769965 41.45 314896 59.49 238800 26.25 272047 49.90 C18:2 49264 2.65 39424 7.45 11442 1.26 39184 7.19 C18:3s 5759 0.31 598 0.11 0 0.00 1708 0.31 C20:0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C20:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 2438 0.27 6211 1.14 C24:0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C24:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 1857602 100.00 529332 100.00 909886 100.00 545193 100.00 Triacyl- Present None Detected Highly Significant glycerols Trace Lipid None Detected None Detected Cholesterol Biomarkers ȕ-sitosterol Identification Large Herbivore- Large Herbivore- Very High Fat Borderline High Fatty Meat or with Fatty Meat or with Content Plant and Very High Fat High Fat Content Moderate-High Fat (Seeds/Nuts) Content Plant Plants Content Plants (Seeds/Nuts) Catalogue No. 712-010-1a, metate 1234-003-2a 1181-003-1a 1181-003-2a
820 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 30 9MQ 31 9MQ 32 9MQ 33 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 8538 0.82 8950 2.40 3139 0.77 14073 0.17 C14:0 12841 1.24 8389 2.25 8468 2.09 212612 2.57 C14:1 2375 0.23 0 0.00 2612 0.64 0 0.00 C15:0 6919 0.67 3986 1.07 4073 1.00 90761 1.10 C16:0 152480 14.69 56519 15.14 81978 20.19 5576682 67.35 C16:1 26195 2.52 7353 1.97 0 0.00 0 0.00 C17:0 6204 0.60 252 0.07 0 0.00 179578 2.17 C17:1 5901 0.57 0 0.00 4081 1.01 12400 0.15 C18:0 96049 9.25 31883 8.54 81845 20.16 714497 8.63 C18:1s 601662 57.97 219447 58.80 192057 47.31 1415668 17.10 C18:2 107517 10.36 29633 7.94 24824 6.12 38462 0.46 C18:3s 2757 0.27 0 0.00 2866 0.71 0 0.00 C20:0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C20:1 5098 0.49 4436 1.19 0 0.00 25422 0.31 C24:0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C24:1 3357 0.32 2362 0.63 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 1037893 100.00 373210 100.00 405943 100.00 8280155 100.00 Triacyl- Trace None Detected Trace glycerols Present Lipid Cholesterol; Biomarkers ȕ-sitosterol; Dehydroabietic acid Dehydroabietic acid None Detected Dehydroabietic acid Identification Very High Fat High Fat Content Plant Content Plant Very High Fat (Seeds/Nuts), with plant (Seeds/Nuts) with Content Plant with elevated C18:0 Medium Fat trace of animal (Seeds/Nuts); conifer levels or animal Content products; conifer products present products; conifer (ambiguous) products present products present Catalogue No. 1181-003-3a 1192-003-1a 1192-003-2a 875-003-1a
Technical Report No. 150832 821 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 34 9MQ 35 9MQ 36 9MQ 37 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 12565 3.16 12657 2.14 2754 0.33 4469 0.56 C14:0 13060 3.28 16432 2.78 6654 0.81 12877 1.60 C14:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 C15:0 5634 1.41 8731 1.48 4461 0.54 6912 0.86 C16:0 101986 25.61 210243 35.62 172680 20.92 218769 27.18 C16:1 11041 2.77 3631 0.62 13120 1.59 10222 1.27 C17:0 4083 1.03 6016 1.02 2736 0.33 3692 0.46 C17:1 6447 1.62 13398 2.27 7207 0.87 9005 1.12 C18:0 44031 11.06 118449 20.07 139358 16.88 115783 14.39 C18:1s 178978 44.94 134426 22.77 370199 44.85 327705 40.72 C18:2 18952 4.76 21277 3.60 84734 10.26 51335 6.38 C18:3s 1479 0.37 9944 1.68 153 0.02 13512 1.68 C20:0 0 0.00 6487 1.10 5082 0.62 6945 0.86 C20:1 0 0.00 16163 2.74 14272 1.73 18008 2.24 C24:0 0 0.00 6030 1.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 C24:1 0 0.00 6391 1.08 2081 0.25 5593 0.69 Total 398256 100.00 590275 100.00 825491 100.00 804827 100.00 Triacyl- Trace/Present None Detected Significant glycerols Present Lipid Cholesterol; ȕ-sitosterol; Biomarkers Dehydroabietic acid Azelaic acid; Azelaic acid; Cholesterol; Azelaic Dehydroabietic acid Dehydroabietic acid acid Identification High Fat Content High Fat Content Medium Fat Content Plants (Seeds/Nuts) High Fat Content Plants (Seeds/Nuts); Plant and Animal and Animal Products; Plants (Seeds/Nuts) conifer products Combination; conifer conifer products with Animal present products present present Products Catalogue No. 875-003-2a 1129-003-1a 1129-003-2a 1070-003-1a
822 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 38 9MQ 39 9MQ 40 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 7401 1.55 5174 0.40 5513 0.57 C14:0 9732 2.04 19177 1.49 17806 1.83 C14:1 0 0.00 4194 0.32 3075 0.32 C15:0 5321 1.12 6830 0.53 8458 0.87 C16:0 138044 29.00 392378 30.40 304902 31.36 C16:1 8717 1.83 7138 0.55 18159 1.87 C17:0 4480 0.94 9072 0.70 5429 0.56 C17:1 7331 1.54 6892 0.53 6542 0.67 C18:0 81186 17.06 439263 34.03 109482 11.26 C18:1s 167187 35.13 345975 26.80 422813 43.49 C18:2 27527 5.78 46306 3.59 68023 7.00 C18:3s 3303 0.69 0 0.00 1953 0.20 C20:0 5641 1.19 0 0.00 0 0.00 C20:1 10087 2.12 4653 0.36 0 0.00 C24:0 0 0.00 331 0.03 0 0.00 C24:1 0 0.00 3343 0.26 0 0.00 Total 475957 100.00 1290726 100.00 972155 100.00 Triacyl- Trace Trace Present glycerols Lipid Azelaic acid; ȕ-sitosterol; Dehydroabietic acid Biomarkers Dehydroabietic acid Dehydroabietic acid Identification Large Herbivore – Moderate-High Fat High Fat Content Fatty Meat or with Content Plant Plant (Seeds/Nuts); Moderate-High Fat (Seeds); conifer conifer products Content Plant; conifer products present present products present Catalogue No. 1070-003-2a 514-010-1, metate 1129-010, metate
Technical Report No. 150832 823 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Table G-6. continued. Lipid Composition and Identification of Residues Analyzed in 2009.
9MQ 41 9MQ 42 Fatty acid Area Rel% Area Rel%
C12:0 6309 0.53 4595 0.81 C14:0 21174 1.77 9929 1.75 C14:1 0 0.00 0 0.00 C15:0 9023 0.76 4593 0.81 C16:0 371175 31.10 126891 22.41 C16:1 17490 1.47 13501 2.38 C17:0 9137 0.77 3346 0.59 C17:1 0 0.00 5236 0.92 C18:0 274655 23.01 117850 20.81 C18:1s 425628 35.66 238508 42.12 C18:2 28167 2.36 23972 4.23 C18:3s 3019 0.25 0 0.00 C20:0 8574 0.72 5138 0.91 C20:1 10077 0.84 10444 1.84 C24:0 6412 0.54 0 0.00 C24:1 2688 0.23 2192 0.39 Total 1193528 100.00 566195 100.00 Triacyl- glycerols Significant Trace Lipid Biomarkers None Detected None Detected
High Fat Content Moderate-High Fat Plant (Seeds/Nuts), Identification Content, animal or with plant with possible animal and elevated C18:0 levels plant combination or animal products Catalogue No. 1089-010, metate 406-3-1a
824 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table G-7. Results from Residues with Low Levels of Fatty Acids.
Lab No. Catalogue No. Biomarker Identification Azelaic acid; Dehydroabietic Possibly plant seeds or nuts; 9MQ 1 1348-003-1a acid Conifer products present Cholesterol derivative; Animal products confirmed; 9MQ 6 464-003-2a Dehydroabietic acid; Possibly plant seeds or nuts; Azelaic acid Conifer products present 9MQ 8 1341-003-1a Azelaic acid Possibly plant seeds or nuts
Technical Report No. 150832 825 Appendix G Lipid Analysis
Figure L-1. Chromatogram of Residue 8MQ 4 using High Temperature Gas Chromatography. FFF
Figure G-1. Chromatogram of Residue 8MQ4 using High Temperature Gas Chromatography.
826 Technical Report No. 150832 APPENDIX H
STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ON BISON BONES This page intentionally left blank. STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ON BISON BONES
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Geochron Laboratories: A Division of Krueger Enterprises, Inc. Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table H-1. Stable Isotope Analyses on Bison Bone Elements by Time Period.
Submitted Geochron 15 Age Groups, 13 į N Bone Element Bone Wt. Lab. No. į C (‰) Catalog No. (‰) (g) CNR- Protohistoric (<300 B.P.) (o) 41PT186 #260-002-1a long bone 10 115897 -8.4 5.9 41PT186 #261-002- immature bison 8 115898 -8.4 5.7 1b** radius -10.6, - 41PT186 #261-002-2a proximal tibia 6 115899 3.7 10.0 41PT186 #261-002-3a distal metacarpal 12 115900 -9.2 3.2 41PT245 #357-002-1b long bone 13 115901 -8.1 5.1 Average -8.8 4.72 Plains Village (500 - 800 B.P.) (Ɣ) 41PT185 #263-002-1a rib fragment 11 115902 -9.9 4.3 41PT186 #325-002-1a distal tibia 19 115903 -8.4 5.6 41PT186 #326-002-1a lone bone 9 115904 -8.6 3.1 41PT186 #343-002-2a mature rib head 23 115905 -9.5 3.6 41PT186 #345-002-1a skull fragment 25 115906 -10.3 3.2 Average -9.34 4.6 Palo Duro/Woodland (1200 - 1500 B.P.) (ǻ) 41PT245 #353-002-1a rib fragment 13 115907 -8.2 6.7 41PT245 #353-002-2a immature mandible 3 115908 -8.3 6.8 41PT245 #364-002-1a long bone 6 115909 -10.3 4.9 41PT245 #416-002-1c long bone 8 115910 -15.6* 6.5 41PT245 #417-002-1b long bone 17 115911 -9.2 3.5 ** Average -8.95 5.84 Late Archaic (2200 - 2750 B.P.) (Ŷ ) 41PT185/A #157-002- distal tibia 7 115912 -9.2 3.5 1b 41PT185/C #210-002- metacarpal 9 115913 -10.7 4.9 1b** 41PT185/C #221-002- distal metapodial 10 115914 -9.8 5.0 1a 41PT185/C #236-002- radius 20 115915 -9.3 6.9 1b** 41PT185/C #261-002- immature radius 12 115916 -9.1 -7.6* 1b Average -9.62 5.07 * questionable value from lab and value dropped from average. ** bone was also radiocarbon dated
Technical Report No. 150832 831 This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX I
PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ABORIGINAL CERAMICS FROM THE BLM LANDIS PROPERTY, TEXAS PANHANDLE This page intentionally left blank. PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ABORIGINAL CERAMICS FROM THE BLM LANDIS PROPERTY, TEXAS PANHANDLE
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
David G. Robinson, Ph.D. Austin, Texas This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
I.1 INTRODUCTION I.1.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
A petrographic analysis was performed on the The first major research question is, if the aboriginal ceramics from three sites in Potter pottery is other than Borger Cordmarked, what County, the Texas Panhandle (41PT185, then are its typological affinities? A second 41PT186 and 41PT245). The principal work related question is, is this an aberrant type or of the analysis was performed in April and types locally manufactured or transported into May 2008, with follow-on work performed in the sites? And, if the ceramics were February 2009. The work had three branches: transported, do they also offer clues to the (1) thin-section analysis of ceramic sherds, (2) mechanism of transport, such as trade? Also, thin-section analysis of sediment samples, and could these ceramics hail regionally from a (3) wet mount analysis of sherd fragments too mobile hunter-gatherer culture rather than from small to be made into thin-sections. The the village farming societies that produced ceramic thin-section analysis was conducted Borger Cordmarked pottery? Lastly, is the on six sections prepared from the pottery. typologically Southwestern corrugated sherd Three small sherd fragments were studied by from 41PT186 distinct from the other analyzed wet mount analysis. The first point of interest sherds and samples in its paste and other in the ceramics lay in their typological physical traits? variance from Borger Cordmarked pottery, the Woodland-based pottery that dominates I.1.2 PASTE GROUPS Panhandle Antelope Creek focus assemblages. The best way to examine or address the The ceramics were all very small sherds, and research questions is first to determine through beyond their distinction from Borger petrographic analysis the ceramic composition Cordmarked little typological information is of the sections and then to define groupings of known about them. Further, the block the ceramics according to similarities of paste excavation at site 41PT186 dates to the materials and structures. These paste groups Protohistoric period (ca. 200 to 300 B.P.), thus can be compared to paste groups in published the artifacts from this block may belong to the ceramic petrographic studies. Tierra Blanca complex. As well, the thin- sectioned sherd from the site, #343-008-1b, I.1.3 SEDIMENT SAMPLES had a corrugated exterior, giving it a very strong likelihood of being imported from the The study of nonceramic sediments in thin- Southwest, either by trade or direct transport. sections can give direct optical identification One wet mount analysis sherd fragment, #443- of minerals and other particles that may have 008-1, also came from the site. Although very been used as resources in the ceramic pastes. small, it lacked evidence of the corrugated Such identifications may give fairly close surface treatment. identifications of the locales of manufacture of the ceramics, thus information on the principal Eleven sediment samples formed into thin- research questions. The eleven sediment sections were studied for comparisons with the samples were a combination of soil samples ceramic sections. The sediment samples came collected from trenches and clay samples from from sites 41PT185 and 41PT186 in Potter clay deposits and stream sediments. County and from seven other collection localities spread throughout the Texas I.1.4 WET MOUNT ANALYSIS OF SHERD Panhandle region. FRAGMENTS Wet mount analysis allows stereoscopic microscope examination of ceramic sherd fragments too small to be formed into thin-
Technical Report No. 150832 837 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis sections. Three sherds from two sites been removed from the analysis. Counted presented this dilemma to the analysis. The attributes included the ceramic fabric “matrix”, sherds came from 41PT185 (#850-008-1 and pore space, and discrete inclusions such as #915-008-1) and 41PT186 (#443-008-1). The crushed minerals and sand. Additional goal of the wet mount analysis was to gain information such as grain size and shape was paste temper identifications that would allow recorded on the counting sheet for potential comparisons to the paste groups defined by the future reference. The color and isotropy of the thin-section analysis. Paste texture, sherd ceramic matrix was determined and recorded. thickness, exterior surface finish, paste color, Any mineral species that was observed in the and interior and exterior colors were recorded viewing field but did not fall into the count also to gain additional comparative and was recorded as “tr” for trace, so as not to lose descriptive data on the sherd fragments. information on rare but potentially significant bodies. I.2 METHODOLOGY I.2.2 SEDIMENT SAMPLE ANALYSIS I.2.1 PETROGRAPHIC THIN-SECTION The eleven sediment samples were analyzed ANALYSIS more qualitatively. As their unconsolidated material was mixed and stirred into setting I.2.1.1 Microscopy and Point resin, the validity of a point count was thought Counting potentially to be compromised. Instead, a The principal method of the analysis was particle density measurement of each section identification and point-counting of minerals was made by comparison with visual and ceramic structures following the method of percentage estimation charts developed and Chayes (1949) and the approach to published by Folk (1951) and Terry and petrographic analysis pioneered in archeology Chilingar (1955). As with the ceramic by Shepard (1942, 1954). The thin-sections sections, matrix color and isotropy were were prepared by National Petrographic recorded as well as mineral particle sizes and Service, Inc. in Houston. The microscopic shapes. analysis was performed at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, I.2.3 WET MOUNT ANALYSIS microscopy lab, on an Olympus stereographic Also known as watch-glass analysis, a wet microscope. mount analysis submerges in water material crushed or broken from a specimen. A watch Point counting is a standard procedure that glass or microscope slide contains the wet offers replicable results; it amounts to counting mixture for convenient microscopy. One of a set number (200 in this case) of ceramic the specimens, 41PT186 #443-008-1, was attributes observed in the viewing field during designated for Instrumental Neutron systematic microscopic traverses of each thin- Activation Analysis (INAA), and so was section. Counting the same number of ceramic manipulated only by cleaned steel instruments attributes in each thin-section allows reliable and mounted using distilled water on a sterile statistical comparisons. As a practical matter, microscope slide. After analysis, the mount however, some of the ceramics failed to offer and sherd dried under a covering of cellophane sufficient area in the section to achieve the 200 in order to avoid dust contamination. After count. In no case did the total count fall below drying, the crushed material and remnant sherd 100. Proportional comparisons of the section were sealed in a container. The wet mount materials remain valid at this level. If counts analysis was performed with a Nikon had fallen below 100, the section would have
838 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management stereoscopic microscope in the TRC laboratory transmitted through them, or in other words, to in Austin. render them anisotropic.
I.2.4 OBSERVATIONAL CONVENTIONS Within this overall suite of ceramic materials, three paste groups can be discerned. The Rock fragments were common components of groups are classified on the basis of significant the sections. The rock minerals commonly material variations, and are described below. comprise granite (quartz, feldspars and biotite), but as rocks are commonly determined on I.3.2 PASTE GROUP CLASSIFICATION AND textural relations, the rocks were designated DESCRIPTIONS Rock A and Rock B, their petrology termed granitic. The rock fragments in the sections Paste Group 1 are reduced in size as part of the ceramic manufacturing process, so it was thought better Thin-sections: to avoid unsupportable assumptions about petrogenesis. 41PT245 #340-008-2, thin, gray plain exterior
Another convention was the variable treatment 41PT245 #340-008-3, thin, gray plain exterior of biotite. This was so as the mineral occurred in the sections in two forms; the first very fine 41PT245 #341-008-1b, thin, gray plain to medium lathes and strips of the mineral; and exterior the second medium to coarse masses of mineral, frequently integrated into rock The matrix is dark and of moderate density, fragments. It is likely that these two forms of containing pore spaces in jagged strips (Figure the same mineral had different origins in the I-1). The tempering agent is Rock A, a material, one in the original clay and the other crushed granitic rock formed of quartz, in the crushed rock temper. It is more microcline feldspar and biotite. Fine-sized informative therefore to track these bodies subrounded and subangular quartz grains and separately through the collection although they fine-sized lathes of biotite may have been are the same mineral. resident in the original clay material. Orthoclase feldspar and pyroxene are incidental members of the group. I.3 OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS Paste Group 2 I.3.1 THIN-SECTION ANALYSIS The point-count analysis of the six ceramic Thin-sections: thin-sections showed them all to have clay pastes with volcanic-derived inclusions and 41PT245 #378-008-1, thin, dark gray to black crushed granitic rock tempering agents. The exterior results are reported in Table I-1. The matrixes 41PT245 #401-008-1e, polished red plain of all the sherds were isotropic; therefore that exterior variable was left off the table. The implications of isotropic matrixes are that the The group has a moderately dense, dark matrix ceramics were formed in low earthenware with jagged pore strips (Figures I-2 and I-4). firings with heating insufficient to reform the Crushed granitic rock tempered the clay paste clay minerals into more homogeneous and contributed additional grains of quartz, structures that pattern the behavior of light feldspar and biotite to the mass. The group distinguishes itself from Paste Group 1 in
Technical Report No. 150832 839 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis having ferric hematite particles in the matrix. particular the sample from 41PT186 and Paste These may have been clay residents; their Group 3. The remaining samples show only presence may mark the use of a clay source general resemblances to the ceramic matrixes different from that of Paste Group 1. Similar from the same sites; of course, these proportions of all the group’s minerals indicate resemblances would heighten with the addition that the two sections may have come from the of granitic rock tempering in the preparation of same ceramic vessel. materials for a ceramic matrix. The Potter County clay (#20-004-1b) sample from Blue Paste Group 3 Creek north of Lake Meredith is highly distinctive in having lighter color, very low Thin-section: particle density and ferrous iron (hematite) particles. The sample is also anisotropic, 41PT186 #343-008-1b, dark grayish to brown perhaps signaling that it is a nearly unitary clay corrugated exterior mineral apart from its resident particles.
The group claims a single section. The The samples from the other counties comprise ceramic material showed enough differences in what may be thought of as a typical collection its composition to give it distinction from the of natural clay sediments that may have been other two groups (Figure I-3). The section available to ancient potters. Three of the four shows a moderately dense reddish-black samples have significant amounts of biotite matrix interrupted by jagged pore strips. Its lathes and masses, and two contain particles of primary distinction is its tempering with a hematite. The Roberts County Ogallala clay crushed rock (Rock B) of quartz and biotite sample, #MQ-GC-RB, in particular, appears masses. The rock seems aberrant in its lack of very similar to the ceramic matrixes in the feldspar, which is also lacking elsewhere in the BLM Landis Property sherds. The sample section. This situation appears to be a rarity, came from a locale in Government Canyon, as feldspar is nearly ubiquitous in the more than fifty km from Potter County. collection and common but variable in its distribution in the igneous rocks of the I.3.4 WET MOUNT ANALYSIS Panhandle and other regions. Wet mount analysis is the third branch of this I.3.3 SEDIMENT SAMPLE SECTIONS study. Table I-3 presents the results of this branch of the work. Additional aspects of the Eleven samples of sediments were studied in paste particles are discussed in the text. thin-section as the second branch of the study. Descriptive colors are the correlates of the The samples were of soils and clays Munsell® readings. consolidated with setting resin and ground to produce thin-sections. The samples came from 41PT186 #443-008-1. Quartz dominates the three sites on the BLM Landis Property, three paste and clearly comprises the tempering additional locales in Potter County, and one agent of the ceramic (Figure I-6). The mineral sample each from Briscoe, Roberts, Donley, entered the paste in coarse and medium sizes and Hall counties. The results are reported in and subangular shapes. Comparative Table I-2. examination of the natural gray sandstone from West Amarillo Creek valley floor showed it to The BLM Landis Property trench samples have fine and very fine quartz sand particles in have high particle densities, and the particles subrounded and rounded shapes; therefore it are mostly quartz. Two samples with clay- was not a contributor to the paste. The resident biotite lathes have fairly strong ceramic quartz was likely crushed and ground similarities with the study sections, in
840 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management from selected mineral and rock sources and compare potentially with several regional added to the raw ceramic clay. The sherd has a pastes, but they lack any distinctive marker minor fraction of very fine biotite particles such as hematite or biotite that would permit a distributed through the paste. The biotite more affirmative attribution. appears as small black specks. The sherd is designated for INAA study. I.4 COMPARISONS AND DISCUSSION The ceramic specimen is strikingly similar to Paste Group 3, which was defined on a single The ceramic pastes and their crushed rock sherd from the same site, 41PT186. The wet tempering materials, of a generally igneous mount specimen lacks Rock B, composed of stamp, may have connections with similarly quartz and biotite. It is thought that Rock B formed clay bodies in the region and outside of would be hard to distinguish from the rough it. Previous petrographic studies, summarized paste texture or would be misidentified as below, show that crushed volcanic rock- quartz. Again, the lack of feldspar is signal in tempered pastes are fairly common in the this paste group, in a region where feldspar is Panhandle. This technology is commonly common but variable in its distribution. accepted as having been centered in the Southwestern region, but does not imply that 41PT185/C #850-008-1. The tempering agent any particular group of vessels or wares were is medium to fine sized quartz, and a manufactured in the Southwest. Regional secondary particle is fine sized, opaque white comparisons may help relate the Landis feldspar (Figure I-7). A few of the feldspar Property ceramics to points of origin and show particles are medium, but all are subrounded in local affinities by their contrasts and shape. The sherd has a finely striated interior dissimilarities. In the Panhandle itself, Reese surface. The paste is of a dense texture, as Taylor (1991) studied a collection from the would be expected in a matrix having Palo Duro Creek in Hansford County in the relatively few tempering particles. very northern reaches of the Texas Panhandle. Lintz and Reese-Taylor (1997) also conducted 41PT185/C #915-008-1. The tempering agent a large petrographic study on a set of decorated is coarse to medium feldspar in small ceramic types and extended their work to make quantities (Figure I-8). Quartz was observed wide extraregional comparisons (Nebraska). in lesser amounts. Particle C is carbonate Outlying regions with available comparable strands, probable caliche, which may have ceramic studies lay southward (Turpin and formed post-depositionally along the joint Robinson 1998), just east of Lubbock below planes of the platy layers of the paste matrix. the caprock (Robinson 1992, 1994), far The platy layers are pronounced, and the white southeastward on the Edwards Plateau strands of carbonate accentuate them. Particles (Robinson 2008), and westward in eastern and of temper interrupt the plates and their lines, northeastern New Mexico (Garrett 1988a, suggesting that the plate like layers formed 1988b). during firing. This platy matrix structure is uncommon among earthenware ceramics and Reese-Taylor (1991:Appendix H) conducted currently lacks a satisfying technical petrological analysis on six Panhandle explanation. specimens from sites in the Palo Duro Reservoir in Hansford County. She defined Both of the sherd fragments from 41PT185/C four paste groups in the collection, which fail to fall easily into any defined paste group included Borger Cordmarked and plainwares. as they are tempered with quartz and feldspar The paste groups included one bone-tempered in varying proportions. Their pastes would paste group, two sand-tempered, and one sand
Technical Report No. 150832 841 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis and basalt-tempered paste group (Reese-Taylor Turpin and Robinson (1998) analyzed a thin- 1991:H-9 to H-11). The two sand-tempered section of one plainware sherd recovered from pastes had dense matrixes, quartz, feldspar and the Floydada Country Club (41FL1) in Floyd carbonates (dolomite), and particle shapes County, as part of a larger study. The sherd varied from subrounded to angular. The pastes was strongly bone-tempered, which gave it contained a small amount of hematite, but affinities with Late Prehistoric plainwares of were entirely lacking in biotite. Although the central Texas and the Edwards Plateau (Turpin paste groups contained varying amounts of and Robinson 1998:94). feldspar, the groups altogether bear little resemblance to the Potter County paste groups. Southward, and southeast of Lubbock below the caprock (but along streams draining it), at Interestingly, Reese-Taylor (1991:H-2) Lake Alan Henry in Garza and Kent counties, conducted petrological analysis of two surface twelve specimens of non-local plainwares were sediment samples collected from two nearby studied in thin-section by Robinson (1992:221- localities. The aplastic inclusions ranged in 227). As in Potter County, many of the size from fine sand to coarse sand and were plainwares have dense matrixes reflected in rounded to subrounded in shape. The principal high point-count proportions and crushed mineral component was quartz sand, from 78 minerals and rock fragments. Typological per cent to 86 per cent of the totals. The identifications were made in that collection samples also contained minor amounts of and the closest comparisons of the BLM feldspar, carbonate (calcite), clinopyroxene Landis Property sherds from Potter County and a trace of woody organic matter (Reese- with the Lake Alan Henry materials are with Taylor 1991:H-2). These sediments are very five sherds of Middle Pecos Micaceous dissimilar to the Potter County specimens. brownware and one section of Jornado Brown. The regional origins of these wares are the Lintz and Reese-Taylor (1997) conducted a Middle Pecos River region and southern New largely petrographic study of decorated Mexico/Trans Pecos Texas, respectively. The ceramics from Plain village sites along the comparative elements are higher proportions of Canadian River drainage in Potter and biotite and iron in addition to crushed mineral Hutchinson counties and northward to Plains temper and dense matrix. These comparisons village sites along Wolf Creek, a tributary of are closest with the BLM Landis Property the North Canadian River in Ochiltree County. Paste Group 2. The Middle Pecos region is They made comparisons with ceramics from directly west of the Lake Alan Henry region Nebraska, well outside the region. The across the major physiographic divide formed relevant findings are that ceramic sources with by the Southern High Plains, or Llano naturally resident biotite, quartz, alkali Estacado. feldspars and occasionally occurring pyroxene, hematite, carbonates and volcanic rock An additional five thin-sections were analyzed fragments are widespread through the region. from a single site in the Lake Alan Henry Ceramic pastes made with these materials and region (Robinson 1994:355-361). The site is the addition of crushed granitic rock temper 41GR291, the Sam Wahl site and represents a are similarly common (Lintz and Reese-Taylor late variant of the Palo Duro complex. Two 1997:288-295; Table 3). The BLM Landis paste groups were identified, both having Property ceramic pastes compare closely with crushed mineral tempers and dense matrixes. these ceramics, although they are typologically Group 1 contained much crushed granitic rock distinct. as tempering material. Group 2 was comprised of two thin-sections, one of which had biotite but no iron, the other having iron but no
842 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management biotite. The ceramics of the Sam Wahl site Reservoir assemblage is distinct from the altogether were grouped typologically as Potter County BLM Landis Property study belonging to a Southwestern crushed mineral sherds. ceramic tradition without finer typological breakdown (Robinson 1994: 360). I.4.1 THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF FELDSPAR IN PANHANDLE CERAMIC In his study of Edwards Plateau aboriginal PASTES ceramics, Robinson (2008) identified two minor paste groups with crushed granitic rock Feldspar is a common constituent of igneous tempering and additional feldspars and rocks, the sediments eroded from them, and the hematite. One of the paste groups belonged metamorphic rocks formed from them (Figure entirely to the Historic period (Mission San I-1). Feldspars have various sources in the Lorenzo, some occupants were Apaches), and Panhandle and its ceramics, yet this study has the other paste group was defined on a single shown that they are not ubiquitous. They are sherd from the Varga site, 41ED28, in present in most paste groups but entirely Edwards County on the southern margin of the lacking in others. Paste Group 3 is one such Edwards Plateau just north of Uvalde Texas. feldspar-deficient paste. Other paste groups This specimen, however, bears a close lack feldspar, and its absence from them may resemblance to Paste Group 2. indicate source connections.
Garrett (1988a: Appendix H) conducted Paste Group 3 is defined on one corrugated petrological analysis on nine potsherds from sherd thin-section from 41PT186, and the the Melrose Air Force Base, west of Portales in sherd may have a Late Prehistoric association. east-central New Mexico. Three of the In the natural sediment samples, five have no examined sections were brownwares, all of feldspar; these are 41PT185 #18-004-1b, which were tempered with crushed volcanic 41PT186 #341-004-1d (same site), #20-004- rocks. Two of these also contained hematite 1b, #13-004-1b, and #MQ-ML-B1. All these and magnetite. One held biotite. The samples contain quartz, and all but #MQ-ML- minerals’ proportions were not broken down B1 and #20-004-1b show small quantities of individually in the thin-sections. biotite. Here is a minimal level of distinction for pottery resource clays and paste groups. Garrett (1988b: Appendix G) also analyzed Simple logic would suggest that Paste Group 3 thin-sections from ceramics recovered from the was manufactured on the site. Conchas Lake Reservoir in northeast New Mexico. The latter reservoir is in the Canadian Farther a field, Reese-Taylor and Lintz River drainage upstream, and due west of (1997:293-294) studied three sherds without Potter County and the Landis Property. Six of feldspars, one (#542) from the Roper site the seven examined sherds were tempered with (41HC6) in the North Canadian River Basin, quartz mica schist, a metamorphic rock. The and two (#188 and #064)from the Kit Courson remaining specimen was a sherd of Chupadero site (41OC43) in the Wolf Creek valley that Black-on-White tempered with a basaltic rock. drains into the North Canadian of the Garrett (1988b:G-4, G-5) argued that all these northeastern Panhandle. The Roper site sherd sherds were non-local; metamorphic rocks has quartz and abundant granite in place of outcrop in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains feldspar, and the Kit Courson feldspar-free farther west from the Conchas Reservoir sherds both contain quartz and abundant mica region. Basaltic rocks outcrop no closer than (probably muscovite), carbonates, and 30 kilometers from the locality. The local generally lighter colored pastes. These are rocks are shales and sandstones. The Conchas examples of feldspar-free paste groups that
Technical Report No. 150832 843 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis have regional distinctiveness. As described and types of the Antelope Creek village above, the Palo Duro Reservoir paste groups farming culture are commonly accepted as all show varying amounts of feldspars, and having Woodland origins ultimately. Despite otherwise contrast with the Landis Property this, the decorated wares in the Texas sites paste groups and those mentioned (Reese- Panhandle were also commonly tempered with Taylor 1991). crushed minerals (Lintz and Reese-Taylor 1997). To be more specific regarding the I.5 SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS Landis plainwares, they have significant biotite paste components, an important trait shared Four general research questions were outlined with Middle Pecos micaceous brownwares at the beginning of this study: (Jelinek 1967), but the common occurrence of biotite and other micas in the clays and rocks 1. What are the typological affinities of the of the Texas Panhandle region prevents ceramics? separating the ceramics of the two regions typologically. 2. Were the ceramics locally manufactured or transported to the sites? On the question of local manufacture or transport, Paste Group 1 and Paste Group 3 2a. If transported, can a transport mechanism could have been manufactured from various such as trade be identified or suggested? clay resources within Potter County, based on the broad similarities with the studied sediment 3. Could the ceramics be produced by a samples. In fact, Paste Group 3 is closely hunter-gatherer society distinct from the similar to a sediment sample from the same village farming society that produced Borger site, 41PT186, but this fact presents problems Cordmarked ceramics? to interpretation because it is defined on a typologically Southwestern corrugated sherd. 4. Is the Southwestern corrugated sherd The problem will receive further consideration distinct from the local ceramics and clay below. At this point, it is important to note resources? that any clay source in the county likely would lie within a one-day round trip for an The six ceramic thin-sections, eleven sediment aboriginal potter living and working in a site sections, and three wet mount analysis sherd within the geographic boundaries of what is fragments were studied to answer these now Potter County. Complicating this picture, questions, and the results apply to all the however, is Paste Group 2 and its significant questions in varying degrees of confidence and proportions of hematite. Within the county, accuracy. only studied sediment sample #20-004-1b, the very interesting clay from Blue Creek, contains Regarding the first question, typological hematite, and that is in a trace amount affinities, and the study collection belongs to insufficient to serve as one of the clay the crushed mineral tempering tradition of residents in the Landis Property Paste Group 2 aboriginal ceramics. This is a very general sherds. A fair conclusion is that the Paste result, but it is an interesting finding in that it Group 2 clays were non-local, perhaps outside gives the ware or wares of the Landis Property a one-day round trip distance. ceramics affinities with the Southwestern pottery making tradition rather than the grog, On the topic of Question 2a, mechanisms of shell, and bone-tempered Woodland (Eastern) transport, the evidence from the thin-sections tradition. This is an important distinction in can provide only vague indications. Paste the Panhandle region as the cordmarked wares Group 1, since its clays were effectively local,
844 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management may have been manufactured on or near the study’s data on paste groups and implied sites. Paste Group 2 may have been manufacturing and transport models compare manufactured elsewhere and the finished pot favorably with those being developed on the transported to 41PT245. Beyond this, a decorated ceramics of the village farming mechanism of transport cannot be surmised at Antelope Creek phase. Research design would this time. anticipate variant patterns of hunter-gatherer ceramics along the dimensions of technology, Perhaps a more interesting question at this distribution, form, decoration, materials and juncture is why a local and a nonlocal paste perhaps others. No such variant, or group exist at the same site. This situation contrastive, patterns have been observed at this may be the evidence for ceramic trade in the incipient stage of the work. aboriginal economies of the Potter County prehistoric people. The evidence shows that On the question of the distinction of the pottery was not kept on sites for utilitarian Southwestern corrugated sherd, #343-008-1b, purposes only, but that it circulated among there are more questions than answers. The sites. This basic circumstance finds support in sherd displays its own paste group, distinct other modes of archeological analysis. Initial from the other two defined in this study. This findings of INAA of Borger Cordmarked fact by itself would suggest an extraregional pottery in the Canadian River valley and source, but the paste group, Group 3, is similar neighboring regions have given an emerging in composition to the sediment sample from picture of local manufacturing zones and the same site, 41PT186. The difference vessel transport during the Antelope Creek between the two is largely the presence in the phase (Meier 2007). Meier’s results in the sherd of Rock B, of a size and quantity in the bivariate plots of the principal components paste to be one of the tempering agents of the suggest manufacturing sites centered on the ceramic; Rock B is lacking in the sediment hamlets and manufacturing zones shared sample. Further, the wet mount ceramic among hamlets in the Canadian drainage fragment, #443-008-1, resembles Paste Group (Meier 2007:58-59). She attributed these 3 although Rock B was not identified in it. findings to local exchange of ceramics and This lack, of course, gives it a fairly close potential sharing of clay source beds (Meier correspondence to the on-site sediment sample. 2007:59, 62-63). Returning to petrographic Thus all three items appear outwardly to methods, Lintz and Reese-Taylor (1997:288- originate on the site. Corrugated pottery is rare 295) defined resource subgroups, equivalent to in the Texas Panhandle; all of it is identified as this study’s paste groups. Of the eight defined Southwestern imported ceramic. In the subgroups, six contained sherds from two or Southwest, however, corrugated wares more sites, and all of the subject Antelope technologically and typologically comprise a Creek hamlets had pots of more than one longstanding and widespread tradition. subgroup. Clearly, pot sharing had an Explanations for this contradictory situation economic basis in the Texas Panhandle region, are more suggestive than certain at this time. either in commodities transported in ceramic There are four possibilities that may apply: vessels or in the vessels themselves. 1. The sherd is clearly Southwestern in origin, The evidence from this study cannot support and Rock B is the only necessary determinant the hypothesis (Question 3) that the apparently of nonlocal status. Rock B is absent from the plainware ceramics in the region may have sediment sample and unidentified in the wet been produced by a mobile hunting and mount sample; this is the sole significant gathering society, as in the Late Prehistoric difference, and it is a world of difference. period of central Texas. The patterns in this
Technical Report No. 150832 845 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis
2. Ethnohistorically, Apache groups in one sediment sample. Accurate and robust northern New Mexico procured ceramic clay characterizations require multiple examples to from a source eighteen miles southeast of form statistically representative data sets Taos. The locality was a sacred site, but open available for balanced comparisons. The lack to all to gain their needed raw material (Opler of such is a critique leveled at other regional 1971). As an outside possibility, the sherds studies, described below, and the critique is #343-008-1b and #443-008-1 were one to which Question 4 is subject here. The manufactured each from the same New best common sense assessment available now Mexican source (either the one cited or is that the implications of typology are to be perhaps others) and then deposited in the same preferred to the imponderables of site at different times. The probability of this technology/petrology, and that the corrugated being the case increases the longer the period sherd in question was imported from New of time the source locality was used by many Mexico. The elemental analysis technique of groups. Further, if the production from the INAA (Instrumental Neutron Activation clay resource locality moved over the same Analysis) may sidestep the limitations of the transport routes, eventually some of the current analysis. The technique is capable of ceramics would be deposited in the same sites discerning varying key elements in samples or locales of deposition. This could be a that have the same or similar mineral suites marker of regular trading relations, but the (Bennyhoff and Heizer 1965). The sherd probability of this being the case in this fragment #443-008-1 is designated for INAA. instance cannot currently be assessed, and it A finding that the sample hails from nonlocal does not account for similarities with the source beds would provide satisfying sediment sample. Other features of site explanations. 41PT186’s artifact assemblage and physiographic setting may help assess this I.5.1 PROTOHISTORIC IMPLICATIONS model. The current radiocarbon dating of charcoal and 3. Again as an outside possibility, the sherds bone to ca. 200 to 300 B.P. associated with #343-008-1b and #443-008-1, the only ceramic plain sherd 41PT186 #443-008-1 places it pieces from a small site, may originate in the within the Protohistoric period, and this same vessel. Sherd fragment #443-008-1 has a location is on the northern margin of the Tierra smooth exterior, but most if not all corrugated Blanca complex, implicitly the manifestation types have smooth surfaces on their vessels, of a late bison-hunting culture. The ceramics especially toward their bases, and is not fully of the Tierra Blanca complex have figured corrugated as a surface modification. prominently in current interpretations of Plains/Southwestern U.S. economic and 4. It may also be the case here that sociopolitical interactions (Habicht-Mauche petrological and mineralogical analyses cannot 1987, 1991, 1992). The two sherds from approach the level of discernment needed to 41PT186 #343-008-1 and #443-008-1, decide the issues of locality and transport. The compare to Tierra Blanca ceramics, but note sediment sample is defined on common that #343-008-1 is Southwestern. More minerals (quartz and biotite), and the other specific aspects of the ceramics place them at bodies in it, calcitic lithoclasts and organic variance with the characterizations published opaques, are also common in soils. This on highly selected data sets. The single common composition may or may not provide dimension of color suffices as one example of any distinctive keys for interpretation. Further several. Habicht-Mauche (1991:62) reports a still, the data set here is comprised of one range of paste colors of Tierra Blanca ceramic thin-section, one wet mount sherd, and ceramics: black, very dark gray, dark gray,
846 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management gray, gray-brown, brown and miscellaneous. 1965 Neutron Activation Analysis of Some By contrast, the paste color of sherd 41PT186 Cuicuilco and Teotihuacan Pottery: #443-008-1 is pinkish gray, 7.5YR6/2. Archaeological Interpretation of Habicht-Mauche (1991) doesn’t report the Results. American Antiquity, application of the Munsell® color system or 30(3):348-349. any other published scale. Perhaps the most significant implication of this study is that Chayes, F. there is more variation in the region in 1949 A Simple Point-Counter for Thin- Protohistoric times than thought hitherto, and section Analysis. American that patterns within this variety can be assessed Mineralogist 34:1- 11. with formalized (statistical) comparisons of balanced data sets. The most parsimonious Folk, R. L. interpretation from this small study with a 1951 A comparison chart for visual comparative survey of regional studies is that perception estimates. Journal of crushed mineral pastes were applied to local Sedimentary Petrology. 21:32-33. and regional ceramics in Antelope Creek times, and they persisted into Protohistoric Garrett, B. times as a ceramic legacy. The degree and 1988a Petrographic Analysis of Prehistoric nature of Southwestern influence on the Ceramics from the Melrose Range ceramic technology cannot be determined Project, ACOE, 1987. Appendix H in: affirmatively at this time with this information. Class II Survey and Testing of Cultural Resources at the Melrose Air I.6 CONCLUSION Force Range, Curry and Roosevelt Counties, New Mexico, by C. Lintz, K. The findings of this study support models of Kramer, A. Earls, W. N. Trierweiler, local manufacture, regional trade and transport, T. Del Bene, J. Acklen, F. Nials, and J. and sharing of resource localities. The Bertram. Mariah Associates, Inc., potential of interregional trade with the Middle Albuquerque. Pecos region in Antelope Creek times cannot be assessed currently due to the obscuring 1988b Petrographic Analysis of Selected effects of similar minerals occurring in the Conchas River Ceramics. Appendix G clays and rocks of both regions, these being in Report of the 1986 and 1987 Class abundant micas. Complex ceramic models II Surveys and Testing of Cultural regarding Protohistoric Plains/Southwest Resources at Conchas Lake, New interactions require comparisons of much Mexico, by K. Kramer, C. Lintz, W. N. larger data sets. The development of Trierweiler, S. Lent, J. Frizell, M. interpretive models will be helped by further Stiner, J.C. Acklen, and S. Kuhn. petrographic analysis of regional wares and Mariah Associates, Inc., Albuquerque. INAA as well, which is capable of identifying varying elements in sherds when minerals are Habicht-Mauche, J. A. the same in two or more groups (Bennyhoff 1987 Southwestern-Style Culinary Ceramics and Heizer 1965). on the Southern Plains: A Case Study of Technological Innovation and Cross-Cultural Interaction. Plains I.7 REFERENCES CITED Anthropologist 32 (115):175-189.
Bennyhoff, J. A. and R. F. Heizer 1991 Evidence for the Manufacture of Southwestern-Style Culinary Ceramics
Technical Report No. 150832 847 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis
on the Southern Plains. In Farmers, Earls, C. D. Frederick, W. N. Hunters and Colonists. Interaction Trierweiler, D. Owsley and K. W. between the Southwest and the Kibler. Technical Report #485. Southern Plains, edited by Katherine Mariah Associates, Inc. Austin. A. Spielman. The University of Arizona Press. Tucson. Robinson , D. G. 1992 Petrographic Analysis of Nonlocal 1992 Coronado’s Querechos and Teyas in Plainwares. Appendix F in Data the Archaeological Record of the Recovery at Justiceburg Reservoir Texas Panhandle. Plains (Lake Alan Henry), Garza and Kent Anthropologist 37(140):247-259. Counties, Texas: Phase III, Season 1, by D. K. Boyd, S. A. Tomka, C. B. Jelinek, A. J. Bousman, K. M. Gardner, and M. D. 1967 A Prehistoric Sequence in the Middle Freeman, pp. 221-227. Reports of Pecos Valley, New Mexico. Investigations No. 84. Prewitt and Anthropological Papers 31. Museum Associates, Inc., Austin. of Anthropology, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. 1994 Petrographic Analysis of Plainwares from 41GR291. Appendix G in Data Lintz, C. and K. Reese-Taylor Recovery at Lake Alan Henry 1997 Migrations, Trade, or Replicated (Justiceburg Reservoir), Garza and Ceramics: Petrographic Study of Kent Counties, Texas: Phase III, Collared Rim Sherds from the Texas Season 3, by D. K. Boyd, J. Peck, S. Panhandle. Bulletin of the Texas A. Tomka, K. W. Kibler and M. D. Archeological Society 68:273-300. Freeman, pp. 357-361. Reports of Investigations No. 93, Prewitt and Meier, H. A. Associates, Inc., Austin. 2007 An Evaluation of Antelope Creek Phase Interaction Using INAA. 1999 Petrographic Analysis of Plainware Unpublished Master’s thesis. Pottery from 41VV444. Appendix C Department of Anthropology. Texas in “Val Verde on the Sunny Rio State University. San Marcos. Grande”. Geoarcheological and Historical Investigations at San Felipe Opler, M. E. Springs, Val Verde County, Texas, by 1971 Pots, Apache, and the Dismal River G. Mehalchick, T. Myers, K. W. Culture Aspect. In Apachean Cultural Kibler, and D. K. Boyd. Reports of History and Ethnology, edited by K. Investigations 122. Prewitt and H. Basso and M. E. Opler, pp. 29-33. Associates, Inc. Austin. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona Number 21, The 2008 Petrographic Analysis of Toyah University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Ceramics from the Varga Site, 41ED28, and Comparative Sites. Reese-Taylor, K. Appendix D in The Varga Site: A 1991 Petrographic analysis. Appendix H in multicomponent, Stratified Campsite Historic and Prehistoric Data in the Canyonlands of Edwards Recovery at Palo Duro Reservoir, County, Texas, by J. M. Quigg, J. D. Hansford County, Texas, by J. M. Owens, P. M. Matchen, G. D. Smith, Quigg, C. Lintz, F. M. Oglesby, A. C. R. A. Ricklis, M. C. Cody, and C. D.
848 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Frederick pp. 872-889. Texas Department of Transportation, 1954 Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Environmental Affairs Division, Publication 609. Carnegie Institution Archeological Studies Program, and of Washington, Washington, D.C. TRC Technical Report No. 35319. TRC Environmental Corp., Austin. Terry, D. and G. V. Chilingar 1955 Summary of “Concerning some Shepard, A. O. additional aids in studying 1942 Rio Grande Glaze Paint Ware: A sedimentary formations,” by M. S. Study Illustrating the Place of Ceramic Shvetsov. Journal of Sedimentary Technological Analysis in Petrology 25:229-234. Archaeological Research. Contributions to American Turpin, S. A. and D. G. Robinson Anthropology and History 7(39): 1998 Infierno Phase Pottery of the Lower entire volume. Carnegie Institution of Pecos River Region. Bulletin of the Washington, Washington, D.C. Texas Archeological Society 69:89-97.
Technical Report No. 150832 849 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis
Table I-1. BLM Landis Property Petrographic Analysis on Six Ceramic Sherds. Point Count Data Percentages and Observations.
Paste Paste Group 1 Paste Group 2 Group 3 41PT245- 41PT245- 41PT245- 41PT245- 41PT245- 41PT186- Catalog No. #340-008-2 #340-008-3 #341-008-1c #378-008-1 #401-008- #343-008- (point count) (103) (143) (134) (125) 1e (200) 1b (200) reddish- brown to reddish brown to reddish black black gray brown dark grey black transition matrix plain transition reddish black black black dark gray dark gray matrix cross-n black matrix percent 49.5 47.5 44.0 52.8 47.5 48.5 pore space 14.6 16.1 3.7 12.8 15.0 20.0 Quartz 24.3 22.4 29.1 21.6 25.0 22.5 Rock A 2.8 9.7 2.4 4.0 Rock B 4.5 microcline 3.9 3.5 3.0 1.6 1.5 feldspar orthoclase 0.7 feldspar biotite mass 3.0 3.5 5.2 4.8 3.5 2.0 biotite lathe 5.0 3.5 5.2 2.5 pyroxene tr tr (ortho) hematite 4.0 3.5 100.3 100 99.9 100 100 100 Percent Total Number in parentheses is point count cross-n is cross-nichols tr is trace Rock A contains quartz, microcline feldspar and biotite masses Rock B contains quartz and biotite (lacks feldspar).
850 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure I-1. Thin-Section 41PT245-#340-008-3.
(Note: Ceramic fabric is typical of Paste Group 1. A large feldspar grain lies in left center near the section edge. Two large, subrounded grains of biotite (biotite masses) lie above and to the right of the feldspar grain. Biotite lathes are thin, bright bodies elsewhere in the paste. Voids are medium gray irregular and jagged strips oriented in parallel with the section edge.)
Figure I-2. Thin-Section 41PT245-#378-008-1.
(Note: Ceramic fabric is typical of Paste Group 2. Large angular grain of quartz dominates the field. Fine, rounded, opaque grains of ferrous hematite lie on either side of the quartz grain.)
Technical Report No. 150832 851 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis
Figure I-3. Thin-Section 41PT186-#343-008-1b.
(Note: Ceramic fabric is typical of Paste Group 3. Large subangular quartz grains lie near center and extreme upper left. Coarse subrounded grains of Rock B lie beneath the quartz grain on the left and at the extreme right of the view.)
Figure I-4. Thin-Section 41PT245-#401-008-1e.
(Note: Paste Group 2 ceramic fabric with medium, rounded grains of ferrous hematite near center of field. Grains appear slightly reddish.)
852 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure I-5. Large Grain of Feldspar in Plain Polarized Light.
(Note: Erosion patterns, particularly along the cleavage boundaries. Thin-section unrecorded.)
Figure I-5. Microscopic View of Wet Mount of 41PT186-#443-008-1.
(Note: Shows quartz with biotite as small black specks. The quartz temper was coarse to medium and subrounded.)
Technical Report No. 150832 853 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis
Figure I-7. View Shows Wet Mount of 41PT185/C-#850-008-1.
(Note: The temper is medium to fine sized quartz, and a secondary particle is fine sized, opaque white feldspar are subrounded in shape.)
Figure I-7. View of Wet Mount of Sherds #915-008-1 from 41PT185/C.
(Note: Shows tempering agent of coarse to medium feldspar in small quantities.)
854 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management Tuff (tr) volcanic (tr) clino- pyroxene Sandstone Organic feldspar opaques opaques ferric and ferrous iron Plagioclase Plagioclase (tr. biotite biotite biotite (poss. (poss. organic feldspar feldspar opaques spicules) spicules) lithoclasts lithoclasts lithoclasts % of field) microcline orthoclase calcite (1-2 Materials Observed stain (poss. Biotite Biotite Biotite Biotite (lathes) Organic Organic Calcitic) Calcitic) feldspar opaques patches) opaques (masses) (masses) (masses) microcline Lithoclasts ferrous iron (particles and iron) biotite biotite Biotite Biotite Biotite organic organic organic (lathes) (lathes) (lathes) feldspar feldspar opaques opaques opaques Opaques (tr ferrous microcline plagioclase quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz isotropic isotropic isotropic isotropic isotropic isotropic isotropic isotropic Isotropy anisotropic anisotropic anisotropic gray gray gray Dark brown brown brown brown brown brown brown Matrix Cross- grayish grayish mottled reddish golden- nichols medium Medium medium medium Reddish Reddish greenish gold and gold and gray and Greenish gold brown mottled,red, tan gray gray Light Light Light white Color brown brown brown brown brown Matrix orange yellow- grayish reddish reddish medium medium medium Tannish mottled, Reddish greenish gray and brownish brownish greenish, gold brown 40% 20% 30% 5-7 % Particle Density 50-55 % 40-45 % 35-40 % 50-55 % 50-55 % 30-35 % 20-25 % soil soil soil soil clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay Type Alluvial Alluvial Alluvial Alluvial Alluvial Table I-2. BLM Landis Property Natural Sediment Sample Characteristics. Sample Characteristics. Sediment Natural Table I-2. BLM Landis Property sample Triassic Triassic Ogallala Material white clay 70, cmbs. Location 1430 B.P. Potter Co. Trench 36, Blue Creek Dog Town of Potter County Potter County Potter County, Potter County, BT-11 153-158 clay, upper bed Roberts County M-4-7, 860 B.P. Briscoe County, Mackenzie Lake Mackenzie Lake Backhoe Trench Trench 36, M-3-3, 41PT185, Triassic Potter Co. Wildcat 41PT185 Backhoe 41PT185, Backhoe Bluff Nature Center Hall County, Prairie Red River at US 70 Donley County. Salt 6-1a 136-139 cmbs. Potter Co. 41PT186, Government Canyon Fork of Red River at US HL No. 004-1b 5-004-1b 41PT185- 41PT185- 41PT186- 20-004-1b 13-004-1b Catalogue MQ-ML-B1 263-004-4b 263-004-6a 341-004-1d MQ-GC-RB MQ-PDT 70- 41PT185-18- MQ-SF70-DY
Technical Report No. 150832 855 Appendix I Petrographic Analysis
Table I-3. Ceramic Wet Mount Analysis, BLM Landis Property
Munsell Exterior Interior Exterior Paste Surface Surface Paste Thickness Surface Particle Particle Particle Catalogue No. Color Color Color Texture (mm) Finish A1 B C coarse/ 7.5YR6/2 7.5YR4/2 minor very 41PT186- 7.5YR5/2 medium pinkish dark coarse 5 smooth fine biotite #443-008-1 brown subangular gray brown mica quartz
medium to fine 5YR3/1 medium to 41PT185/C- 5YR5/1 5YR4/1 angular very dark medium 4 grainy fine #850-008-1 gray dark gray and gray feldspar subangular quartz
5YR6/3 coarse to 2.5YR4/4 5YR6/2 coarse to flaky 41PT185/C- light platy, or medium reddish pinkish 3 smooth medium strands of #915-008-1 reddish medium subangular 2 brown gray feldspar carbonate brown quartz
1 Particles presented in order of abundance 2 Probably caliche formed along plates of matrix. See text.
856 Technical Report No. 150832 APPENDIX J
INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF CLAYS AND CERAMICS FROM THE TEXAS PANHANDLE This page intentionally left blank. INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF CLAYS AND CERAMICS FROM THE TEXAS PANHANDLE
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Jeffrey R. Ferguson, Ph.D. and Michael D. Glascock, Ph.D. Archaeometry Laboratory, Research Reactor Center University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211 This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
J.1 INTRODUCTION long irradiations. Individual sample weights were recorded to the nearest 0.01 mg using This report describes the preparation, an analytical balance. Both vials were analysis, and interpretation of six pottery sealed prior to irradiation. Along with the samples and nine clay samples from the unknown samples, Standards made from Texas panhandle. Five of the pottery National Institute of Standards and samples and all of the clay samples were Technology (NIST) certified standard submitted for analysis in 2008. An reference materials of SRM-1633a (coal fly additional pottery sample (#443-008-1 ash) and SRM-688 (basalt rock) were [TRC527]) was submitted for analysis in similarly prepared, as were quality control 2009. Consequently, this report first samples (e.g., standards treated as discusses those samples submitted in 2008. unknowns) of SRM-278 (obsidian rock) and Discussion of the single sample submitted in Ohio Red Clay (a standard developed for in- 2009 follows. The primary goal of this house applications). research is to determine if the pottery might have been made using any of the local clay J.1.2 IRRADIATION AND GAMMA-RAY sources included in this analysis. The SPECTROSCOPY samples are also compared to a recent study of ceramics from the Antelope Creek area Neutron activation analysis of ceramics at (Meier 2007). MURR, which consists of two irradiations and a total of three gamma counts, J.1.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION constitutes a superset of the procedures used at most other INAA laboratories (Glascock Pottery samples were prepared for 1992; Neff 1992, 2000). As discussed in Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis detail by Glascock (1992), a short irradiation (INAA) using procedures standard at is carried out through the pneumatic tube University of Missouri Research Reactor irradiation system. Samples in the polyvials (MURR). Fragments of about 1 cm2 were are sequentially irradiated, two at a time, for removed from each sample and abraded five seconds by a neutron flux of 8 x 1013 n using a silicon carbide burr in order to cm-2 s-1. The 720-second count yields remove glaze, slip, paint, and adhering soil, gamma spectra containing peaks for nine thereby reducing the risk of measuring short-lived elements aluminum (Al), barium contamination. The samples were washed in (Ba), calcium (Ca), dysprosium (Dy), deionized water and allowed to dry in the potassium (K), manganese (Mn), sodium laboratory. Once dry, the individual sherds (Na), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V). The were ground to powder in an agate mortar to samples are encapsulated in quartz vials and homogenize the samples. Archival samples are subjected to a 24–hour irradiation at a were retained from each sherd (when neutron flux of 5 x 1013 n cm-2 s-1. This long possible) for future research. Clay samples irradiation is analogous to the single were prepared in a similar manner, except irradiation utilized at most other the samples were fired in a ceramic kiln to laboratories. After the long irradiation, approximately 700 degrees centigrade and samples decay for seven days, and then are were not burred or washed prior to grinding. counted for 1,800 seconds (the "middle count") on a high-resolution germanium Two analytical samples were prepared from detector coupled to an automatic sample each specimen. Portions of approximately changer. The middle count yields 150 mg of powder were weighed into clean determinations of seven medium half-life high-density polyethylene vials used for elements, namely arsenic (As), lanthanum short irradiations at MURR. At the same (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), time, 200 mg of each sample was weighed samarium (Sm), uranium (U), and ytterbium into clean high-purity quartz vials used for (Yb). After an additional three- or four-
Technical Report No. 150832 861 Appendix J Neutron Analysis week decay, a final count of 8,500 seconds logarithms also yields a more normal is carried out on each sample. The latter distribution for many trace elements. measurement yields the following 17 long half-life elements: cerium (Ce), cobalt (Co), The interpretation of compositional data chromium (Cr), cesium (Cs), europium (Eu), obtained from the analysis of archaeological iron (Fe), hafnium (Hf), nickel (Ni), materials is discussed in detail elsewhere rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), scandium (e.g., Baxter and Buck 2000; Bieber et al. (Sc), strontium (Sr), tantalum (Ta), terbium 1976; Bishop and Neff 1989; Glascock (Tb), thorium (Th), zinc (Zn), and zirconium 1992; Harbottle 1976; Neff 2000) and will (Zr). only be summarized here. The main goal of data analysis is usually to identify distinct The element concentration data from the homogeneous groups within the analytical three measurements are tabulated in parts database. Based on the provenance per million using the Microsoft® Office postulate of Weigand et al. (1977), different Excel spreadsheet program. Descriptive chemical groups may be assumed to data for the archaeological samples were represent geographically restricted sources. appended to the concentration spreadsheet. For lithic materials such as obsidian, basalt, The data are also stored in a dBase/FoxPro and cryptocrystalline silicates (e.g., chert, database file useful for organizing, sorting, flint, or jasper), raw material samples are and extracting sample information. The frequently collected from known outcrops or elemental concentrations are included as secondary deposits and the compositional Appendix J-1. data obtained on the samples is used to define the source localities or boundaries. J.2 INTERPRETING CHEMICAL The locations of sources can also be inferred DATA by comparing unknown specimens (i.e., ceramic artifacts) to knowns (i.e., clay The analyses at MURR described previously samples) or by indirect methods such as the produced elemental concentration values for “criterion of abundance” (Bishop et al. 33 elements in most of the analyzed 1992) or by arguments based on geological samples. Nickel (Ni) was below detection and sedimentological characteristics (e.g., limits in half of the samples and was thus Steponaitis et al. 1996). The ubiquity of dropped from the analysis. Calcium (Ca) ceramic raw materials usually makes it levels were generally between 1 and 12 impossible to sample all potential “sources” percent, thus requiring a mathematical intensively enough to create groups of adjustment to account for the high calcium knowns to which unknowns can be levels. The comparative data (Meier 2007) compared. Lithic sources tend to be more also used a calcium adjustment. Further localized and compositionally homogeneous information on calcium correction can be in the case of obsidian or compositionally found here: Cogswell et al. 1998:64; heterogeneous as is the case for most cherts. Steponaitis et al. 1988. Compositional groups can be viewed as Statistical analysis was carried out on base- “centers of mass” in the compositional 10 logarithms of concentrations of the 31 hyperspace described by the measured elements, following the deletion of Ni and elemental data. Groups are characterized by Ca. Use of log concentrations rather than the locations of their centroids and the raw data compensates for differences in unique relationships (i.e., correlations) magnitude between the major elements, such between the elements. Decisions about as iron, on one hand and trace elements, whether to assign a specimen to a particular such as the rare earth or lanthanide elements compositional group are based on the overall (REEs). Transformation to base-10 probability that the measured concentrations
862 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management for the specimen could have been obtained should be detectable as distinct areas of high from that group. point density on plots of the first few components. Initial hypotheses about source-related subgroups in the compositional data can be It is well known that PCA of chemical data derived from non-compositional information is scale dependent (Mardia et al. 1979), and (e.g., archaeological context, decorative analyses tend to be dominated by those attributes, etc.) or from application of elements or isotopes for which the various pattern-recognition techniques to the concentrations are relatively large. As a multivariate chemical data. Some of the result, standardization methods are common pattern recognition techniques that have to most statistical packages. A common been used to investigate archaeological data approach it to transform the data into sets are cluster analysis (CA), principal logarithms (e.g., base 10). As an initial step components analysis (PCA), and in the PCA of most chemical data at MURR, discriminant analysis (DA). Each of the the data are transformed into log techniques has its own advantages and concentrations to equalize the differences in disadvantages which may depend upon the variance between the major elements such as types and quantity of data available for Al, Ca and Fe, on one hand and trace interpretation. elements, such as the rare-earth elements (REEs), on the other hand. An additional The variables (measured elements) in advantage of the transformation is that it archaeological and geological data sets are appears to produce more nearly normal often correlated and frequently large in distributions for the trace elements. number. This makes handling and interpreting patterns within the data difficult. One frequently exploited strength of PCA, Therefore, it is often useful to transform the discussed by Baxter (1992), Baxter and original variables into a smaller set of Buck (2000z), and Neff (1994, 2002), is that uncorrelated variables in order to make data it can be applied as a simultaneous R- and interpretation easier. Of the above- Q-mode technique, with both variables mentioned pattern recognition techniques, (elements) and objects (individual analyzed PCA is a technique that transforms the data samples) displayed on the same set of from the original correlated variables into principal component reference axes. A plot uncorrelated variables most easily. using the first two principal components as axes is usually the best possible two- PCA creates a new set of reference axes dimensional representation of the correlation arranged in decreasing order of variance or variance-covariance structure within the subsumed. The individual PCs are linear data set. Small angles between the vectors combinations of the original variables. The from the origin to variable coordinates data can be displayed on combinations of indicate strong positive correlation; angles at the new axes, just as they can be displayed 90 degrees indicate no correlation; and on the original elemental concentration axes. angles close to 180 degrees indicate strong PCA can be used in a pure pattern- negative correlation. Likewise, a plot of recognition mode, i.e., to search for sample coordinates on these same axes will subgroups in an undifferentiated data set, or be the best two-dimensional representation in a more evaluative mode, i.e., to assess the of Euclidean relations among the samples in coherence of hypothetical groups suggested log-concentration space (if the PCA was by other criteria. Generally, compositional based on the variance-covariance matrix) or differences between specimens can be standardized log-concentration space (if the expected to be larger for specimens in PCA was based on the correlation matrix). different groups than for specimens in the Displaying both objects and variables on the same group, and this implies that groups same plot makes it possible to observe the
Technical Report No. 150832 863 Appendix J Neutron Analysis contributions of specific elements to group dramatically depending upon whether or not separation and to the distinctive shapes of each specimen is assumed to be a member of the various groups. Such a plot is the group to which it is being compared. commonly referred to as a “biplot” in Harbottle (1976) calls this phenomenon reference to the simultaneous plotting of “stretchability” in reference to the tendency objects and variables. The variable inter- of an included specimen to stretch the group relationships inferred from a biplot can be in the direction of its own location in verified directly by inspecting bivariate elemental concentration space. This elemental concentration plots. [Note that a problem can be circumvented by cross- bivariate plot of elemental concentrations is validation, that is, by removing each not a biplot.] specimen from its presumed group before calculating its own probability of Whether a group can be discriminated easily membership (Baxter 1994; Leese and Main from other groups can be evaluated visually 1994). This is a conservative approach to in two dimensions or statistically in multiple group evaluation that may sometimes dimensions. A metric known as the exclude true group members. Mahalanobis distance (or generalized distance) makes it possible to describe the Small sample and group sizes place further separation between groups or between constraints on the use of Mahalanobis individual samples and groups on multiple distance: with more elements than samples, dimensions. The Mahalanobis distance of a the group variance-covariance matrix is specimen from a group centroid (Bieber et singular thus rendering calculation of al. 1976, Bishop and Neff 1989) is defined 2 I x (and D itself) impossible. Therefore, by: the dimensionality of the groups must
2 t somehow be reduced. One approach would DyXIyXyX, [][] x be to eliminate elements considered irrelevant or redundant. The problem with where y is the 1 x m array of logged this approach is that the investigator’s elemental concentrations for the specimen of preconceptions about which elements should interest, X is the n x m data matrix of be discriminate may not be valid. It also logged concentrations for the group to which squanders the main advantage of the point is being compared with X being it multielement analysis, namely the capability to measure a large number of elements. An 1 x m centroid, and I is the inverse of the x alternative approach is to calculate m x m variance-covariance matrix of group Mahalanobis distances with the scores on X. Because Mahalanobis distance takes into principal components extracted from the account variances and covariances in the variance-covariance or correlation matrix for multivariate group it is analogous to the complete data set. This approach entails expressing distance from a univariate mean only the assumption, entirely reasonable in in standard deviation units. Like standard light of the above discussion of PCA, that deviation units, Mahalanobis distances can most group-separating differences should be be converted into probabilities of group visible on the first several PCs. Unless a membership for individual specimens. For data set is extremely complex, containing relatively small sample sizes, it is numerous distinct groups, using enough appropriate to base probabilities on components to subsume at least 90% of the Hotelling’s T 2 , which is the multivariate total variance in the data can be generally extension of the univariate Student’s t. assumed to yield Mahalanobis distances that approximate Mahalanobis distances in full When group sizes are small, Mahalanobis elemental concentration space. distance-based probabilities can fluctuate
864 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Lastly, Mahalanobis distance calculations containing 14 samples (5 pottery and 9 clay) are also quite useful for handling missing received in 2008, and one containing a data (Sayre 1975). When many specimens single sample received in 2009. Results for are analyzed for a large number of elements, the two separate analyses are presented in it is almost certain that a few element this order. concentrations will be missed for some of the specimens. This occurs most frequently 2008 Analysis when the concentration for an element is near the detection limit. Rather than The primary questions addressed here are: 1) eliminate the specimen or the element from How similar are the ceramics, and do they consideration, it is possible to substitute a match any of the clay samples? 2) Are there missing value by replacing it with a value any matches with other samples in the that minimizes the Mahalanobis distance for MURR database? 3) Are there similarities the specimen from the group centroid. between the samples in this study and those Thus, those few specimens which are analyzed by Meier (2007)? Table J-1 lists missing a single concentration value can still the descriptive data for the samples. Table be used in group calculations. J-2 provides the eigenvalues and variances for the first ten principal components. J.3 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
As discussed earlier, the samples in this analysis were submitted in two batches: one
Table J-1. Descriptive Information.
Analytical Alternate ID Material Site Name Site # No. No. Type TRC379 #18-004-1a Clay Pipeline 41PT185 Big Blue TRC 380 #20-004-1a Clay N/A Creek TRC 381 #263-004-2c Clay Pipeline 41PT185/C Wildcat TRC382 #13-004-1a Clay N/A Bluff N.C. Clay and Big Blue TRC383 #1-a N/A sand Creek Pot Redware TRC429 #401-008-1 Pavilion 41PT245 sherd TRC430 #340-008-1 Plain sherd Pavilion 41PT245 Corrugated TRC431 #343-008-1a Corral 41PT186 sherd Cordmarked TRC432 #FS 68.1 Corral 41PT186 sherd TRC433 #341-008-3 Plain sherd Pavilion 41PT245 TRC434 #341-004-1b Silty clay Corral 41PT186 TRC435 #5-004-1 Sandy loam Off-site — TRC436 #419-004-2c Clay Pavilion 41PT245 TRC437 #12-004-1 Clay Off-site — TRC527 #443-8-1 Sherd 41PT186
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Table J-2. Eigenvalues and Variances for the First Ten Principal Components.
Simultaneous R-Q Factor Analysis Based on Variance-Covariance Matrix
Eigenvalues and Percentage of Variance Explained: Eigenvalue %Variance Cum. %Var. 1 0.2470 41.4723 41.4723 2 0.0884 14.8494 56.3216 3 0.0610 10.2405 66.5622 4 0.0436 7.3208 73.8830 5 0.0389 6.5274 80.4104 6 0.0322 5.4046 85.8150 7 0.0253 4.2434 90.0583 8 0.0141 2.3633 92.4216 9 0.0111 1.8559 94.2776 10 0.0063 1.0509 95.3285
Eigenvectors (largest to smallest):
As 0.0791 0.1699 0.2739 0.2563 0.1378 0.5640 0.0197 0.4238 -0.3170 0.3746 La 0.1650 0.0061 -0.0185 0.0603 -0.0371 -0.0434 -0.1631 -0.0388 -0.0669 0.1083 Lu 0.1818 -0.0293 0.0195 0.0495 -0.0523 -0.1547 -0.1532 0.1143 -0.0427 -0.0555 Nd 0.1755 0.0424 -0.0016 0.0855 -0.0006 -0.0607 -0.1580 -0.0799 0.0246 0.2283 Sm 0.1822 -0.0238 -0.0081 0.0811 -0.0336 -0.0767 -0.1876 -0.0163 0.0799 0.0854 U 0.1098 -0.0899 0.3207 0.3141 -0.4405 0.2540 0.0089 0.0337 0.4257 -0.2806 Yb 0.1890 -0.0453 0.0153 0.0566 0.0099 -0.1690 -0.1813 0.0956 -0.0709 -0.0584 Ce 0.1886 -0.0163 -0.0286 0.0481 0.0188 -0.0614 -0.1643 0.0044 -0.0643 0.0798 Co 0.2127 -0.0006 0.1288 -0.2649 0.1325 0.2031 0.1771 -0.0802 0.4184 0.3582 Cr 0.2298 0.0543 -0.1077 -0.2307 0.0351 0.1477 0.0575 -0.0637 0.2095 -0.0134 Cs 0.2777 0.0166 -0.0680 -0.1742 -0.0029 0.1848 0.2002 -0.0906 -0.1589 -0.4031 Eu 0.1474 -0.0008 -0.0443 0.0569 -0.0202 -0.0621 -0.1601 -0.0994 0.0629 0.1240 Fe 0.2161 0.1255 -0.0294 -0.1528 0.0971 0.0273 0.0160 -0.1227 0.0611 0.0839 Hf 0.0816 -0.0797 0.0905 0.1346 0.1502 -0.0535 -0.1943 0.1217 0.1974 -0.0830 Rb 0.2275 -0.0759 0.1045 -0.1500 -0.0013 -0.1349 0.2635 -0.0136 -0.0730 -0.0611 Sb 0.2239 0.3417 -0.3418 0.6275 0.2154 -0.1398 0.4685 -0.0893 0.0832 -0.0453 Sc 0.2444 0.0520 -0.0899 -0.1885 -0.0046 0.0763 0.0363 -0.0871 0.0937 0.0806 Sr -0.0582 0.2790 0.1531 0.1112 -0.4733 0.1075 -0.0530 -0.6058 -0.1348 0.1660 Ta 0.2269 -0.0193 -0.0489 -0.0245 0.0271 0.0378 -0.1459 0.1225 -0.0499 -0.1175 Tb 0.1908 -0.0411 -0.0047 0.1090 0.0019 -0.1772 -0.2205 -0.0255 -0.0338 0.1306 Th 0.1954 0.0169 -0.0335 -0.0320 -0.0164 0.0186 -0.0649 0.0329 -0.1065 -0.0667 Zn 0.1866 0.0548 -0.0646 0.0624 -0.1914 -0.0192 -0.1491 -0.0661 -0.2050 0.0310 Zr 0.0612 -0.0615 0.1178 0.1768 0.0381 0.0411 -0.1363 0.0721 0.3653 -0.1231 Al 0.1902 0.0039 -0.0251 -0.1085 -0.0405 0.0315 0.0287 0.0349 -0.1132 -0.0352 Ba -0.0565 0.7700 0.3498 -0.2212 -0.0345 -0.3320 -0.0359 0.2634 0.1093 -0.1181 Dy 0.1933 -0.0173 -0.0359 0.0385 -0.0726 -0.1415 -0.1992 0.1293 -0.0255 -0.0588 K 0.1911 -0.0882 0.1606 -0.0718 -0.0916 -0.2324 0.1808 -0.0146 -0.0728 0.3369 Mn 0.0452 0.0576 0.3882 0.0576 0.6064 0.1196 -0.2398 -0.4712 -0.1031 -0.2458 Na 0.1505 -0.3204 0.5365 0.0827 -0.0300 -0.2849 0.3877 0.0084 -0.1850 -0.0404 Ti 0.1718 0.0335 -0.0612 -0.1113 -0.0294 0.0987 0.0261 0.0666 0.1571 -0.0169 V 0.1970 0.1087 -0.0573 -0.0950 -0.1860 0.2532 0.0034 0.0857 -0.2739 -0.3016
866 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
J.3.1 COMPARISON OF POTTERY AND The only element consistently different CLAY SAMPLES: between the clays and the sherds is barium, in which the clays are slightly lower in The small number of ceramic samples (N = barium concentration. Figure J-1 is a typical 5) makes the determination of internal bivariate plot of these data showing the compositional groups impractical and the general similarity between the clays and the comparison to local clays difficult. The sherds. The clays tend to be more variable, clays are generally similar to the sherds. but not excessively so.
Figure J-1. Bivariate of Log Base-10 Concentrations of Chromium and Cerium Showing the Similarity Between the Pottery and Clay Samples.
A hierarchical cluster diagram (Figure J-2) plainware sherds may suggest that these divides the samples into three main groups. vessels were not manufactured from the One of the groups consists of only two local clays included in this analysis. There samples: both of the plain sherds from the is a distinct possibility that the clays may Pavilion site. The other two groups consist have been tempered with aplastics that are of both pottery and clay samples. A limiting the ability to link specific clay hierarchical cluster analysis of such a small deposits with particular sherds. The two number of samples is not a particularly Triassic clays may be slightly different (both robust technique, thus we refrain from at the bottom of the cluster diagram), but the developing compositional groups based on differences are slight. this analysis, but the separation of the two
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Figure J-2. Hierarchical Cluster Diagram of the TRC Samples. The Major Groups are Noted by the Numbers 1-3, but These do not Represent True Compositional Groups.
J.3.2 COMPARISON WITH THE MURR groups using bivariate plots, and are still DATABASE: overlapping when using principal components. Figure J-3 is a bivariate A Euclidian distance search of the entire elemental plot of Meier’s samples and the MURR ceramic database turned up only one TRC samples. None of the TRC samples possible match with the samples in this consistently plot within the ellipse for any of study. The only potentially similar samples the compositional groups. were those analyzed for Holly Meier in 2007 and reported in her Master’s thesis from Texas State University, San Marcos (Meier 2007) and are discussed below.
J.3.3 COMPARISON WITH MEIER DATA: Meier conducted her own interpretation of the data, following initial training at MURR, and her compositional groups are similar to those initially developed while working directly with MURR staff. The samples did not easily separate into compositional
868 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure J-3. Bivariate of Log Base-10 Concentrations of Chromium and Cerium showing the General Similarity Between the TRC Samples and those Analyzed by Holly Meier. Ellipses Represent 90% Confidence Intervals for Group Membership.
Ideally we would like to project the new discriminant analysis (CDA). CDA is samples against the groups developed by similar to PCA in that is creates a new set of Meier. One of the best measures of group variables to maximize variance, but while membership is the Mahalanobis distance PCA maximizes the total variance in the calculation, but this requires a minimum entire dataset, CDA creates variables that sample size of one more than the number of maximize the distance between established elements measured (in this project we groups. This is entirely dependent upon the included 31 elements in the analysis). The integrity of the initial grouping. CDA best way to calculate Mahalanobis distances creates a number of variables equal to one in cases where the sample sizes are small is less than the number of groups, in this case to use as large of a subset of the principal there are 4 variables. Each of the groups components as possible (again, one less than contains enough samples to use all of the the samples size). Unfortunately, principal CDA variables in the Mahalanobis distance components were not helpful in calculations. Figure J-4 is a plot of the discriminating the groups developed by Meier groups and the TRC samples Meier, and instead we use canonical according to the first two CD functions.
Technical Report No. 150832 863 Appendix J Neutron Analysis
Figure J-4. Bivariate of Canonical Discriminant Functions 1 and 2 Showing the General Similarity between the TRC Samples and those Analyzed by Holly Meier. Ellipses Represent 90% Confidence Intervals for Group Membership.
Assuming that the groups developed by Table J-3 shows that CDA successfully Meier are sound, it is possible to calculate isolated the compositional groups, and thus the probability of group membership using a it is possible to project the TRC samples Mahalanobis distance calculation based on against these groups to determine any the four CDA variables. Table J-3 is a list possible matches. Table J-4 is a list of the of these probabilities for each of the probabilities of group membership for each assigned samples in Meier’s database. of the TRC samples.
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Table J-3. Probability of Group Membership Based on a Mahalanobis Distance Calculation using the Four CDA Functions.
MAHALANOBIS DISTANCE CALCULATION AND POSTERIOR CLASSIFICATION FOR TWO OR MORE GROUPS. Groups are: 1 CDG1 2 CDG2 3 CDG3 4 CDG4 5 CDG5
Variables used: CD01 CD02 CD03 CD04 Probabilities are jackknifed for specimens included in each group. The following specimens are in the file CDG1 Probabilities: ID. NO. CDG1 CDG2 CDG3 CDG4 CDG5 From: Into: HAM001 33.546 0.037 0.028 0.000 0.000 1 1 HAM015 5.479 0.109 0.141 0.000 0.000 1 1 HAM022 12.721 0.767 0.206 0.000 0.000 1 1 HAM023 97.922 0.060 0.077 0.000 0.000 1 1 HAM024 95.854 0.061 0.226 0.000 0.000 1 1 HAM025 50.295 0.033 0.173 0.000 0.000 1 1 HAM062 20.394 0.024 0.216 0.000 0.000 1 1
The following specimens are in the file CDG2 Probabilities: ID. NO. CDG1 CDG2 CDG3 CDG4 CDG5 From: Into: HAM002 1.265 69.888 0.318 0.000 0.210 2 2 HAM003 1.097 85.664 0.456 0.001 0.468 2 2 HAM006 1.374 65.829 0.253 0.000 0.501 2 2 HAM008 1.335 94.407 0.225 0.000 0.191 2 2 HAM010 3.141 11.239 0.140 0.000 0.026 2 2 HAM012 1.430 55.382 0.291 0.000 0.183 2 2 HAM016 1.159 34.774 0.265 0.000 0.900 2 2 HAM019 1.356 43.548 0.270 0.000 0.074 2 2 HAM035 2.436 12.328 0.322 0.000 0.019 2 2 HAM039 0.742 3.464 1.094 0.008 3.022 2 2 HAM058 2.224 73.961 0.618 0.000 0.213 2 2 HAM060 1.217 99.549 0.276 0.000 0.365 2 2 HAM065 1.173 56.963 0.160 0.000 0.105 2 2 HAM066 3.388 69.030 0.403 0.000 0.062 2 2 HAM067 1.454 62.662 0.173 0.000 0.106 2 2 HAM074 0.387 0.872 0.198 0.019 7.007 2 5
The following specimens are in the file CDG3 Probabilities: ID. NO. CDG1 CDG2 CDG3 CDG4 CDG5 From: Into: HAM029 1.914 0.002 3.402 0.000 0.000 3 3 HAM031 1.518 0.002 84.332 0.000 0.000 3 3 HAM032 1.892 0.002 70.485 0.000 0.000 3 3 HAM036 1.056 0.002 1.720 0.000 0.000 3 3
867 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
HAM037 1.027 0.000 15.975 0.000 0.000 3 3 HAM038 1.865 0.003 93.792 0.000 0.000 3 3 HAM040 1.585 0.007 74.141 0.000 0.001 3 3 HAM044 1.818 0.004 90.294 0.000 0.000 3 3 HAM046 2.900 0.009 27.611 0.000 0.000 3 3
The following specimens are in the file CDG4 Probabilities: ID. NO. CDG1 CDG2 CDG3 CDG4 CDG5 From: Into: HAM004 0.032 0.000 0.005 4.013 0.000 4 4 HAM007 0.039 0.000 0.010 87.275 0.000 4 4 HAM009 0.058 0.000 0.013 42.993 0.000 4 4 HAM017 0.041 0.000 0.014 95.865 0.000 4 4 HAM026 0.039 0.000 0.010 15.604 0.000 4 4 HAM028 0.045 0.000 0.008 64.203 0.000 4 4 HAM042 0.036 0.000 0.017 27.874 0.000 4 4 HAM051 0.034 0.000 0.005 29.014 0.000 4 4 HAM052 0.045 0.000 0.012 96.839 0.000 4 4 HAM053 0.064 0.001 0.024 7.532 0.001 4 4 HAM054 0.056 0.001 0.038 63.285 0.007 4 4 HAM056 0.044 0.000 0.030 35.343 0.001 4 4 HAM063 0.049 0.000 0.020 86.505 0.001 4 4 HAM064 0.051 0.001 0.023 47.703 0.003 4 4 HAM068 0.049 0.000 0.020 73.928 0.000 4 4 HAM070 0.027 0.000 0.008 15.623 0.000 4 4 HAM071 0.053 0.001 0.027 50.950 0.015 4 4
The following specimens are in the file CDG5 Probabilities: ID. NO. CDG1 CDG2 CDG3 CDG4 CDG5 From: Into: HAM005 0.096 0.022 0.093 0.200 27.599 5 5 HAM013 0.080 0.020 0.077 1.577 78.763 5 5 HAM018 0.206 0.751 0.462 0.210 10.593 5 5 HAM020 0.266 5.926 0.307 0.203 34.388 5 5 HAM021 0.162 0.640 0.079 0.165 28.371 5 5 HAM027 0.108 0.073 0.065 0.605 24.224 5 5 HAM030 0.094 0.041 0.066 0.488 34.998 5 5 HAM033 0.114 0.112 0.226 0.548 76.475 5 5 HAM034 0.107 0.104 0.079 1.828 32.096 5 5 HAM041 0.113 0.073 0.381 0.284 0.681 5 5 HAM043 0.124 0.229 0.098 1.518 78.777 5 5 HAM045 0.066 0.005 0.077 0.135 21.828 5 5 HAM047 0.086 0.028 0.109 1.683 50.533 5 5 HAM048 0.126 0.214 0.116 1.531 96.687 5 5 HAM049 0.085 0.021 0.108 0.151 70.769 5 5 HAM050 0.164 0.651 0.221 1.372 66.312 5 5 HAM057 0.093 0.056 0.102 3.590 68.190 5 5 HAM061 0.180 1.225 0.172 0.844 60.585 5 5 HAM069 0.226 3.446 0.265 0.297 62.024 5 5 HAM073 0.101 0.066 0.088 3.946 74.823 5 5
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Summary of Classification Success: Into: From: CDG1 CDG2 CDG3 CDG4 CDG5 Total CDG1 7 0 0 0 0 7 CDG2 0 15 0 0 1 16 CDG3 0 0 9 0 0 9 CDG4 0 0 0 17 0 17 CDG5 0 0 0 0 20 20 Total 7 15 9 17 21 69
Table J-4. Probability of Group Membership for Each of the TRC Samples Based on a Mahalanobis Distance Projection using the Four CDA Functions. Possible Matches are Shown in Bold Font.
MAHALANOBIS DISTANCE CALCULATION FOR MISCELLANEOUS SPECIMENS PROJECTED AGAINST TWO OR MORE GROUPS.
Reference groups and numbers of specimens: 1 CDG1 7 2 CDG2 16 3 CDG3 9 4 CDG4 17 5 CDG5 20
Variables used: CD01 CD02 CD03 CD04
The following specimens are in the file CDTRC Probabilities: ID. NO. CDG1 CDG2 CDG3 CDG4 CDG5 TRC379 0.484 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 TRC380 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 TRC381 0.334 8.125 0.095 0.002 5.279 TRC382 0.929 0.013 24.827 0.001 0.006 TRC383 0.005 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 TRC429 0.126 0.000 0.005 0.003 0.000 TRC430 0.015 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 TRC431 0.026 0.000 0.003 4.682 0.000 TRC432 9.875 0.049 0.117 0.000 0.000 TRC433 0.016 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 TRC434 0.321 8.435 0.156 0.007 14.303 TRC435 3.932 0.096 0.046 0.000 0.000 TRC436 0.496 0.208 0.027 0.000 0.002 TRC437 0.662 0.937 0.025 0.000 0.007
J.4 2009 ANALYSIS
We have compared the compositional data the data are calcium corrected and compared for the single ceramic sherd (TRC527) to the to the groups developed by Meier. Meier’s MURR database using a Euclidian distance groups separate well using a canonical calculation and, as expected, the only close discriminant analysis, and a plot of matches were other samples from Potter discriminant variables 1 and 2 (Figure J-5) County including those submitted by Holly along with a Mahalanobis distance Meier (2007). As with the previous analysis projection (Table J-5) show that
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Figure J-5. Bivariate Plot of Canonical Discriminant Functions 1 and 2 Showing the Similarity TRC527 and the Groups Developed by Holly Meier (2007). Ellipses Represent 90% Confidence Intervals for Group Membership.
Table J-5. Probability of Group Membership for TRC527 Based on a Mahalanobis Distance Projection using the Four CDA Functions. The Possible Match is Shown in Bold Font.
Probabilities: ID. NO. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 TRC527 0.058 0.000 0.009 1.421 0.000
this single sample is similar to Meier’s found that the sample falls within the 90% Group 4. Of the previously analyzed TRC confidence interval for group membership samples, the only one compositionally for all elements except hafnium and similar to TRC527 is TRC431, assigned to zirconium. The elevated levels of these two Meier’s Group 4. elements suggest a presence or increased amounts of zircons, likely contained in sand We have used elemental bivariate plots to temper. compare TCR to Meier’s Group 4, and
868 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
J.5 CONCLUSION BAR International Series S577, 141–148. Tempvs Reparatvm, While there are some possible matches Archaeological and Historical between a few of the TRC samples and the Associates, Oxford. groups developed by Meier, we are hesitant to emphasize this connection. The groups 1994 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis created by Meier are not very distinct - in Archaeology. Edinburgh except in CDA plots – and may not University Press, Edinburgh. represent significant differences in production recipes. Rather than link the Baxter, M. J. and C. E. Buck TRC samples to specific groups, it is more 2000 Data Handling and Statistical prudent to simply note the similarity of the Analysis. In Modern Analytical TRC samples with those analyzed by Meier. Methods in Art and Archaeology, A hierarchical cluster diagram of the edited by E. Ciliberto and G. Spoto, combined datasets shows no distinct pp. 681-746. John Wiley and Sons, separation or grouping of the TRC samples within the Meier dataset. Perhaps a larger Bieber, Alan M. Jr., Dorothea W. Brooks, number of ceramic samples would help to Garman Harbottle, and Edward V. demonstrate internal compositional groups, Sayre particularly the separation of the two 1976 Application of multivariate plainware sherds. A larger sample of sherds techniques to analytical data on would also help to determine which Aegean ceramics. Archaeometry ceramics are likely locally made, an 18:59–74. impossible task with only five samples. Bishop, Ronald L. and Hector Neff Linking sherds to clay sources is typically a 1989 Compositional data analysis in difficult task, particularly when the temper archaeology. In Archaeological is not analyzed (and thus cannot be Chemistry IV, edited by R. O. Allen, mathematically combined with the clay for pp. 576–586. Advances in comparison) and the number of sherds is Chemistry Series 220, American small. The general similarity of the clays Chemical Society, Washington, and the sherds does not rule out the D.C. possibility that some of the clay sources sampled for analysis could have been used Bishop, Ronald L., Robert L. Rands, and to produce the sherds. George R. Holley 1992 Ceramic compositional analysis in J.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS archaeological perspective. In Advances in Archaeological Method We acknowledge Mark Beary and Corinne and Theory, vol. 5, pp. 275–330. Rosania for their role in preparing the Academic Press, New York. samples for irradiation. Glascock, Michael D. 1992 Characterization of archaeological J.7 REFERENCES CITED ceramics at MURR by neutron activation analysis and multivariate Baxter, Michael J. statistics. In Chemical 1992 Archaeological uses of the biplot—a Characterization of Ceramic Pastes neglected technique? In Computer in Archaeology, edited by H. Neff, Applications and Quantitative pp. 11–26. Prehistory Press, Methods in Archaeology, 1991, Madison, WI. edited by G. Lock and J. Moffett.
Technical Report No. 150832 869 Appendix J Neutron Analysis
Harbottle, Garman 1976 Activation analysis in archaeology. 2002 Quantitative techniques for Radiochemistry 3:33–72. The analyzing ceramic compositional Chemical Society, London. data. In Ceramic Source Determination in the Greater Leese, Morven N. and Peter L. Main Southwest, edited by D. M. 1994 The efficient computation of Glowacki and H. Neff. Monograph unbiased Mahalanobis distances and 44, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, their interpretation in archaeometry. UCLA, Los Angeles. Archaeometry 36:307–316. Neff, Hector, Ronald L. Bishop, and Edward Lynott, Mark J., Hector Neff, James E. V. Sayre Price, James W. Cogswell, and 1988 A simulation approach to the Michael D. Glascock problem of tempering in 2000 Inferences about prehistoric compositional studies of ceramics and people in Southeast archaeological ceramics. Journal of Missouri: Results of ceramic Archaeological Science 15:159-172. compositional analysis. American Antiquity 65(1):103–126. Sayre, Edward V. 1975 Brookhaven Procedures for Meier, Holly A. Statistical Analyses of Multivariate 2007 An Evaluation of Antelope Creek Archaeometric Data. Brookhaven Phase Interaction using INAA. National Laboratory Report BNL- Master’s thesis, Department of 23128. New York. Anthropology, Texas State University-San Marcos. Steponaitis, Vincas, M. James Blackman, and Hector Neff Neff, Hector 1996 Large-scale compositional patterns 1992 Introduction. In Chemical in the chemical composition of Characterization of Ceramic Pastes Mississippian pottery. American in Archaeology, edited by H. Neff, Antiquity 61:555–572. pp. 1–10. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI. Weigand, Phil C., Garman Harbottle, and Edward V. Sayre 1994 RQ-mode principal components 1977 Turquoise sources and source analysis of ceramic compositional analysis: Mesoamerica and the data. Archaeometry 36:115–130. southwestern U.S.A. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by T. 2000 Neutron activation analysis for K. Earle and J. E. Ericson, pp. 15– provenance determination in 34. Academic Press, New York. archaeology. In Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, edited by E. Ciliberto and G. Spoto, pp. 81–134. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
870 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Attachment J-1. Elemental Concentration Listed in Parts Per Million (ppm).
anid As La Lu Nd Sm U Yb Ce Co Cr Cs TRC379 2.828 31.884 0.411 25.490 6.206 2.036 2.808 63.433 11.543 63.103 4.869 TRC380 2.993 54.432 0.580 37.691 9.103 4.178 4.620 116.759 8.106 90.690 4.207 TRC381 2.923 25.311 0.336 21.881 4.610 3.734 2.073 54.164 5.647 33.487 3.566 TRC382 7.361 37.892 0.414 32.776 7.368 2.219 2.979 77.604 15.036 139.285 6.908 TRC383 4.453 52.215 0.579 37.810 8.744 3.824 4.258 105.351 7.558 75.380 4.954 TRC429 4.320 38.532 0.529 32.890 7.458 3.571 3.588 78.244 10.205 67.317 7.547 TRC430 5.012 56.958 0.522 49.435 10.769 3.849 3.670 123.279 13.416 46.570 11.388 TRC431 4.694 41.881 0.489 33.408 7.562 4.815 3.218 88.907 11.432 54.482 3.998 TRC432 3.885 22.607 0.291 19.111 4.262 1.504 2.072 50.658 7.923 46.632 3.036 TRC433 4.119 60.347 0.526 49.654 11.289 3.498 4.205 127.415 15.695 49.661 12.526 TRC434 6.744 31.645 0.441 26.049 5.673 3.513 2.960 67.671 8.171 45.074 4.302 TRC435 3.635 20.928 0.254 19.061 3.590 2.034 1.753 42.371 4.953 26.644 2.659 TRC436 1.936 25.778 0.306 23.330 4.500 2.760 2.357 51.723 5.024 32.439 3.237 TRC437 12.024 23.938 0.421 22.842 4.826 7.356 2.158 51.988 5.402 32.968 3.142 TRC527 4.8945 36.9434 0.5221 36.8778 7.3893 4.2608 3.6354 69.6279 9.8144 50.7065 3.7633
anid Eu Fe Hf Ni Rb Sb Sc Sr Ta Tb Th TRC379 1.242 41627.1 8.080 0.000 103.479 1.200 12.188 118.865 1.039 0.860 11.140 TRC380 0.927 32604.4 7.371 0.000 100.635 0.591 9.812 340.138 2.796 1.474 21.005 TRC381 0.857 16332.5 6.425 0.000 66.852 0.541 6.113 341.884 0.812 0.601 7.958 TRC382 1.470 44416.1 5.778 43.642 129.729 0.794 14.093 159.549 1.151 1.062 11.599 TRC383 0.956 29121.4 7.372 32.670 98.226 0.649 9.606 346.600 2.570 1.340 19.733 TRC429 1.500 34066.1 7.602 46.025 90.414 0.699 14.062 177.238 1.405 1.110 11.851 TRC430 2.604 47000.2 7.673 28.750 105.048 0.535 16.692 111.946 1.697 1.560 11.883 TRC431 1.401 37173.2 7.413 43.779 88.141 0.671 13.669 177.322 1.269 0.922 12.406 TRC432 0.794 23086.7 6.237 2.306 75.184 0.737 7.632 127.988 0.779 0.593 7.897 TRC433 2.728 49039.1 8.750 0.000 114.007 0.561 17.550 101.636 1.567 1.583 12.457 TRC434 1.042 22298.3 11.148 28.951 85.972 0.696 7.278 231.144 1.017 0.776 10.258 TRC435 0.683 13478.4 7.286 0.000 66.633 0.442 4.346 0.000 0.726 0.590 6.396 TRC436 0.861 15817.2 7.417 0.000 64.027 0.478 5.374 177.773 0.689 0.605 7.417 TRC437 0.814 17841.9 8.541 0.000 67.620 0.630 5.726 192.162 0.782 0.587 7.881 TRC527 1.3895 29416.7 8.8968 22.38 102.27 0.5203 9.8983 211.76 0.9519 0.8992 10.7639
Technical Report No. 150832 871 Appendix J Neutron Analysis
anid Zn Zr Al Ba Ca Dy K Mn Na Ti V TRC379 82.475 198.087 75178.5 365.6 13944.0 5.478 23411.6 211.416 8219.6 4347.6 99.037 TRC380 70.083 155.586 95669.2 325.9 16213.8 8.758 19649.5 279.753 13504.2 2781.3 66.454 TRC381 49.519 179.903 43393.9 600.3 117053.3 3.204 13278.0 188.215 4779.3 2448.2 47.914 TRC382 86.324 147.016 74503.5 466.8 56482.1 6.085 26988.6 561.086 7777.7 4341.2 96.303 TRC383 70.416 166.816 91185.9 461.3 27249.1 7.589 19025.3 248.674 10109.0 3325.7 85.428 TRC429 50.229 198.687 84489.8 795.2 29075.3 6.675 17941.1 379.693 9062.7 4294.7 84.103 TRC430 107.774 198.596 92901.9 4656.9 11510.7 8.691 24663.3 535.534 8802.7 4489.7 88.562 TRC431 82.117 193.226 88470.8 1272.2 9786.8 6.432 20914.3 446.536 6271.1 3567.7 88.379 TRC432 40.098 130.047 53694.4 2322.2 20417.8 3.432 18223.0 288.366 3723.7 2742.7 56.616 TRC433 114.829 227.814 97711.4 5234.3 9326.3 8.936 21345.6 605.764 7826.5 4459.8 92.470 TRC434 62.939 289.392 54825.0 649.1 31622.1 4.382 17265.1 409.308 7882.5 3167.9 61.798 TRC435 32.939 180.602 35431.1 486.1 19421.9 2.950 14619.7 268.104 4797.4 1742.7 40.061 TRC436 46.989 197.014 38723.3 789.2 45555.8 2.909 13976.2 118.592 4459.5 2256.4 39.373 TRC437 47.238 251.547 39745.1 569.1 59877.3 3.145 14742.0 177.417 4627.8 2583.3 52.022 TRC527 73.34 222.80 63732.1 1305.9 36908.4 5.7253 23574.0 268.45 8523.8 3357.6 74.71
872 Technical Report No. 150832 APPENDIX K
RADIOCARBON ASSAYS This page intentionally left blank. RADIOCARBON ASSAYS
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Darden Hood Beta Analytic 4985 SW74 Court Miami, Florida 33155
September 25, 2009 This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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878 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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880 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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882 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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884 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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886 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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888 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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890 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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892 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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894 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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896 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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898 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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900 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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902 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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904 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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906 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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908 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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910 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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912 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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914 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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916 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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918 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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920 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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922 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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924 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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926 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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928 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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930 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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932 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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934 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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936 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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938 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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940 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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942 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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944 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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946 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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948 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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950 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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952 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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954 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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956 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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958 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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960 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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962 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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964 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF STONE TOOLS FROM BLM PROJECT - LANDIS PROPERTY IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE (SITES 41PT186 AND 185/C) This page intentionally left blank. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF STONE TOOLS FROM BLM PROJECT - LANDIS PROPERTY IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE (SITES 41PT186 AND 185/C)
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TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
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Bruce L. Hardy, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology Kenyon College Gambier, OH 43022 This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
L.1 INTRODUCTION identification of the use-material (wood, bone, hide, etc.) based on the formation of different The Landis Property is situated in the Texas characteristic micropolishes. However, further panhandle near Amarillo Texas. A sample of experimental work in the late 1980s suggested 42 stone tools from two sites was targeted for that these polishes were not distinct and were residue and use-wear analyses (Table L-1). influenced by hardness of the material, silica Site 41PT185/C (Pipeline site, Locus C) content of the tool and the material, duration of represents a Late Archaic component use, and amount of water present (Fullagar radiocarbon dated between ca. 1600 and 2400 1991). A combination of these two techniques B.P. The second site, 41PT186 (Corral site), is is used here, with a conservative interpretation a Protohistoric occupation radiocarbon dated to of polishes to two broad categories, hard/high 200 to 300 B.P. silica material (HHS) and soft materials (see below). L.1.1 SAMPLE FROM 41PT185/C In the process of cleaning artifacts for use- This Late Archaic sample consisted of 31 wear analysis (often with hydrochloric acid or artifacts that included flakes, bifaces and sodium hydroxide), many analysts cited the biface fragments, end and side scrapers, importance of removing “organics” in order to projectile points and point bases, and two large better see the polishes (e.g. Keeley 1980). bifacial choppers (Table L-1). The projectile Observation of unwashed artifacts revealed the points comprise a corner-tang knife and a presence of use-related residues on the artifacts corner-notched point. None of the artifacts surface. Briuer (1976) and Shafer and had been washed prior to analysis, although Holloway (1979) represent early applications they had all been spot cleaned and labeled with of microscopic residue analysis to ink and fingernail polish. understanding stone tool function. Subsequent application of forensic identification L.1.2 SAMPLE FROM 41PT186 techniques has allowed the identification of The Protohistoric sample included 11 artifacts hair, feathers, blood, collagen, plant tissue, that consisted of flakes, end and side scrapers, wood, starch grains, phytoliths and other and scraper fragments. These artifacts were microscopic structures (see Lombard, 2005 for not washed, but had been spot cleaned and a recent review). labeled with ink and fingernail polish. By using a combination of use-wear and residue analysis, it is possible to arrive at a L.2 METHODS more complete understanding of a tool’s function as each method serves as a cross- Use-wear analysis gained popularity in the check for the other. 1970s and 1980s under two primary approaches: the low-power approach with The Landis Property samples were subjected to magnifications <100 diameters (e.g. Odell and microscopic use-wear and residue analysis Odell-Vereecken 1980) and the high-power using established protocols described in Hardy approach with magnifications up to 500 et al. 2008. diameters (e.g. Keeley 1980). The low-power approach focuses on edge damage, striations All artifacts were examined with an Olympus and edge rounding and is most useful at BH microscope under bright-field incident identifying use-actions and relative hardness of light at magnifications ranging from 100 to the use-material. The high-power approach 500 diameters. All wear patterns and residues was more specific, allowing the potential were photographed using a Nikon Coolpix 995
Technical Report No. 150832 971 Appendix L Use-Wear Analysis digital camera, and their location on the such as skin and meat. Hard/high-silica (HHS) surface was recorded on a line drawing of the polish is produced when processing soft plants artifact. Identifications of residues were made with high silica content, such as reeds and by comparison with published materials and a grasses, and wood, bone/antler, and tilling soil. comparative collection of experimental stone- The amount of time a tool was used, silica tool replicas (Brunner and Coman 1974; content of the processed material, and presence Catling and Grayson 1982; Beyries 1988; of water are all factors that can influence Anderson-Gerfaud 1990; Hoadley 1990; polish formation (Fullagar 1991; Hardy 2004). Fullagar 1991; Teerink 1991; Hather 1993; A combination of residue and use-wear Hardy 1994; Brom 1986; Kardulias and analysis can provide complementary and Yerkes 1996; Williamson 1996; Hardy and corroborative information, potentially Garufi 1998; Pearsall 2000; Haslam 2004; producing more accurate results than either Dove et al. 2005; Fullagar et al. 2006; Hardy technique used alone (Hardy 1998; Hardy and 2008). Residue recognition was the primary Kay 1998; Hardy et al. 2001; Rots and goal of the analysis; therefore, no special Williamson 2004; Hardy et al. 2008:651-2). procedures were conducted to clean the tools for the sake of rendering use-wear patterns In addition, artifacts that had sediment more visible. While this procedure may limit obscuring most of their surface were cleaned the use-wear information obtained, it serves to by briefly soaking in still water (still water maximize the residues observed (Hardy and immersion). This technique removes some of Garufi 1998; Hardy et al. 2001; Hardy 2004; the adhering sediment without mechanical Hardy 2008). Potentially identifiable residues abrasion that might lead to loss of residues and include plant (plant tissue, plant fibers, starchy alteration of use-wear patterns (Hardy et al. residue, epidermal cell tissue, wood, raphides, 2008). Artifacts were allowed to air dry before phytoliths, resin) and animal tissues (muscle analysis. tissue, collagen, fat, bone/antler, blood, hair, and feathers) (Hardy et al. 2001; Lombard One class of residues, starch grains, deserves 2004; Wadley et al. 2004). Distribution of further explanation. When viewed under residues and use-wear on the artifact surface cross-polarized light, starch grains exhibit were used to help demonstrate use-relatedness extinction cross, the arms of which rotate as and to identify use-action (Hardy and Garufi one of the polarizing filters is rotated (Figure 1998; Hardy et al. 2001; Lombard 2004). L-1). This extinction cross is visible under both reflected and transmitted light. Recent Use-wear patterns recorded included edge work by Haslam (2006) and Loy (2006), damage (microflake scars, edge rounding), however, demonstrates that there are several striations, and polishes. These were used to different particles which can exhibit extinction help identify use-action (Odell and Odell- cross, including faecal spherulites, crystalline Vereecken 1980; Mansur-Franchomme 1986). spherulites, and fungal spores such as conidia. Due to the potential overlap of polishes For small starch grains in particular, Haslam produced by different materials, use-wear recommends removal of the starch from the polishes were categorized as either ‘‘soft’’ or tool surface for observation under transmitted ‘‘hard/high silica’’ (e.g., Newcomer et al. light for confirmation of the presence of starch 1986, 1988; Moss 1987; Bamforth 1988; grains. This analysis is limited to in situ Hurcombe 1988; Bamforth et al. 1990; Grace observation of residues and the identification 1990; Fullagar 1991; Shea 1992). Soft polish of starch grains on tool surfaces should be often results from processing animal tissue
972 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure L-1. Close-up of Starch Grains on Corner-Tang Knife Under Cross-Polarized Light.
treated as possible or probable. One advantage L-2). Four artifacts appear to have been used of in situ analysis of residues is the spatial as projectiles and hafting was fairly common. information it provides about the distribution of the residue on the tool. It is also possible to L.3.1.1 Plants observe use-wear patterns and other co- occurring residues which can strengthen the A variety of different plant types were confidence of the starch identification. processed at 41PT185/C. Woody plant tissue Examples include the presence of polishes and associated with HHS polish on a variety of striae in direct association with the putative different tool types including edge-modified starch, the presence of raphides with the starch, flakes, bifaces, and a bifacial chopper. Wood or observation of starch grains within plant is potentially identifiable to species level tissue adhering to the tool surface. (Hoadley, 1990) if diagnostic anatomy is present. Although clearly identifiable as wood due to the presence of elongated rectangular L.3 RESULTS parallel sided cells, anatomy diagnostic to a more specific taxonomic level was not A visual summary of the evidence on all observed. The presence of a large bifacial artifacts (except for those illustrated chopper (Figure L-2) along with smaller individually below, Figures L-2 through L-6) bifaces and edge-modified flakes used to can be found at the end of the report (Figures process wood suggests that a range of L-7 through L-12). woodworking activities, from procurement to fine-scale whittling and scraping, took place at L.3.1 41PT185/C LATE ARCHAIC the site. Over three-fourths of the sample (27/31, 87%) showed evidence of use either through use- Non-woody plant material was also processed. wear or residues or both. The artifacts were The presence of numerous artifacts with starch used on a range of materials, including wood, grains, both loose and within plant cells, attest plant, starchy plant, hide and bone (see Table to the processing of starchy plants, most likely underground storage organs for food. Five of the 31 artifacts (16.1%) from the sample had
Technical Report No. 150832 973 Appendix L Use-Wear Analysis starchy remains, including side scrapers L.3.1.3 Hafting (Figure L-2), a hafted corner-tang knife (Figure L-4), and a bifacial chopper (Figure L- Eleven of the 31 (36%) tools show evidence of 5), and flakes (Figure L-6). Starch grains are hafting. Hafting traces include abraded ridges, identifiable under cross-polarized light by the striae, and polish which are confined to one presence of an extinction cross (Haslam 2005) portion of the tool. In general, hafting traces and are potentially identifiable to taxon. The are bilateral, suggesting a split or notched haft presence of large numbers of starch grains and as opposed to a juxtaposition haft. Wood and starch-bearing plant tissue strengthens the plant residues are observed in association with confidence of identification. Further wear patterns and in two cases (#588-010 and examination under transmitted light is #1104-010) resin is present and may have warranted to confirm the presence of starches served as mastic (Figures L-8 and L-9). and to attempt to identify specific plants. The Hafting appears to have facilitated the large bifacial chopper showed macroscopically processing of multiple materials (wood, visible residues that consisted of starch grains starchy plant, hide) as well as projectile use. that may have been modified (Figure L-5). Heating of starches in the presence of water L.3.2 41PT186, PROTOHISTORIC can cause changes to the extinction cross Ten of the eleven tools (90.9%) from the which are recognizable (Henry et al. 2009). Protohistoric occupation show evidence of use. Morphologically, these grains appear to have Activities represented include cutting and been altered, with the edges of the extinction scraping of plant, wood, and charred wood, as cross becoming less distinct and faded. well as the scraping of hide (Table L-3). Use Further work to confirm this identification is of tools on both plant and animal residues is warranted. common in this sample.
L.3.1.2 Animals A distinctive feature of the functional evidence Evidence related to animal procurement and from this site is the high frequency of raphides processing includes hair and bone fragments as (rhaphid phytoliths) found in association with well as impact fractures indicative of projectile plant remains and starch grains. The co- use. The corner-tang knife, for example, was occurrence of starch and raphides strengthens hafted and used to cut hide as well as starchy the confidence level of the starch plant (see Figure L-4). An end and side identification. Seven of eleven tools (63.6%) scraper shows both HHS and bone fragments have raphides on them. Figure L-6 shows an which suggest the scraping of bone. Overall, edge-modified flake with a typical pattern of animal residues are much less frequent than large numbers of raphides in association with plant residues. This may reflect a heavier starch grains and other tissues. Sobolik (1996) emphasis on plant processing or may be due to examined a sample of stone tools from the preferential survival of plant residues (Hardy Archaic site of Hinds Cave (41VV456) and et al. 2008). Furthermore, the use of tools on observed numerous artifacts with raphid multiple materials may obscure the wear and phytoliths, “long rod-shaped cells with pointed residue patterns of earlier uses. For example, ends” (p.463). The raphides observed by if a tool is used to scrape hide and Sobolik are similar to the ones observed here subsequently used to scrape wood, the latter and may derive from desert succulents such as activity may obscure or remove the traces of yucca, stool, and agave (Piperno 1988). As the former, particularly if the last material used with the Hinds Cave Archaic sample, these is hard or high silica. remains suggest that the inhabitants of 41PT186 were processing desert succulents with tools. Three of the six tools (50%) with
974 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management raphides and starch grains have hair fragments, analysis is conducted before another 15-years suggesting that they were used in animal passes. processing as well. The remaining tools with functional evidence were used for scraping L.5 REFERENCES CITED wood, charred wood, and other plants (See Figures L-11 and L-12 for a visual summary). Anderson-Gerfaud, P. 1990 Aspects of behavior in the Middle L.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Paleolithic: Functional analysis of stone tools from southwest France. In: Combined, the samples from 41PT185/C and The Emergence of Modern Humans: 41PT186 have 34 out of 41 (82.9%) with An Archaeological Perspective, edited functional evidence. This high rate of return by P. Mellars, pp. 389-418. Cornell demonstrates excellent preservation of residues University Press, Ithaca. at these sites. Animal remains are also present in the form of hair and bone fragments. The Bamforth, D. range of residues includes numerous categories 1988 Investigating microwear polishes with of plant remains: starch grains, wood, plant blind tests: The institute results in tissue, plant fibers, and raphides. These context. Journal of Archaeological remains point to an important plant processing Science 15:11-23. component to both assemblages. The presence of the raphides only in the Protohistoric sample Bamforth, D., G. Burns and C. Woodman is noteworthy as it underscores the integrity of 1990 Ambiguous use traces and blind test the residue analysis. Processing of desert results: New data. Journal of succulents is only seen in the later sample and Archaeological Science 17:413-430. may have been a major activity during the short occupation of this site. Beyries, S. 1988 Industries Lithiques: Traçeologie et The Late Archaic sample shows a wider range Technologie. British Archaeological of tool functions and a similarly broad range of Reports International Series, London. activities including both animal and plant processing. The frequency of starchy plant Brom, T. processing, points to the importance of plant 1986 Microscopic identification of feathers foods in the diet. Further analysis of the starch and feather fragments of palearctic assemblage may allow for more specific birds. Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde identification of these plants. With the notable 56:181-204. exception of Hinds Cave (Sobolik 1996) and the Varga site (Hardy 2008), Archaic stone Briuer, F. tool function is relatively poorly understood. 1976 New clues to stone tool function: plant In 1996, Sobolik wrote, following on work and animal residues. American published by Shafer and Holloway (1979) Antiquity 41(4):478-484. “This study confirms that organic residue analysis can contribute significantly to a study Brunner, H. and B. J. Coman of stone tool function and use, a fact that has 1974 The Identification of Mammalian Hair. been little heeded since the advent of such Inkata Press, Melbourne. analyses over 15 years ago” (1996:468). Almost 15-years after that publication, I would Catling, D., and J. Grayson. echo those words and hope that more residue 1982 Identification of Vegetable Fibers. Chapman and Hall, New York.
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Recherches Archéologiques de Dove, C.J., P. G. Hare, and M. Heacker l’Université de Liège. 2005 Identification of ancient feather fragments found in melting alpine ice 2004 Neanderthal behaviour and stone tool patches in southern Yukon. Arctic function at the Middle Paleolithic site 58:38-43. of La Quina, France. Antiquity 78:547-565. Fullagar, R. 1991 The role of silica in polish formation. 2008 Results of Microscopic use-wear and Journal of Archaeological Science Residue Analysis from the Varga Site 18:1-24. 41ED28, Texas. In The Varga Site: A Multicomponent, Stratified Campsite Fullagar, R., J. Field, T. Denham, and C. in the Canyonlands of Edwards Lentfer County, Texas, by J. M. Quigg, J. D. 2006 Early and mid Holocene tool-use and Owens, P. M. Matchen, G. D. Smith, processing of taro (Colocasia R. A. Ricklis, M. C. Cody, and C. D. esculenta), yam (Dioscorea sp.) and Frederick, Vol. II:777-819. TRC other plants at Kuk Swamp in the Environmental Corporation, TRC highlands of Papua New Guinea. Technical Report No. 35319, and Journal of Archaeological Science Texas Department of Transportation, 33:595-614. Archeological Studies Program, Report No. 110. Grace, R. 1990 The limitations and applications of Hardy, B. L., and G. T. Garufi use-wear analysis. In Review of The 1998 Identification of woodworking on Interpretative Possibilities of stone tools through residue and use- Microwear Studies, edited by B. wear analyses: Experimental results. Gräslund, H. Knutsson, K. Knutsson, Journal of Archaeological Science and J. Taffinder, pp. 14:9-14. 25:177-184. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lithic Use-wear Hardy, B. L. and M. Kay Analysis, 15th-17th February 1989 in 1998 Stone tool function at Starosele. In: Uppsala, Sweden. Aun. Combining use-wear and residue analyses. The Middle Paleolithic of the Hardy, B. L. Western Crimea, Vol. 2, edited by K. 1994 Investigations of stone tool function Monigal and V. Chabai, pp. 197-209. through use-wear, residue and DNA Études et Recherches Archéologiques analyses at the Middle Paleolithic site de l’Université de Liège. of La Quina, France. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University. Hardy, B. L., M. Kay, A. E. Marks, and K. Monigal 1998 Microscopic residue analysis of stone 2001 Stone tool function at the Paleolithic tools from the Middle Paleolithic site sites of Starosele and Buran Kaya III, of Starosele, Crimea, Ukraine. In: The Crimea: Behavioral implications. Middle Paleolithic of the Western Proceedings of the National Academy Crimea, Vol. 2, edited by K. Monigal of Sciences, U.S.A. 98:10972-10977. and V. Chabai, pp. 179-196. Études et
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Haslam, M. South Africa. South Africa 2004 The decomposition of starch grains in Archaeological Bulletin 59:37-44. soils: Implications for archaeological residue analyses. Journal of Lombard, M. Archaeological Science 31:1715-1734. 2005 Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibidu 2006 Potential misidentification of in situ Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: archaeological tool-residues: starch A multianalytical approach. Journal and conidia. Journal of of Human Evolution 48:279-300. Archaeological Science 33:114-121. Loy, T. Hather, J. 2006 Optical properties of potential look- 1993 An Archaeobotanical Guide to Root alikes. In Ancient Starch Research, and Tuber Identification, Vol. I: Torrence, R., Barton, H. (Eds.), p. 123. Europe and South West Asia. Oxbow Walnut Creek, CA, Left Coast Press. Books, Oxford. Mansur-Franchomme, M. E. Henry, A.G., H. F. Hudson, and D. R. Piperno 1986 Microscopie du Matériel Lithique 2009 Changes in starch grain morphologies Préhistorique: Traces d’Utilisation, from cooking. Journal of Altération Naturelles, Accidentelles, et Archaeological Science 36:915-922. Technologiques. National Centre for Scientific Research, Paris. Hoadley, R. 1990 Identifying Wood: Accurate Results Moss, E. H. with Simple Tools. Taunton Press, 1987 A review of ‘‘Investigating microwear Newtown. polishes with blind tests.’’ Journal of Archaeological Science 14:473-481. Hurcombe, L. 1988 Some criticisms and suggestions in Newcomer, M., R. Grace, and R. Unger- response to Newcomer, et al. (1986). Hamilton Journal of Archaeological Science 1986 Investigating microwear polishes with 15:1-10. blind tests. Journal of Archaeological Science 13:203-217. Kardulias, N. and R. Yerkes 1996 Microwear and metric analysis of 1988 Microwear methodology: A reply to E. threshing sledge flints from Greece H. Moss, L. Hurcombe, and D. and Cyprus. Journal of Bamforth. Journal of Archaeological Archaeological Science 23:657-666. Science 15:25-33.
Keeley, L. H. Odell, G. and F. Odell-Vereecken 1980 Experimental Determination of Stone 1980 Verifying the reliability of lithic Tool Uses. University of Chicago, usewear assessments by ‘‘blind tests’’: Chicago. The low-power approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 7:87-120. Lombard, M. 2004 Distribution patterns of organic residues on Middle Stone Age points from Sibudu Cave, Kwazulu-Natal,
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Pearsall, D. Shea, J. J. 2000 Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of 1992 Lithic microwear analysis in Procedures. second ed. Academic archaeology. Evolution Anthropology Press, New York. 1:143-150.
Piperno, D. Sobolik, K. D. 1988 Phytolith Analysis: An Archaeological 1996 Lithic organic residue analysis: An and Geological Perspective. New example from then Southwest Archaic. York: Academic Press. Journal of Field Archaeology 23:461- 469. Rots, V., and B. S. Williamson 2004 Microwear and residue analyses in Teerink, B. J. perspective: The contribution of 1991 Hair of West European Mammals: ethnoarchaeological evidence. Atlas and Identification Key. Journal of Archaeological Science Cambridge University Press, 31:1287-1299. Cambridge.
Shafer, H. J. and R. G. Holloway Wadley, L., M. Lombard, and B. Williamson 1979 Organic residue analysis in 2004 The first residue analysis blind tests: determining stone tool function. In Results and lessons learnt. Journal of Lithic Use-Wear Analysis, edited by B. Archaeological Science 31:1491-1501. Hayden, pp.385-400, New York, Academic Press. Williamson, B. S. 1996 Preliminary stone tool residue analysis from Rose Cottage Cave. South Africa. Journal of Field Archaeology 5:36-44.
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Figure L-2. Observations on Edwards Chert Chopper #627-010 from 41PT185/C.
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Figure L-3. Observations on Alibates Side Scraper #1221-011 from 41PT185/C.
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Figure L-4. Observations on Corner-Tang Knife #609-010 from 41PT185/C.
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Figure L-5. Close-up of Observations on Potter Chert Hammerstone/Chopper #467-010 from 41PT185/C.
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Figure L-6. Close-Up of Use-Wear Results and Microfossils Observed on Edge-Modified Flake #446-016 from 41PT186.
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Table L-1. Summary of Sample by Tool Type
Tool type 41PT185/C 41PT186 Edge-modified flake 7 3 Flake 0 2 Biface midsection 1 0 Proximal biface 1 0 Biface 7 0 Biface edge 1 0 Side scraper 4 0 End and side scraper 3 4 Scraper fragment 0 2 Bifacial chopper 2 0 Corner-tang knife 1 0 Corner-notched point 1 0 Point stem and base 3 0 Total 31 11
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Table L-2. Summary of Results from 41PT185/C
Catalog Depth Unit N/E Artifact Type Residues Use-wear Function No. (cmbs) edge-modified plant, starch slicing wood, 273-010 100/102 60-69 HHS striae flake grains, wood starchy plant biface abraded 317-010 101/108 65 plant fiber hafted, snapped midsection ridges hair, bone end and side HHS, abraded hafted, scraping 402-010 103/103 77 fragments, scraper ridges bone wood 420-010 103/106 65 complete biface plant tissue unknown/unused edge-modified wood, starch 446-010 103/117 55 HHS scraping wood flake grains starch grains, scraping starchy 452-010 104/101 79 side scraper HHS plant tissue plant complete biface starch grains- pounding cooked 467-010 104/104 62 striae chopper cooked? starch? 494-010 104/115 50-60 complete biface unknown/unused broken during edge-modified 517-010 105/109 79 light polish use, unknown flake material hafted with resin, edge-modified starch grains, HHS, abraded used after break 588-010 106/104 70-80 flake resin ridges, striae on starchy material plant fiber, Hafted, cutting corner-tang 609-010 107-101 62 starch grains, HHS, soft soft material, hide knife wood, hair and starchy plant 627-010 107/106 35-50 biface chopper wood HHS chopping wood end and side abraded hafted, scraping 767-010 111/116 80-90 wood, hair scraper ridges hide 787-010 112/102 60-70 side scraper light polish unknown/unused Edge-modified 832-001 113/100 70-80 flake/core unknown/unused platform plant, resin, HHS, striae hafted, plant 868-010 114/98 60-70 biface starch grains perpindic. processing HHS, edge-modified 957-010 116/99 50-60 microflake slicing HHS flake scars 967-010 116/98 50-60 biface wood HHS cutting wood polished and point stem and 984-010 116/103 50-60 abraded hafted base ridges point stem and 1033-010 117/98 45-50 light polish unknown/unused base wood, plant, 1064-010 117/106 46 biface cutting wood bark 1085-010 118/96 45-60 biface edge unknown/unused
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Catalog Depth Unit N/E Artifact Type Residues Use-wear Function No. (cmbs) Corner-notch plant fiber, HHS, impact 1104-010 118/100 60-70 hafted proj. pt. point resin fracture large end and scraping HHS 1128-010 118/105 58 starch grains HHS side scraper (starchy plant) abraded hafted, proximal 1163-010 119/99 50-60 proximal biface wood ridges snap wood impact 1212-010 Dec-97 54-60 complete biface hafted projectile fragments fracture drill stem wood, plant 1220-011 120/99 37 HHS scraping wood base/biface fiber plant w/starch scraping soft 1221-011 120/99 55 side scraper light polish grains starchy plant edge-modified plant tissue, slicing starchy 1257-010 121/95 70-80 HHS flake starch grains plant abraded hafted, use 1288-010 121/104 60-70 complete point plant frags ridges unknown point stem and 1348-010 110/105 50-60 unknown/unused base
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Table L-3. Summary of Results from 41PT186
Catalog Depth Unit N/E Artifact Type Residues Use-wear Function No. (cmbs) edge-modified 360-010 484-494 90-100 plant tissue HHS cutting HHS plant flake scraper 409-010 488/493 100-110 unknown, unused fragment end and side charred wood, scraping charred 446-010 493/489 66 striae scraper starch grains wood Hair, end and side scraping hide, 446-011 493/489 65 raphides, HHS scraper plant starch grains end and side raphides, 446-012 493/489 67 scraping plant scraper parenchyma end and side hair, raphides, abraded hafted, scraping 446-013 493/489 69 scraper wood ridges hide plant edge edge-modified fragments, 446-014 493/489 66 rounding, scraping plant flake starch grains, striae raphides cutting hide 446-015 493/489 67 flake hair, raphides soft polish (raphides also present) raphides, edge-modified 446-016 493/489 68 plant tissue, cutting plant flake starch grains raphides, 446-017 493/489 68 flake cutting plant starch grains scraper 501-010 497/496 100-110 wood HHS scraping wood fragment
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Figure L-7. Selected Artifacts from 41PT185/C Showing Location of Microfossils and Use-Wear.
988 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure L-8. Selected Artifacts from 41PT185/C Showing Location of Microfossils and Use-Wear.
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Figure L-9. Selected Artifacts from 41PT185/C Showing Location of Use-Wear and Microfossils.
990 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure L-10. Selected Artifacts from 41PT185/C Showing Location of Use-Wear and Microfossils.
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Figure L-11. Selected Artifacts from 41PT186, Showing Use-Wear and Microfossil Results.
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Figure L-12. Observed Use Areas and Microfossils on Edge-Modified flake #466-014 from 41PT186.
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LATE HOLOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF UPPER WEST AMARILLO CREEK VALLEY, TEXAS This page intentionally left blank. LATE HOLOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF UPPER WEST AMARILLO CREEK VALLEY, TEXAS
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Manuel R. Palacios-Fest with the contribution of David L. Dettman Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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M.1 ABSTRACT information on the stratigraphy, depositional environments, and paleoenvironments Micro-invertebrates, calcareous algae, and throughout the Holocene, including small the stable isotopes from ostracodes and lake basins and marshes (e.g., Cotter 1937; gyrogonites combine powerful tools for Howard 1935; Sellards 1952; Wendorf reconstructing paleoclimates. This study 1961; Wendorf and Hester 1975; Caran compares the paleoenvironmental signatures 1991). of land and aquatic mollusks, ostracodes, and charophyta with the stable isotope (į18O The paleoecology of marshes is poorly and į13C) values of Cypridopsis sp. known compared with that of lacustrine (ostracode) and Chara globularis and environments. Reconstructing the aquatic Nitella flexilis (gyrogonites). Each environment of a marsh discovered at the individual signature contributes its own upper West Amarillo Creek valley during evidence of environmental change between geoarcheological exploration is of the major 1,890 ± 40 years B.P. and post-750 ± 40 significance because it will provide years B.P. The combined interpretation of specialists understand the environmental the data permitted a more detailed background that affected northwestern reconstruction of paleoclimate variability at Texas during the Late Holocene. the transition of the Medieval Climatic Ostracodes (microcrustaceans), mollusks, Anomaly to the Little Ice Age. and the gyrogonites of calcareous algae are used in this study to interpret the history of 18 M.2 INTRODUCTION the marsh. In addition, stable isotopes (į O and į13C) from ostracodes and gyrogonites The reconstruction of ancient aquatic are used to integrate a more detailed environments associated with human paleoenvironmental history of the area. settlements allows paleolimnologists, geomorphologists, and geoarcheologists to Ostracodes are microscopic crustaceans understand both local and regional processes characterized by a hinged bivalve carapace of environmental and climatic change, as made of calcite and ranging in size between well as the impact such change may have on 0.5 and 2 mm. The carapace is the only human populations. The Texas Panhandle body part that preserves to the geologic contains a rich record of human occupation record (Pokorný 1978; Horne et al. 2002). and sedimentation spanning the past 11,500 In continental waters they are mostly years (Johnson and Holliday 2004). The benthic, although some species are paleontological and paleobotanical remains organisms that swim under their own power in the sediments provide evidence of the (nektic) and may swim around the environmental history of the region. vegetation (Forester 1991). This group Numerous prehistoric sites are situated in colonized continental aquatic systems as the Texas Panhandle, including the upper early as the Carboniferous but thrived in the West Amarillo Creek valley, near Amarillo oceans since the Cambrian. Today, where single- and multiple- occupation ostracodes are diverse and abundant in localities were identified by Charles marine and nonmarine environments. Haecker (1999). Four prehistoric sites Paleontologists have devoted more time to (41PT184, 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT the study of ostracodes than biologists, thus, 187) were considered potentially eligible for the poorly understood ecology of ostracodes. listing on the National Register Historic However, recent progress on the application Place (NRHP: Haecker 1999). Several of ostracodes as indicators of hydrogeologic multiple-occupation sites with good variations provide a rationale for studying stratigraphic context have provided useful the ecology of springs and seeps, as well as their associated wetlands or cienegas
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(Forester 1983, 1986; De Deckker 1983; reconstruct the alkalinity, time of Palacios-Fest 1994, 2008; Palacios-Fest et colonization, and paleohydraulics of the al. 1994, 2001; Holmes and Chivas 2002). marsh. Charophytes are small branching algae, normally living in carbonate-rich Mollusks include the bivalve clams and freshwater. Modern examples are known as mussels (Pelecypoda), and the univalve “stoneworts” because they have a partial snails (Gastropoda). Mollusks are soft- carbonate skeleton. In appearance they look bodied and unsegmented with a body like small subaqueous “horsetails”. The organized into a muscular foot, a head Characeae or Charophyta are a strange and region, a visceral mass, and a fleshy mantle isolated group of aquatic plants growing that secretes a shell of proteinaceous and entirely under water. Modern species prefer crystalline calcium carbonate (aragonite) ponds or lakes, although they are materials. Marine and nonmarine species occasionally found in running water, and exist, as well. The nonmarine species, have a partiality for somewhat brackish subject of this study, include several conditions such as freshly dug ditches in families of snails (Planorbidae, Ancylidae, marshes near the sea. In overgrown waters Lymnaeidae, Pupillidae) and at least one of they soon give way before more vigorous clams (Sphaeridae). The associations of vegetation (like cattails). They commonly mollusks in the sediments reflect the water pioneer the colonization of habitats like quality, salinity, and streamflow (Dillon recently dug canals and ditches (Allen 2003; Rutherford 2000). For example, the 1950). occurrence of only juveniles in a sample is interpreted as the introduction of early stage Ecologically, the Charophyta promote water specimens during warm or warming months clarity, enhance fish population and stabilize (Rutherford 2000). If the population reaches the bottom surface. In clear still water, stability and adults are encountered, then, it masses of orange-red antheridia (the male is assumed that the feature held water for a reproductive organs) are abundant and relatively prolonged period. Some species visible (Allen 1950). The average height of require well-oxygenated, flowing (lotic) these plants is from 30 to 46 cm, waters and prefer neutral to alkaline pH, but occasionally just a few centimeters. cannot be very tolerant to organic pollution, Usually, charophytes grow in shallow waters like Pisidium sp. and Laevapex (Ferrisia) (less than 60 cm deep), but sometimes they hendersoni, present in the marsh. By may occur at much greater depths (Allen contrast, other species can tolerate poorly- 1950). Many modern charophytes have a oxygenated (but not disoxic), standing short season between spring and late (lentic) waters, and can tolerate some summer just before the aquatic system dries- organic pollution and eutrophic conditions out (Allen 1950), therefore, they prefer (Dillon 2003), like Planorbella scalaris and warm to early warm temperatures (Allen Physa virgata. The latter species prefer 1950). Gyrogonites are used in this study to lakes, wetlands, ponds, and the calmest complement the micro-invertebrate record. areas of coastal rivers. As the ostracode signatures, mollusks are used in this study to Stable isotope (į18O and į13C) geochemistry integrate the paleoecological characteristics is another approach to paleoclimatic of the upper West Amarillo Creek valley reconstructions available from ostracode marsh (Unit D). valves and the gyrogonites of Charophyta. Lister (1988) and Eyles (and Schwarcz In addition to micro-invertebrates, the 1991) have pursued the utility of carbon and calcareous remains of the algae Chara and oxygen isotopes in ostracodes, followed by Nitella known as gyrogonites (fertilized numerous other researchers (e.g., Lewis et female gametangia), may be used to al. 1994; von Grafenstein et al. 2000;
1000 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Wrozyna et al. 2009). The isotopic record M.3 AREA OF STUDY from ostracode valves allowed these investigators to establish the rate and timing A brief summary of the area of study is of climate change in time and space. For presented in this section. The upper West example, Lister (1988) determined the Amarillo Creek valley is basically a small Alpine deglaciation, Holocene climatic canyon cut into the Ogallala Formation, the changes, and changing lacustrine source of the High Plains aquifer. It is productivity of Lake Zurich, whereas located on the south side of the Canadian Wrozyna et al. (2009) utilized stable River (Figure 1 of Quigg 2008). In this area isotopes to identify lake level changes from the Ogallala Formation rests unconformably Lake Nam County, southern Tibet during upon Triassic sandstones and shales of the the past 600 years. Ostracode stable isotope Trujillo and Tecovas formations. The studies have proven their significance in prehistoric site 41PT185 at the Landis paleoenvironmental reconstructions, Property is on the valley floor near calcareous algae, however, they have been Amarillo, Texas. little explored. Frederick (2008) describes a complex In recent years, interest on the applicability Holocene alluvial history in which six of stable isotopes from calcareous algae has allostratigraphic units (A through F) have grown at a fast pace inducing researchers to been recognized in the area (Figure 3 of analyze modern Charophyta to develop Frederick 2008). Unit D, the source of analogs for the geologic record. Coletta et materials for the present study, overlies the al. (2001), Andrews et al. (2004), and coarse sand Unit C and underlies Unit E Pentecost et al. (2006) have focused on the characterized by coarse sediments indicating study of modern calcareous algae including large flood events. Unit D consists of more the stems and gyrogonites to establish the than 4.5 m of fine-grained dark colored mud trends in carbon and oxygen biofractionation which appears to represent a period of in an attempt to use them in paleoecologic presumably more humid climate when small reconstructions. Becker et al. (2002), ponds and marshes dominated the floor of applied some of the results to one of the first the West Amarillo Creek valley. applications to a geologic example from a Late Oligocene-Early Miocene lake in The samples used for this study were Switzerland (Brochene Fluh section) obtained from backhoe trench (BT) 36, the demonstrating that during the Late most complete record of Unit D. The base Oligocene the lake was a closed basin of the unit was more than 5 m below the subject to seasonal changes that gradually surface with bedrock encountered at the diminished perhaps as the result of the bottom. The period represented by Unit D ingression of the incoming Burdigalian sea. appears to last a little more than 1,000 years, from roughly 1900 years B.P. to sometime The purpose of this investigation is to after 800 years B.P. (see geochronology combine routine paleoecological analysis of below and Frederick [2008]). micro-invertebrates and calcareous algae in combination with the stable isotope M.4 MATERIALS AND METHODS geochemistry (į18O and į13C) of ostracodes and gyrogonites to reconstruct the late A total of 24 sediment samples were Holocene environmental history of the upper selected for paleontological analysis. West Amarillo Creek valley marsh at Unit D Nineteen of them provided information on (Figure M-1). micro-invertebrates (ostracodes and mollusks) and gyrogonites to reconstruct the
Technical Report No. 150832 1001 Appendix M TNESR Report paleoenvironmental history of the upper and M-7) and gyrogonites (Tables M-8 and West Amarillo Creek valley. In addition, M-9). These microfossils were not five large floatation samples were analyzed recorded, but observed in the five floatation for mollusks to integrate the paleoecologic samples. Total and relative abundance was record of the marsh. The samples were in recorded from the sediment samples. Based stratigraphic sequence. The age control is on Delorme (1969, 1989), standard discussed above. The sediment samples taphonomic parameters, like fragmentation, were prepared using routine procedures abrasion, disarticulation (carapace/valve = (Forester 1988) modified by Palacios-Fest C/V ratios), and adulthood (adult/juvenile = (1994). Samples were air-dried, weighed, A/J ratios) were recorded to establish the and soaked in boiling distilled water with 1 ecology of the communities (synecology) as g of Alcanox to disaggregate the sediments. opposed to the ecology of single species It sat at room temperature for five days (autoecology) of the ecosystem (Adams et stirring the samples once a day. Using a set al. 2002). However, autoecology was of three-sieves, the samples were wet-sieved implemented to integrate the environmental to separate the coarse (>1 mm), medium framework. The specimens were placed in (>106 µm), and fine (>63 µm) sand fractions micropaleontological slides or acrylic boxes to help identify the system’s and saved in Terra Nostra Earth Sciences paleohydraulics. The very fine sand and silt Research, LLC collection. and clay fractions were washed out at this stage. Therefore, the particle-size analysis Taphonomic parameters were used to departs from the formal United States recognize degrees of transport and/or burial Department of Agriculture (USDA) characteristics like desiccation and sediment procedure (USDA 2003) and it is used only compaction. The rates of fragmentation, as a rough reference in this study. It is abrasion and disarticulation are realistic important to highlight that the possible indicators of transport; commonly these discrepancy between the approach used in parameters show increasing damage with this investigation and that of the USDA is increasing transport. One must be cautious the result of grouping the very fine sands in using this criterion, but the nature of the with the finer fractions, which in fact change deposits suggests that micro-invertebrates the total percentage of sand, but does not may reflect the marsh’s hydraulic properties. affect the actual behavior of sands in the Other features like encrustation and coating ecosystem. The value of the approach used were used to determine authigenic here is that it provides a quick and easy way mineralization or stream action, to process the data and to estimate the respectively. The redox index and color of patterns of water discharge into the marsh valves reflected burial conditions. The A/J overtime. More detailed particle-size and C/V ratios were used as indicators of analysis may be conducted using the biocenosis (Whatley 1983; Palacios-Fest et appropriate research methods. The data are al. 2001). For example, Brouwers (1988) shown in Table M-1. Table M-2 shows the indicates that the ideal tanathocenosis mineralogical composition of the marsh. should be composed of a 1:8 adult:juvenile ratio as ostracodes shed their skeletons eight The samples were analyzed under a low- to nine times. Juvenile valves, however, are power microscope. All samples were more fragile than the adults and more examined to identify fossil contents and readily subject to the physical and chemical faunal assemblages. All samples contained effects of weathering, modifying that ratio to ostracodes, mollusks and/or gyrogonites 1:5 or 1:6 (Brouwers 1988). Whatley (Table M-3). All 24 samples contained (1983), on the other hand, describing the mollusks (Tables M-4 and M-5). Fifteen effects of transport and burial concluded that samples contained ostracodes (Tables M-6 abundant disarticulated valves indicate
1002 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management natural burial conditions; whereas clusters. Current literature was used to abundance of carapaces indicates fast identify the mollusk species and their deposition and burial preventing the valves ecological requirements (Eversole 1978; from separating. These taphonomic criteria Dillon 2000, 2003; Rutherford 2000; Sharpe may be applied to ostracodes and clams, and 2003; Webb 1942). The equation (1) used to a lesser extent to snails. in this study is:
Fifty-two pristine valves of Cypridopsis PI = (Ȉ % Terrestrial Species) - (Ȉ % vidua and Cypridopsis okeechobei, two of Aquatic Species) 1 the most common ostracodes in the marsh were selected for stable oxygen (į18O) and The index positively weighs the terrestrial carbon (į13C) isotope analysis along with 71 species and negatively weighs the aquatic specimens of Chara globularis and Nitella species. Aquatic mollusks inhabit waters of flexilis, the most abundant gyrogonites different hydrochemical composition recovered from the site. Grouped by (Sharpe 2003). species, in most cases two replicates for each stratigraphic interval were analyzed The qualitative salinity index (SI) for (see Tables M-10 and M-11). The ostracodes takes into consideration the specimens were thoroughly cleaned with salinity tolerance of the species present in pure (megohms18) water and a fine brush the marsh based on our current knowledge (000), and then submitted for stable isotope of their ecological requirements presented in analysis to the Environmental Isotope the North American Nonmarine Ostracodes Laboratory of the University of Arizona. Database (NANODe) website (Forester et al. Oxygen and carbon stable isotope ratios 2005) and other references (Delorme 1989; were measured using an automated Palacios-Fest 1994; Curry 1999). The carbonate preparation device (KIEL-III) equation (2) used for the present study is: coupled to a gas-ratio mass spectrometer (Finnigan MAT 252). Samples were reacted SI = [8(% Physocypria globula) + 7(% with dehydrated phosphoric acid under Candona patzcuaro) +6(% vacuum at 70°C. The isotope ratio Fabaeformiscandona caudata) + 5(% measurement is calibrated based on repeated Cypridopsis vidua) + 4(% Ilyocypris measurements of NBS-19 and NBS-18 and bradyi) + 3(% Herpetocypris precision is ± 0.1‰ for į18O and ± 0.06‰ brevicaudata) + 2(% Potamocypris for į13C (1 sigma). Five replicates of smaragdina) + (%Pseudocandona Cypridopsis sp. produced questionable data stagnalis)] – [(% Darwinula due to low sample size (samples #74, #76, stevensoni) + 2(% Eucypris meadensis) and one for #82). A low voltage correction + 3(% Limnocythere floridensis) + 4(% factor was applied to test their applicability Physocypria pustulosa) + 5(% Cypria to the analysis. The corrected values shown ophthalmica) + 6(% Cavernocypris in Table M-10 have an uncertainty of ± wardi) + 7(% Cypridopsis okeechobei)] 0.2‰ (Dettman, written communication, 2 May 27, 2009) suggesting the viability of the data. Isotopic data for calcites are The index positively weighs species with reported in delta notation relative to the incrementally higher salinity tolerances and VPDB international scale (Coplen 1994). negatively weighs species with incrementally lower salinity tolerances. Paleoenvironmental indices were prepared for mollusks and ostracodes. The mollusk The ecological requirements of calcareous qualitative paleoenvironmental index (PI) algae are used in this study to generate an groups the species in aquatic and terrestrial alkalinity index (AI), using the same model
Technical Report No. 150832 1003 Appendix M TNESR Report as for mollusks and ostracodes. The through both reproductive and survival equation (3) for the Charales is: ability (De Deckker and Forester 1988; Delorme and Zoltai 1984; Forester 1987). AI = (2*% Chara globularis + % Chara For example, Cytherissa lacustris is limited filiformis)- % Nitella flexilis 3 to water temperatures lower than 23°C, and is common in subpolar regions, whereas The index positively weighs species with Limnocythere bradburyi is restricted to incrementally higher pH tolerance, and warm temperatures of low to mid-latitudes negatively species with incrementally lower (Delorme 1978; Forester 1985). Their pH tolerance. As indicated in Table M-8, sensitivity to temperature makes ostracodes the alkalinity range for calcareous algae is very useful for paleoclimate reconstructions 7.5 to 10.5 (Coletta et al. 2001; Andrews et (Cohen et al. 2000; Palacios-Fest 2002). al. 2004; Pentecost et al. 2006). Once the ecological requirements of ostracodes are determined, it is possible to Aquatic micro-invertebrates and calcareous reconstruct paleoenvironments from the algae inhabit waters of different geologic record (Delorme 1969; Holmes and hydrochemical composition, but at the Chivas 2002; Palacios-Fest 1994). species level many are very sensitive to water chemistry. Ostracode, mollusk, and calcareous algae assemblages can be used to M.5 RESULTS recognize the three major water types M.5.1 AGE CONTROL AND defined by Eugster and Hardie (1978): SEDIMENTARY RECORD Type I: Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3Ǧ - Frederick (2008) describes the stratigraphy dominated water; typically freshwater or of the upper West Amarillo Creek valley. In very low salinity conditions. brief, six episodes of alluviation formed the West Amarillo Creek Valley, namely Units Type II: Ca2+ -enriched/HCO3Ǧ - depleted A through F. In a composite model water; additionally containing the Frederick (2008) hypothesizes on the origin combinations of Na+, Mg2+, SO42Ǧ, or and evolution of each unit (see Figure 3 of Na+, Mg2+, ClǦ; ranges from low salinity to Frederick 2008). In this study, Unit D is the hypersaline conditions. center of interest where the marsh developed. Overlying Unit C, a very Type III: Ca2+ -depleted/HCO3Ǧ + CO32Ǧ distinctive deposit consisting of black (alkaline)-enriched water; usually containing (10YR 2/1) to dark grayish brown (10YR combinations of Na+, Mg2+, ClǦ, or Na+, 4/2) or light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty Mg2+, SO42Ǧ; ranges from low salinity sand to silty clay forms Unit D (Table M-1). hypersaline conditions. The dominant minerals recognized in the marsh deposits are quartz and feldspars The application of this model to indicating its alluvial origin. Calcium paleoenvironmental reconstructions is, to the carbonate nodules and root casts are best of my knowledge, better known for common throughout the stratigraphic ostracodes. This spectrum clearly shows column indicating its alkaline nature. Other that water chemistry plays a major role in minerals are rare to very rare, but mollusk the geographic distribution of ostracodes. In and ostracode shell fragments are addition to water chemistry, temperature is moderately common (Table M-2). It is more another factor that affects the distribution of than 4.5 m thick representing a period of these organisms, as the latitudinal presumably more humid climate that distribution of ostracodes demonstrates. allowed the formation of small ponds and Many species respond to temperature marshes in the area. The episode lasted
1004 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management slightly more than 1,000 years. Unit D is Figure M-1 shows the composite capped by Unit E. chronostratigraphy including the trend of sand content distribution throughout the The geochronology, discussed in Frederick history of Unit D. For this study, roughly (2008), is based on four radiocarbon dates five stratigraphic horizons, occasionally obtained from Unit D (Table M-1). The interrupted by thin marly beds, were most detailed record was obtained from BT identified at BT 36. Based on field 36 which exposed a series of superimposed descriptions Horizon I, thicker than 60 cm, channels associated with the unit. At its consists of dark gray to light gray clay with base, is thicker than 5 m below the surface gravel and sand intervals. Horizon II, and not completely exposed during approximately 124 cm think, consists of excavation of the trench. The earliest phase gray sand with gravel lenses. Horizon III, of sedimentation started sometime before approximately 71 cm thick, consists of black 1890 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-210070), a clay. Horizon IV, approximately 50 cm period characterized by more than 50% thick, consists of marly, black clay; and calcium carbonate deposited on the valley Horizon V, more than 20 cm thick, consists floor. The middle of the unit was dated to of black clay (personal interpretation based 1430 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-239651); on Frederick 2008). whereas the youngest date obtained for Unit D at BT 36 post-dates 750 ± 40 years B.P. M.6 THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD (Beta-239652). Between 270 and 290 cm below ground surface (bgs), the dates Table M-3 summarizes the biological obtained are in reverse order complicating contents of the marsh and the overall the interpretation about the conclusion of the taphonomic characteristics recorded. depositional history of Unit D. It Ostracodes, mollusks, and calcareous algae undoubtedly terminates before 430 ± 40 are the groups present. Table M-4 shows years B.P., which is a radiocarbon age the ecological characteristics of the mollusk obtained from cultural material buried at the species present at the upper West Amarillo base of Unit E at the 41PT245 (Frederick Creek valley. Table M-5 shows the mollusk 2008). total population by sample and total and relative abundance by species per sample. Based upon the geochronology of Unit D Adulthood ratios by species are also listed to three sedimentation rates were obtained that establish the biocenosis. Table M-6 lists the permit identifying three paleoenvironmental ostracode species recorded at Unit D phases during the unit’s history: (1) the including their ecological requirements; Lower Marsh phase (1890 ± 40 years B.P. to whereas Table M-7 summarize the total 1430 ± 40 years B.P.); (2) the Middle Marsh population by sample and total and relative phase (1430 ± 40 years B.P. to 750 ± 40 population by species per sample. years B.P.); and (3) the Upper Marsh phase Adulthood and disarticulation ratios are (post-750 ± 40 years B.P.). These rates included to assist in recognizing indicate a gradual decrease in sediment autochthony versus allochthony of the accumulation from 0.32 cm yr-1 during the specimens. The calcareous algae record is Lower Marsh phase to 0.07 cm yr-1 during documented in Tables M-8 and M-9. Table Middle Marsh phase, back to 0.33 cm yr-1 M-8 shows the ecological requirements of during the Upper Marsh phase (Table M-1). the species identified and Table M-9 Coarsening upwards sediments mark the presents the total and relative abundance of increasing sedimentation rate recorded at the species per sample. this interval.
Technical Report No. 150832 1005 Appendix M TNESR Report
Figure M-2 shows the total population of species occur sporadically. Pupoides sp. 1 ostracodes, mollusks and gyrogonites and G. procera are the two most common recorded at Unit D of the upper West terrestrial forms co-occurring with the Amarillo Creek valley. The total number of aquatic forms. Other terrestrial gastropods specimens counted is presented in a seldom occur throughout the sedimentary logarithmic scale to facilitate identification record (Figure M-3). of population trends by each group. Mollusks and gyrogonites are the most The paleoenvironmental index generated abundant. Ostracodes and mollusks the from this faunal assemblage shows the most diverse as described below. fluctuations between terrestrial- and aquatic- dominated conditions overtime (Figures M-3 M.6.1 MOLLUSKS and M-4). For example, Figure M-2 indicates that Unit D was mostly an aquatic Mollusks are very rare to extremely environment. Between 1890 ± 40 years B.P. abundant* (6 to 1,453 specimens) and and 1430 ± 40 years B.P Unit D transformed diverse (20 species) (Figure M-2). The from a terrestrial to an aquatic system as species identified are the Physidae Physa indicated by the dominance of Pupoides sp. virgata (Gould 1855), Physella gyrina aurea 1, G. procera, and M. brogniartiana at the (Say 1821), Stagnicola elodes (Say 1821), base, replaced by G. parvus, L. (F.) the Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus (Say hendersoni, and Pisidium sp. towards the 1817), Planorbella scalaris (Jay 1839), end of the Lower Marsh phase. Fluctuating Planorbella trivolvis intertextum (Say conditions ranged from terrestrial to 1817), Planorbella trivolvis lenta (Say standing to flowing overtime. 1817), Micromenetus brogniartiana (Lea 1842), the Lymnaeidae Fossaria cubensis At the Middle Marsh phase, between 1430 ± (Pfeiffer 1839), Pseudossuccinea columella 40 and 750 ± 40 years B.P. co-occurrence of (Say 1825), the Ancylidae Laevapex terrestrial and aquatic forms suggest the (Ferrisia) hendersoni (Walker 1908), the environment was mostly standing; ranging Hdyrobidae Somatogyrus walkerianus from stagnant to riparian conditions where (Aldrich 1905), the Sphaeridae Pisidium sp. some terrestrial forms thrived. G. parvus (Pfeiffer 1821), Sphaerium transversum was the most common species alternating (Say 1817), the Pupillidae Pupoides sp. 1, with the terrestrial snail Pupoides sp. 1. and Pupoides sp. 2, Gastrocopta procera However, occurrence of Pisidium sp. and L. (Gould 1840), Gastrocopta tappaniana (F.) hendersoni at some intervals indicates a (Adams, 1841), Columella simplex (Gould flowing environment at times. Fluctuations 1840), and the Polygyridae Polygyra ? sp. between flowing and standing conditions (Tables M-4 and M-5). may have resulted from groundwater level changes or increasing effective precipitation Figures M-3 and M-4 show the mollusk or, more likely, a combination of both, paleontologic and paleoecologic records for suggesting mesic conditions. Figure M-3, as the upper West Amarillo Creek valley. for the Lower phase shows a stronger Amongst the aquatic species, G. parvus is terrestrial signatures due to the presence of the dominant species throughout the G. procera, G. tappaniana, Pupoides sp. 1, stratigraphic column followed by P. virgata C. simplex, and M. brogniartiana. The and to a lesser extent S. walkerianus, apparent discrepancy with Figure M-2 might Pisidium sp. and S. transversum. Other be the result of sampling location with the large samples proceeding from a portion of * Abundance explanation: extremely abundant (>301), very the marsh closer to its edge. abundant (>101<300), abundant (>51<100), common (>21<50), rare (>11<20), very rare (>6<10), and extremely rare (<5).
1006 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
The Upper Marsh phase (post-750 ± 40 occurrence, however, is used to determine years B.P.) was characterized by the environmental trends. L. floridensis, for common occurrence of Pisidium sp. and S. example, is a species with stenotopic transversum in an environment dominated (restricted) preferences. Forester et al. by G. parvus and P. virgata. Mollusks (2005) reported this species from a few sites reached their greatest concentrations (Figure in eastern Texas where the total dissolved M-2). Increasing flowing conditions solids (TDS) ranged between 200 and 1,000 prevailed in the marsh at this time. Some mg L-1 and the carbonate alkalinity/Ca is terrestrial species, however, occurred in the about 1.00 meq L-1. The species appeared interval indicating the proximity of this at the end of the Lower Marsh phase and environment to the sampling location. At thrived through the lower part of the Middle this phase both Figures M-2 and M-7 show a Marsh phase to appear for the last time once strong aquatic signature suggesting in the lower portion of the Upper Marsh increasing water discharge into the marsh phase. Its occurrence is inferred to be generating a flowing environment. associated with dilute water pulses entering However, the overall record is not as diverse the system, mesic conditions. and abundant suggesting increasingly xeric conditions. The candonid P. stagnalis occurred at the end of the Middle Marsh phase to disappear M.6.2 OSTRACODES in the lower part of the Upper Marsh phase. This species is characterized by a wider Ostracodes are extremely rare to extremely salinity range than L. floridensis with which abundant (2 to 422 specimens) and diverse it did not co-exist in this study. The (15 species) (Figure M-2). The species sporadic occurrence of other species identified are Physocypria globula (Furtos indicates the limited variability of the 1933), Candona patzcuaro (Tressler 1954), environment. That is the case of I. bradyi, a Fabaeformiscandona caudata (Kaufmann streamflow indicator occurring at the 1900), Cypridopsis vidua (Müller 1776), transition from the Lower- to the Middle Ilyocypris bradyi (Sars 1890), Herpetocypris Marsh phase suggesting a period of brevicaudata (Kaufmann 1900), increasing water discharge into the basin. I. Potamocypris smaragdina (Vavra 1891), bradyi, however, is not restricted to flowing Pseudocandona stagnalis (Sars 1890), waters but its presence in this interval is Darwinula stevensoni (Brady and Robinson consistent with the interpretation of a 1890), Eucypris meadensis (Gutentag and flowing environment drawn in the mollusk Benson 1962), Limnocythere floridensis section. (Keiser 1976), Physocypria pustulosa (Sharpe 1897), Cypria ophthalmica (Jurine The salinity index created for this study 1820), Cavernocypris wardi ? (Marmonier indicates variations in water chemistry et al. 1989), and Cypridopsis okeechobei during deposition of Unit D associated with (Furtos 1933) (Tables M-6 and M-7). H. increasing water table and effective brevicaudata as E. meadensis, C. precipitation (Figure M-5). While mollusks okeechobei, and C. vidua, is a crenophilous indicate that most of the Lower Marsh phase species (thriving in springs). (1890 ± 40 years B.P. to 1430 ± 40 years B. P.) was aquatic, the ostracode salinity index Figure M-5 shows the paleontologic and suggests dominantly saline waters prevailed paleoecologic records for the upper West overtime with minor fluctuations to more Amarillo Creek valley. C. vidua and P. dilute conditions, except for the upper part pustulosa are the dominant species over where dilute conditions characterized the time. Other species occur intermittently end of the phase. Occurrence of L. throughout the geologic record. Their floridensis, C. ophthalmica, and D.
Technical Report No. 150832 1007 Appendix M TNESR Report stevensoni, with the crenophilus species E. stevensoni, and C. okeechobei. Some meadensis, I. bradyi, C. okeechobei and C. crenophilus species, like C. okeechobei vidua towards the end of the phase imply thrived in the lower portion of this phase, rising water table and spring discharge. consistent with a spring source to the marsh. Salinity did not exceed 4,000 mg L-1 TDS C. okeechobei, however, disappeared as (the maximum salinity tolerance of C. more saline species entered the system. vidua) during the saline periods. It was Occurrence of P. smaragdina, P. stagnalis, limited to less than 800 mg L-1 TDS at the and D. stevensoni suggest salinity exceeded time C. okeechobei thrived in the 1,000 mg L-1 as P. globula disappeared environment. The mean TDS, however, from the marsh. During this interval, roughly ranged around 1,000 mg L-1, the ostracodes reached their greatest optimal salinity for several species to concentration supporting the hypothesis of a complete their life-cycle. flowing, stable environment as xeric conditions started to dominate (Figures M-2 During the Middle Marsh phase (1430 ± 40 and M-7). years B.P. to 750 ± 40 years B.P.), rapid variations in the faunal assemblage M.6.3 CHAROPHYTA containing up to nine species throughout the interval, indicate a period of alternating The gyrogonites of Charales are extremely increasing and decreasing salinity in rare to extremely abundant (2 to 10,000+ response to evapotranspiration during mesic specimens). Low diversity characterized the conditions. Salinity ranged around 1,000 group (three species) including Chara mg L-1 TDS. C. vidua and P. pustulosa globularis Thuillier, Chara filiformis continued to dominate the environment. L. (Herstch), and Nitella flexilis (Linnaeus, pro floridensis played a more significant role (as parte). While C. globularis and C. filiformis explained earlier in this section) at this time prefer high pH (>8.5), N. flexilis thrives in than before or after. Occurrence of C. wardi lower pH (<8.5) (Tables M-8 and M-9). (a spring indicator) at the base of the Middle The gyrogonites of C. globularis are the Marsh phase, is in good agreement with the most common and abundant in the conclusion of the former interval. The stratigraphic sequence. C. filiformis scatters species identification, however, is uncertain. throughout the record, whereas N. flexilis is Increasing populations around 300 cm bgs limited to the Middle and Upper Marsh indicate an ecological change that concludes phases. Based on the species abundance and with the accumulation of sediments during the alkalinity index developed for the group, the Upper Marsh phase. Frequent Figure M-6 shows the variations in pH occurrence of terrestrial snails in this phase suggested by the gyrogonites. is consistent with this interpretation. At the base of the Lower Marsh phase (ca. The Upper Marsh phase (post-750 ± 40 1890 ± 40 years B.P.), C. globularis and C. years B.P.), experienced a less variable filiformis co-occurred in the system. To record with values indicating increasing disappear for most of the record in response salinity as P. globula (a high salinity tolerant to increasing aridity. Rising water table species; Forester et al. 2005) appeared at introduced both species near the end of the about 245 cm bgs. The species was limited period (Figure M-6). The transition from to that interval implying that rather than the Lower- to Middle Marsh phase (ca. 1430 salinity it may indicate a spring source as ± 40 years B.P.) is marked by the groundwater table rose. C. vidua and P. appearance of N. flexilis, a species that pustulosa continued to dominate the prefers a pH lower than 8.5 dominating the environment this time associated with P. early stages of the Middle Marsh phase. globula, P. smaragdina, P. stagnalis, D. Lower pH may be the results of increasing
1008 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management effective precipitation during more mesic The į18O in Cypridopsis sp. fluctuates conditions. N. flexilis declined as alkalinity between -3.5‰ and -6.25‰ just before the rose to levels more favorable to C. marsh coarse sediments limit the occurrence globularis that remained the dominant of microfossils. The moderately light į18O species during the Upper Marsh phaseas values suggest humid conditions at the more xeric conditions prevailed. The Lower Marsh phase. The record resumes alkalinity index trend shown in Figure M-6 sometime around 1430 ± 40 years B.P. is consistent with the ostracode paleosalinity where į18O shows values around -6‰ index implying a period of increasing increasing to heavier values towards the salinity at the decline of N. flexilis to return Middle Marsh phase where the values vary to moderate salinity as discussed in the from -4‰ to 0.59‰; then, gradually ostracode section. Similar to mollusks and declining to lighter values (-6‰) during the ostracodes, gyrogonites reached their Upper Marsh Phase. The stable trend of the greatest concentration supporting the į18O during the Middle Marsh phase interpretation of a well-oxygenated, flowing, suggests the area was subject to steady and stable environment (Figures M-2 and aridity during a warm period equivalent to M-7). the Medieval Warm Period or Medieval Climatic Anomaly. The steady decline of In addition to the paleoecological signatures the į18O values during the Upper Marsh of ostracodes, mollusks, and calcareous phase indicates gradual cooling and wetter algae, the stable isotope analyses of conditions at the onset of the Little Ice Age. ostracodes and gyrogonites provided important information to reconstruct the The į13C in Cypridopsis sp. (a nektic species environment. The geochemical results are crawling on plants) are interpreted in terms discussed in the following section. of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity/salinity. Values of į13C in closed M.7 THE STABLE ISOTOPE DATA basins (as it is inferred Unit D was, at least during part of its environmental history) are Stable isotope values for Cypridopsis sp. less influenced by primary productivity than and the gyrogonites are plotted in Figures are open lakes (Stiller and Hutchinson M-7 and M-8. The Lower Marsh phase is 1980). The values fluctuate between -3.7‰ mostly deprived of microfossils, occurring at and -4.8‰ at the beginning of the record the base and top of the interval, thus, stable (Lower Marsh phase) to disappear with isotope records are broken. The Middle and sediment coarsening implying more Upper phases generated valuable data. In terrestrial influence into the basin. Cypridopsis sp., į18O and į13C moderately Increasing water table permitted the aquatic covariant trends are evident at the base of fauna and flora to thrive again in the system. At the end of the Lower Marsh phase (ca. the Lower Marsh phase and during the 13 Middle Marsh phase, but not during the 1430 ± 40 years B.P.) į C values ranged Upper Marsh phase. A secular isotopic around -3.5‰. During the Middle Marsh 18 13 phase (1430 ± 40 years B.P. and 750 ± 40 trend for both the į O and į C values is 13 discernible toward heavier values (Figure years B.P.) į C values fluctuated between M-7). These values are consistent with the latter number and -2.3‰. As the marsh Stable Isotope Stage 1 values recorded for evolved into the Upper Marsh phase these the southern portion of the United States, values turned heavier (from -1.33‰ to especially Texas and the eastern states 4.1‰) to return to lighter values towards the (Wright 2000). end of the record (-2‰ to -2.95‰). į18O and į13C values are covariant during the Middle Marsh phase and the lower part
Technical Report No. 150832 1009 Appendix M TNESR Report of the Upper Marsh phase suggesting a terrestrial influence. As for the į18O at the closed, shallow basin (Talbot 1990; Li and transition to the middle marsh phase, N. Ku 1997) as it may be expected during. flexilis was the gyrogonite present yielding Figure M-8 shows a moderate relationship lighter į13C values between -9.8‰ and - (r2=0.58) between į18O and į13C in 13.1‰. More importantly, at this interval a Cypridopsis sp. supporting the close basin strong positive correlation exist between the conditions of the marsh for most of its į13C and alkalinity index diagrams history (mostly during). Apparently, at suggesting the validity of the data. By about 250 cm bgs the marsh reached a contrast with the į18O trend at the Upper breakpoint between į18O and į13C. The Marsh phase, the į13C show some variability covariance effect turns weaker or disappears in values ranging from -1.5‰ to -5.6‰. towards the end of the record, consistent with the hypothesis of a deeper, more open Pentecost et al. (2006) demonstrated that in system promoted by the cooling conditions well-mixed environments, such as shallow of Little Ice Age. streams the isotopic composition of charophytes is closer to equilibrium than In the gyrogonites į18O and į13C are samples taken from standing zones, such as covariant (Figure M-7) showing a moderate shallow lakes. It is inferred in this study that relationship (r2=0.60) (Figure M-8). The the upper West Amarillo Creek valley marsh secular isotopic trend for į18O and į13C was a flowing system in which charophytes fluctuate between lighter and heavier values. calcified gyrogonites near equilibrium. The Similar to Cypridopsis sp. the į18O values at stable isotope data, however, cannot be used the base of the Lower Marsh phase (ca. 1890 to obtain reliable air temperature estimates ± 40 years B.P.) start light (-6.7‰) to because modern studies show a strong rapidly disappear due to terrestrial influence kinetic disequilibrium throughout the growth and lack of microfossils. At the end of the period of charophytes resulting from interval į18O values resumed more negative photosynthesis and chemical enhancement (greater than -7.0‰). It is significant to of the carbon dioxide. notice, that this is the interval where isotopic data were obtained from N. flexilis due to M.8 DISCUSSION AND the absence of C. globularis. The trend, CONCLUSIONS however, does not seem to disagree with other parameters like the alkalinity index The combined paleoecologic and derived from the gyrogonite paleoecologic geochemical profiles provide a powerful data (Figure M-7). tool for understanding the paleoclimatic history of Unit D. For the first time a At the transition to the Middle Marsh phase 18 complex record of mollusks, ostracodes, (1430 ± 40 years B.P.) O values fluctuate 13 į gyrogonites and stable carbon (į C) and between -5‰ and -6.9‰ remaining stable 18 oxygen (į O) isotopes are used to identify throughout the interval. The Upper Marsh three paleoenvironmental phases in five phase (post-750 ± 40 years B.P.) is also a 18 stratigraphic horizons within Unit D of the stable episode with į O values between - upper West Amarillo Creek valley. The 5.7‰ and -6.8‰ which makes impossible a transition from terrestrial to aquatic distinction on environmental change. conditions is delineated by the trends in mollusk populations and diversity. At Unit D, 13C values ranged between - į Occurrence of terrestrial gastropods 1.5‰ and -13.5‰. During the Lower Marsh throughout the record demonstrates the site phase (1890 ± 40 years B.P.) the 13C į was exposed to alternating episodes of ranged around -6.5‰ rapidly disappearing wetter and drier conditions. Presence of due to the lack of fossils and strong
1010 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Pisidium sp. and S. transversum at some Chara thrives through waters with a high pH intervals advocate for flowing conditions (>8.5) induced by rapid photosynthesis rates associated with increasing water discharge in small water bodies (Portiele and Lijklema into the basin as opposed to episodes of slow 1995), Nitellas are found growing in shallow flowing (more standing) waters that favored to deep waters of soft (pH>8.5) or acid lakes the settlement of most of the gastropods and bogs identified in this study. During the Middle (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants Marsh phase, abundant terrestrial mollusks /plantid2/descriptions/nit.html). It is indicate increasing aridity terminating near inferred in this study that alternating low to 750 ± 40 years B.P. at which time aquatic high alkalinity was driven by the species invade the site implying wetter reproduction rates of calcareous algae conditions during the Upper Marsh phase; a during the early warm to warm months of discrepancy with other signatures. the year.
During aquatic stages, ostracodes and Charophyte fossils have proved valuable in gyrogonites set the dominating conditions the interpretation of sedimentary records prevailing in the marsh. The occurrence of throughout the Quaternary, Tertiary, and for environmentally sensitive ostracode species parts of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic. like L. floridensis, P. stagnalis, C. Pentecost (1984) found a positive okeechobei, and C. ophthalmica provide correlation of growth with water basic criteria to determine the temperature in Chara globularis, consistent paleohydrochemical changes in the upper with the high productivity of gyrogonites West Amarillo Creek valley marsh. The recorded in this study. The relatively stable paleosalinity index derived from the į18O trend overtime suggests the ostracode population and diversity allowed gyrogonites were produced mostly during to infer that the marsh’s salinity ranged the optimal growth season (late April-early between 300 mg L-1 and 2,000 mg L-1 July). Eutrophication and lake shallowing TDS, mostly around 1,000 mg L-1 TDS. may have resulted from periods of high The occurrence of P. globula (salinity productivity as indicated by charophyte tolerance up to 10,000 mg L-1 TDS) abundance and the alkalinity index. suggests that at times salinity rose beyond 2,000 mg L-1 TDS as aridity increased in The stable isotope signatures contributed to the area. The introduction of L. floridensis, the paleoecological records to establish that however, suggests that water salinity the marsh was a closed basin most of the dropped below 800 mg L-1 TDS (the time as the į13C and į18O values of both species maximum tolerance), to rise and Cypridopsis sp. and the gyrogonites co- remain around 1,000 mg L-1 TDS during the varied throughout most of the time but upper part of the Lower Marsh phase and all turned weaker towards the upper part of the of the Middle Marsh phase. Rise and fall in Upper Marsh phase. The change in the salinity characterized the Upper Marsh isotopic values over time is quite large phase suggesting increasing aridity followed (range of 6.8‰ į18O and 8.9‰ į13C in by wetter conditions interpreted here as the Cypridopsis and 2.8‰ į18O and 11.7‰ į13C transition between the and Little Ice Age. in gyrogonites) indicating substantial climatic changes. The variations in isotopic The gyrogonites of charophytes provide values are interpreted as resulting primarily significant information on the possible from changes in moisture conditions, alkalinity of the marsh. The occurrence and affecting the abundance of drought-adapted sometimes co-occurrence of C. globularis CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plant (and C. filiformis) with N. flexilis advocates species (enriched in 13C). for fluctuating pH in the system. While
Technical Report No. 150832 1011 Appendix M TNESR Report
A correlation between the current stable M.9 REFERENCES isotope trends and those previously obtained from soil organic carbon (SOC) (Frederick Adams, K. R., S. J. Smith and M. R. 2008) is evident for the interval representing Palacios-Fest Unit D (Figure M-9). The main difference 2002 Pollen and micro-invertebrates from being that most of the Lower Marsh phase modern earthen canals and other indicates an arid terrestrial environment fluvial environments along the deprived of aquatic forms; thus no direct Middle Gila River, Central Arizona: correlation is available. The trend, however, Implications for archaeological 13 suggests that as C4 plants decrease, the į C interpretation. Manuscript on file in SOC, the gyrogonites, and possibly GRIC, Sacaton, 61 pp. Cypridopsis sp. become more negative implying increasing mesic conditions. By Allen, G. O. contrast, increasing C4 plants in the area is 1950 British stoneworts (Charophyta). associated with heavier į13C in SOC and Haslemere Natural History Society. gyrogonites, and somehow Cypridopsis sp. Arbroath, T. Buncle and Co. Ltd. 52 During the Middle Marsh Phase. The į13C pp. of gyrogonites and SOC show increasingly heavier values; whereas the į13C of Andrews, J. E., P. Coletta, A. Pentecost, R. Cypridopsis sp. is variable. The Upper Riding, S. Dennis, P. F. Dennis, and Marsh phase, however, shows a weak B. Spiro correlation. 2004 Equilibrium and disequilibrium stable isotope effects in modern In summary, it is interpreted that the upper charophyte calcites: Implications West Amarillo Creek valley marsh at Unit D for palaeoenvironmental studies. remained a year-round aquatic systems Palaeogeography, throughout most of its paleoenvironmental Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology history. The marsh recorded, at least in part, 204:101-114. the Medieval Climatic Anomaly and the transition into the Little Ice Age. This Becker, D., L. Picot, and J. P. Berger record is consistent with other studies across 2002 Stable isotopes (į13C and į18O) of the nation (Petersen 1988; Stine 1990; Jones charophyte gyrogonites: example et al. 1999). The record is truncated by from the Brochene Fluh section deposition of Unit E, preceded by arroyo- (Late Oligocene-Early Miocene, cutting sometime at or after 800 years B.P. Switzerland). Geobios 35:89-97. The paleoecological signatures used for this study contributed diverse elements for the Bozarth, S. reconstruction of the marsh 2008 Appendix D: Opal phytolith paleoenviromental history. Radiocarbon analysis at 41PT186 and 41PT245 dates younger than 750 ± 40 years B.P. are and palylonogical analysis at needed to close the geochronologic gap at 41PT185/C. In Final Interim the end of the record. A better Report for Phase I of the Data understanding of the stable isotope Recovery at Three Prehistoric Sites signatures, especially of gyrogonites will (41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245) permit a more precise interpretation of Located within the Landis Property environmental change. This understanding in Potter County, Texas, edited by J. will require the study of modern calcareous M. Quigg, C. D. Frederick, and K. algae analogs in the vicinity of the Upper G. Luedecke, pp. 138-151. Austin: West Amarillo Creek valley. TRC Project No. 150832.
1012 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
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Southwest. Geoarchaeology 9(1):1- 2006 Charophyte growth in small 29. temperate water bodies: Extreme isotopic disequilibrium and 2002 Significance of ostracode studies in implications for the palaecology of geoarchaeology: A way to analyze shallow marl lakes. the physical environment where Palaeogeography, ancient civilizations developed. The Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Kiva 68(1):49-66. 240:389-404.
2008 Younger Dryas Ostracode Petersen, K. L. Paleoecology of Scholle Cienega, 1988 Climate and the Dolores River Abo Arroyo, New Mexico. Tucson: Anasazi. Univ. Utah TNESR Report 08-10, 15 pp. Anthropological Papers No. 113. 152 pp. Palacios-Fest, M. R., A. S. Cohen and P. Anadon Pokorný, V. 1994 Use of ostracodes as 1978 Ostracodes. In Introduction to paleoenvironmental tools in the marine micropaleontology, edited interpretation of ancient lacustrine by Bilal U. Haq and Anne Boersma, records; Revista Española de pp 109-149. Elsevier North Micropaleontología, 9(2):145-164. Holland, New York.
Palacios-Fest, M. R., J. B. Mabry, F. Nials, Portiele R. and L. Lijklema J. P. Holmlund, E. Miksa and O. K. 1995 Carbon dioxide fluxes across the Davis air-water interface and its impact on 2001 Early irrigation systems in carbon availability in aquatic Southeastern Arizona: The systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. ostracode perspective. Journal of 40:690-699. South American Earth Sciences 14(5):541-555. Quigg, J. M. 2008 Introduction, Chapter 1. In Final Palacios-Fest, M. R., A. L. Carreño, J. R. Interim Report for Phase I of the Ortega-Rámirez and G. Alvarado- Data Recovery at Three Prehistoric Valdéz Sites (41PT185, 41PT186, and 2002 A paleoenvironmental 41PT245) Located within the Landis reconstruction of Laguna Babícora, Property in Potter County, Texas, Chihuahua, Mexico based on edited by J. M. Quigg, C. D. ostracode paleoecology and trace Frederick, and K. G. Luedecke, pp. element shell chemistry. Journal of 1-4. Austin: TRC Project No. Paleolimnology. 27(2):185-206. 150832.
Pentecost, A. Quigg, J. M., C. D. Frederick, and K. G. 1984 The growth of Chara globularis and Luedecke its relationship to calcium carbonate 2008 Final Interim Report for Phase I of deposition in Malham Tarn. Field the Data Recovery at Three Studies 6:53-58. Prehistoric Sites (41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245) Located Pentecost, A., J. E. Andrews, P. F. Dennis, within the Landis Property in Potter A. Marca-Bell, and S. Dennis County, Texas. Austin: TRC Project No. 150832.
1016 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
basin exploration: Case studies and Rutherford, J. modern analogs, edited by B. J. 2000 Ecology illustrated field guides. Katz, pp. 99-112, AAPG Memoirs Wilfrid Laurier University, 50. Waterloo, Ontario, website: http://info.wlu.ca/~wwwbiol/bio305 United States Department of Agriculture /Database (USDA) 2003 Soils survey manual. University Sellards, E. H. Press of the Pacific, Honolulu, 1952 Early man in America: A study in Hawaii, pp. 207-209. prehistory. Austin: University of Texas Press. Von Grafenstein, U., U. Eicher, H. Erlenkeuser, P. Ruch, J. Schwander, Sharpe, S. and B. Ammann 2002 Solute composition: a parameter 2000 Isotope signature of the Younger affecting the distribution of Dryas and two minor oscillations at freshwater gastropods. Conference Gerzensee (Switzerland): proceedings: Spring-fed wetlands: palaeoclimatic and palaeolimnologic Important scientific and cultural interpretation based on bulk and resources of the Intermontane biogenic carbonates. Region. http://wetlands.dri.edu Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaecology Stiller, M. and G. E. Hutchinson 159:215-229. 1980 The waters of Merom: A study of Lake Huleh, part-1- Stable isotopic Webb, W. F. composition of carbonates of a 54 m 1942 United States Mollusca: A core, paleoclimatic and paleotrophic Descriptive Manual of Many of the implications. Archiv für Marine, Land and Fresh Water Hydrobilogie, 89:275-302. Shells of North America, north of Mexico. Walter Freeman Webb, 1st Stine, S. Edition, Bookcraft Press, New 1990 Late Holocene fluctuations of Mono York. Lake, eastern California. Palaeogeography, Wendorf. F. Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1961 Paleoecology of the Llano Estacado. 78: 333 – 381. Santa Fe Museum of New Mexico Press. Talbot, M. R. 1990 A review of the paleohydrological Wendor, F. and J. J. Hester interpretations of carbon and oxygen 1975 Late Pleistocene environments of isotopic ratios in primary lacustrine the Southern High Plains. carbonates. Chemical Geology Publication of the Fort Burgwin (Isotope Geoscience Section) Research Center 9. Dallas: 80:261-279. Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University. Talbot, M. R. and K. Kelts 1990 Paleolimnological signatures from Whatley, R. carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in 1983 Some simple procedures for carbonates from organic carbon-rich enhancing the use of Ostracoda in lacustrine sediments. In Lacustrine
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palaeoenvironmental analysis. NPD Wrozyna, C., P. Frenzel, P. Steeb, L. Zhu, Bulletin (2):129-146. R. van Gelden, A. Mackensen and A. Schwalb. Wright, J. D. 2009 Stable isotope and ostracode 2000 Global climate change in marine species assemblage evidence for stable isotope records. lake level changes of Nam Co, (http://geology.rutgers.edu/~jdwrigh southern Tibet, during the past t/JDWWeb/1999/JDWright_NURE 600 years. Quaternary G.pdf), downloaded May 18, 2009. International 200(1-2) .
1018 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure M-1. Composite Chronostratigraphic Column and Sand Fraction-Size Curve
Note: Shows the trend of sediment input overtime for BT 36 at 41PT185/C, in Upper West Amarillo Creek valley, Texas. The upper age [430 ± 40 years. B.P.] is questionable because it is borrowed from Unit E. The 860 ± 40 years B.P. age is in reverse order with respect to the age below, considered a reliable date for this study [see Frederick 2008]. Based on the lithostratigraphy, five stratigraphic horizons are recognized in this study. The term “Horizon” is used to avoid confusion with the term “Unit” for Unit D of Frederick [2008]).
Technical Report No. 150832 1019 Appendix M TNESR Report
Figure M-2. Overall Faunal Composition Showing Total Population Trends Overtime.
Figure M-3. Micro-Mollusk Paleoecology Obtained from 19 Sediment Samples.
Note: Relative abundance and the paleoenvironmental index [PI] curve show the transition from terrestrial to aquatic conditions overtime.
1020 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure M-4. Macro-Mollusk Paleoecology Obtained from Five Floatation Samples.
Note: Relative abundance and the paleoenvironmental index [PI] curve show the transition from terrestrial to aquatic conditions overtime.
Technical Report No. 150832 1021 Appendix M TNESR Report h. h. Figure M-5. Ostracode Paleoecology and Relative Abundance Diagrams. Diagrams. Abundance and Relative Paleoecology Ostracode Figure M-5. Note: Includes the paleosalinity index (SI) curve showing fluctuations between dilute and saline conditions affecting the mars conditions saline dilute and showing fluctuations between index (SI) curve Note: Includes the paleosalinity
1022 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management Showing the Reconstructed Transition from Low to High Alkalinity Conditions Affecting the Marsh. the Marsh. Affecting Conditions Low to High Alkalinity from Transition Reconstructed Showing the Figure M-6. Charophyta Paleoecology and Relative Abundance Diagrams Including the Alkalinity Index (AI) Curve Including the Alkalinity Index (AI) Curve Diagrams Abundance and Relative Paleoecology Charophyta Figure M-6.
Technical Report No. 150832 1023 Appendix M TNESR Report and the Cypridopsis vidua Cypridopsis . and Nitella flexilis and Cypridopsis okeechobei Cypridopsis Chara globularis O) for the Ostracodes the Ostracodes O) for Gyrogonites Gyrogonites 18 G C and C and 13 G Isotope Records Isotope Records ( Figure M-7. Integrated Paleoecological Reconstruction Combining the Sand Fraction Curve, SI, PI, AI and Stable Curve, SI, PI, Fraction AI and Stable the Sand Combining Reconstruction Integrated Paleoecological Figure M-7.
1024 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure M-8. Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes Show a Moderately Positive Correlation Coefficient for both Ostracodes and Gyrogonites, which is Consistent with a Closed Basin Interpretation for the Marsh from BT 36 at Site 41PT185/C.
Figure M-9. Comparative Diagrams of į13C VPDB (per mil) Obtained from Gyrogonites, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), and Cypridopsis sp.
Notice the positive correlation among the three signatures supporting the lypothesis of the transition between and Little Ice Age [LIA].
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Table M-1. Sample Identification Numbers, Stratigraphic Position, Age Control, Sedimentation Rates, Bulk and Fraction Weight and Textural Classification of materials Analyzed from Unit D in BT 36 at Site 41PT185/C in the Upper West Amarillo Creek Valley.
Sediment Bulk Fraction >1 mm >106 >63 mm <63 mm >1 >106 >63 <63 Sample ID Depth Age ation Rate Wt. Wt. Wt. mm Wt. Wt. Wt. mm mm mm mm Texture Color Munsell (Years -1 #(cm bgs)B.P.) (cm Yr ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (% ) (% ) (% ) (% ) Light brownish BT 36-263-004-72 504-509 53.2 24.8 0.8 17.1 6.9 28.4 1.5 32.1 13.0 53.4 Silty sand gray 10YR 6/2 Dark graysih BT 36-263-004-68 482-486 1890 ± 40 0.32 52.4 7.2 0.2 5.8 1.2 45.2 0.4 11.1 2.3 86.3 Silty clay brown 10YR 4/2 BT 36-263-004-69 475-479 54.0 14.8 0.6 8.8 5.4 39.2 1.1 16.3 10.0 72.6 Silty clay Brown 10YR 5/3 Light brownish BT 36-263-004-70 458-462 53.1 20.3 0.3 18.9 1.1 32.8 0.6 35.6 2.1 61.8 Silty sand gray 10YR 6/2 Light brownish BT 36-263-004-71 429-432 53.3 33.3 0.7 27.7 4.9 20.0 1.3 52.0 9.2 37.5 Silty sand gray 10YR 6/2 Light brownish BT 36-263-004-73 387-391 51.0 12.3 0.4 10.9 1.0 38.7 0.8 21.4 2.0 75.9 Sandy clay gray 10YR 6/2 Light brownish BT 36-263-004-74 367-370 54.8 9.0 0.4 5.8 2.8 45.8 0.7 10.6 5.1 83.6 Sandy clay gray 10YR 6/2 Light brownish BT 36-263-004-75 350-354 55.6 7.6 0.1 4.4 3.1 48.0 0.2 7.9 5.6 86.3 Silty clay gray 10YR 6/2 BT 36-263-004-76 336-340 1430 ± 40 0.07 52.9 8.8 0.1 8.5 0.2 44.1 0.2 16.1 0.4 83.4 Silty clay Light gray 10YR 7/2 BT 36-263-004-77 318-321 54.4 8.0 0.3 6.5 1.2 46.4 0.6 11.9 2.2 85.3 Silty clay Light gray 10YR 7/2 BT 36-263-004-78 305-309 53.2 5.0 0.4 4.1 0.5 48.2 0.8 7.7 0.9 90.6 Silty clay Black 10YR 2/1 BT 36-263-004-79 290-293 750 ± 40 0.33 51.9 9.4 0.5 5.0 3.9 42.5 1.0 9.6 7.5 81.9 Silty clay Black 10YR 2/1 BT 36-263-004-80 275-278 860 ± 40? 51.3 8.0 0.2 7.5 0.3 43.3 0.4 14.6 0.6 84.4 Silty clay Black 10YR 2/1 BT 36-263-004-81 260-264 51.8 9.7 0.1 5.7 3.9 42.1 0.2 11.0 7.5 81.3 Silty clay Black 10YR 2/1 BT 36-263-004-82 247-251 56.0 19.3 0.5 12.8 6.0 36.7 0.9 22.9 10.7 65.5 Sandy clay Very dark brown 10YR 2/2 BT 36-263-004-83 222-227 51.9 12.1 0.7 10.0 1.4 39.8 1.3 19.3 2.7 76.7 Sandy clay Very dark brown 10YR 2/2 BT 36-263-004-84 194-199 50.7 30.4 1.1 25.9 3.4 20.3 2.2 51.1 6.7 40.0 Silty sand Very pale brown 10YR 7/3 BT 36-263-004-85 188-192 53.1 33.0 2.8 25.8 4.4 20.1 5.3 48.6 8.3 37.9 Silty sand Very pale brown 10YR 7/3 Light brownish BT 36-263-004-86 185-188 430 ± 40 55.8 28.8 1.4 24.9 2.5 27.0 2.5 44.6 4.5 48.4 Silty sand gray 10YR 6/2 BT 36-263-004-92 480-490 1890 ± 40 0.32 3300 Marly clay Very dark brown 10YR 2/2 BT 36-263-004-93 375-385 3600 Clay Black 10YR 2/1 BT 36-263-004-90 290-300 3600 Clay Black 10YR 2/1 BT 36-263-004-89 285-289 750 ± 40 0.07 750 Clay Black 10YR 2/1 BT 36-263-004-91 225-235 3800 Marly clay Black 10YR 2/1
1026 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table M-2. Mineralogical Composition of Samples Analyzed.
Sample ID Depth Bulk Wt. Fraction CaCO3 Root Ostracode Shell Fis h Bone Quartz Felds pars Charcoal #(cm bgs)(g) Wt. (g) Nodules casts Frags . Frags . Scales Frags . BT 36-263-004-72 504-509 53.2 24.8 VA C C VR R VR R BT 36-263-004-68 482-486 52.4 7.2 VA C C VR MC R MC BT 36-263-004-69 475-479 54.0 14.8 VA C C R R R MC BT 36-263-004-70 458-462 53.1 20.3 VA C C VR MC VR MC BT 36-263-004-71 429-432 53.3 33.3 VA C C VR VR VR MC BT 36-263-004-73 387-391 51.0 12.3 VA C C R R VR MC BT 36-263-004-74 367-370 54.8 9.0 VA C C R R R MC BT 36-263-004-75 350-354 55.6 7.6 VA C MC VR R VR MC BT 36-263-004-76 336-340 52.9 8.8 VA C C VR MC VR MC BT 36-263-004-77 318-321 54.4 8.0 VA C MC R R VR MC BT 36-263-004-78 305-309 53.2 5.0 VA C MC VR R VR MC BT 36-263-004-79 290-293 51.9 9.4 VA C A R R VR MC VR BT 36-263-004-80 275-278 51.3 8.0 VA C C R MC VR MC BT 36-263-004-81 260-264 51.8 9.7 VA C C R R VR MC BT 36-263-004-82 247-251 56.0 19.3 VA C MC VR MC VR BT 36-263-004-83 222-227 51.9 12.1 VA MC C A VR C BT 36-263-004-84 194-199 50.7 30.4 VA C A C R MC BT 36-263-004-85 188-192 53.1 33.0 VA C A MC R MC BT 36-263-004-86 185-188 55.8 28.8 VA C C MC R MC BT 36-263-004-92 480-490 3300 BT 36-263-004-93 375-385 3600 BT 36-263-004-90 290-300 3600 BT 36-263-004-89 285-289 750 BT 36-263-004-91 225-235 3800
Table M-3. Paleontological Composition and Taphonomic Characteristics of Mollusks, Ostracodes, and Gyrogonites.
Depth Bulk Wt. Fraction Mollusks Ostracodes Gyrogonit Fragmenta Encrustati Color Sample ID No. Abrasion Coating Redox (cmbs) (g) Wt. (g) (#) (#) es (#) tion on BT 36-263-004-72 504-509 53.2 24.8 2 15 10 0 0 0 White BT 36-263-004-68 482-486 52.4 7.2 6 55 1081 2 2 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-69 475-479 54.0 14.8 5 2 27 15 10 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-70 458-462 53.1 20.3 15 6 15 10 0 0 0 White BT 36-263-004-71 429-432 53.3 33.3 11 6 5 5 0 0 0 White BT 36-263-004-73 387-391 51.0 12.3 3 7 15 5 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-74 367-370 54.8 9.0 28 26 15 5 5 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-75 350-354 55.6 7.6 9 5 388 15 15 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-76 336-340 52.9 8.8 7 27 86 5 5 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-77 318-321 54.4 8.0 24 4 2 2 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-78 305-309 53.2 5.0 41 222 86 2 2 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-79 290-293 51.9 9.4 37 243 88 2 2 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-80 275-278 51.3 8.0 21 119 24 2 2 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-81 260-264 51.8 9.7 10 80 11 2 2 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-82 247-251 56.0 19.3 20 90 9 2 2 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-83 222-227 51.9 12.1 750 422 239 2 2 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-84 194-199 50.7 30.4 39 24 98 5 5 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-85 188-192 53.1 33.0 18 3 60 5 5 0 0 0 Clear BT 36-263-004-86 185-188 55.8 28.8 11 2 15 10 0 0 0 White BT 36-263-004-92 480-490 3300 NR 26 NR 1000+ 2 2 0 0 0 White BT 36-263-004-93 375-385 3600 NR 151 NR 1000+ 2 2 0 0 0 White BT 36-263-004-89 285-289 750 NR 865 NR 1000+ 2 2 0 0 0 White BT 36-263-004-90 290-300 3600 NR 464 NR 10,000+ 2 2 0 0 0 White BT 36-263-004-91 225-235 3800 NR 1453 NR 1000+ 2 2 0 0 0 White
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Table M-4. Ecological Requirements of Mollusks Species Recovered from BT 36 at Site 41PT185/C in the Upper West Amarillo Creek Valley.
Species Habitat Permanence Salinity* Chemistry (in HCO3/Ca)* 10-5,000 mg L-1 1-5 mg L-1 Freshwater to Ca- or Physa virgata (Gould, 1855) Streams, lakes, ponds, canals Permanent or ephemeral HCO3-rich
Physella gyrina aurea (Say, 1821) Streams, lakes, ponds, swamps Permanent or ephemeral NA NA NA 1,000-2,000 mg L-1 1-2 mg L-1 Freshwater to Ca- or Stagnicola elodes (Say 1821) Streams, lakes, ponds, canals Permanent or ephemeral HCO3-rich Permanent or ephemeral 10-5,000 mg L-1 1-5 mg L-1 Freshwater to Ca- or Gyraulus parvus (Say, 1817) Streams, lakes, ponds, canals or moist soil HCO3-rich Weedy species in swamps, Permanent (oligotrophic Planorbellascalaris (Jay 1839) ponds, lakes (lentic) environments) NA NA NA Weedy species in swamps, Permanent (eutrophic Planorbella trivolvis intertexta (Say, 1817) ponds, lakes (lentic) environments) NA NA NA Weedy species in swamps, Permanent (eutrophic Planorbella trivolvis lenta (Say, 1817) ponds, lakes (lentic) environments) NA NA NA Freshwater to Ca- or Fossaria cubensis (Pfeiffer 1839) Streams, ponds, lakes Permanent or ephemeral 200-5,000 mg L-1 -2 to1.5 mg L-1 HCO3-rich Ditches, ponds, quiet backwaters Laevapex (Ferrisia) hendersoni Walker, in streams and lakes (stems of 1908 aquatic plants) Permanent or ephemeral NA NA NA Freshwater to Ca- or Pisidium sp. (Pfeiffer 1821) Springs, lakes, streams Permanent ~2,000 mg L-1 ~2 mg L-1 HCO3-rich 10-5,000 mg L-1 1-5 mg L-1 Freshwater to Ca- or Sphaerium transversum (Say) Lakes, streams Permanent HCO3-rich Amphibious, weedy, lakes, Pseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1825) streams, swamps Permanent NA NA NA
Micromenetus brogniartiana Riparian, marshes Moist soils NA NA NA Somatogyrus walkerianus (Aldrich, 1905) Streams, lakes, ponds, swamps Permanent NA NA NA Open grassland, near springs, Pupoides sp. seeps, bogs Moist soils NA NA NA
Columella simplex (Gould 1840) Deciduous leaf litter Moist soils NA NA NA Moist soils; supports Gastrocopta procera (Gould 1840) Prairie, savanna vegetation drought NA NA NA Calcareous hygric conditions, Gastrocopta tappaniana (C.B. Adams, 1841) frequent in alvars Moist soils NA NA NA
Polygyra sp. Riparian, marshes Moist soils NA NA NA
Sources: Vokes and Miksicek, 1987 Miksicek, 1989 Bequaert and Miller, 1973 Webb, 1942 Sovell and Guralnick 2004 *Sharpe 2002 Dillon (2000: 123-135, 363) Eversole 1978
1028 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management Sphaerium transversum sp. 218.20.5 2100 60.80.8 22002200 1.01 4.80 314.30 Pisidium s 1 14.3 0 1 33.3 0 19.10 16.70 Somatogyru walkerianus Laevapex Laevapex hendersoni (Ferrisinia) cubensis Fossaria Planorbella Planorbella trivolvis lenta trivolvis trivolvis trivolvis intertexta Planorbella Planorbella scalaris Planorbella Planorbella Freshwater parvus Gyraulus elodes Stagnicola nea columella Pseudosucci Physella gyrina aurea gyrina # % A/J * # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J # % A/J Physa virgata
Mollusks weight (g)
Table M-5. Total and Relative Abundance of Mollusks Species Recovered, Including Adult/Juvenile (A/J). Including Adult/Juvenile (A/J). Mollusks Species Recovered, of and Relative Abundance Table M-5. Total No. of Mollusks Depth (cmbs) No. BT 36 BT 263-004-92 480-490263-004-93 375-385 26263-004-90 151 290-300263-004-89 NA 464 285-289 NA263-004-91 865 225-235 NA 1453 NA NA 11 0.8 6 0.3 23.1 592 0.8 12 40.7 0.2 2.6 282 32.6 5 0 0.1 0.3 0.4 391 26.9 0.4 9 45 34.6 0.3 3.1 0.38 113 172 193 24.4 19.9 26 0.1 0.1 13.3 17.2 11 0.5 7 0.2 1.27 1 1.51 0.73 0.14 114 0.66 14 13.2 1 0.1 3.0 16 0.5 10.6 22 0.1 1.5 18 0.4 11.9 0.2 20 2.3 33 0.6 7.1 0.3 1 182 12.5 0.2 4 0.1 1 2.6 33 1 166 7.1 19.2 18 0.1 0.6 11.9 0.8 263-004-83 222-227263-004-84 750 194-199263-004-85 14.45 188-192 39263-004-86 325 185-188 18 43.3 0.77 0.0 11 0.34 4 10.3 0.20 1 0 5.6 0 417 55.6 0.0 2 0.267 17 0 43.6 0.2 6 33.3 0.5 0 7 63.6 0.3 1 2.6 0 2 11.1 1 9 23.1 0.4 6 3 33.3 7.7 0.5 0 263-004-82 247-251 20 0.36 7 35 0.3 7 35 0 2 10 0 263-004-77 318-321263-004-78 305-309 24263-004-79 290-293263-004-80 41 0.44 275-278 37263-004-81 0.77 260-264 21 0.71 7 10 0.41 17.1 7 0.6 0.19 18.9 5 0 23.8 3 0 30 0 3 7.3 0 20 48.8 0.4 1 9 17 2.439 37.5 45.9 1 7 0.2 0.5 33.3 2 4 0.1 8.333 0.5 40 2 0 8.3 0.5 3 12.5 0 4 16.7 3 0.8 6 2 7.3 16.2 8.3 0 0.5 0 1 2.7 0 2 5.4 5 0 12.2 1 0.2 2.7 1 263-004-74 367-370263-004-75 350-354263-004-76 28 336-340 9 0.51 7 0.16 0.13 1 11.1 0 3 9 33.3 32.1 0 0.2 3 1 3.571 42.9 0 0 2 7.1 0 2 7.1 0 7 25.0 3 0 33.3 0.3 1 3.6 1 1 11.1 1 Sample ID ID Sample 263-004-73 387-391 3 0.06 1 33.3 0 263-004-72 504-509263-004-68 482-486263-004-69 2 475-479263-004-70 6 0.04 458-462 5 0.11 15 0.09 0.28 1 20 0 2 40 0 3 1 20 0 20 4 6 0 66.7 0.5 40 0 1 20 1 263-004-71 429-432 11 0.21 9 81.8 0 * A= adult, J = juvenile, juvenile, = J adult, * A=
Technical Report No. 150832 1029 Appendix M TNESR Report Cosmopolitan: across North America but sparse across America North Cosmopolitan: Cosmopolitan: worldwide Cosmopolitan: across North America Cosmopolitan: worldwide Cosmopolitan: across North America to California from America: North Western Nebraska southern Cosmopolitan: across North America but across America North Cosmopolitan: towetlands andscattered limited Cosmopolitan: worldwide to California from America: North Western Nebraska southern to southeastern America North Limited Eastern North America: from Michigan to New southYork, to Tennesse. Rare in westernAmerica (Arizona, North New Mexico, Texas) but sparse across America North Cosmopolitan: but sparse across America North Cosmopolitan: but sparse across America North Cosmopolitan: . y Freshwater Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich Freshwater to Ca-rich -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1-3 meq L ~1.00 meq L meq ~1.00 0.5-30 meqL 0.10-50 meq L 0.5-10.0 meq L 0.20-5.0 meq L 0.10-5.0 meq L 0.10-5.0 meq L 0.7-10.0 meq L 0.5-6.00 meq L 0.10-50.0 meq L 0.10-50.0 meq L 0.30-10.0 meq L 1.00-5.00 meq L 0.70-70.00 meqL -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 50-800 mg50-800 L 10-5,000 mg L 40-3,000 mg L 30-1,000 mg L 10-1,000 mg L 10-1,000 mg L 200-5,000 mg L 100-4,000 mg L 100-4,000 mg L 200-2,000 mg L 100-2,000 mg L 300-1,000 mg L 200-1,000 mg L 10-10,000 mg L er West Amarillo Creek Valle West Amarillo er pp Temperature Chemistry* 2-32°C Eurythermic 2-32°C Eurythermic 6-18°C Cryophilic 100-4,000 mg L-1 2-32°C Eurythermic ephemeral ephemeral ephemeral Permanent 2-32°C Eurythermic ephemeral Permanent 0-14°C Cryotopic BT 36 at Site 41PT185/C in the U BT 36 at Site 41PT185/C Table M-6. Ecological Requirements of Ostracode Species Recovered from from Species Recovered of Ostracode Table M-6. Ecological Requirements Lakes, pondsLakes, Permanent 2-32°CSprings, Eurythermic streams, lakes Permanent ponds Lakes, lakes or streams, Permanent Springs, 14-28°C Thermophilic pondsLakes, Permanent 2-32°C Eurythermic Springs, streams, lakes streams, PermanentSprings, 7-25°C Eurythermic seeps, Springs, groundwater Vavra 1891 (Sars, Keiser 1976 Springs, streams, lakes Permanent NA NA Furtos 1933Furtos lakes streams, Permanent Springs, 2-32°C Eurythermic Sharpe 1897Sharpe ponds Lakes, Permanent 2-32°C Eurythermic (Brady & Marmonier & & Marmonier Furtos 1933Furtos lakes streams, Permanent Springs, 2-32°C Eurythermic (Jurine 1820)(Jurine ponds Lakes, Permanent 2-32°C Eurythermic Tressler 1954Tressler lakes streams, Springs, or Permanent Gu t en t ag & (O.F. Müller, 1776) Springs, streams, lakes Permanent or lakes or 1776) streams, Permanent Müller, Springs, (O.F. Sars 1890Sars ponds lakes, Streams, or Permanent Species Habitat Permanence Salinity* Paleo/Biogeography** Candona patzcuaro patzcuaro Candona caudata Fabaeformiscandona (Kaufmann 1900) vidua Cypridopsis bradyi Ilyocypris brevicaudata Herpetocypris 1900 Kaufmann, smaragdina Potamocypris stagnalis Pseudocandona Meisch1890) & Broodbakker 1993 stevensoni Darwinula 1890 Robinson), meadensis Eucypris floridensis Limnocythere pustulosa Physocypria ophthalmica Cypria Cavernocypris wardi okeechobei Cypridopsis (2007) al. et 2005 Kulkoyluoglu et al. * Forester (1998), al. et Anderson (1991), ** Forester Benson 1962 1989 Danielopol & Meisch Physocypria globula globula Physocypria
1030 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management ) stagnalis Pseudocandona Pseudocandona okeechobei okeechobei smaragdina Cypridopsis Cypridopsis Cypridopsis Potamocypris Potamocypris 30 54.5 0.3 0.2 wardi wardi brevicaudata Herpetocypris Cavernocypris Cavernocypris Cavernocypris Cavernocypris
2.10 120.01
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5 71.4 0.4 0 1 14.3 1 0
C C Cypridopsis viduaCypridopsis bradyi Ilyocypris # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V Physocypria pustulosa Physocypria Physocypria pustulosa Physocypria overed, Including Adult/Juvenile (A/J) and Carapace/Valve (C/V Carapace/Valve (A/J) and Adult/Juvenile overed, Including V V Ratios. floridensis floridensis ona caudata ona Limnocythere Limnocythere Fabaeformiscand Candona patzcuaro Candona Eucypris meadensis Eucypris meadensis globula stevensoni stevensoni Darwinula Darwinula Physocypria Physocypria # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/ # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/V # % A/J C/
Ostracodes Ostracodes Weight (g) Weight (g)
Ostracodes Ostracodes # # Depth Depth Depth (cnbs) (cnbs) (cmbs) No. No. No. BT 36 BT BT 36 BT BT 36 BT 263-004-72263-004-68 504-509 263-004-69 482-486263-004-70 475-479263-004-71 458-462 55263-004-73 429-432263-004-74 2 387-391263-004-75 367-370263-004-76 6 1.05 350-354263-004-77 7 336-340 0.04 26263-004-78 318-321263-004-79 5 305-309 0.11 27263-004-80 290-293 0.14263-004-81 4 0.47 275-278 222263-004-82 260-264 0.09 243263-004-83 0.51 247-251 119263-004-84 222-227 0.07 4.17 80263-004-85 194-199 4.68 90 5263-004-86 188-192 422 2.32 9.1 185-188 2 24 1.54 100.0 1 3 1.61 0 3 8.13 0 50.0 0 61 0.47 0 67.8 0.06 0.3 0 0.1 2 50.0 0.5 0 20 36.4 3 0.20 0.7 0.20 3 0 50.0 3 0 1 1.2 1 1 6 0 23.1 0 4 3 163 0.8 80.0 67.1 11.1 0 40 0.5 0 26 0.7 18.0 1 28.9 0 0 0.1 3 50 0.7 0.7 0.7 11.5 253 42.0 1 0.2 32 60.0 0.2 2 1 14.3 0.5 40.0 0.6 7.4 1 0.2 0.8 0 0.1 0.5 9 0.3 0 0 37.5 0.7 0 12 4.9 0.2 0 1 1.1 1 59 24.3 0.7 0 0 1 1.1 0 0 7 5.9 3 0.6 3.8 0 0.7 0 263-004-72263-004-68 504-509 263-004-69 482-486263-004-70 475-479263-004-71 458-462 55263-004-73 429-432263-004-74 2 387-391263-004-75 367-370 6 1.05 350-354 7 0.04 26 5 0.11 0.14 0.47 0.09 4 15.4 1 0 4 15.4 0 0 3 11.5 1 0.7 7 26.9 0 0 263-004-76263-004-77 336-340263-004-78 318-321263-004-79 305-309 27263-004-80 290-293263-004-81 4 275-278 222263-004-82 260-264 243263-004-83 0.51 247-251 119263-004-84 222-227 0.07 4.17 80263-004-85 194-199 4.68 90263-004-86 188-192 422 11 2.32 185-188 5.0 24 6 1.54 0.4 3 2.5 1.61 8.13 0 3 1 0.47 3.8 0 0.06 1 0 10 37.0 1 0.7 0.2 25.0 12 0 44.4 0 0.5 171 77.0 1 1 0 25.0 0.7 1.1 125 51.4 0.1 1 1 0.8 0 39 0.1 0 62 48.8 52.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 166 0.1 39.3 15 0.6 62.5 0.1 3 0.9 100.0 0 1 0 1 1.3 0 0 2 2.5 1 0 Sample ID ID Sample Sample ID ID Sample Sample ID ID Sample Table M-7. Total and Relative Abundance of Ostracode Species Rec Species of Ostracode Abundance Relative and Table M-7. Total * A = adult, J = juvenile, carapase, V = value value = V carapase, juvenile, = J adult, * A =
Technical Report No. 150832 1031 Appendix M TNESR Report
Table M-8. Ecological Requirements of Charophyta Recovered from BT 36 at Site 41PT185/C in the Upper West Amarillo Creek Valley.
Optimal pH Species Habitat Permanence Temperature Seasonality Preference Chara globularis Thuillier High pH; Ca-rich waters, slow Permanent or ephemeral, 5-25°C; Mid-January to late 7.5-10.5; lentic or lotic waters; prefer late spring-summer but optimum: 17°C- September. Peak o ptimu m: 9.5- occasionally in spring seeps; may occur year-round 22°C between late April 10.5 intolerant to high nutrient and mid-July conditions Chara filiformis (Hertsch) High pH; Ca-rich waters, slow Permanent or ephemeral, 5-25°C; Mid-January to late 7.5-10.5; lentic or lotic waters; prefer late spring-summer but optimum: 17°C- September. Peak o ptimu m: 9.5- occasionally in spring seeps; may occur year-round 22°C between late April 10.5 intolerant to high nutrient and mid-July conditions Nitella flexilis (Linneaus, Lower pH than Chara ; slow Permanent or ephemeral, 5-25°C; Mid-January to late 7.5-10.5; pro parte) lentic to lotic waters; peaty prefer late spring-summer but optimum: 13°C- September. Peak o ptimu m: 7.5- bogs; intolerant to high nutrient may occur year-round 18°C between late March 9.0 conditions and mid-June
Sources: Coletta et al. 2001; Pentecost et al. 2006; Andrews et al. 2004.
Table M-9. Total and Relative Abundance of Charophyta Recovered from BT 36 at Site 41PT185/C in the Upper West Amarillo Creek Valley.
is m ularis r lis b fo xi Depth Bulk Fraction Wt. Gyrogonites Gyrogonites li Sample ID No. i fle (cmbs) Wt. (g) (g) # (g) ara glo araf lla h h ite C C N #%#%#% BT 36-263-004-72 504-509 53.2 24.8 BT 36-263-004-68 482-486 52.4 7.2 1081 20.63 721 66.7 360 33.3 0 BT 36-263-004-69 475-479 54.0 14.8 27 0.50 19 70.4 8 29.6 0 BT 36-263-004-70 458-462 53.1 20.3 6 0.11 6 100 0 0 BT 36-263-004-71 429-432 53.3 33.3 BT 36-263-004-73 387-391 51.0 12.3 BT 36-263-004-74 367-370 54.8 9.0 15 0.27 9 60 6 40 0 BT 36-263-004-75 350-354 55.6 7.6 388 6.98 0 0 388 100 BT 36-263-004-76 336-340 52.9 8.8 86 1.63 0 0 86 100 BT 36-263-004-77 318-321 54.4 8.0 BT 36-263-004-78 305-309 53.2 5.0 86 1.62 67 77.9 19 22.1 0 BT 36-263-004-79 290-293 51.9 9.4 88 1.70 40 45.5 36 40.9 12 13.6 BT 36-263-004-80 275-278 51.3 8.0 24 0.47 22 91.7 0 2 8.3 BT 36-263-004-81 260-264 51.8 9.7 11 0.21 7 63.6 0 4 36.4 BT 36-263-004-82 247-251 56.0 19.3 9 0.16 7 77.8 0 2 22.2 BT 36-263-004-83 222-227 51.9 12.1 239 4.61 199 83.3 40 16.7 0 BT 36-263-004-84 194-199 50.7 30.4 98 1.93 71 72.4 18 18.4 9 9.2 BT 36-263-004-85 188-192 53.1 33.0 60 1.13 44 73.3 11 18.3 5 8.3 BT 36-263-004-86 185-188 55.8 28.8 2 0.04 2 100 0 0 BT 36-263-004-92 480-490 3300 NR 1000+ NA NR NA NR NA NR NA BT 36-263-004-93 375-385 3600 NR 1000+ NA NR NA NR NA NR NA BT 36-263-004-90 290-300 3600 NR 10,000+ NA NR NA NR NA NR NA BT 36-263-004-89 285-289 750 NR 1000+ NA NR NA NR NA NR NA BT 36-263-004-91 225-235 3800 NR 1000+ NA NR NA NR NA NR NA NR = not recorded; NA = not available
1032 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table M-10. Ostracode Stable Isotope Data Obtained from Cypridopsis okeechobei and Cypridopsis vidua. Two Replicates, the Mean and Standard Deviations are Shown for ¥13C and ¥18O Values.
13 18 Depth G C G O Sample ID No. Species (cmbs) Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Average Std. Dev. Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Average Std. Dev. BT 36-263-004-72 504-509 - - - BT 36-263-004-68 482-486 Cypridopsis okeechoebi -4.62 -4.97 -4.79 0.030 -6.43 -6.06 -6.25 0.044 BT 36-263-004-69 475-479 - - - BT 36-263-004-70 458-462 - - - BT 36-263-004-71 429-432 - - - BT 36-263-004-73 387-391 - - - BT 36-263-004-74 367-370 Cypridopsis vidua -4.41 -2.96 -3.68 0.034 -3.73 -3.21 -3.47 0.069 BT 36-263-004-75 350-354 - - - BT 36-263-004-76 336-340 Cypridopsis vidua -3.58 -3.45 -3.52 0.085 -6.59 -5.27 -5.93 0.114 BT 36-263-004-77 318-321 - - - BT 36-263-004-78 305-309 Cypridopsis vidua -2.35 -2.18 -2.27 0.044 -3.45 -4.84 -4.14 0.057 BT 36-263-004-79 290-293 Cypridopsis vidua -3.09 -3.48 -3.28 0.013 -3.01 -3.67 -3.34 0.037 BT 36-263-004-80 275-278 Cypridopsis vidua -1.02 0.79 -0.11 0.026 -0.90 2.08 0.59 0.057 BT 36-263-004-81 260-264 Cypridopsis vidua -2.58 -0.08 -1.33 0.033 -0.42 -3.11 -1.77 0.041 BT 36-263-004-82 247-251 Cypridopsis vidua 2.69 5.51 4.10 0.065 -1.67 -1.03 -1.35 0.057 BT 36-263-004-83 222-227 Cypridopsis vidua -3.59 -2.31 -2.95 0.044 -3.18 -2.34 -2.76 0.045 BT 36-263-004-84 194-199 Cypridopsis vidua -2.15 -1.97 -2.06 0.050 -4.09 -5.99 -5.04 0.078 BT 36-263-004-85 188-192 - - - BT 36-263-004-86 185-188 - - -
Table M-11. Gyrogonite Stable Isotope Data Obtained from Chara globularis and Nitella flexilis. Two Replicates, the Mean and Standard Deviations are Shown for ¥13C and ¥18O Values.
Notice that three replicates were available for sample BT 36-#263-004-84.
d13 C d1 8O Depth Sample ID # Species Replicate Replicate Replicate Std. Replicat Replicate Replicate Std. (cmbs) 1 2 3 Average Dev. e 1 2 3 Average Dev. BT 36-263-004-72 504-509 - - - BT 36-263-004-68 482-486 Chara globularis -6.70 -6.35 -6.52 0.022 -5.74 -6.59 -6.17 0.056 BT 36-263-004-69 475-479 - - - -6.18 -6.60 -6.39 0.022 -6.59 -6.77 -6.68 0.067 BT 36-263-004-70 458-462 - - - BT 36-263-004-71 429-432 - - - BT 36-263-004-73 387-391 - - - BT 36-263-004-74 367-370 Nitella flexilis -9.38 -10.28 -9.83 0.006 -7.12 -7.17 -7.14 0.028 BT 36-263-004-75 350-354 Nitella flexilis -12.83 -13.47 -13.15 0.015 -7.61 -7.95 -7.78 0.068 BT 36-263-004-76 336-340 Nitella flexilis -10.22 -9.84 -10.03 0.027 -6.97 -7.04 -7.01 0.023 BT 36-263-004-77 318-321 - - - BT 36-263-004-78 305-309 Chara globularis -2.37 -3.65 -3.01 0.028 -7.29 -6.55 -6.92 0.060 BT 36-263-004-79 290-293 Chara globularis -3.85 -1.62 -2.74 0.025 -3.57 -6.40 -4.99 0.052 BT 36-263-004-80 275-278 Chara globularis -4.38 -3.17 -3.78 0.037 -5.66 -6.08 -5.87 0.049 BT 36-263-004-81 260-264 Chara globularis -3.04 -3.04 0.016 -6.51 -6.51 0.026 BT 36-263-004-82 247-251 Chara globularis BT 36-263-004-83 222-227 Chara globularis -6.14 -5.13 -5.63 0.014 -6.42 -7.09 -6.75 0.050
BT 36-263-004-84 194-199 Chara globularis -1.24 -1.45 -1.74 -1.48 0.034 -6.05 -7.24 -6.87 -6.72 0.059 BT 36-263-004-85 188-192 Chara globularis -2.11 -2.15 -2.13 0.023 -5.47 -5.99 -5.73 0.045 BT 36-263-004-86 185-188 - - -
Technical Report No. 150832 1033 This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX N
PLANT REMAINS FROM 41PT185/C, 41PT186, AND 41PT245 This page intentionally left blank. PLANT REMAINS FROM 41PT185/C, 41PT186, AND 41PT245
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Phil Dering, Ph.D. Shumla Archeobotanical Services Comstock, Texas This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
N.1 INTRODUCTION Plant material is sorted into two categories – woody fragments, and seed/fruit fragments The purpose of this analysis is to provide an including maize or agave parts when assessment of the botanical assemblages present. Identification of carbonized wood from three sites, 41PT185/C, 41PT186, and was accomplished by using the snap 41PT245. A total of 14 flotation samples technique, examining the fragments at 8 to and 39 charcoal samples were submitted for 45 magnifications with a hand lens or a analysis. The data will be utilized to assess binocular dissecting microscope, and the nature and condition of the plant remains comparing the material to samples in the from these sites and provide some evidence archeobotanical herbarium. All seed for plant utilization and local environmental identifications were made using seed conditions. manuals and reference collections at Shumla Archeobotanical Services. Only charred N.2 METHODS plant material is included in the analysis, because uncarbonized material is consumed Flotation is a method of recovering organic by insects, fungi and bacteria and does not remains from archeological sediments by survive more than a few years in the using water to separate heavy or soluble deposits of open sites. inorganic particles from plant parts and small animal bone. The material floating to Up to 25 wood charcoal fragments large the surface is called the light fraction, and enough to be manipulated are examined and this is caught on a fine mesh screen or identified from each flotation sample. strainer. The material that sinks to the Fragments smaller than 2 or 3 mm can not bottom is the heavy fraction and it is also be manipulated. They are usually placed in caught on a fine mesh screen. Most of the the indeterminate category. When a sample soil including clay and silt is suspended in contains more than 25 fragments, the rest of water and passes through the screens and is the material is scanned to make sure that no either recycled or discarded. In this study, other taxa are present. Then the volume of both the light and heavy fractions were the charcoal is measured and included along submitted for analysis. In addition, point or with its weight in the report. The results are screen-collected charcoal samples were presented in tabular format. submitted for identification. Sample content may be affected by various The analysis followed standard biological disturbance factors, including archeobotanical laboratory procedures. The insect or small mammal activity, and plant volume of the light fraction is first root growth. In an effort to assess this measured. In most cases up to 100 ml of impact, the amounts of roots, insect parts, light fraction from each sample is set aside leaves, and modern uncharred seeds are for analysis. Then the portion to be estimated for each flotation sample. These analyzed is passed through a nested set of amounts are reported on a scale of 1-5 (+), screens of 4 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm, and 0.450 6-25 (++), 26-50 (+++), and over 50 (++++). mm mesh and examined for charred material, which is separated for N.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION identification. In the current study, charred plant material was so scarce that I sorted Results of the analysis are presented in through the entire volume of each light Tables N-1 through N-5. Table N-1 lists the fraction that was submitted for analysis. flotation sample proveniences along with a summary of recovery and preservation indicators from each sample. Identifications
Technical Report No. 150832 1039 Appendix N Plant Remains and counts of plant material recovered from these charcoal samples were collected from each flotation and charcoal sample appear non-feature contexts. However, two were by site in Tables N-2 through N-5. collected from Feature 9, and these samples yielded mesquite. Charcoal samples from N.4 OVERVIEW Features 11 and 15 both contained juniper. No seed or fruit remains were noted in the Recovery of charred plant material in the samples. flotation samples was poor. The total charcoal in each sample varied from nothing The presence of cottonwood/willow to 2.5 g. Disturbance indicators were indicates utilization of streamside abundant, and several fresh, uncharred seeds vegetation, or vegetation near a spring. occurred in samples from 41PT185/C. Mesquite grows either near a stream at Roots and insect parts constituted the slightly higher elevations or along the majority of the disturbance indicators, and margins of open areas. At least today, sand some samples contained uncharred seeds, plum grows on low dunes and mountain including sunflower, goosefoot/pigweed mahogany primarily along or at the base of (cheno-am), and hackberry. the caprock, canyons, or on rocky breaks away from the caprock. Juniper is located on The worst recovery was noted at 41PT245, erosional breaks, slopes, and low hills. where 0.1 g of unidentifiable charred wood was found in a single sample. The Late All of the plant taxa in the archaeological Archaic site, 41PT185/C, also exhibited assemblage grow in the region today. poor recovery or carbonized plant materials. Woody materials found at the site reflect the Five of the seven flotation samples did not utilization of several different ecological contain charred plant remains. Better results zones in the vicinity. Willow/cottonwood were noted at 41PT186, a Protohistoric site, would have been selected from lower from which 3.3 g of charred plant material terraces, mesquite from margins of was recovered. However, most of this grasslands, and the Rosaceae-type wood material occurred in a single sample from from either low dunes or steeper, rocky Feature 8. slopes, and juniper from slopes. Without fire suppression and with pressure from use as fuel wood and structural material, woody N.5 SITE SUMMARIES plants were likely much less widespread in the region. 41PT185/C. I examined seven flotation samples and 25 charcoal samples from this 41PT186. I examined six flotation samples site. Mesquite was present in Feature 8 in and 14 charcoal samples from this relative abundance, and in Feature 11 Protohistoric site. Charred wood or grass cottonwood/willow-type. In contrast to the fragments occurred in all the flotation flotation samples, most of the identified samples, an indication of somewhat better wood was juniper in the individually preservation. I did not find seed or fruit collected charcoal samples. The majority of remains.
1040 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management bone bone bone Notes Burned Burned 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 2.5 0.0 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Total Charcoal ------Total Charred Seeds/m aize parts ------Taxa Seed Charred ------Seeds Uncharred sunflower (5) Sunflower (6) Sunflower (4) Pocaceae (2) Hackberry (1) sunflower (12) Cheno-am (3), Cheno-am (6), r+++ r+++ r+++ r+++ r+++ r+++ r+++ r+++ r+++ r+++ Insect r+++, ip+ r+++, ip+ r+++, l++ l++ r+++, Roots (r), r+++, ip++ r+++, ip++ r+++, ip++ r+++, ip++ Parts (ip), Leaves (l) 110; 50.1 Light Light wt. (g) 14; 5.2 22; 1.2 18; 1.7 15; 1.6 30; 3.8 70; 8.8 12; 4.8 32; 4.5 26; 7.6 28; 6.1 57; 10.6 76; 26.9 22; 54.8 92; 21.1 fraction vol. (ml), Table N-1. Flotation Sample Summaries. 130 140 125- 134- Level 80-90 55-60 54-60 41-50 40-50 55-60 56-61 70-73 70-80 63-78 66-80 70-80 91-100 91-100 Unit TU 2 TU 20-b scraping TU 4 bulk TU 4 bulk N102 E104 N103 E104 N104 E105 N110 E106 N118 E105 N104 E105 N486 E492 N486 E493 N488 E489 N488 E490 8 1 7 7 8 8 7 2 2 11 11 13 18 8a F3b Feat. No. Catalog 198-004 355-004 406-004 471-004 712-004 259-004 371-004 372-004 405-004 407-004 546-004 348-004 348-004 1129-004 1341-004 Late Archaic 1600-2800 B.P. Protohistoric 200-300 B.P. Palo Duro/Woodland 1200-1400 B.P.
Technical Report No. 150832 1041 Appendix N Plant Remains Site 41PT186 41PT186 41PT186 41PT186 41PT186 41PT186 41PT245 41PT245 41PT185/C 41PT185/C 41PT185/C 41PT185/C 41PT185/C 41PT185/C 41PT185/C
Table N-2. Flotation Samples from 41PT185/C, a Late Archaic Site.
Catalog Site Feature Taxon Common Part Count Wt (g) No. No 41PT185/C 198-004 3b identifiable ------plant remains No 41PT185/C 355-004 11 identifiable ------plant remains Cottonwood/ 41PT185/C 406-004 11 Salicaceae Wood 9 <0.1 willow-type No 41PT185/C 471-004 8 identifiable ------plant remains No 41PT185/C 712-004 13 identifiable ------plant remains No 41PT185/C 1129-004 18 identifiable ------plant remains 41PT185/C 1341-004 8a Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 16 0.1
1042 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table N-3. Charcoal Samples from 41PT185/C, a Late Archaic Site.
Catalog Wt Site Feature Taxon Common Part Count No. (g) 41PT185C 270-007 -- Indeterminate NA Flecks -- --
41PT185C 299-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 2 0.1 Burned 41PT185C 348-007 -- Non botanical NA -- -- bone 41PT185C 354-007 11 Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 2 <.1
41PT185C 397-007 -- Indeterminate NA Flecks -- -- 25+ 41PT185C 452-007-1b -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 1.7 (4ml) 41PT185C 464-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 1 0.2 Burned 41PT185C 490-007 -- Non botanical NA -- -- bone 41PT185C 501-007 9b Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 8 0.1
41PT185C 517-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 9 0.1
41PT185C 570-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 8 0.7
41PT185C 656-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 2 <.1
41PT185C 701-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 2 <.1
41PT185C 724-007 -- Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 3 0.1
41PT185C 774-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 3 0.2 Burned 41PT185C 909-007 -- Non botanical NA -- -- bone 41PT185C 917-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 1 0.2
41PT185C 1045-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 2 <.1 Burned 41PT185C 1091-007 -- Non botanical NA -- -- bone 41PT185C 1159-007 -- Indeterminate NA Slag 3 <.1
41PT185C 1170-007 -- Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 11 0.4 Sooty 41PT185C 1224-007 -- Non botanical NA -- -- sediment 41PT185C 1234-007 15 Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 2 0.2
41PT185C 1270-007 -- Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 3 <.1
41PT185C 1337-007 9d Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 7 0.2
Technical Report No. 150832 1043 Appendix N Plant Remains
Table N-4. Flotation Samples from 41PT186, a Protohistoric Camp.
Catalog Site Feature Taxon Common Part Count Wt (g) No. Cottonwood/ 41PT186 259-004 1 Salicaceae Wood 24 0.1 willow-type 41PT186 259-004 1 Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 2 <0.1 41PT186 259-004 1 Poaceae Grass Family Stem/culm 2 <0.1 41PT186 259-004 1 Indeterminate N.A. Wood 13 0.1 41PT186 371-004 7 Indeterminate N.A. Wood 16 <0.1 41PT186 372-004 7 Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 25+ (3 ml) 0.6 Cottonwood/ 41PT186 405-004 8 Salicaceae Wood 24 0.9 willow-type Sand 41PT186 405-004 8 Rosaceae plum/mountain Wood 19 1.1 mahogany-type 41PT186 405-004 8 Indeterminate N.A. Root 22 0.4 Sand 41PT186 407-004 8 Rosaceae plum/mountain Wood 8 <0.1 mahogany-type Cottonwood/ 41PT186 546-004 7 Salicaceae Wood 5 <0.1 willow-type 41PT186 546-004 7 Indeterminate N.A. Flecks -- <0.1
1044 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table N-5. Charcoal Samples from 41PT186, a Protohistoric Camp.
Catalog Site Feature Taxon Common Part Count Wt (g) No. Cottonwood- 41PT186 258-007 Salicaceae Wood 6 <.1 willow-type 41PT186 373-007 7 Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 13 0.3 Sand 41PT186 405-007-1 8 Prunus sp. plum/mountain Wood 11 0.7 mahogany-type Cottonwood- 41PT186 421-007 Salicaceae Wood 1 0.1 willow-type 41PT186 425-007 Prosopis sp. Mesquite Wood 1 0.1 41PT186 440-007 Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood 1 0.1 Cottonwood- 41PT186 445-007 Salicaceae Wood 9 <.1 willow-type Indeterminat 41PT186 446-007 6 NA Wood 5 <.1 e Cottonwood- 41PT186 466-007 Salicaceae Wood 3 <.1 willow-type Culm/stal 41PT186 478-007 Poaceae Grass family 2 <.1 k Cottonwood- 41PT186 478-007 Salicaceae Wood 1 <.1 willow-type Cottonwood- 41PT186 493-007 Salicaceae Wood 4 <.1 willow-type Cottonwood- 41PT186 504-007 Salicaceae Wood 3 0.1 willow-type Cottonwood- 41PT186 520-007 Salicaceae Wood 1 <.1 willow-type Indeterminat 41PT186 547-007 8 NA Wood 5 <.1 e
Features 1 and 7 contained The abundance of cottonwood/willow-type cottonwood/willow-type and mesquite at 41PT186 may be an indication of its use wood, along with grass family culms/stems. as a structural material. Grass stems may Feature 8 contained an abundance of have been utilized in wall daub. The other mesquite and sand plum/mountain wood types, especially juniper and mesquite, mahogany type wood. Juniper was are more effective fuel woods. identified in only one charcoal sample. Cottonwood/willow is especially common at Cottonwood/willow is abundant along sites with structures, and posts have been streamsides, and mesquite along the margins identified as cottonwood/willow at the Hank of open areas. site, 41RB106, (Dering 2005).
Technical Report No. 150832 1045 Appendix N Plant Remains
41PT245. Two samples were examined cottonwood/willow-type material. Although from this Palo Duro/Woodland site. the sample size is small, the assemblages Although very small fragments of charred suggest that patterns of wood selection wood were recovered from one of the changed in the area during the intervening samples, it was not identifiable. The other time between the two occupations. It is, sample did not contain charred plant however, difficult to determine the cause of remains. The extreme reduction of plant this change. It could indicate an material at this site is likely due to a environmental change, though this is combination of poor preservation unlikely because all three taxa (juniper, conditions, the age of the site, and the small mesquite, and cottonwood) co-occur in the sample size. region today. It more likely indicates a very local shift in taxa abundance or the selection N.6 CONCLUSION of wood for use in structures and/or as fuel. Juniper would have been utilized more for The 14 flotation samples and 39 charcoal fuel and cottonwood/willow for structures. samples contained mesquite, The difference is intriguing, but the sample cottonwood/willow-type, juniper, and size is too small to form any firm indeterminate wood as well as some grass conclusions. What can be said is that the culm/stem fragments. Fruit or seed remains region contained mesquite at least by the did not occur in samples from any site. Late Archaic period, and the abundance of Disturbance indicators were abundant, and cottonwood/willow was far greater in the the charred wood fragments in most of the Protohistoric samples from 41PT186. samples were greatly reduced, making identification difficult. N.7 REFERENCES
Despite the poorly preserved nature of the Dering, J. P. botanical remains, there were recognizable 2005 Architecture and Subsistence at differences in the assemblage from 41PT185 Hank’s Site, 41RB106: Analysis of and 41PT186. The assemblage from the Plant Remains. Draft submitted 41PT185, the Late Archaic site, contained to Prewitt and Associates, Inc. far more examples of juniper wood. At Austin, Texas. 41PT186 the assemblage contained only one example of juniper and abundant
1046 Technical Report No. 150832 APPENDIX O
MULTI-INSTRUMENT GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT 41PT185, 41PT186, AND 41PT245 This page intentionally left blank. MULTI-INSTRUMENT GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT 41PT185, 41PT186, AND 41PT245
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Chester P. Walker, Ph.D. Archaeo-Geophysical Associates, LLC Austin, Texas
September 25, 2009 This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
O.1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Geophysical survey investigations have become an important part of the pursuit of This report presents the findings from North American archeology (Kvamme geophysical surveys at 41PT185/C, 2008). Several techniques have been 41PT186, and 41PT245 in Potter County, derived from geophysical prospecting and Texas. A flux gradiometer, conductivity adopted for archeological investigations meter, magnetic susceptibility meter, and a (Clark 2000; Kvamme 2003). Techniques Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were used mostly for archeological research employed on an area totaling 650 m². A include soil resistivity, soil conductivity, total of 210 m² was collected with the four magnetic susceptibility, magnetometry, and geophysical technologies at 41PT245, 160 GPR (Clark 2000; Kvamme 2003). All m² at 41PT185/C, and 280 m² at 41PT186. produce different results and require The geophysical surveys were conducted by different equipment. The different Chester P. Walker of Archaeo-Geophysical geophysical techniques that have been used Associates, LLC. Several geophysical in archeology have been discussed in a anomalies were targeted for ground truthing, number of seminal books and journal and subsequent archeological investigations articles (Bevan 1998; Carr 1982; Clark demonstrated that several were thermal 1990; Conyers 2004; Gaffney 2008; Gaffney archeological features. There were, and Gater 2003; Scollar et al. 1990; however, archeological features at 41PT185 Weymouth 1986; Witten 2006). and 41PT186 that were not located by the various geophysical techniques. Magnetic prospecting has proven to be one of the more useful geophysical technologies O.2 INTRODUCTION for locating buried architectural remains on archeological sites (Dabas and Tabbagh This report presents findings from 2000:335-339). Magnetic prospecting is geophysical surveys at 41PT185/C, capable of measuring the magnetic 41PT186, and 41PT245 in Potter County, properties of soils to the 0.1 nano Tesla Texas. A flux gradiometer, conductivity (nT), which makes it possible to isolate meter, magnetic susceptibility meter, and a subtle changes caused by earth moving or ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used on low heat firing (even when they occurred an area totaling 650 m². A total of 210 m² hundreds or thousands of years ago). These was collected with the four geophysical factors make magnetic prospecting a technologies at 41PT245, 160 m² at valuable tool to employ on sites with 41PT185/C, and 280 m² at 41PT186. abundance of thermally altered features such as fire hearths, burned rock features, or Archeologists from TRC Environmental, burned houses, as well as on sites with Inc. (TRC) determined during the Phase I features that extend through organic rich data recovery that the upper stratum at all soils into more mature sub-soils. These three specific localities did not contain any examples, however, are also the major cultural materials. The overburden was then constraint of magnetic prospecting in stripped from all three sites and the archeological investigations, because if there geophysical surveys were conducted within are no magnetic contrasts between the the backhoe strip units. This final report archeological deposits and features and the expands on previous discussion of the surrounding sediments, then magnetometers geophysical survey (Walker 2008), and uses lose their prospecting utility. results from the archeological hand- excavations to correlate the geophysical data Similar to remote sensing of the natural sets with the archeological findings. environment, archeological prospecting is not meant to function as a solitary means of
Technical Report No. 150832 1051 Appendix O Geophysical Investigation investigation. Without a detailed processing programs specifically developed understanding of the site-specific for the study of the archeogeophysical characteristics of archeological deposits, record. The instruments used in this project geophysical data are difficult to interpret and record different properties. Magnetometers use in meaningful ways. This has been record the net sum of all magnetic fields demonstrated by numerous case studies both induced and remnant; GPR records (Clark 2000; Weymouth 1986). This is not relative dielectric permittivity; to say that it is not useful as a primary electromagnetic induction meters record means of data acquisition when combined both the conductivity of the soils as well as with extensive available data from manual their induced magnetic properties (magnetic subsurface archeological investigations. A susceptibility). The geophysical instruments growing body of literature addresses the use are differentially affected by variables such of geophysical prospecting as a primary as moisture, metal trash or debris, and means of data collection when coupled with transmission of signals such as cell phones other data from previous and/or current and transmission lines. Data collection is excavations: this has been described by also impacted differently for each of the Kvamme (2003) as the future of geophysical instruments by physical archeological geophysics. impediments such as trees, pavement, fences, and vegetation. In this report, I discuss the geophysical survey conducted by AGA at three To address the complex matrix of variables prehistoric archeological sites located near that characterize the soil and the Amarillo in Potter County, Texas. This surroundings at a specific archeological site, work was conducted at the request of Mike it is important in the archeogeophysical Quigg of TRC primarily to locate and define investigations to come to the field prepared geophysical anomalies on the site that may to collect data with several different represent possible archeological features or instruments. The “multiple-technique” archeological deposits of interest. As approach not only increases the likelihood of mentioned above, during the course of the success in the ability to detect archeological geophysical survey at the three sites, a total features and archeological deposits of of 650 m2 was surveyed with each interest, but can often enhance the visibility instrument, including magnetometry, of the archeological targets that may be magnetic susceptibility, electromagnetic present and preserved at archeological sites conductivity; and GPR. The geophysical (Kvamme et al. 2006:251). survey was limited to three very specific Archeogeophysical data has a long history areas that had been previously laid out and of success in helping to focus archeological stripped by TRC. excavations to specific targeted locations within sites to answer specific archeological O.3 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS questions, and under the right conditions can be used as a primary and stand-alone source Archeogeophysics employs a range of of archeological data (Kvamme 2003). techniques for the non-destructive prospecting of archeological deposits O.3.1 MAGNETOMETER AND (Gaffney and Gater 2003). These GRADIOMETER techniques have been developed for a range Magnetometer and gradiometer surveys are of applications, mostly geological in nature, non-invasive and passive techniques and but have been adapted for specific use in measure slight variations in the magnetic archeological research through rigorous field properties of soil. Magnetometers and collection techniques and unique data gradiometers have become the primary tool
1052 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management for archeogeophysicists due in part to the velocity of the waves will change depending fact that data can be collected and processed on the physical and chemical properties of rapidly and efficiently, and when conditions the material through which they are are right, due to the properties of specific traveling (Conyers 2004). The greater the soils, magnetometers and gradiometers have contrast is in electrical and magnetic proven useful in locating negative relief properties between two materials at an features such as pits and post holes, as well interface, the stronger the reflected signal, as thermally-altered features such as fire and therefore the greater the amplitude of hearths and burned structures (Gaffney et al. reflected waves (Conyers 2004). When the 2000; Kvamme 2006a). travel times of energy pulses are measured, and their velocity through the ground is Magnetometers and gradiometers record the known, distance (or depth in the ground) can minute fluctuations that sediments and be accurately measured (Conyers and Lucius objects have on the earth’s magnetic field. 1996). Each time a radar pulse traverses a This is known as induced magnetism material with a different composition or because the object does not maintain its own level of water saturation, the velocity will magnetic field. If the effects of this induced change and a portion of the radar energy will magnetism are strong enough compared to reflect back to the surface and be recorded. the magnetism of the surrounding soil The remaining energy will continue to pass matrix, even small pit features or post holes into the ground to be further reflected, until can be identified or resolved in the it finally dissipates with depth. geophysical data along with the larger-sized features (i.e., structures). A second type of The depths to which radar energy can magnetism called remnant magnetism is penetrate, and the amount of resolution that created when an object maintains its own can be expected in subsurface deposits, are magnetic field. In prehistoric archeological partially controlled by the frequency (and examples, this occurs when objects are therefore the wavelength) of the radar thermally altered, thus creating a magnetic energy that is being transmitted (Conyers state called thermoremanent magnetism 2004). Standard GPR antennas propagate (Kvamme 2006a:207). The properties of the radar energy that varies in frequency from specific magnetometer used in the current about 10 megahertz (MHz) to 1000 MHz. study—a Bartington 601-2 Fluxgate Low frequency antennas (10 to 20 MHz) Gradiometer—is discussed in detail by generate long wavelength radar energy that Bartington and Chapman (2004). can penetrate up to 50 m (164 ft.) below the surface in certain conditions, but are capable O.3.2 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR of resolving only very large buried features. In contrast, the maximum depth of GPR data are acquired by transmitting penetration of a 900 MHz antenna is about 1 pulses of radar energy into the ground from m or less (3.28 ft.) in typical materials, but a surface antenna, reflecting the energy off its generated reflections can resolve features buried objects, features, or bedding contacts with a maximum dimension of a few cm or in the soil, and then detecting the reflected inches. A trade-off, therefore, exists waves back at the ground surface with a between the depth of penetration and receiving antenna. When collecting radar subsurface resolution. In this survey, a 400 reflection data, surface radar antennas are MHz antenna was used, which produced moved along the ground in transects, data of good resolution at depths up to about typically within a surveyed grid, and a large 1.8 m (about 5.9 ft.). number of subsurface reflections are collected along each line. As radar energy The success of GPR surveys in moves through various materials, the archeological investigations is largely
Technical Report No. 150832 1053 Appendix O Geophysical Investigation dependent on soil and sediment mineralogy, when set in the vertical dipole mode clay content, ground moisture, depth of (Ernnwein 2008:133). burial, and surface topography and vegetation. Electrically conductive or Conductivity has proven to be a useful tool highly magnetic materials will quickly at different scales in landscape archeology. attenuate radar energy and prevent its Berle Clay’s (2006) work at the Hollywood transmission to a considerable depth. The site in northern Mississippi demonstrates best conditions for energy propagation are conductivity’s ability to obtain detailed therefore dry sediments and soils without an information about prehistoric Native abundance of clay. In this survey, the GPR American architecture by producing results data collection was concentrated in areas that appear similar to those produced by where the ground surface had been cleared magnetometer surveys. Grealy and Conyers of major vegetation and surface (2008) have demonstrated a much more obstructions. broad scale use for conductivity by mapping large tracts of land for geomorphological O.3.3 CONDUCTIVITY features (i.e., old channels, buried point bars and levee deposits, etc.) and revealing relict Conductivity surveys measure the ability to meander scars in major river floodplains conduct an electric current (Clay 2006:79). (Grealy and Conyers 2008; Conyers et al. This measurement is the theoretical inverse 2008). to resistivity; however, measuring conductivity entails a much more complex O.3.4 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY set of procedures than does resistivity (Bevan 1983:51; Clay 2006:79). Magnetic susceptibility is a measurement of Conductivity instruments differ greatly from a material’s ability to be magnetized (Dalan resistivity instruments in that no probes are 2006:161). Changes or contrasts in the inserted into the earth. The conductivity has magnetic susceptibility of sediments are the a set of wire coils, one transmitting a low results of a conversion of weakly magnetic frequency signal and one receiving the oxides and hydroxides to more strongly signal. The conductivity meter is simply magnetic forms (Dalan 2006:162). The carried above the earth surface and data are magnetic enhancement of anthropogenic logged automatically, making conductivity soils can be caused by burning episodes surveys time and labor efficient (although (both natural and human-caused) as well as not as efficient as the magnetometer) for organic and inorganic pedogenic processes geophysical surveys. (Dalan 2006:162-163).
Conductivity meters can resolve data at Magnetic susceptibility instruments differ different depths by changing the separation from magnetometers in that they only of the transmission and receiving coil and by measure fields resulting from induced transmitting its signal at different magnetism, as compared to a magnetometer frequencies. Some instruments allow for that records the net effect of induced and these variables to be changed and others, remnant magnetism (Dalan 2006:162; like the Geonics EM38—the most Kvamme 2006a:207-210). The differences widespread conductivity meter used in between these two instruments produce data American archeology—are not adjustable. sets that are both complementary and The Geonics EM38B was employed for both unique. They are complementary in that the magnetic conductivity and magnetic magnetic susceptibility data can aid in the susceptibility geophysical surveys. The interpretation of magnetometer data (Dalan EM38B will measure conductivity to 2006:162-163), and magnetic susceptibility approximately 1.5 m below the surface data is unique in that it can be used to
1054 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management address entirely different research questions, For all three sites the gradiometer data was such as tracking broad magnetic changes collected with a traverse interval set at 0.5 across the landscape (David 1995:20). m, and a 0.125 m sample interval; the traverse interval for the EM meter was 1.0 Magnetic susceptibility has the potential to, m, with a 0.25 m sample interval. GPR data like magnetic conductivity, produce was collected in 0.5 m transects with a archeogeophysical results that are quite sample rate of 32 readings per m. similar in appearance and information content to that obtained by magnetometer O.5 DATA PROCESSING surveys. One of the best examples of this is from the Tom Jones site (3HE40), a 14th to th The general goal of the data processing is to 15 century Caddo mound center in lessen the effects of background “noise” and southwestern Arkansas (Dalan 2006:182, to enhance the quality of the “signal” or Figure 8.9). Dalan has repeatedly “target” in the geophysical data. In field demonstrated magnetic susceptibility’s geophysics in general, and archeogeophysics utility in both soil characterization and site in particular, the term noise is used to formation issues (Dalan and Banerjee 1998; discuss any return that is not a direct result Dalan 2006, 2008). of the object under investigation, this being referred to as the “target” or “signal.” O.4 FIELD METHODS Hence, in some cases what is discussed as noise can in another case become the signal Field methods for archeogeophysical or target (Milsom 2005:13-14). investigations vary in detail from technique to technique, but there are several factors The general approach to data processing that are consistent with all techniques. The follows that advocated by Kvamme density of the dataset is controlled by two (2006b:236), namely to computer process factors: (1) traverse interval—the distance the geophysical data to identify regular and between the passes the instrument makes as culturally interpretable patterns using pattern it is passed back and forth across the recognition principles: “In general, collection area; and (2) sample interval—the anomalies exhibiting regular geometric distance between readings the instrument shapes (lines, circles, squares, rectangles) records as it passes along each traverse. To tend to be of human origin” (Kvamme control for these two variables a survey grid 2006b:236). After each processing step the was established inside the three scrape units results should be closely compared to their established by TRC. These grids were previous processed state to assure that data marked with non-magnetic markers and manipulation is not in fact decreasing the allowed the surveyor to pass the various clarity and quality of the data, and thus instruments across the sites in a series of avoiding the creation of processed images systematic passes or traverses. The that are primarily products of the data individual instruments control the second processing itself. variable, the sample density. Readings are either collected in a known cycle (i.e., 5 The geophysical data from all three sites readings per second) and the surveyor was surprisingly consistent. This is likely matches their sets to their gait to establish due to their close proximity to one another the desired sample density (this is the case and the fact that TRC stripped off the with the magnetometer and EM meter), or a overburden from all three sites. Stripping calibrated survey wheel is used to record the overburden did introduce noise into the readings at set intervals (as is the case with data (especially with the magnetometer the GPR). data); however, it also aided in removing a
Technical Report No. 150832 1055 Appendix O Geophysical Investigation significant amount of potential noise from the mean of a window of a specified size, the upper portions of each site’s deposits. and replaces the center value with the mean. This can use Uniform or Gaussian The magnetometer data was processed using weighting. With Uniform weighting means, ArchaeoSurveyor 2.0. The data was first all values within the window are given equal clipped to + 5 nT. Clipping the data weight. Gaussian weighting gives a higher replaces all values outside a specified weight to values closer to the center of the minimum and maximum range. These window. Low pass filters are more minimum and maximum values are commonly applied to lessen the effects of specified in either absolute values or ± background noise. As is the case with all Standard Deviations (SD). This process is data processing steps, low pass filters should used to remove extreme data point values be used with caution and close attention and aids in normalizing the histogram of the should be made to their resulting effects, data. Archeological details are subtle, and assuring that no processing artifacts are having a normal distribution of data allows created, or no significant anomalies removed the fine detail to show through with clarity. as a result of their application (Kvamme 2006b). The data was then passed through a de- stripping filter using the zero median GPR data was processed using GPR slice. function. De-stripping is a process used to The initial data processing for the project equalize the underlying differences between involved the generation of amplitude slice- grids caused by instrument drift, maps (Conyers 2004). Amplitude slice- inconsistencies during setup, delays between maps are a three-dimensional tool for surveying adjacent grids, or heading error viewing differences in reflected amplitudes from magnetic instruments. The mean, across a given surface at various depths. mode, or median of each grid or traverse is Reflected radar amplitudes are of interest subtracted from the grid or traverse, because they measure the degree of physical effectively zeroing the mean, mode, or and chemical differences in buried materials. median. Strong, or high amplitude, reflections often indicate denser or different buried materials, Finally the data was de-staggered as such as archeological features. Amplitude necessary. De-staggering is performed to slice-maps are generated through the correctly align readings from adjacent comparison of reflected amplitudes between traverses. Data can become skewed if the the reflections recorded in vertical profiles. surveyor incorrectly triggers the instrument. In this method, amplitude variations, recorded De-staggering data simply shifts the as digital values, are analyzed at each location traverses a specified interval. A cubic spline in a grid of many profiles where there is a algorithm is used to calculate the shifted reflection recorded. The amplitudes of all data points to ensure a smooth curve from traces are compared to the amplitudes of all existing data. nearby traces along each profile. This database can then be “sliced” horizontally and The two EM datasets (conductivity and displayed to show the variation in reflection magnetic susceptibility) were also processed amplitudes at a sequence of depths in the in ArchaeoSurveyor 2.0. Very little ground. The result is a map that shows processing was done with the conductivity amplitudes in map view, but also with depth. data other than simply importing the data Often when this is done, changes in the soil and exporting images. Due to the high related to disturbances such as trash pits or signal to noise ratio observed in all three dense clusters of rocks can become visible, magnetic susceptibility data sets, a low pass making many features visible to the human filter was used. A low pass filter calculates
1056 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management eye that may not be visible in individual successful in locating thermally altered profiles. features as well as some more subtle features. O.6 GEOPHYSICAL DATA 41PT185/C INTERPRETATION 41PT185/C was the most productive site in Data at all three sites were collected in areas terms of recovered archeological features that were targeted for hand-excavations by and was likewise the most productive site in TRC. These areas had all been stripped of terms of the archeogeophysical survey. their overburden and the geophysical There were a total of nine correlations surveys were conducted in large stripped between the geophysical anomalies and the areas. The geophysical surveys were excavated archeological features.
Figure O-1. Magnetometer Data from 41PT185/C.
Black Represents Positive Readings and White Represents Negative Readings.Data Range is ± 5 nT.
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The magnetometer data (Figure O-1) central portion of the collection area, and consisted of a few pronounced positive then in the northeast part of the collection magnetic anomalies scattered across the area in the lower slice. Conductivity data southern half of the collection area. The (Figure O-4) consists of a high conductive western edge of the collection area consists anomaly in the center of the northern edge of strong negative magnetic trends, while in of the collection area. A low conductive the northwest portion of the collection area anomaly is located in the southwestern there is a strong linear dipole. These portion of the collection area. Along the signatures were due to the walls of the southern edge of the grid is a homogeneous backhoe stripped block. There are also trend of median conductive values that are negative magnetic readings across both the most likely due to feed back from the scrape southern edge and the northeastern corner of unit walls that were also observable in the the collection area, which were also caused magnetometer data. The magnetic by the walls of the stripped block. susceptibility data (Figure O-5) shows a trend that will continue at all three sites. GPR data (Figures O-2 and O-3) from The magnetic susceptibilities consist of low shallow time slices (5 to 9 cmbs and 9 to 14 values (+ 1.25 ppm) that alternate from low cmbs) show large concentrations of median to high readings, creating a noisy dataset and high amplitude reflections in the south with little interpretive value.
1058 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-2. GPR Time Slice from 5 to 9 cmbs from 41PT185/C.
White Represents High Amplitude Reflections and Black Represents Bow Amplitude Reflections .
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Figure O-3. GPR Time Slice from 9 to 14 cmbs from 41PT185/C.
White Represents High Amplitude Reflections and Black Represents Low Amplitude Reflections.
1060 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-4. Conductivity Data from 41PT185/C.
Black Represents High Conductivity and White Represents Low Conductivity.
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Figure O-5. Magnetic Susceptibility Data from 41PT185/C.
Black Represents High Magnetic Susceptibility and White Represents Low Magnetic Susceptibility.
TRC’s excavations from site 41PT185/C contained features that consisted of concentrations of burned rocks (Figure O-6). These features did not show signs of intense oxidation or contain any charcoal concentrations (Mike Quigg, 2009 personal communication).
1062 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-6. Targeted Anomalies from 41PT185/C Overlaid with TRC’s Excavation Units.
Table O-1 details the finding from TRC’s field investigation at 41PT185/C (Figure O-7). Geophysical anomalies are listed and archeological materials recovered within a 50 cm radius of each anomaly are described. The strongest correlation between the geophysical anomalies and archeological materials is with anomalies 17 and 18 (see Figure O-7). At the locations of both of these anomalies, TRC’s field crew recovered several pieces of burned rock that were recorded as Feature 9a through 9d. Figure O-8 shows the locations of the archeological features overlaid onto the magnetometer data. This image shows the strong correlation with the Feature 9 cluster (located in the southeast corner) with positive magnetic anomalies.
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Table O-1. Results from Tested Anomalies from 41PT185/C.
Anomaly Provenience Archeological Material Distance from marked Spot No. North / East 1 small burned rock at 54 1 102 /101 over 1 small burned rock cm 2 104 /103 small burned rocks on western edge of many burned rocks small scattered burned 3 105 /103 60-70 cm west of cluster of burned rocks rocks 4 105 /101 none possible rodent hole 5 108 /101 30 cm diameter rock 50 cm southeast of rock 6 112 /103 7 108 /105 none 8 112 /103 25 cm diameter rock 30 to 40 cm to east of rock 9 111 /103 none nothing significant within 50 cm 10 112 /105 2 large rocks (17.5 kg) 50 cm northeast of 2 large rocks 11 106 /107 none 40-50 cm north of 1 x 1 m TU 12 no excavation 13 skipped number 14 104 /109 scattered burned rocks over scattered burned rocks at 50-60 cm over scattered burned rocks at 58-65 cm 15 106 /112 scattered burned rocks and rodent holes 16 102 /114 limited pieces 70 cm east of rodent hole 17 105 /117 lot of burned rocks Top of Feature 9d burned rocks 18 104 /119 lots of burned rocks Top of Feature 9a burned rocks 19 102 /117&118 None possible rodent hole 20 101 /117&118 None possible rodent hole
1064 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-7. Targeted Anomalies (1 to 20) from 41PT185/C Overlaid on a Contour Plot of the Magnetometer Data as Well as the Locations of TRC Identified Archeological Features.
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Figure O-8. Archeological Features from 41PT185/C Overlaid on the Magnetometer Data.
The best geophysical results from 41PT185/C were collected with the GPR. A total of 9 archeological features were recorded with the GPR, including Features 3, 6, 8, 9a through 9d, 10, and 11. These features are legible in GPR time slices ranging from 5 to 14 cmbs (Figures O-9 and O-10).
1066 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-9. Archeological Features from 41PT185/C Overlaid on GPR Time Slice from 5 to 9 cmbs.
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Figure O-10. Archeological Features from 41PT185/C Overlaid on GPR Time Slice from 9 to 14 cmbs.
Conductivity also successfully identified the rock clusters from Features 9a through 9d or the tested locations of anomalies 17 and 18. These burned rock clusters are apparent geophysically as areas of low conductivity (Figure O-11). Features 9a through 9d were recorded by three of the four geophysical data sets used in the survey.
1068 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-11. Archeological Features from 41PT185/C Overlaid on the Conductivity Data.
41PT186
The geophysical data from 41PT186 consisted of a total of 280 m² covered with each of the technologies. The magnetometer data (Figure O-12) consisted of a relatively smooth data set with a few high magnetic anomalies in the western portion of the collection area. Most notable is the strong negative trends that surround the collection area. These low readings were caused by both the walls of the backhoe stripped block as well as the close proximity of the collection area to a large push pile from the stripping. This trend can be seen on the northeast edge of the collection area as well as the northwest edge.
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Figure O-12. Magnetometer Data from 41PT186.
Note: Black represents positive readings and white represents negative readings. Data range is ± 5 nT.
The GPR data (Figure O-13) consisted of several high amplitude reflections spread evenly across the dataset from north to south across the collection area. The conductivity data (Figure O-14) was noisy. The northwest edge of the collection area was adversely affected by its proximity to the large push pile, showing up as a high conductive trend. The magnetic susceptibility data (Figure O-15) was consistent with the data collected at the other two sites in that it contained little useful information, only a series of alternating high and low magnetic susceptibility readings. The data was noisy due primarily to the low overall range of the readings (+ 1.25 ppm).
1070 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-13. GPR Time Slice from 10 to 20 cmbs from 41PT186. Dark Represents High Amplitude Reflections and Light Represents Low Amplitude Reflections.
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Figure O-14. Conductivity Data from 41PT186.
Note: Black represents high conductivity and white represents low conductivity.
1072 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-15. Magnetic Susceptibility Data from 41PT186.
Note: Black represents high magnetic susceptibility and white represents low magnetic susceptibility.
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Excavations at site 41PT186 (Figure O-16) documented a total of five features. Two features (Features 7 and 8) were shallow pits that were interpreted as heating elements with concentrations of ash, scattered charcoal, and light oxidation (Mike Quigg, 2009 personal communication). Feature 6, was a cluster of eight artifacts that measured 20 cm in diameter, and Feature 5 was a dark organic stain measuring 40 cm in diameter. Based largely on the results of the magnetometer data, 10 anomalies were chosen to be tested (Figure O-17). These anomalies were chosen were areas that showed a shift in the magnetic readings. Anomalies with high, median, and negative values were chosen.
Figure O-16. Targeted Anomalies from 41PT186 (upside down numbers) Overlaid with TRC’s Excavation Units and Locations of Identified Features.
1074 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Feature 7 is the only thermal feature that was recovered within the collection area and it was apparent in the magnetometer data as anomaly 4 (Figure O-17). Feature 8 was also a thermal feature, however, it was located almost completely outside of the geophysical collection area. Ironically, the area of Feature 7 was labeled for ground truthing in order to determine the source of a negative magnetic anomaly. Thermally altered features are usually identified in magnetometer surveys due to their enhanced magnetic fields, not due to low magnetic fields. These trends are also apparent in Figure O-18, where the locations of the excavated features are overlain on the magnetometer data. Two of the features (Features 6 and 8) are located outside of the collection area, two correspond with negative magnetic readings (Features 1 and 7) and one (Feature 5) is located in an area with median magnetic readings. The GPR data (Figure O-19) shows only one positive correlation, with Feature 1 in an area of reflections of median amplitude. Features 1, 5 and 7 occur in areas of low conductivity (Figure O-20).
Figure O-17. Targeted Anomalies from 41PT186 Overlaid on a Contour Plot of the Magnetometer Data and the Locations of Archeological Features.
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Figure O-18. Archeological Features from 41PT186 Overlaid on the Magnetometer Data.
1076 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-19. Archeological Features from 41PT186 Overlaid on GPR Time Slice from 10 to 20 cmbs.
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Figure O-20. Archeological Features from 41PT186 Overlaid on the Conductivity Data.
41PT245 was inundated with water directly preceding the geophysical survey. Conductivity data The geophysical data from 41PT245 did not (Figure O-23) showed areas of low contain many obvious anomalies. The conductivity in the vicinity of the filled magnetometer data (Figure O-21) consisted backhoe trench and a few high conductive of a relatively quiet background with the anomalies in the central portion of the major magnetic values related to the filled collection area. The magnetic susceptibility backhoe trench in the northern portions of (Figure O-24) data was similar to that the collection area. In the GPR data (Figure documented at 41PT185/C and 41PT186, O-22), there was a large high reflective and consisted of very low readings (+ 1 anomaly in the southern portion of the ppm) that moved back and forth from low to collection area that was easily correlated high magnetic susceptibility, creating a with a low portion of the collection area that noisy data set with little interpretive value.
1078 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-21. Magnetometer Data from 41PT245.
Note: Black represents positive readings and white represents negative readings. Data range is ± 5 nT.
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Figure O-22. GPR Time Slice from 14 to 21 cmbs from 41PT245.
Note: White represents high amplitude reflections and black represents low amplitude reflections.
1080 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-23. Conductivity Data from 41PT245.
Note: Black represents high conductivity and white represents low conductivity.
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Figure O-24. Magnetic Susceptibility Data from 41PT245.
Note: Black represents high magnetic susceptibility and white represents low magnetic susceptibility.
Several areas (anomalies 1 through 7) were targeted for test excavations at 41PT245 based largely on the results of the magnetometer data (Figures O-25 and O-26). Subsequent excavations by TRC did not recover any cultural features or artifacts.
1082 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure O-25. Targeted Anomalies from 41PT245 Overlaid with TRC’s Excavation Units.
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Figure O-26. Targeted Anomalies from 41PT245 Overlaid on a Contour Plot of the Magnetometer Data and the Locations of Archeological features
1084 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
O.7 CONCLUSIONS high magnetic contrasts such as those proceed by an intact burned rock earth ovens Results from the geophysical investigations with highly oxidized soils can help to and the subsequent archeological explain the limited success of the investigations conducted at 41PT185, magnetometer. The strongest correlation 41PT186, and 41PT245 show the complex between the magnetometer data and the nature of archeogeophysical investigation. archeological data was from Feature 9a TRC recovered a total of 15 archeological through 9d at site 41PT185/C. This feature features within the geophysical collection consisted of a scattering of burned rock that area. Of these 15 Features 11 were recorded was not associated with any burned with the various geophysical methods (see sediments or a well-defined feature. Table O-2). GPR alone recorded 10 of the Recovering features of this class with any 15 cultural features. There are clearly great consistently will largely depend on the associations with burned rock features at types of thermally altered material and the 41PT185/C, as Features 9a through 9d was surrounding soils. The high success rate of identified by the magnetometer, GPR, and the GPR collections was undoubtedly due to the conductivity meter and at 41PT186, the fact that the over burden was cleared Feature 7 was recorded by the magnetometer prior to the geophysical collection. It is hard and Feature 1 was recorded by the GPR. to imagine finding a small cluster of rocks burred deeply beneath an alluvial Magnetometers are quite useful for locating overburden. GPR would, however, have a thermally altered features and GPR is often much greater chance of success targeting useful for locating rock clusters. In the case well-developed features such as storage pits of sites 41PT185/C and 41PT186 the lack of and large rock filled pits, even if there was any well-defined features with extremely some over burden capping the site.
Table O-2. Archeological Features and Geophysical Techniques.
Recorded Features at Recorded Features at Geophysical Technique Site 41PT185/C Site 41PT186 GPR 3, 6, 8, 9 a – d, 10, 11 1 Magnetometer 9 a – d 7 Conductivity 9 a - d
There were, however, several anomalies the excavations would have greatly targeted that did not correlate with increased the success ratio of the archeological features. This can be related geophysical survey, because it would allow to several issues. First and foremost is the both parties to address site specific issues manner in which the geophysical data were and calibrate the archeogeophysical interpreted. This project was conducted interpretations with the archeological with time constraints that did not permit the observations to further hone the precision of geophysicist to assist with the ground the investigation. While there are many truthing, nor was there the opportunity to underlying principals that dictate the interact with the archeologists while they geophysical signatures of the various were in the field. Finding a way to insure materials and objects, ultimately central dynamic interaction between the interpretative step is made by analyzing the geophysicist and the archeologist conducting patterning of the geophysical trends and
Technical Report No. 150832 1085 Appendix O Geophysical Investigation anomalies. To this end, relative contrasts aiding in the delineation of the site between the values and not the actual values boundaries. them selves are most important. These relative contrasts can change from site to All three collection areas at the three sites site depending on many factors such as local were mechanically stripped to remove the geologies, source material for the production overburden prior to the geophysical of artifacts and features, as well as modern collection. It was believed that this would cultural disturbances such as surface trash. help lessen the potential of noise created by Keeping a dialogue open between the the upper and culturally-sterile strata. This archeogeophysist and the archeologist can technique proved to have both positive and help to “recalibrate” the archeogeophysical negative impacts on the geophysical survey. interpretations. The positive impacts mainly pertained to the GPR collection from 41PT185/C, which was This relationship would have been further the data set that contained the highest strengthened if the geophysicist would have number of positive correlation of been able to revisit the sites during the geophysical anomalies to archeological excavation phase of the project. As features. The presence of a thick archeologists gain experience working with overburden would certainly have reduced the correlation of archeological and the utility of this dataset. The negative geophysical data, and the impacts, increased noise due to walls and archeogeophysicist gains local experience in push piles of the scrape units, were the character of archeological sites and their observable primarily in the magnetometer geophysical manifestations, data and to a lesser degree in the archeogeophysical interpretive results will conductivity data for all three sites. indeed be increase. The second issue that affected the success rate of the tested For future projects of this nature anomalies was the fact that due to some of observations can be made that should the logistical constraints discussed above, increase the productivity of the geophysical anomalies were marked for testing with a component of the investigations. If possible, fair amount of liberty. The excavation collect the geophysical data both before strategy dictated that large portions of the stripping and after stripping. This will aid in geophysical collection areas would be the quantification of the degree of magnetic intensively investigated, and to take disturbance from the overburden. In some advantage of this situation, all anomalies of geological deposits, it is quite possible to suspicion were targeted for ground truthing. locate small burned rock features beneath non-cultural overburdens, even up to 2.5 Collecting geophysical data over as large of mbs (Walker 2009). This could result in an area as possible also can help increase the geophysical information that would allow success of a geophysical survey. This the archeologists to scan the buried sites and allows for the identification of the larger place their backhoe stripped blocks geological trends in the data and more systematically over or bisecting precisely focus on the anomalies that are concentrations of features. believed to be cultural in origin within that trending data. If possible, it is often useful If stripping the overburden before the to collect data outside of the known geophysical collection is needed, it would be boundaries of sites, because clear magnetic advisable to strip as large of an area as contrasts between the archeological site and possible. Situations that would dictate this its surrounding landscape help in identifying would include sites where the upper strata individual features within the site as well as contain ferrous soils or gravels, the archeological deposits are too deeply buried,
1086 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management or the archeological deposits and features Clay, B. R. are too low in geophysical contrast to be 2006 Conductivity Survey: A Survival identified through the noise of the upper Manual. In Remote Sensing in strata. Noise from the strip unit walls and Archaeology: An Explicitly North push piles will vary greatly depending on American Perspective, edited by J. the make up of the sediments. However, K. Johnson, pp. 79-108. University even in magnetically passive soils, it is not of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. realistic to collect geophysical data next to Conyers, L. B. walls of a stripped block. Allowing as much room as possible (5 to 10 m) between the 2004 Ground-Penetrating Radar. geophysical collection areas and stripped AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, areas/backdirt piles would greatly increase California. the quality of the geophysical data around Conyers, Lawrence B. and Jeffrey E. Lucius the parameters of the collection unit. 1996 Velocity Analysis in Archaeological Ground-Penetrating Radar Studies. O.8 REFERENCES CITED Archaeological Prospection 3(1):25-38. Bartington, G. and C. E. Chapman 2004 A high-stability Fluxgate Magnetic Conyers, L. B., Eileen G. Ernenwein, M. Gradiometer for Shallow Grealy, and K. M. Lowe Geophysical Survey Applications. 2008 Electromagnetic Conductivity Archaeological Prospection 11:19- Mapping for Site Prediction in 34. Meandering River Floodplains. Archaeological Prospection 15:81- Bevan, B. M 91. 1983 Electromagnetics for Mapping Dabas, M., and A. Tabbagh Buried Earth Features. Journal of 2000 Magnetic Prospecting. In Field Archaeology 10:47-54. Archaeological Method and Theory: An Encyclopedia, edited by Linda 1998 Geophysical Exploration for Ellis, pp. 335-339. Garland, New Archaeology: An Introduction to York. Geophysical Exploration. Special Report No. 1. Midwest Dalan, R. A. Archaeological Center, Lincoln, 2006 Magnetic Susceptibility. In Remote Nebraska. Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Carr, C. Perspective, edited by J. K. 1982 Handbook on Soil Resistivity Johnson, pp. 161-203. University of Surveying. Center for American Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Archaeology Press, Evanston, Illinois. 2008 A Review of the Role of Magnetic Susceptibility in Clark, A. Archaeogeophysical Studies in the 2000 Seeing Beneath the Soil: USA: Recent Developments and Prospecting Methods in Prospects. Archaeological Archaeology. Routledge, London. Prospection 15:1-31.
Technical Report No. 150832 1087 Appendix O Geophysical Investigation
Dalan, R. A. and S. K. Banerjee Report of Investigations No. 29. 1998 Solving Archaeological Problems LopezGarcia Group, Dallas, Texas. Using Techniques of Soil Kvamme, K. Magnetism. Geoarchaeology 13:3- 36. 2003 Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archaeology. American Antiquity David, A. 68:435-457. 1995 Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. 2006a Magnetometry: Nature’s Gift to Ancient Monuments Laboratory, Archaeology. In Remote Sensing in English Heritage Society, London. Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective, edited by J. Ernenwein, E. G. K. Johnson, pp. 205-233. 2008 A Geophysical View of Pueblo University of Alabama Press, Escondido: Implications for the Tuscaloosa. Pithouse to Pueblo Transition in the Jornada Mogollon. Bulletin of the 2006b Data Processing and Presentation. Texas Archeological Society In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: 79:125-145. An Explicitly North American Perspective, edited by J. K. Gaffney, C. Johnson, pp. 235-250. University of 2008 Detecting Trends in the Prediction Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. of the Buried Past: A Review of Geophysical Techniques in 2008 Remote Sensing Approaches to Archaeology. Archaeometry 50 Archaeological Reasoning: Pattern (2):313-336. Recognition and Physical Principles. In Archaeological Concepts for the Gaffney, C. and J. Gater Study of the Cultural Past, edited by 2003 Revealing the Buried Past: A. P. Sullivan III, pp. 65-84. The Geophysics for Archaeologists. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake Tempus, Gloucestershire, England. City.
Gaffney, C., J. A. Gater, P. Linford, V. Kvamme, K., J. K. Johnson, and B. S. Haley Gaffney, and R. White 2000 Large-Scale Systematic Fluxgate 2006 Multiple Methods Surveys: Case Gradiometry at the Roman City of Studies. In Remote Sensing in Wroxeter. Archaeological Archaeology: An Explicitly North Prospection 7:81-99. American Perspective, edited by J. K. Johnson, pp. 251-268. University Grealy, M. and L. B. Conyers of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. 2008 EM31 Geophysical Survey Milsom, J. Methods, Results, and Recommendations. In Integrated 2005 Field Geophysics: The Geological Cultural Resources Investigations Field Guide Series. Third edition. for the Bowie County Levee Wiley, West Sussex, England. Realignment Project, Bowie County, Scollar, I., A. Tabbagh, A. Hesse, and I. Texas and Little River County, Herzog Arkansas, by S. A. Sundermeyer, J. 1990 Archaeological Prospecting and T. Penman, and T. K. Perttula, pp. Remote Sensing. Topics in Remote 91-107. Miscellaneous Reports, Sensing, No. 2, G. Hunt and M.
1088 Technical Report No.150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Rycroft, series editors. Cambridge LLC, Austin. Submitted to Geo- University Press, Cambridge. Marine, Inc. Plano, Texas.
Weymouth Walker, C. P. 1986 Geophysical Methods of 2008 Preliminary Report of Technical Archaeological Site Surveying. In, Findings at sites 41PT185, Advances in Archaeological Method 41PT186, and 41PT245. AGA and Theory, Volume 9, edited by M. Report 2008-10. Archaeo- B. Schiffer. Academic Press, Inc. Geophysical Associates, LLC, New York. Austin. Submitted to TRC Companies, Inc. Austin, Texas. Witten, A. J. 2006 Handbook of Geophysics and 2009 Archaeogeophysical Survey at Archaeology. Equinox Publishing, 41TR198. AGA Report 2009-6. London. Archaeo-Geophysical Associates,
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DIATOM PALEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 41PT185/C, BLM PROJECT- LANDIS PROPERTY IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS This page intentionally left blank. DIATOM PALEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 41PT185/C, BLM PROJECT-LANDIS PROPERTY IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Winsborough Consulting Glen Ribbit 23606 Round Mountain Circle Leander, Texas 78641 [email protected]
July 2009 This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
P.1 INTRODUCTION being tested for use in monitoring the health of wadeable streams throughout the United This report describes the results of a diatom States. The goal is identify anthropogenic paleoenvironmental analysis of sediments impacts causing degradation of water quality from BLM Project- Landis Property in the and aquatic life. These results can then be Texas Panhandle. The site is in Potter used to develop regionally specific analogs County, on West Amarillo Creek, about 14 for paleoenvironmental interpretation. km from the Canadian River. As of 1923, West Amarillo Creek, fed by springs, Autecological indices use the relative maintained its stream throughout at least a abundance of species in assemblages and part of its course during the entire year their ecological preferences, sensitivities, (Patton 1923). West Amarillo Creek is and tolerances to infer specific or general located on the southern edge of the semi- environmental conditions in an ecosystem arid Canadian Breaks part of the (Lange-Bertalot 1979; Denys 1991; Lowe Southwestern Tablelands ecoregion and Pan 1996; Stevenson and Pan 1999). (Omernik 1987), and receives about 40.6 to Important attributes include trophic state, 45.7 cm of rain on a topography saprobity, pH, salinity, nitrogen uptake characterized by the elevated, moderate- metabolism, oxygen requirements, moisture relief tableland, with broad valleys, sparse requirements, life forms (attached, motile, grassland and very few trees (Texas etc.), and habitat preferences including Commission on Environmental Quality epiphytic (on plants), epilithic (on stones), 2004). About 16 km south of the site is the epipelic (in mud), epipsammic (on sand), northern edge of the drier Llano Estacado and planktonic (in water column). part of the High Plains. Metaphyton, another distinct habitat, are loose aggregates of benthic algae that Diatoms are single-celled algae that have a become detached from the substrate and silica cell wall and are therefore often form dense, entangled or floating masses. preserved in stream and pond sediments. Trophic state refers to the presence of Diatoms are the most abundant algae in inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen, streams and are critically important to phosphorus, silica and carbon, and saprobity stream ecology as they stabilize the substrate refers to the presence of biodegradable and are primary producers and converters of organic matter and low oxygen inorganic nutrients into organic forms concentrations (Van Dam et al. 1994). useable by other organisms. Diatoms that These attributes have been composited into are common in an assemblage and sensitive various community level pollution metrics to environmental characteristics can be used called trophic diatom indices that provide an as indicator species in the interpretation of indication of biotic integrity and human water quality and physical conditions. disturbance (Bahls 1993; Kelly and Whitton Many diatoms are cosmopolitan and their 1995; Lange-Bertalot and Genkal 1999; autecological characteristics have been well Mills et al 2002; Musico 2002; Fore and documented, particularly for the indicator Grafe 2002; Fore 2002; Potapova et al 2004; species but there is a geographical Wang, Stevenson and Metzmeier 2005; component to the relationship between Potapova and Charles 2007). Data from the diatoms and environmental characteristics above mentioned sources, and others, were (Potapova and Charles 2007) due to floristic consulted in determining diatom-based and environmental differences among paleoenvironmental interpretations. ecoregions. Over the past few years regionally specific metrics, based on Porter et al. (2008) examined diatom data autecological (individual) attributes of from 976 streams and rivers in the U.S. and diatom taxa, have been developed and are found that algal metrics having significant
Technical Report No. 150832 1095 Appendix P Diatoms positive correlations with nutrient at 1500x. The data was tabulated in EXCEL concentrations included indicators of trophic and figures were produced using Tilia and condition, organic enrichment, salinity, Tilia*Graph in TGView (Grimm, 2004). motility and taxa richness; and that the abundance of diatoms associated with high P.3 RESULTS concentrations of dissolved oxygen was negatively correlated with both nitrogen and Fourteen sediment samples were analyzed phosphorus concentrations. Nitrogen and for diatom content. Thirteen of these were phosphorus, essential nutrients for living from Backhoe Trench 36 and one was from organisms, may come from natural sources Feature 8 (N104/E105, 56-60 cmbs, catalog such as decomposition of plants and animals #1341-004-1a). The locations of individual and dissolution of sediments. However, samples from BT 36 are plotted on Figure P- much of the phosphorus and nitrogen that 1, a profile of BT 36. The trench samples enters streams is of human origin or related represent a discontinuous stratigraphic to human activities. Most algae use sequence collected from the face of the inorganic forms of phosphorous or nitrogen backhoe trench. A complete set of diatom (such as nitrate, nitrite and ammonia), but data, including provenience and catalog some algae are able to use various forms of numbers is provided on Table P-1. A total organic phosphorus or nitrogen. of 160 diatom taxa were recorded during this study. The most abundant (dominant) Previous diatom investigations associated diatoms in the backhoe column characterize with archaeological sites or paleoecology in the overall assemblage. The dominant taxa, the region include the Clovis site in in order of abundance, are Rhopalodia gibba Blackwater Draw (Lohman 1936; Patrick (Ehrenberg) Müller, Hantzschia amphioxys 1938), the Llano Estacado (Hohn and (Ehrenberg) Grunow, Epithemia turgida Hellerman 1961), The Late Pleistocene on (Ehrenberg) Kützing, Synedra ulna the Southern High Plains (Hohn 1975), the (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg, Amphora copulata Lubbock Lake site (Compton 1975), (Kützing) Schoeman et Archibald, Nitzschia prehistoric wells on the Southern High amphibia Grunow, Aulacoseira crenulata Plains (Winsborough 1988), the Mustang (Ehrenberg) Thwaites, Luticola mutica Springs site (Winsborough 1988; Meltzer (Kützing) Mann, Epithemia adnata 1991). A comprehensive regional (Kützing) Brébisson, Cocconeis placentula paleoenvironmental study of marsh and var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck pond deposition that covered the entire Subdominant taxa include Rhopalodia Holocene on the Southern High Plains, gibberula (Ehrenberg) Müeller, Sellaphora included a series of sections from sites on pupula (Kützing) Meresckowsky, Diploneis Running Water Draw, Blackwater Draw, puella (Schumann) Cleve, and Synedra acus Yellowhouse Draw and Mustang Draw Kützing. These and other ecologically (Winsborough 1995). useful diatoms are illustrated on Figure P-2. The relative abundance of the ten most P.2 METHODS common diatoms is plotted on Figure P-3.
Samples were cleaned of organic material The structure and composition of the diatom and soluble salts with hydrogen peroxide assemblage in each sample varied as the and hydrochloric acid, rinsed to neutrality environment changed, and the diatom flora and mounted on permanent glass slides with adjusted to new habitat constraints. Because Naphrax. A count of 500 diatom cells was the samples in the present study are late done on each sample by counting random Holocene in age, the flora is essentially a microscope fields, using an Olympus BH-2 modern one and the ecological
1096 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management characteristics of living diatoms can be used Epithemia turgida and 35 Luticola mutica as analogs for paleoenvironmental are characteristic of alkaline, shallow, high interpretation. All but a couple of the conductivity fresh water with slightly diatom species found during this elevated levels of carbonate or chloride and investigation have been reported from fluctuating water levels. Synedra ulna is an modern aquatic habitats in Texas. epiphyte but is also found on sediments and stones and has a rather broad tolerance range Within the 13 samples in the column, to salinity and drying. Luticola mutica is an species richness, the number of different aerophilic diatom found typically in species in a sample, was variable, and brackish fresh water salinities. It probably ranged from a low of 24 to a high of 70, thrived during the driest parts of the season. with an average of 43.5 taxa per sample. The habitat was probably a marsh with Some samples exhibited dominance by one emergent macrophytes. There were motile or a few taxa and other samples contained a sediment diatoms but none occurred in more even distribution of species. Species abundance suggesting that the macrophyte richness in these samples was dependent on cover shaded the sediment surface. The the kinds and number of habitats available presence of marl may indicate a relatively for diatom colonization. The sand samples warm interval. The sample contained a were less diverse because the unstable sand limited amount of sediment and most of the substrate limited diatom colonization to diatoms were large epiphytic species, with motile species. the exception of Luticola mutica.
For comparison with modern habitats, 73 The next sample analyzed, proceeding up modern benthic samples from wadeable the section, #3 (cat. #263-004-6), at 458-462 streams in the Brazos River Basin, analyzed cmbs was dark gray to grayish brown sandy with the same protocols, had a species loam. The diatom flora was slightly more richness that ranged from 12-80 with an diverse than the previous one (44 taxa), and average of 42 taxa per sample (Winsborough was also dominated by the epiphyte unpublished data). As a system is stressed, Rhopalodia gibba (169 cells), followed by species adapted to unfavorable conditions 45 Sellaphora pupula, 39 Navicula often become more abundant and sensitive libonensis, and 24 Hantzschia amphioxys all forms disappear, leading to dominance by motile sediment diatoms. These epipelic one or a few species. For example, forms were capable of moving up and down eutrophic species generally increase in in the mud as necessary. Rhopalodia gibba nutrient impacted sites and halophilic was present in all the samples, but it was diatoms (those that prefer slightly elevated most abundant in these oldest two samples salt concentrations) increase under (Table P-1). This is the only interval in evaporitic conditions. which the motile species Sellaphora pupula and Navicula libonensis were abundant. P.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL Sellaphora pupula is considered a good SAMPLES, FROM OLDEST TO indicator of low nitrogen (Winter and Duthie YOUNGEST 2000), in highly eutrophic, usually organically-polluted water (Kelly and The oldest diatom sample in BT 36, #1 Whitton 1995). There was probably a (catalog #263-004-4), 482-486 cmbs, dark mixture of short and tall aquatic vegetation gray marly clay, contains a moderately as there was a diverse epiphytic diatom diverse diatom assemblage with 42 taxa, flora, and exposed muds provided habitat for dominated by the epiphyte Rhopalodia several species of aerophilic diatoms (forms gibba (160 cells out of 500). It and the other found typically in soils and on damp or common diatoms, 57 Synedra ulna, 38 temporarily wet surfaces). The diatoms
Technical Report No. 150832 1097 Appendix P Diatoms were slightly diluted with clayey sediment begun to grow. The mud was exposed to the and organic debris. sun, favoring diatoms such as Amphora copulata that are both motile and epiphytic, Sample #4 (cat. #263-007-7), at 429-432 in a meso-eutrophic (moderate-substantial cmbs, was grayish brown sand deposited nutrient levels) environment (Levkov 2009). some time after sample #3. There were 35 A. copulata, R. gibba, and S. ulna were diatom taxa in the sample, and no single considered indicators of eutrophic dominant, with 94 cells of Hantzchia conditions, with high phosphorus and silica, amphioxys, 93 Rhopalodia gibberula, 70 in a study of epipelic diatoms in South Rhopalodia gibba, 28 Luticola mutica, and African rivers (Garcia-Rodriguez et al. 26 Amphora copulata. A. copulata is 2007). (Hippodonta hungarica is also a epiphytic on other diatoms (Round and Lee motile form, found as an epiphyte in 1989), and is also epilithic and epipelic, eutrophic water, as an aerophil on soils, and motile and found in carbonate-rich epipelic in the sediments of springs, freshwater streams, and brackish-marine advantages that allow it to grow for much of habitats. The diatoms were heavily diluted the year rather than restricted to one or two with sediment and organic debris, including seasonal growth periods (Round 1981). H. phytoliths. The diatoms suggest that there hungarica also showed a distinct association was some vegetation, possibly submerged, with sulphate dominated habitats (Blinn but also open muddy sand habitat, with a 1993) allowing it to grow in muds rich in fluctuating water level. H. amphioxys and L. hydrogen sulphide. H. hungarica, and mutica are motile, aerophilic, sediment Hantzschia amphioxys have been associated diatoms. Rhopalodia gibberula, a fresh- with turbid, alkaline conditions, in contrast brackish species, called halophilic, is to epiphytes such as Epithemia turgida that common in sediments of warm, alkaline, were most abundant in alkaline, clear pools saline lakes with a pH of 8.3 (Hecky and with substantial macrophyte cover (Denys Kilham 1973). Since the sand was probably 2008). This set of autecological a slope wash deposit, sediment stabilization characteristics probably represents a would have taken some time. complex benthic environment that contained many smaller, hydrologically connected, The next sample, continuing up the section, seasonally variable habitats. #6 (cat. #263-004-9), collected at 387-391 cmbs, was black clay. The diatom Sample #8 (cat. #263-004-11), gray clay, assemblage was even more diverse, with 48 collected at 350-354 cmbs, was unusually species. A shift in the diatom population, diverse with 67 taxa. There were no clear from the older samples, resulted in a new dominants as in previous sample. The most dominant, Amphora copulata (152 cells), abundant diatoms were 30 Rhopalodia followed by 48 Hippodonta hungarica, 43 gibba, 27 Synedra ulna, and 22 Cocconeis Hantzschia amphioxys, 33 Rhopalodia gibba placentula. There were aerophils, epiphytes, and 30 Epithemia turgida. The flora is a motile sediment forms and, for the first time, mixture of attached and motile species, and four centric, usually planktonic taxa. These there is a trend toward increased nutrient data suggest that the environment may have levels, particularly nitrogen and been a wetland with relatively deeper areas phosphorous. This sample appears to of clear water, at least for part of the year. represent a marshy area with both aquatic This type of environment would have macrophytes and exposed sediment. As the supported a complex mosaic of deep and sample represents a combination of diatoms, shallow habitats with vegetation limited to in a range of water quality characteristics the shallower margins. Sediment deposition and deposited over several years, it includes was very low. times of the year when vegetation had not
1098 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Sample #9 (cat. #263-004-12) was black massive black clay. The composition of the clay deposited from 336-340 cmbs. The diatom flora was different however. There diatom assemblage was diverse, with 60 were only 36 taxa. A centric diatom, taxa encountered. The assemblage was not Aulacoseira crenulata (154 cells) was the only taxa rich but more even in distribution, clear dominant appearing in large numbers dominated by 41 Hippodonta hungarica, 37 for the first time, followed by 60 Hantzschia Amphora copulata, 32 Diploneis puella, and amphioxys, 49 Nitzschia amphibia, 41 30 Rhopalodia gibba. The water was Epithemia turgida, 35 Synedra ulna, 20 somewhat shallow and clear, vegetated and Epithemia adnata and 20 Rhopalodia gibba. contained diverse microhabitats. This Winter and Duthie (2000) found that sample may represent a more mature Nitzschia amphibia is a good indicator of wetland than the previous sample and still high phosphorus. Aulacoseira crenulata, contains a diverse mosaic of aquatic the first planktonic diatom to dominate an habitats. Microbial mats were well assemblage in this study, has been described developed, and because of the significant from fossil deposits in many parts of the number of motile taxa there was probably an world, and from living benthos of the littoral increased accumulation of sediment, due in zone of small, oligotrophic, calcium rich part to settling of suspended particles and water bodies (Krammer and Lange-Bertalot detritus. A mixture of short and tall aquatic 1991). In a riverine-impounded wetland in grasses allow for vertical distribution of Oregon, Aulacoseira crenulata was different species, increasing the number of abundant when there was flooding from available microhabitats. adjacent Willamette river (Weilhoefer and Pan 2003). This interval may represent a Sample #11 (cat. #263-004-13), collected particularly wet period within a long dry above #9, was a thin marl black clay episode, when the site was temporarily deposited at 305-309 cmbs. The organic- deeper, allowing A. crenulata to bloom rich black clay was probably diluted by (Figure P-3). Sedimentation was very low white calcium carbonate that was and there was not as much organic debris as precipitated by salt tolerant algae such as in previous samples. Chara spp. and other green algae, cyanobacteria, and certain diatoms. This The next sample upsection, #15 (cat. #263- was the most species rich sample, with 70 004-18), from 247-251 cmbs is a horizon of diatom taxa. The most abundant diatoms grayish brown clay within the massive black include 50 Rhopalodia gibba, 41 Cocconeis clay deposit. Species richness was similar placentula, 33 Synedra ulna, 28 Epithemia with 38 diatom taxa. The assemblage was adnata, 24 Epithemia turgida, all commonly dominated by 160 cells of Amphora found as epiphytes in an alkaline marsh copulata, followed by 58 Rhopalodia gibba, similar to the previous sample. The diatoms 44 Epithemia turgida, 43 Aulacoseira in this sample suggest a change in the water granulata var. angustissima, and 21 chemistry that made dissolved carbonates Hantzschia amphioxys. These common taxa available. The rather even distribution of represent epiphytes, a planktonic form (A. the diatom epiphytes in this sample suggests granulata var. angustissima), motile species a mixture of vegetation types and possibly and aerophils, as does the remaining flora in suspended algal mats. The sample was very the assemblage, suggesting a partially open diatomaceous and was not diluted by much wetland with a mixture of exposed sediment sediment. and macrophytes, possibly more turbid water and less overall productivity. Sample #13 (cat. #263-004-16) was Macrophyte growth may have been limited deposited some time later, above sample to low, salt tolerant grasses or sedges. The #11, from 275-278 cmbs, in the same
Technical Report No. 150832 1099 Appendix P Diatoms sample was slightly diluted by very fine Sample #19 (cat #263-004-22), from 185- clay. 178 cmbs, was a black clay deposit. This sample was the least species rich with only Sample #16 (cat. #263-004-19), at 222-227 24 taxa. The dominant diatoms were 183 cmbs, represents a slight shift in substrate Synedra ulna, 138 Epithemia turgida, 72 composition to marl black clay. The diatom Hantzschia amphioxys, 33 Epithemia assemblage from this interval was adnata, and 16 Cocconeis placentula. The moderately diverse and even in composition remainder of the sample contained epiphytes with 41 species, dominated by 72 Cymbella and motile taxa tolerant of drying excisa, 56 Epithemia turgida var. granulata, conditions. Some of the Synedra ulna cells 49 Rhopalodia gibba, 37 Gomphonema were broken fragments, probably caused by subtile var. sagitta, 29 Aulacoseira grazers, and therefore the number is crenulata, and 28 Synedra ulna. All of these somewhat higher than it should be. This species are epiphytic, alkaliphilous and have diatom assemblage is similar to the previous a wide salinity tolerance. Epithemia turgida sample and appears to represent a damp, var. granulata was rare in this study, vegetated wetland. The diatoms were very occurring only in two other samples and in diluted by sediments and phytoliths, and small numbers. It is rather tolerant of many of the diatoms are halophilic, pollution and, is halophilic (Porter 2008) indicating a concentration in salts due to suggesting that there was an accumulation of evaporation. evaporitic salts. This sample was the one closest to being a pure diatomite. The most recently deposited sample, #21 from 146-151 cmbs (cat. #263-004-24) was The sample from the interval 188-192 cmbs, also black clay. There were 33 taxa, #18 (cat. #263-004-21) was grayish brown dominated by 183 Hantzschia amphioxys, 80 sand, deposited in a higher energy Epithemia turgida, 36 Luticola mutica, and environment than the previous several 24 Synedra ulna. This sample contained at samples. This sample had a relatively least 228 diatoms considered to be aerophils, depauperate diatom assemblage with only 138 epiphytes and about 87 motile forms. 28 species. The diatoms were sparce and This was an environment that probably dried heavily diluted with sediment and out at least seasonally and was probably one phytoliths. Dominant taxa include 155 of the driest samples in the section. The Synedra ulna, 138 Epithemia turgida, 75 diatoms were diluted by phytoliths, and Hantzschia amphioxys, 30 Cocconeis many chrysophycean statospores, another placentula and 14 Luticola mutica. The soil indicator of drying conditions. forms H. amphioxys and L. mutica were either washed in from the margins or were The sample collected from under rock “ae” living on the sand surface when it was at the bottom of Feature 8 (56-60 cmbs, cat. exposed. These epipsammic diatoms are #1341-004-1a) in 41PT185/C was very capable of living on unstable substrates. different in diatom composition. There were Synedra ulna and Cocconeis placentula will only 8 diatom taxa and two of them were attach to any firm surface and are early only represented by fragments (Eunotia sp. colonizers. This assemblage is suggestive of and Epithemia sp.). The assemblage was a rather flashy, muddy, drying, somewhat heavily dominated by Hantzschia amphioxys saline stream setting in which the diatom with 402 cells out of 500, followed by mats were restricted from maturing into a Luticola mutica with 81 cells. These are thick, diverse population by regular both soil diatoms that are abundant in moist disturbance and, or low water levels. soil and mud. Of the other diatom taxa found in low numbers in the sample, Diadesmis gallica and Pinnularia borealis
1100 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management are aerophils, and Rhopalodia gibba and R. macrophytes, except perhaps grasses or gibberula were present in unusually low sedges. The amount of accumulated litter numbers. The most significant information and macrophyte development determines from this sample is that it represents an area how nutrient-rich the environment is. Marls that was moist for long enough that were probably deposited as temperatures sediment diatoms accumulated. There was warmed. very little evidence of aquatic diatoms and they could have been accidentally An open wetland with submerged and transported to the location. emergent macrophytes develops as a dry wetland gradually fills with water. Epiphytic diatoms become dominant as P.4 DISCUSSION epipelic forms are shaded out. A sheltered The sediment diatom assemblage combines environment develops under conditions of diatoms living on vegetation, the sediment high nutrient loading, high irradience, surface and in the water column, at all times alkaline pH, high calcium, high conductivity of the year and, depending on the thickness and a stable water column, without physical of the sample, over several years, thus disturbance, leading to formation of dense integrating spatial and temporal variability metaphyton mats that can eventually shade in wetland diatom assemblages. Changes in out the macrophytes (Goldsborough and water chemistry, light and temperature Robinson 1996). If the standing water dries regimes over an annual cycle in this out or becomes minimal before the end of temperate location were significant to the the growing season and a dense, emergent composition of the diatom assemblage. For macrophyte stands develop, and diatom example, a study on the seasonal changes in growth is light inhibited. the dominant diatoms on Phragmites found Rapid water input into a previous wetland that the community change rate was very state leads to a lake state, with high water high, involving the replacement of many and nutrient levels, a turbid water column, a taxa every four weeks (Albay and Akcaalan progressive loss of macrophytes and 2003). epiphytic diatom habitat. If enough time The sediment diatom flora in this study passes, depending on natural grazing reflects a series of spatially and temporally pressure, water column stability and different stages in stream channel/wetland anthropogenic nutrient loading, there could development that fit into a conceptual model be an eventual shift in dominance to of wetland algae described by Goldsborough phytoplankton. Common diatoms in the and Robinson (1996). The model describes phytoplankton of isolated ponds in a wetland four quasi-stable states: dry, open, sheltered, include many taxa that are typically and lake. These states are dominated by epiphytes (tychoplankton), a lack of habitat epipelon, epiphyton, metaphyton, or fidelity noted by several diatom phytoplankton respectively. Each state is investigators working in wetlands determined by natural grazing pressure, (Goldsborough and Robinson 1996). water column stability, and anthropogenic This model agrees with a recent study by influences. The dry wetland state exists Weihoefer and Pan (2007) who analyzed during a drought when water levels are low surface sediment diatoms, water quality, and sediments are exposed and during a physical habitat and land use in 92 Oregon flood when sediments are again exposed and wetlands. They identified 4 statistically only limited grasses and sedges provide significant groups that corresponded to epiphyte habitat. Motile mud or clay within-wetland water depth, nutrient levels (epipelic) species dominate, with few and turbidity, the same variables that define
Technical Report No. 150832 1101 Appendix P Diatoms the model of Goldsborough and Robinson Salinity determines the potability of water, (1996). As in the models, each sample in and diatoms have predictable responses to this study integrated a set of elevated ion concentrations, expressed as contemporaneous but heterogeneous, salinity when the ion is chloride, and as interconnected habitats within a particular conductivity when there are mixed anion wetland state. concentrations such as carbonate and sulfate. Some diatoms are sensitive to salts and Several of the most abundant diatoms in the others thrive on elevated concentrations. section belong to the genera Epithemia and Diatom salinity classification schemes Rhopalodia known to contain cyanobacterial (Admiraal 1984; Denys and De Wolf 1999; endosymbionts capable of fixing elemental Fritz et al. 1999) show that diatoms replace nitrogen in nitrogen-poor lakes, streams and each other with increasing salinity and this marshes (Burkholder 1996). These series of species replacements along the epiphytes are known to dominate epiphytic salinity gradient make diatoms powerful habitats where the ratio of available nitrogen indicators of chemical change driven by to phosphorus might be relatively low changes in hydrology and climate. In the (Lowe 1996). Mayer and Galatowitsch present study the diatoms bracket the (2001) also found that wetland sites with salinity gradient between freshwater forms low diatom diversity were dominated by that tolerate elevated ion concentrations and Rhopalodia gibba, Epithemia adnata and halophilic taxa that prefer conditions of Epithemia turgida because they were elevated salt concentrations. The salt- superior competitors under low nitrogen, tolerant taxa represent localized or seasonal high phosphorus conditions. Pentecost evaporative conditions when salts (1998) noted a significant association accumulated. The amount of environmental between the presence of Rhopalodia gibba stress at a particular time determined how and calcite deposition in a thermal many sensitive diatoms were eliminated in travertine-depositing spring where R. gibba favor of a few very tolerant taxa. was attached to the surface of moss and down to 20-30 mm below the surface of the Diatom paleoenvironmental studies, moss, suggesting that it can thrive at low covering the same time interval as the light levels (as would exist on stems in a present study, include the Mustang Springs dense macrophyte stand). Rhopalodia gibba site in Mustang Draw and the Lubbock Lake was a dominant diatom in the littoral site on Yellow House Draw, both a short epilithon of Lake Tanganyika (Cocquyt distance to the south on the Southern High 1999). These observations mean that in Plains (Winsborough 1995). The diatom reality this diatom attaches to any available assemblages found in the draw studies were stable, solid surface, either plants or stones, quite similar to the assemblages recorded in under a wide range of light intensities, and the present study and the has a competitive advantage in low nitrogen paleoenvironmental interpretations were settings. The occurrence of these diatoms also similar. The paleoenvironments at under low nitrogen and high phosphorous Mustang Springs and Lubbock Lake were conditions in wetlands seems to be a also well-aerated, alkaline, high conductivity universal phenomenon. Dominant diatoms freshwater to slightly saline, spring-fed on Phragmites australis stems in a eutrophic marshes and marshy lakes, with shallow, hardwater lake in Germany were stable from marly, evaporative intervals, and fluctuating one year to the next and include E adnata, E water tables. There was usually abundant sorex, E turgida, and Rhopalodia gibba aquatic vegetation, and a true phytoplankton (Müller 1999). population never developed at these sites, as was the case in the present study.
1102 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
P.5 CONCLUSIONS provided colonizable substrates and nutrients for epiphytic diatoms, stabilized The diatom flora, although variable in the the sediment, and reduced turbidity and relative abundances of the most abundant water velocity. Depending on local taxa, remained rather consistent over time in conditions during the growing period, the diatoms that characterize the various macrophytes grew to dense stands and habitats distributed within the heterogeneous reduced algal growth by modifying the light wetland complex. The assemblage as a regime. The diatoms suggest that overlain whole was dominated by members of the on a long, persistent black clay deposit Epithemiaceae family, including Epithemia accumulating in a wetland environment, and Rhopalodia, large epiphytic forms with were multiple brief episodes of erosion and internal siliceous supports thought to deposition of coarser, sandy material. provide support during osmotic stress, and Because of the abundance of Epithemia and symbiotic algae that provides nutrients to the Rhopalodia species it is likely that the diatom in nitrogen-poor situations. environment was low in nitrogen, and Interpretation of individual samples should varying in phosphorus concentrations. The be viewed in the context of a complex most consistently abundant diatom taxa system in which habitats typical of several were aerophils and epiphytes (Figure P-3). phases of wetland evolution are present concurrently. General environmental This interpretation of late Holocene wetland characteristics, provided by the conditions is comparable to autecological traits of the common diatoms paleoenvironmental reconstructions in in BT 36, indicate that the water quality was wetland habitats on the Southern High characterized by high conductivity, derived Plains to the south, suggesting that there was from carbonates, sulfates and chlorides, a regional component to the paleoclimate. depending on evaporation and precipitation The common diatoms in this study are very conditions. The overall salinity was similar to those found in late Holocene between fresh and brackish, with less than draws on the Southern High Plains where about 500 mg/L chloride or less than 0.9% muds were deposited in spring-fed marshes ppt salinity (van Dam et al. 1994). The pH (Winsborough 1995). Similar diatom range was about 7 to 9. Water temperature assemblages have been recorded from late varied seasonally and seasonal trends in Holocene, shallow, slightly alkaline to primary productivity would have tracked saline, freshwater wetlands with well- seasonal air temperatures. The diatom developed macrophytes in other parts of the assemblage reflects a shallow, alkaline, world, for example, in Northern Egyptian freshwater environment with slightly Delta lakes during warm, dry parts of the elevated alkalinity and salinity. Water late Holocene (Zalat and Vildary 2007). depths were probably highly variable, with one and perhaps two relatively deep The diatoms in this study were characteristic intervals (Figure P-3). Nutrient levels of moderately good water quality. There varied but the diatoms suggest that there was was evidence of at least seasonally available generally low nitrogen and moderate to high water in some of the intervals, and there was phosphorus levels. the suggestion of limited availability in other intervals. The conclusions of this diatom Instream macrophyte growth and riparian study, when coupled with input from pollen, vegetation cover varied over time and were phytolith, sediment, geomorphology, and particularly important in structuring the aquatic invertebrate studies should provide a diatom communities in these late Holocene more precise and comprehensive description samples. Early in a growth season, of the aquatic and riparian submerged and emergent macrophytes, paleoenvironments, and identify particular
Technical Report No. 150832 1103 Appendix P Diatoms constraints that would influence use of the Cocquyt, C. site. Future work would benefit from close- 1999 Seasonal variations of epilithic interval sampling of a vertical column, to diatom communities in the northern better refine the descriptions of the basin of Lake Tanganyika. sequences in wetland evolution, and how Systematics Geography 69:265-273. they changed over time; and better distinguish between local individual Compton, J. L. wetlands under local topographic and 1975 Diatoms of the Lubbock Lake Site, hydrographic control and a larger, more Lubbock County, Texas. regional signal of climate shifts. Unpublished thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock. P.6 REFERENCES CITED Denys, L. Admiraal, W. 1991 A check-list of the diatoms in the 1984 The ecology of estuarine sediment- Holocene deposits of the western inhabiting diatoms. In: Progress in Belgian coastal plain with a survey Phycological Research 3, edited by of their apparent ecological F. Round and D.J. Chapman, pp. requirements. In: Introduction, 269-322. Biopress Ltd., Bristol. ecological code and complete list. Service Geologique de Belgique Albay, M. and R. Akcaalan Professional paper 1991/2-No 246, 2003 Comparative study of periphyton 41pp. colonisation on common reed (Phragmites australis) and artificial Denys, L. substrate in a shallow lake, Manyas, 2008 Diatoms. In: Integrated Turkey. Hydrobiologia 506- management tools for water bodies 509:531-540. in agricultural landscapes (manscape), scientific support plan Bahls, L. L. for a sustainable development 1993 Periphyton Bioassessment Methods policy, Final Report, Part 2: Global for Montana Streams. Water change, ecosystems and Quality Bureau, Department of biodiversity, edited by H. Hampel Health and Environmental Sciences, and K. Martens, pp. 28-32. Belgian Helena, Montana: 1-22. Science Policy, Brussels.
Blinn, D. W. Denys, L. and H. De Wolf, 1993 Diatom community structure along 1999 Diatoms as indicators of coastal physicochemical gradients in saline paleoenvironments and relative lakes. Ecology 74: 1246-1263. sea-level change. In The Diatoms, Applications for the Burkholder, J. M. Environmental and Earth 1996 Interactions of benthic algae with Sciences, edited by E. F. Stoermer their substrata. In: Algal Ecology: and J. P. Smol, pp. 277-297. Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, edited by R. J. Stevenson, M. L. Cambridge, U.K. Bothwell and R. L. Lowe, pp. 253- 297. Academic Press, San Diego. Fore, L. S. 2003 Response of diatom assemblages to human disturbance: development and testing of a multimetric index
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for the Mid-Atlantic Region (USA). implications. Limnology and In: Biological Response Signatures: Oceanography 18(1):53-71. Indicator Patterns Using Aquatic Communities, edited by T. P Simon, Hohn, M. H. pp. 445-471. CRC Press, Hoboken. 1975 The diatoms. In: Late Pleistocene environments of the Southern High Fore, L. S. and C. Grafe Plains, edited by F. Wendorf and J. 2002 Using diatoms to assess the J. Hester, pp. 197-200. Taos, biological condition of large rivers Publication of the Fort Burgwin in Idaho (U.S.A.). Freshwater Research Center 9. Biology 47:2015-2037. Hohn, M. H. and J. Hellerman Fritz, S. C., B. F. Cumming, F. Gasse, and 1961 The diatoms. In: Paleoecology of K. R. Laird the Llano Estacado, assembled by 1999 Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic F. Wendorf, pp. 98-104. Santa Fe, and climatic change in saline lakes. The Museum of New Mexico Press, In: The Diatoms, Applications for Burgwin Research Center the Environmental and Earth Publication 1. Sciences, edited by E. F. Stoermer and J. P. Smol, pp. 41-72. Kelly, M. G. and B. A. Whitton Cambridge University Press, 1995 The trophic diatom index: a new Cambridge, U.K. index for monitoring eutrophication in rivers. Journal of Applied Garcia-Rodriguez, F., G. C. Bate, P. Phycology 7:433-444. Smailes, J. B. Adams and D. Metzeltin Krammer, K. and H. Lange-Bertalot 2007 Multivariate analysis of the 1991 Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa dominant and sub-dominant epipelic Bd 2, Bacillariophyceae, Teil 3, diatoms and water quality data from Centrales, Fragilaceae, Eunotiaceae. South African rivers. Water SA In: H. Ettl, H. Gerloff, H Heynig, D. 33(5):653-658. Mollenhauer (Hrg.), Gustav Fischer http://www.wrc.org.za Stuttgart, New York, 576 pp.
Goldsborough, L. G. and G. G. C. Robinson Lange-Bertalot, H. 1996 Pattern in wetlands. In: Algal 1979 Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a ecology: freshwater benthic criterion for water quality ecosystems, edited by R. J. estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64:285- Stevenson, M. L. Bothwell and R. 304. L. Lowe, pp. 77-117. Academic Press, San Diego. Lange-Bertalot, H. and S. I. Genkal 1999 Iconographia Diatomologica. Grimm, E. C. Annotated diatom monographs Vol. 2004 TGView version 2.0.2. Illinois 6. Diatoms from Siberia 1. Koeltz State Museum, Research and Scientific Books, Königstein: 18-25. Collections Center, Springfield, Illinois. Levkov, Z. 2009 Amphora sensu lato. Diatoms of Hecky, R. E. and P. Kilham Europe vol. 5, A. R. G. Gantner 1973 Diatoms in alkaline, saline lakes: Verlag and K. G., Liechtenstein: 49- ecology and geochemical 51.
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Müller, U. Lohman, K. E. 1999 The vertical zonation of adpressed 1936 Diatoms from Quaternary lake beds diatoms and other epiphytic algae near Clovis, New Mexico. Journal on Phragmites australis. European of Paleontology 9: 455-459. Journal of Phycology 34:487-496.
Lowe, R. L. Muscio, C. 1996 Periphyton patterns in lakes. In: 2002 The diatom pollution tolerance Algal Ecology, Freshwater Benthic index. City of Austin Watershed Ecosystems, edited by R. J. Protection and Development Stevenson, M. L. Bothwell and R. Review Department, Environmental L. Lowe, pp. 57-76. Academic Resource Management Division. Press, San Diego. SR-02-02: 1-17. http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/watershed Lowe, R. and Y. Pan /publications/default.cfm 1996 Benthic algal communities as biological monitors. In: Algal Omernik, J. M. Ecology, Freshwater Benthic 1987 Ecoregions of the conterminous Ecosystems, edited by R. J. United States (map supplement): Stevenson, M. L. Bothwell and R. Annals of the Association of L. Lowe, pp. 705-739. Academic American Geographers 77(1):118- Press, San Diego. 125, scale 1:7,500,000.
Mayer, P. M. and S. M. Galatowitsch Patrick, R. 2001 Assessing ecosystem 1938 The occurrence of flints and extinct integrity of restored prairie wetlands animals in pluvial deposits near from species production-diversity Clovis, New Mexico, Part V: diatom relationships. Hydrobiologia evidence from the mammoth pit. 443:177-185. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Science 90:15-24. Meltzer, D. J. 1991 Altithermal archaeology and Patton, L. paleoecology at Mustang Springs, 1923 The geology of Potter County. on the Southern High Plains of University of Texas Bulletin 2330, Texas. American Antiquity 56:236- Bureau of Economic Geology and 267. Technology, Division of Economic Geology. Mills, M. R., G. V. Beck, J. F. Brumley, S. M. Call, M. C. Compton, E. C. Pentecost, A. Eisiminger, G. J. Pond, D. R. Peake, 1998 The significance of calcite R. N. Pierce, and S. E. McMurray (travertine) formation by algae in a 2002 Methods for Assessing Biological moss-dominated travertine from Integrity of Surface Waters in Matlock Batch, England. Archiv fur Kentucky, 2002. Kentucky Hydrobiologie 143(4):487-509. Department for Environmental Protection, Division of Water, Porter, S. D. Ecological Support Section, 2008 Algal attributes: an autecological Frankfort, Kentucky. C-5 Diatom classification of algal taxa collected Master Taxa List:112-118. by the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. U.S.
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Geological Survey Data Series 329, 1994 A coded checklist and ecological (http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/ds329/). indicator values of freshwater diatoms from the Netherlands. Porter, S. D., D. K. Mueller, N. E. Spahr, M. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic D.Munn and N. M. Dubrodsky Ecology 28(1):117-133. 2008 Efficacy of algal metrics for assessing nutrient and organic Wang, Yi-K., R. J. Stevenson and L. enrichment in flowing waters. Metzmeier Freshwater Biology 53:1036-1054. 2005 Development and evaluation of a diatom-based index of biotic Potapova, M. G., D. F. Charles, K. C. integrity for the Interior Plateau Ponader and D. M. Winter Ecoregion, U.S.A. Journal of North 2004 Quantifying species indicator values American Benthological Society for trophic diatom indices: a 24(4):990-1008. comparison of approaches. Hydrobiologia 517:24-41. Weilhoefer, C. L. and Y. Pan 2003 Wetland diatom assemblages as Potapova, M. and D. F. Charles indicators of flooding influence and 2007 Diatom metrics for monitoring surrounding land use in the eutrophication in rivers of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. United States. Ecological Presented at the North American Indicators 7:48-70. Benthological Society Annual Meeting, Athens, Georgia, In: Round, F. E. Approaches for using Algae to 1981 The ecology of algae. Cambridge Monitor and Assess Freshwater University Press, Cambridge. Ecosystems II.
Round, F. E. and K. Lee 2007 Relationships between diatoms and 1989 Studies on freshwater Amphora environmental variables in wetlands species IV. The Amphora epiphytic in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, on other diatoms. Diatom Research U.S.A. Wetlands 27(3):668-682. 4(2):345-349. Winsborough, B. M. Stevenson, R. J. and Y. Pan 1988 Paleoecological analysis of 1999 Assessing environmental conditions Holocene algal mat diatomites in rivers and streams with diatoms. associated with prehistoric wells on In: The diatoms, applications for the the Texas High Plains. Geological environmental and earth sciences, Society of America Abstracts with edited by E. F. Stoermer and J. P. Programs, v. 20:132. Smol, pp. 11-40. Cambridge University Press. 1995 Diatoms. In: Late Quaternary valley fills and paleoenvironments of the Texas Commission on Environmental Southern High Plains, edited by V. Quality Holliday, pp. 67-83. Geological 2004 Atlas of Texas Surface Waters. Society of America Memoir 186. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality GI-316. Winter, J. G. and H. C. Duthie 2000 Epilithic diatoms as indicators of Vam Dam, H., A. Mertens and J. Sinkeldam stream total N and total P concentration. Journal of North
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American Benthological Society 2007 Environmental change in Northern 19(1):32-49. Egyptian Delta lakes during the Holocene, based on diatom analysis. Zalat, A. and S. S. Vildary Journal Paleolimnology 37:273- 299.
1108 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Figure P-1. Profile of Backhoe Trench 36 Showing Diatom Sample Locations.
(Note: Diatoms in same locations as pollen, phytolith, and ostracod locations.)
Technical Report No. 150832 1109 Appendix P Diatoms
Figure P-2A. Diatoms. Top row left to right: Rhopalodia gibba 8x38, Hantzschia amphioxys 5x29, Epithemia turgida 12x44, Synedra ulna dia. 4; bottom row left to right: Amphora copulata 8x35, Nitzschia amphibia 3.5x26, Aulacoseira crenulata dia. 11.
Figure P-2B. Diatoms. Top row left to right: Luticola mutica 5x20, Epithemia adnata 9x43, Cocconeis placentula var. lineata 10x15, Rhopalodia gibberula 10x41, Sellaphora pupula 7x20, Diploneis puella 7x11.
1110 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management Figure P-3. Relative Abundance of Most Common Diatoms in Backhoe Trench 36 36 Trench in Backhoe Diatoms Common of Most Abundance Figure P-3. Relative
Technical Report No. 150832 1111 Appendix P Diatoms
Table P-1. Diatom Abundance in Backhoe Trench 36 1341-4-1a 263-4-24 263-4-22 263-4-21 268-4-19 263-4-18 263-4-16 263-4-14 263-4-12 263-4-11 26304-7 268-4-9 263-4-6 263-4-4
41PT185/C catalog numbers for BT 36 start with #263-4- Feat. 8 8 Feat. 21 19 18 16 15 13 11 Collection sample numbers (bottom to 9 8 6 4 3 1 top) Total 188-192 146-151 178-185 222-227 247-251 275-278 305-309 336-340 350-354 387-391 429-432 458-462 482-486 58-60 Depth (centemeter below surface), top to bottom
Achnanthidium exiguum (Grunow) Czarnecki 2 1 4 7 Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) 2 1 Czarnecki 6 0 7 2 45 Adlafia bryophila (Petersen) Lange- Bertalot 2 3 5 Amphipleura pellucida (Kützing) Kützing 1 1 Amphora acutiuscula Kützing 3 2 5 Amphora coffeaeformis (Agardh) Kützing 1 1 Amphora coffeaeformis var aponina (Agardh) Kützing 5 5 Amphora copulata (Kützing) Schoeman 16 3 1 15 2 1 43 et Archibald 2 0 14 8 7 7 2 6 5 1 Amphora inariensis Krammer 1 1 2 Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow 1 1 Amphora veneta Kützing 2 4 1 7 14 Anomoeoneis costata (Kützing) Hustedt 2 4 6 Anomoeoneis sphaerophora (Kützing) Pfitzer 1 4 1 5 8 3 4 26 Aulacoseira crenulata (Ehrenberg) 2 15 22 Thwaites 9 2 9 18 4 6 2 0 Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen 2 1 8 11 Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima (Müller) Simonsen 43 1 44 Biremis circumtexta (Meister ex Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot et Witkowski 4 4 Brachysira vitrea (Grunow) Ross 2 2 1 1 1 Caloneis bacillum (Grunow) Cleve 8 3 3 2 1 0 4 2 10 5 2 8 78 Caloneis leptosoma (Grunow) Krammer 2 2 Caloneis limosa (Kützing) Patrick 2 2 Caloneis molaris (Grunow) Krammer 2 2 Caloneis schumanniana (Grunow) Cleve 8 1 12 2 4 27 Caloneis silicula (Ehrenberg) Cleve 2 2 3 3 2 Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg 0 10 0 2 92 Cocconeis placentula var. lineata 1 1 2 1 2 11 (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck 0 6 4 17 8 8 1 4 Craticula cuspidata (Kützing) Mann 6 7 3 4 2 5 5 32 Cyclostephanos tholiformis Stoermer, 1 Håkansson et Theriot 3 13 Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing 2 1 3
1112 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table P-1 (continued) 1341-4-1a 263-4-24 263-4-22 263-4-21 268-4-19 263-4-18 263-4-16 263-4-14 263-4-12 263-4-11 26304-7 268-4-9 263-4-6 263-4-4
41PT185/C catalog numbers for BT 36 start with #263-4- Feat. 8 8 Feat. 21 19 18 16 15 13 11
Collection sample numbers (bottom 9 8 6 4 3 1 to top) 146-151 178-185 188-192 222-227 247-251 275-278 305-309 336-340 350-354 387-391 429-432 458-462 482-486 58-60 Depth (centemeter below surface), top to bottom Tot al Cyclotella pseudostelligera Hustedt 1 3 4 Cymatopleura elliptica (Brébisson) Smith 1 2 5 2 3 5 18 Cymatopleura solea (Brébisson) 1 1 2 Smith 0 4 4 8 9 1 66 Cymbella cistula (Ehrenberg) Kirchner 1 8 2 11 Cymbella cymbiformis Agardh 4 2 6 7 Cymbella excisa Kützing 2 2 1 75 Cymbella kolbei Hustedt 2 2 Cymbella mexicana (Ehrenberg) 1 Cleve 5 3 3 21 Cymbella proxima Reimer 2 2 Cymbella triangulum (Ehrenberg) 2 1 1 Cleve 12 2 2 2 4 6 4 3 2 68 Denticula elegans Kützing 2 4 2 5 13 Denticula kuetzingii Grunow 2 4 4 10 Denticula subtilis Grunow 2 2 Diadesmis gallica Smith 1 1 Diploneis ovalis (Hilse ex Rabenhorst) Cleve 2 2 3 2 2 Diploneis puella (Schumann) Cleve 8 2 1 8 1 90 1 Diploneis subovalis Cleve 0 10 Encyonema kamtschaticum Krammer 4 4 Encyonema silesiacum (Bleisch) Mann 2 1 1 4 Encyonopsis microcephala (Grunow) 1 Krammer 8 8 2 28 Eolimna minima Grunow) Lange- Bertalot 2 4 6 Eolimna subminuscula (Manguin) 2 Moser 0 20 1 3 2 2 2 1 16 Epithemia adnata (Kützing) Brébisson 5 3 9 4 6 0 8 6 4 4 2 0 4 5 Epithemia argus (Ehrenberg) Kützing 4 1 5 1 1 Epithemia sorex Kützing 2 2 2 5 6 4 41 1 1 Epithemia turgida (Ehrenberg) 8 3 3 1 4 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 61 Kützing 0 8 8 6 4 1 4 5 8 0 1 0 8 3 Epithemia turgida var. granulata 1 5 (Ehrenberg) Hustedt 4 6 5 75 1 Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Mills 1 2 0 4 17 Eunotia sp. 2 2 Fallacia lenzii Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot 2 2
Technical Report No. 150832 1113 Appendix P Diatoms
Table P-1 (continued) 1341-4-1a 263-4-24 263-4-22 263-4-21 268-4-19 263-4-18 263-4-16 263-4-14 263-4-12 263-4-11 26304-7 268-4-9 263-4-6 263-4-4
41PT185/C catalog numbers for BT 36 start with #263-4- Feat. 8 8 Feat. 21 19 18 16 15 13 11
Collection sample numbers (bottom 9 8 6 4 3 1 to top) 146-151 178-185 188-192 222-227 247-251 275-278 305-309 336-340 350-354 387-391 429-432 458-462 482-486 58-60 Depth (centemeter below surface), top to bottom Tot al Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) Stickle et Mann 4 4 Fragilaria capucina Desmazières 5 8 7 5 25 Fragilaria dilatata (Breb) Lange- Bertalot 3 3 Fragilaria nanana Lange-Bertalot 1 1 Fragilaria tenera (Smith) Lange- 1 Bertalot 0 1 11 Frustulia vulgaris (Thwaites) deToni 5 5 Gomphonema acuminatum Ehrenberg 8 2 2 12 Gomphonema angustatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst 2 4 4 8 6 2 26 Gomphonema clavatum Ehrenberg 6 2 5 2 6 21 Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg emend Van Heurck 8 2 4 3 17 Gomphonema intricatum var. vibrio (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1 1 Gomphonema maclaughlinii Reichardt 2 6 8 Gomphonema micropus Kützing 0 Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) 1 Kützing 2 1 4 3 0 2 22 Gomphonema pumilum (Grunow) 1 Reichardt et Lange-Bertalot 4 2 8 24 Gomphonema sarcophagus Gregory 5 5 Gomphonema subtile var. sagitta 3 (Schum) 7 4 41 Gomphonema truncatum Ehrenberg 2 2 1 2 2 9 Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst 2 2 1 Hantzschia abundans Lange-Bertalot 2 3 15 1 4 Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) 8 7 7 2 6 2 2 4 9 2 0 10 Grunow 3 2 5 1 0 8 0 0 8 4 4 2 27 Hippodonta hungarica (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot, Metzeltin et 4 Witkowski 1 8 1 8 58 Luticola goeppertiana (Bleisch) Mann 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 8 26 Luticola mutica (Kützing) Mann 6 4 4 7 2 1 6 9 0 6 8 4 5 1 3 1 Mastogloia elliptica (Agardh) Cleve 5 4 5 5 2 6 9 46 Mastogloia smithii Thwaites 2 1 3 2 8 Navicula americana Ehrenberg 0 Navicula cari Ehrenberg 3 3 Navicula cincta (Ehrenberg) Ralfs 1 2 3 8 14 Navicula erifuga Lange-Bertalot 2 4 8 14
1114 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table P-1 (continued) 1341-4-1a 263-4-24 263-4-22 263-4-21 268-4-19 263-4-18 263-4-16 263-4-14 263-4-12 263-4-11 26304-7 268-4-9 263-4-6 263-4-4
41PT185/C catalog numbers for BT 36 start with #263-4- Feat. 8 8 Feat. 21 19 18 16 15 13 11
Collection sample numbers (bottom to 9 8 6 4 3 1 top) 188-192 146-151 178-185 222-227 247-251 275-278 305-309 336-340 350-354 387-391 429-432 458-462 482-486 58-60 Total Depth (centemeter below surface), top to bottom
Navicula incertata Hustedt 2 2 Navicula ingenua Hustedt 2 2 Navicula kotschyi Grunow 2 2 5 2 2 13 3 Navicula libonensis Schoeman 2 2 7 3 9 53 1 Navicula menisculus Schumann 2 12 1 Navicula oblonga Østrup 6 1 3 2 1 7 1 9 1 8 49 Navicula recens Lange-Bertalot 1 5 6 1 Navicula radiosa Kützing 3 4 2 8 2 29 Navicula trivialis Lange-Bertalot 1 1 Navicula veneta Kützing 4 3 7 Neidium ampliatum (Ehrenberg) 1 Krammer 3 2 5 2 3 1 6 5 2 39 Neidium bisulcatum (Lagerstedt) Cleve 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 22 Nitzschia amphibia Grunow 2 2 2 4 8 9 5 0 8 0 0 4 9 3 Nitzschia amphibioides Hustedt 3 3 1 1 1 Nitzschia angustata (Smith) Grunow 2 5 6 0 6 7 6 2 9 73 Nitzschia angustatula Lange-Bertalot 1 2 3 Nitzschia cf. subcommunis Hustedt 4 4 Nitzschia frustulum (Kützing) Grunow 6 2 4 6 18 Nitzschia inconspicua Grunow 1 1 Nitzschia linearis (Agardh ex Smith) Smith 1 1 2 7 2 2 5 7 27 Nitzschia microcephala Grunow 2 2 Nitzschia palea (Kützing) Smith 1 2 2 1 6 Nitzschia perminuta (Grunow) 2 Peragallo 8 0 28 Nitzschia recta Hantzsch ex Rabenhorst 5 5 Nitzschia sigma (Kützing) Smith 2 1 3 2 Nitzschia solita Hustedt 3 2 1 26 Nitzschia tropica Hustedt 1 4 3 3 3 14 Nitzschia vitrea Norman 3 1 4 Pinnularia appendiculata (Agardh) Cleve 2 6 2 10 Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg 9 2 2 2 5 2 2 4 5 33
Technical Report No. 150832 1115 Appendix P Diatoms
Table P-1 (continued) 1341-4-1a 263-4-24 263-4-22 263-4-21 268-4-19 263-4-18 263-4-16 263-4-14 263-4-12 263-4-11 26304-7 268-4-9 263-4-6 263-4-4
41PT185/C catalog numbers for BT 36 start with #263-4- Feat. 8 8 Feat. 21 19 18 16 15 13 11
Collection sample numbers (bottom to 9 8 6 4 3 1 top) 188-192 146-151 178-185 222-227 247-251 275-278 305-309 336-340 350-354 387-391 429-432 458-462 482-486 58-60 Total Depth (centemeter below surface), top to bottom
Pinnularia cf. viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 5 3 1 9 Pinnularia divergentissima (Grunow) Cleve 6 1 6 13 Pinnularia gibba Ehrenberg 1 2 2 5 Pinnularia microstauron (Ehrenberg) 1 1 Cleve 3 2 3 2 4 34 Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 5 1 6 Placoneis anglica (Ralfs) EJ Cox 2 2 Placoneis elginensis (Gregory) Cox 1 2 2 5 Placoneis exigua (Gregory) Mereschkowsky 7 5 12 Placoneis gastrum (Ehrenberg) Mereschkowsky 2 2 Placoneis placentula (Ehrenberg) Hienzerling 2 2 Placoneis pseudanglica (Lange-Bertalot) Cox 4 4 Planothidium lanceolatum (Breb. Ex Kützing) Round & Bukhtiyarova 4 7 1 5 4 21 Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) Williams et Round 1 1 Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (Agardh) 1 Lange-Bertalot 8 4 1 4 6 1 5 39 Rhopalodia brebissonii Krammer 2 4 2 4 12 24 Rhopalodia constricta (Smith) Krammer 1 1 2 1 1 4 5 2 4 3 3 3 7 16 16 70 Rhopalodia gibba (Ehrenberg) Müller 1 0 0 9 8 0 0 0 0 3 0 9 0 4 4 9 10 Rhopalodia gibberula (Ehrenberg) Müller 2 3 4 5 1 5 Sellaphora americana (Ehrenberg) Mann 4 5 2 11 Sellaphora laevissima (Kützing) Mann 4 1 1 2 5 13 Sellaphora pupula (Kützing) 2 1 Meresckowsky 3 4 8 1 1 45 3 95 Sellaphora seminulum (Grunow) Mann 2 2 Stauroneis borrichii (Petersen) Lund 1 1 Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 4 2 5 4 2 3 8 6 7 5 46 Stauroneis prominula (Grunow) Hustedt 4 2 6 Stauroneis pseudosubobtusoides Germain 3 3 Stauroneis smithii Grunow 1 1 Staurosira construens var. venter (Ehrenberg) Hamilton 1 3 4
1116 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table P-1 (continued) 1341-4-1a 263-4-24 263-4-22 263-4-21 268-4-19 263-4-18 263-4-16 263-4-14 263-4-12 263-4-11 26304-7 268-4-9 263-4-6 263-4-4
41PT185/C catalog numbers for BT 36 start with #263-4- Feat. 8 8 Feat. 21 19 18 16 15 13 11
Collection sample numbers (bottom 9 8 6 4 3 1 to top) 146-151 178-185 188-192 222-227 247-251 275-278 305-309 336-340 350-354 387-391 429-432 458-462 482-486 58-60 Depth (centemeter below surface), top to bottom Tot al Surirella angusta Kützing 2 2 Surirella bifrons Ehrenberg 2 2 Surirella brebissonii Krammer et 1 Lange-Bertalot 4 2 1 4 5 4 30 Surirella elegans Ehrenberg 3 2 5 Surirella tenera Gregory 2 4 6 2 1 2 Synedra acus Kützing 2 2 8 1 4 9 4 8 1 89 1 1 2 8 5 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 5 60 Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 4 3 5 8 8 5 5 7 7 4 5 7 7 5 1 Synedra parasitica (Smith) Hustedt 8 18 Tryblionella acuminata Smith 1 2 4 2 9 2 1 Tryblionella apiculata Gregory 4 2 0 2 8 2 9 8 65 Tryblionella debilis Arnott 1 2 6 6 1 1 17 Tryblionella gracilis Smith 2 2 1 Tryblionella littoralis (Grunow) Mann 2 2 14 7720 605 595 590 580 575 565 555 545 540 530 520 515 505 500
Total counts
Technical Report No. 150832 1117 This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX Q
METRIC AND NON-METRIC DATA FOR ARTIFACTS FROM THE LANDIS PROPERTY SITES (41PT185, 41PT186, AND 41PT245) AND PROJECT ARTIFACT DATABASE This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Q.1 METRIC AND NON-METRIC presented in Microsoft Excel files with file DATA names in italics.
Individual observations, metric Q.2 ARCHEOLOGICAL DATABASE measurements, and provenience information on individual stone tools within each artifact The entire Landis Property database from classes (points, bifaces, scrapers, drills, data recovery Phase I and II is presented in unifaces, cores, and pottery) are presented in Microsoft Access format. The database individual tables by class and component. includes all the information including the The summaries of the observations and catalog numbers, provenience information, metric measurements that are presented in counts, weights, metric and non-metric the body of the text for the different classes observations on the various tools. The file of artifacts by component were derived from names are in italics. these tables. The data in the tables is
Technical Report No. 150832 1121 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-1. 41PT185 Points PNUM #117Ͳ010 #193Ͳ010 #204Ͳ010 #208Ͳ010 #209Ͳ010 Unit TU9 TU20 TU22 TU22 TU22 Depth 40Ͳ50 40Ͳ50 10Ͳ20 50Ͳ60 60Ͳ70 Agatized Agatized RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Jasper Jasper Dolomite Dolomite TecovasFormation TecovasFormation RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates (chertsandjaspers) (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 17.34 8.08 12.57 14.49 13.21 MaxWidth(mm) 16.45 8.82 16.28 14.09 19.19 MaxThickness(mm) 4.71 3.07 5.62 2.00 4.69 Weight(g) 1.4 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.8 LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate BiͲConvex BiͲConvex TransverseCrossͲsection Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate (Asymmetrical) (Symmetrical) Preform Flake Indeterminate Indeterminate Flake Indeterminate Shape Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate ToolClass Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Unifacial Bifacial DegreeofFlaking Complete Marginal Complete Marginal Complete Late CulturalPeriod LatePrehistoric Indeterminate LateArchaic LateArchaic Prehistoric Random Random Random FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel LateralEdgeAngle(left) 60 68 — 45 52 LateralEdgeAngle(right) — 60 — 45 55 BladeLength(mm) — — — 14.50 — BladeWidth(mm) — — — 14.10 — LateralEdge(left) Excurvate Indeterminate Indeterminate Excurvate Straight LateralEdge(right) Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Straight Straight ShoulderWidth(mm) — — — — — NotchDepth,left(mm) — — — — — NotchDepth,right(mm) — — — — — NotchWidth,left(mm) — — — — — NotchWidth,right(mm) — — — — — EarAngle(left) — — — — — EarAngle(right) — — — — — StemShape Convex — Expanding — — StemLength(mm) — — 12.57 — — StemDistalWidth(mm) — — 13.07 — — StemProximalWidth 15.89 — 16.28 — — (mm) StemThickness(mm) — — 5.62 — — BasalShape Excurvate — Incurvate — — BasalDepth(mm) — — 0.88 — — BasalNotchWidth(mm) — ———— FormCompleteness Proximal Fragment Stem Distal Distal BreakType Thermal/Crenated Use Use Use Use %ofCortexRemaining 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% ThermalAlteration Observed NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved BasalGrindingNone None heavy — — StemGrinding None None Light — —
1122 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-1. continued
PNUM #245Ͳ010 #375Ͳ010 #635Ͳ010 #895Ͳ010 #984Ͳ010 #1033Ͳ010 Unit TU28 N102E109 N108E103 N114E105 N116E103 N117E98 Depth 70Ͳ80 40Ͳ50 42Ͳ50 40Ͳ50 50Ͳ60 40Ͳ50 Agatized Agatized Agatized Agatized RawMaterialType Quartzite Jasper Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite TecovasFormation RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Dakota Alibates Alibates (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 12.44 28.43 23.34 11.30 12.54 12.61 MaxWidth(mm) 21.07 18.81 22.40 16.75 19.66 16.68 MaxThickness(mm) 5.91 5.07 5.69 4.44 5.66 4.72 Weight(g) 1.7 2.3 3.1 0.8 1.3 0.8
LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
BiͲConvex BiͲConvex BiͲConvex BiͲConvex BiͲConvex TransverseCrossͲsection Indeterminate (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical)
Preform Indeterminate Biface Biface Biface Biface Indeterminate Shape Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate ToolClass Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
CulturalPeriod LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic
Random Random Random Random Random FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel LateralEdgeAngle(left) — 45 38 — — — LateralEdgeAngle(right) — 60 45 — — — BladeLength(mm) — — — — — — BladeWidth(mm) — — — — — — LateralEdge(left) — Straight Indeterminate — — — LateralEdge(right) — Straight Indeterminate — — — ShoulderWidth(mm) — — — — — — NotchDepth,left(mm) — — — — — — NotchDepth,right(mm) — — — — — — NotchWidth,left(mm) — — — — — — NotchWidth,right(mm) — — — — — — EarAngle(left) — — — — — — EarAngle(right) — — — — — — StemShape Expanding — Expanding Expanding Expanding Expanding StemLength(mm) 10.51 — 7.03 9.93 12.54 12.61 StemDistalWidth(mm) 14.71 — 12.80 10.21 12.37 12.26 StemProximalWidth 21.07 — — 16.75 19.66 16.68 (mm) StemThickness(mm) 5.91 — 4.33 4.28 5.49 4.66 BasalShape Incurvate Indeterminate Indeterminate Straight Excurvate Straight BasalDepth(mm) 0.58 — — — — — BasalNotchWidth(mm) — — — — — —
Technical Report No. 150832 1123 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
FormCompleteness Stem Distal ProximalͲMedial Stem Stem Stem
BreakType Use Use Use Use Use Use %ofCortexRemaining 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved BasalGrinding Light — None None Heavy Light StemGrinding Heavy — None Light Heavy Light PNUM #1063Ͳ010 #1104Ͳ010 #1138Ͳ010 #1168Ͳ010 #1169Ͳ010 #1198Ͳ010 Unit N117E106 N118E100 N118E108 N119E101 N119E101 N119E108 Depth 26Ͳ40 60Ͳ70 50Ͳ60 42Ͳ50 50Ͳ60 30Ͳ40 Unidentified Agatized Agatized Agatized RawMaterialType Jasper Jasper Sedimentary Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite Tecovas TecovasFormation RawMaterialSource Unidentifiable Alibates Formation(cherts Alibates Alibates (chertsandjaspers) andjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 19.17 48.69 12.48 11.31 16.52 37.41 MaxWidth(mm) 11.99 24.13 16.64 16.52 12.63 16.54 MaxThickness(mm) 3.28 6.61 5.34 4.27 4.57 3.21 Weight(g) 0.6 7.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.8 Tapered Tapered LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Flat Base/Tip Base/Tip
BiͲConvex BiͲConvex BiͲConvex BiͲConvex TransverseCrossͲsection Indeterminate Indeterminate (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) (Symmetrical)
Preform Indeterminate Biface Indeterminate Biface Indeterminate Biface Shape Triangular Triangular Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Triangular ToolClass Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Complete Complete Marginal Complete
CulturalPeriod LatePrehistoric LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic LatePrehistoric
Random Random Random Random Random FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel LateralEdgeAngle(left) 43 54 — — — 40 LateralEdgeAngle(right) 55 48 — — 52 45 BladeLength(mm) 13.93 39.30 — — — 32.06 BladeWidth(mm) 11.99 23.94 — — — 16.54 LateralEdge(left) Straight Excurvate — — Straight Excurvate LateralEdge(right) Recurvate Excurvate — — — Excurvate ShoulderWidth(mm) 11.99 24.13 — — — 16.54 NotchDepth,left(mm) 2.0 5.00 — — — 2.53 NotchDepth,right(mm) 1.52 5.60 — — — — NotchWidth,left(mm) 3.92 6.70 — — — 2.72 NotchWidth,right(mm) 3.38 5.60 — — — — EarAngle(left) 78 52 — — — 20 EarAngle(right) 69 49 — — — — StemShape Expanding Expanding Expanding Expanding Indeterminate Expanding StemLength(mm) 5.43 10.27 12.48 — — 5.05 StemDistalWidth(mm) 6.55 12.13 12.26 — — 8.32
1124 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
StemProximalWidth 8.54 16.94 16.64 16.52 — 9.08 (mm) StemThickness(mm) 1.81 4.39 5.34 4.27 — 1.95 BasalShape Straight Excurvate Excurvate Excurvate Indeterminate Incurvate BasalDepth(mm) — — — — — 0.5 BasalNotchWidth(mm) — — — — — —
FormCompleteness Complete Complete Stem Stem EdgeFragment Complete
BreakType Unbroken Unbroken Use Use Use Indeterminate %ofCortexRemaining 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved BasalGrinding None Light Light Light — None StemGrinding None Light Light None — None
Technical Report No. 150832 1125 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-1. continued
PNUM #1226Ͳ010 #1279Ͳ010 #1288Ͳ010 #1348Ͳ010 #1355Ͳ010 Unit N120E101 N121E101 N121E104 N110E105 N113E108 Depth 44Ͳ60 60Ͳ70 40Ͳ50 50Ͳ60 54
RawMaterialType Quartzite Quartzite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Dakota Dakota Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) 24.95 13.17 32.84 17.55 24.08 MaxWidth(mm) 21.03 15.99 25.44 20.43 15.88 MaxThickness(mm) 5.36 4.77 6.33 6.56 5.66 Weight(g) 3.5 1.1 5.1 2.4 2.1 Wedged LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate WedgedBase/Thick Indeterminate Indeterminate Base/Thick
BiͲConvex BiͲConvex BiͲConvex BiͲConvex BiͲConvex TransverseCrossͲsection (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical)
Preform Biface Indeterminate Biface Biface Biface Shape Indeterminate Indeterminate Lanceolate Indeterminate Indeterminate ToolClass Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
CulturalPeriod LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic LateArchaic
Random Random Random Random Random FlakingPattern Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel Subparallel LateralEdgeAngle(left) 51 — 55 — 65 LateralEdgeAngle(right) 48 — 58 — 60 BladeLength(mm) — — 29.30 — — BladeWidth(mm) 21.03 — 25.44 — — LateralEdge(left) Indeterminate — Excurvate — Straight LateralEdge(right) Indeterminate — Excurvate — Straight ShoulderWidth(mm) 21.03 — 25.29 — — NotchDepth,left(mm) 0.83 — 5.58 — — NotchDepth,right(mm) 1.50 — 6.47 — — NotchWidth,left(mm) 6.09 — 5.60 — — NotchWidth,right(mm) 6.19 — 3.50 — — EarAngle(left) 138 — 53 — — EarAngle(right) 99 — 41 — — StemShape Curved Expanding Expanding Expanding — StemLength(mm) 5.91 13.17 9.74 17.55 — StemDistalWidth(mm) 10.21 12.55 12.49 13.68 —
StemProximalWidth(mm) 8.77 15.99 20.25 20.43 —
StemThickness(mm) 4.98 4.77 4.62 6.56 — BasalShape Excurvate Straight Excurvate Excurvate — BasalDepth(mm) — — — — — BasalNotchWidth(mm) — — — — —
FormCompleteness ProximalͲMedial Stem Complete Stem Distal
1126 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
BreakType Use Use Unbroken Use Use %ofCortexRemaining 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved BasalGrinding Light Light Light Light — StemGrinding Light Light Light Light —
Technical Report No. 150832 1127 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-1. continued
PNUM N/A Unit SiteSurface Depth Surface RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite RawMaterialSource Alibates MaxLength(mm) 35.00 MaxWidth(mm) 23.00 MaxThickness(mm) 5.70 Weight(g) 3.8 LongCrossͲsection TaperedBase TransverseCrossͲsection BiͲConvex(Asymmetrical) Preform Indeterminate Shape Triangular ToolClass Bifacial DegreeofFlaking Complete CulturalPeriod LateArchaic FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel LateralEdgeAngle(left) 60 LateralEdgeAngle(right) 55 BladeLength(mm) 28.00 BladeWidth(mm) 23.00 LateralEdge(left) Straight LateralEdge(right) Straight ShoulderWidth(mm) 23.00 NotchDepth,left(mm) 2.75 NotchDepth,right(mm) — NotchWidth,left(mm) 5.07 NotchWidth,right(mm) — EarAngle(left) 60 EarAngle(right) — StemShape Expanding StemLength(mm) 8.03 StemDistalWidth(mm) 14.73 StemProximalWidth(mm) 16.97 StemThickness(mm) 4.05 BasalShape Excurvate BasalDepth(mm) — BasalNotchWidth(mm) — FormCompleteness Complete
1128 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
BreakType Indeterminate %ofCortexRemaining 0% ThermalAlteration NotObserved BasalGrindingNone StemGrinding None
Technical Report No. 150832 1129 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-2. 41PT185 Bifaces
Provenience #156Ͳ011 #159Ͳ010 #317Ͳ010 #347Ͳ010 #420Ͳ010 Number Unit TU15 TU15 N101E108 N102E103 N103E106
Depth(cmbs) 68Ͳ71 92 64Ͳ65 50Ͳ60 60Ͳ70
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Quartzite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite Quartzite
RawMaterial OgallalaGravels OgallalaGravels Alibates Alibates Alibates Source (Potter) (Potter) MaxLength(mm) 35.40 28.60 31.80 15.51 79.00
MaxWidth(mm) 27.10 38.20 26.50 20.60 46.70
MaxThickness 5.50 6.50 5.50 7.71 10.20
Weight(g) 5.5 8.6 4.6 2.9 44.4
SizeGrade >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm
BifaceStage Late Indeterminate Late Indeterminate Early
LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate Indeterminate WedgedBase/Flat Indeterminate TaperedBase/Tip TransverseCrossͲ BiͲConvex PlanoͲConvex Indeterminate Indeterminate PlanoͲConvex section (Symmetrical) DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Complete Marginal Complete
FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel LateralEdgeAngle 60 55 40 68 68 (left) LateralEdgeAngle 55 50 35 — 50 (right) LateralEdge(left) Straight Excurvate Straight Indeterminate Excurvate
LateralEdge(right) Straight Excurvate Straight Indeterminate Excurvate
%CortexRemaining 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ToolShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Quadrilateral Indeterminate Teardrop FlakedEdgeLength, 36.00 28.50 23.91 16.75 75.84 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, 736.80 25.10 22.40 — 74.10 right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 7.20 6.40 8.10 7.24 11.01 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 5.40 4.90 5.20 — 9.90 right(mm)
FormCompleteness DistalͲMedial Proximal ProximalͲMedial Fragment ProximalͲMedial
BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
1130 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-2. continued
Provenience #494Ͳ010 #609Ͳ010 #651Ͳ010 #653Ͳ011 #653Ͳ010 Number Unit N104E115 N107E101 N108E112 N108E114 N108E114
Depth(cmbs) 50Ͳ60 61.5 90Ͳ100 62Ͳ80 62Ͳ80
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite Quartzite Quartzite
RawMaterial OgallalaGravels OgallalaGravels Alibates Alibates Alibates Source (Potter) (Potter) MaxLength(mm) 52.00 59.30 5.60 38.10 22.00
MaxWidth(mm) 35.00 28.90 15.00 46.90 34.00
MaxThickness 14.00 7.40 6.20 8.00 7.30
Weight(g) 26.3 15.1 0.5 14.0 4.7
SizeGrade >2.54cm >2.54cm <0.635cm >2.54cm >2.54cm
BifaceStage Late Late Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
LongCrossͲsection TaperedBase/Tip WedgedBase/Flat Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate TransverseCrossͲ BiͲConvex BiͲConvex PlanoͲConvex Indeterminate Indeterminate section (Asymmetrical) (Symmetrical) DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel LateralEdgeAngle 55 45 — 55 55 (left) LateralEdgeAngle 60 50 62 50 55 (right) LateralEdge(left) Excurvate Excurvate Indeterminate Excurvate Straight
LateralEdge(right) Excurvate Excurvate Indeterminate Excurvate Straight %Cortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ToolShape Ovate Lanceolate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate FlakedEdge 47.40 58.30 — 42.43 29.20 Length,left(mm) FlakedEdge 48.90 41.30 7.01 38.46 23.60 Length,right(mm) FlakedEdge 9.50 9.90 — 9.80 9.65 Width,left(mm) FlakedEdge 10.90 7.09 5.56 8.66 4.60 Width,right(mm) Form Complete ProximalͲMedial Fragment Distal Distal Completeness BreakType Unbroken Use Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
Technical Report No. 150832 1131 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-2. continued
Provenience #737Ͳ010 #785Ͳ010 #800Ͳ010 #868Ͳ010 #967Ͳ010 Number Unit N111E102 N112E102 N112E105 N114E98 N116E98
Depth(cmbs) 40Ͳ50 37Ͳ50 60Ͳ70 60Ͳ70 50Ͳ60
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterial Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Source MaxLength(mm) 29.49 58.30 23.67 39.93 42.40
MaxWidth(mm) 10.81 36.20 22.48 23.19 31.30
MaxThickness 2.79 19.00 8.20 6.60 7.80
Weight(g) 0.6 37.7 5.9 7.2 8.2
SizeGrade <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm <2.54to>1.905cm >2.54cm >2.54cm
BifaceStage Indeterminate Early Middle Early Indeterminate
LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate TaperedBase/Tip Indeterminate TaperedBase/Tip TaperedBase/Tip TransverseCrossͲ BiͲConvex Indeterminate PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex section (Asymmetrical) DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Complete Marginal Complete
FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel LateralEdgeAngle 50 70 75 50 60 (left) LateralEdgeAngle — 65 75 48 40 (right) LateralEdge(left) Excurvate Excurvate Incurvate Excurvate Excurvate
LateralEdge(right) Indeterminate Excurvate Excurvate Excurvate Excurvate %Cortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ToolShape Indeterminate Ovate Indeterminate Ovate Teardrop FlakedEdge 29.42 58.00 23.80 36.55 41.80 Length,left(mm) FlakedEdge — 54.40 22.60 37.11 36.50 Length,right(mm) FlakedEdge 7.23 12.50 9.05 5.80 8.60 Width,left(mm) FlakedEdge — 13.70 4.60 7.10 4.90 Width,right(mm) Form Fragment Complete ProximalͲMedial Complete Complete Completeness BreakType Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate Unbroken Unbroken
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Indeterminate
1132 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-2. continued
Provenience #1038Ͳ010 #1064Ͳ010 #1085Ͳ010 #1107Ͳ010 #1163Ͳ010 Number Unit N117E99 N117E106 N118E96 N118E101 N119E99
Depth(cmbs) 30Ͳ40 46 45Ͳ60 60Ͳ70 50Ͳ60 Unidentified RawMaterialType Jasper AgatizedDolomite Chalcedony AgatizedDolomite Sedimentary RawMaterial TecovasFormation Unidentifiable Alibates Unidentifiable Alibates Source (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 29.86 98.90 39.70 15.30 41.40
MaxWidth(mm) 15.13 30.60 16.80 32.10 30.00
MaxThickness 6.85 7.90 6.80 7.20 8.50
Weight(g) 2.5 27.8 2.9 4.2 12.9
SizeGrade >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm
BifaceStage Indeterminate Late Indeterminate Middle Indeterminate
LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate TaperedBase/Tip Indeterminate Indeterminate WedgedBase/Flat TransverseCrossͲ BiͲConvex Indeterminate Indeterminate PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex section (Symmetrical) DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel LateralEdgeAngle — 60 45 65 65 (left) LateralEdgeAngle 65 60 — 70 65 (right) LateralEdge(left) Indeterminate Excurvate Excurvate Straight Excurvate
LateralEdge(right) Indeterminate Excurvate Indeterminate Straight Excurvate %Cortex 0% 0% 0% 1Ͳ25% 0% Remaining CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ToolShape Indeterminate Teardrop Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate FlakedEdge — 97.20 37.90 15.70 41.26 Length,left(mm) FlakedEdge 9.80 95.09 — 8.20 39.10 Length,right(mm) FlakedEdge — 7.90 4.40 7.22 6.60 Width,left(mm) FlakedEdge 9.00 7.40 — 1.70 5.20 Width,right(mm) Form Fragment Complete Fragment Medial ProximalͲMedial Completeness BreakType Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
Technical Report No. 150832 1133 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-2. continued
Provenience #1184Ͳ010 #1206Ͳ010 #1212Ͳ010 #1220Ͳ011 Number Unit N119E105 N120E95 N120E97 N120E99
Depth(cmbs) 29Ͳ43 50Ͳ60 54Ͳ60 37
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Jasper Quartzite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterial TecovasFormation Alibates Dakota Alibates Source (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 24.25 17.30 52.40 41.10
MaxWidth(mm) 4.30 11.78 24.00 31.90
MaxThickness 3.51 4.56 10.20 8.40
Weight(g) 0.3 1.8 10.5 13.5
SizeGrade <2.54to>1.905cm <1.905to>1.27cm >2.54cm >2.54cm
BifaceStage Indeterminate Indeterminate Early Indeterminate
LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate Indeterminate TaperedBase/Tip WedgedBase/Thick TransverseCrossͲ BiͲConvex BiͲConvex Indeterminate Indeterminate section (Asymmetrical) (Asymmetrical) DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Complete Complete
FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel LateralEdgeAngle 50 — 65 60 (left) LateralEdgeAngle — 58 70 65 (right) LateralEdge(left) Excurvate Indeterminate Excurvate Excurvate
LateralEdge(right) Indeterminate Excurvate Excurvate Excurvate %Cortex 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ToolShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Teardrop Irregular FlakedEdge 24.25 — 48.80 33.60 Length,left(mm) FlakedEdge — 16.50 52.10 38.10 Length,right(mm) FlakedEdge 4.30 — 4.90 6.50 Width,left(mm) FlakedEdge — 7.50 5.60 5.48 Width,right(mm) Form Fragment Fragment Complete ProximalͲMedial Completeness BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
1134 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-3. 41PT185 Scrapers
ProvenienceNumber #332Ͳ010 #402Ͳ010 #452Ͳ010 #767Ͳ010 #1091Ͳ010 Unit N101E117 N103E103 N104E101 N111E116 N118E97 Depth 90Ͳ100 70Ͳ80 70Ͳ80 80Ͳ90 70Ͳ80 RawMaterialType Jasper AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite TecovasFormation RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 44.35 37.06 54.41 38.98 24.41 MaxWidth(mm) 29.81 27.68 46.76 33.42 16.91 MaxThickness(mm) 6.18 8.72 12.80 9.74 6.29 Weight(g) 8.2 8.6 26.2 13.7 4.3 SizeGrade >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm <2.54to>1.905cm LongCrossͲsection Flat BiͲWedge Flat BiͲWedge Indeterminate
TransverseCrossͲsection PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex Indeterminate
%ofCortexRemaining 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate ToolShape Irregular Teardrop Irregular Round Indeterminate FlakedEdgeLength,left — 34.40 54.60 23.40 23.30 (mm) FlakedEdgeLength,right 42.30 35.70 37.90 32.20 — (mm) FlakedEdgeLength, — 24.50 — 25.10 — distal(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth,left — 5.80 7.80 3.60 0.60 (mm) FlakedEdgeWidth,right 2.30 6.10 6.50 7.10 — (mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, — 5.10 — 2.80 — distal(mm) DistalEdgeAngle 80 70 65 70 —
LateralEdgeAngle(left) 60 65 60 60 50
LateralEdgeAngle 65 65 50 60 — (right) LateralEdge(left) Incurvate Straight Incurvate Excurvate Excurvate LateralEdge(right) Recurvate Straight Excurvate Excurvate Indeterminate Distal;LateralͲ Distal;LateralͲ Distal;LateralͲ EdgeWorked LateralͲRight LateralͲLeft Right&Left Right&Left Right&Left FormCompleteness Complete Complete Complete Complete ProximalͲMedial BreakType Unbroken Unbroken Unbroken Unbroken Indeterminate ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Platform MultiͲFaceted Flat MultiͲFaceted MultiͲFaceted MultiͲFaceted ReductionTechnique SoftHammer SoftHammer SoftHammer SoftHammer SoftHammer
Technical Report No. 150832 1135 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-3. continued
ProvenienceNumber #1128Ͳ010 #1221Ͳ011 #1228Ͳ010 #1269Ͳ010 Unit N118E105 N120E99 N120E102 N121E98 Depth 50Ͳ60 55 28Ͳ40 70Ͳ80 RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) 53.77 49.92 44.95 22.65 MaxWidth(mm) 34.24 75.43 23.81 26.41 MaxThickness(mm) 19.79 25.07 11.09 6.72 Weight(g) 34.3 65.7 10.2 4.0 SizeGrade >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm <2.54to>1.905cm LongCrossͲsection WedgedBase/Thick TaperedBase/Tip BiͲWedge Indeterminate
TransverseCrossͲsection PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex PlanoͲConvex
%ofCortexRemaining 0% 0% 0% 0% CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate ToolShape Irregular Irregular Irregular Indeterminate FlakedEdgeLength,left 31.10 — 30.10 22.30 (mm) FlakedEdgeLength,right 31.69 — 22.10 23.70 (mm) FlakedEdgeLength,distal — 73.40 13.10 — (mm) FlakedEdgeWidth,left 9.90 — 4.20 1.40 (mm) FlakedEdgeWidth,right 10.02 — 2.30 2.80 (mm) FlakedEdgeWidth,distal — 14.10 4.80 — (mm) DistalEdgeAngle 75 60 50 —
LateralEdgeAngle(left) 70 80 50 50
LateralEdgeAngle(right) 70 60 60 60
LateralEdge(left) Recurvate Straight Excurvate Excurvate LateralEdge(right) Recurvate Excurvate Recurvate Excurvate Distal;LateralͲRight EdgeWorked LateralͲRight Distal LateralͲRight&Left &Left FormCompleteness Complete Complete DistalͲMedial ProximalͲMedial BreakType None Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved Indeterminate NotObserved Platform Crushed Crushed None Indeterminate ReductionTechnique HardHammer HardHammer Pressure SoftHammer
1136 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-4. 41PT185 Edge-Modified Flakes
Provenience #115Ͳ010 #152Ͳ010 #171Ͳ010 #173Ͳ010 #190Ͳ010 #199Ͳ010 Number Unit TU9 TU15 TU17 TU17 TU20 TU20 Depth(cmbs) 20Ͳ30 20Ͳ30 10Ͳ20 30Ͳ40 10Ͳ20 90Ͳ100 Agatized Agatized Agatized Agatized RawMaterialType Jasper AgatizedDolomite Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite RawMaterial TecovasFormation Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Source (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 24.80 19.80 44.60 41.40 9.50 28.10 MaxWidth(mm) 15.00 17.60 30.70 35.60 9.30 30.20 MaxThickness 8.30 4.40 6.80 11.80 1.40 4.70 Weight(g) 2.4 1.4 9.4 11.6 0.1 3.6 SizeGrade <2.54to>1.905cm <1.905to>1.27cm >2.54cm >2.54cm <0.635cm >2.54cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None None ToolShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular Irregular Irregular Indeterminate FlakingLocus Indeterminate Distal/Lateral LateralOnly Distal Distal LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 55 55 60 55 45 55 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle — 60 65 — — (right) FlakedEdge 25.0 9.3 41.7 17.73 7.7 22.4 Length,left(mm) FlakedEdge — 14.2 34.8 — — Length,right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 5.3 2.8 7.4 2.15 0.78 2.2 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, — 2.1 9.5 — — — right(mm) Form Fragment Distal ProximalͲMedial DistalͲMedial Complete Medial Completeness BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType None None MultiͲFaceted None Crushed None Reduction None None SoftHammer None SoftHammer None Technique
Technical Report No. 150832 1137 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-4. continued
Provenience #206Ͳ010 #219Ͳ010 #242Ͳ010 #273Ͳ010 #312Ͳ010 #316Ͳ010 Number Unit TU22 TU24 TU27 N100E102 N101E107 N101E108 Depth(cmbs) 30Ͳ40 50Ͳ60 60Ͳ70 60Ͳ70 50Ͳ60 50Ͳ60 Agatized Unidentified Agatized Agatized Agatized RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Dolomite Sedimentary Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite RawMaterial Alibates Unidentifiable Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Source MaxLength(mm) 13.00 31.40 41.60 39.00 44.70 12.00 MaxWidth(mm) 8.90 27.10 40.80 16.70 48.30 14.50 MaxThickness 2.20 10.40 11.20 6.70 17.90 3.80 Weight(g) 0.2 7.7 16.2 3.0 41.9 0.6 SizeGrade <0.635cm >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm <1.27to>0.635cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None None ToolShape Indeterminate Irregular Indeterminate Irregular Irregular Indeterminate FlakingLocus LateralOnly Distal Proximal/Lateral LateralOnly Distal/Lateral LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 55 65 60 65 65 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle 706560 (right) FlakedEdge 23.2 42.8 20.7 19.20 10.5 Length,left(mm) FlakedEdge 1.1 34.2 43.10 Length,right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 10.9 3.5 1.6 2.50 1.5 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 0.70 2.0 2.60 right(mm) Form Distal Distal ProximalͲMedial Medial ProximalͲMedial Proximal Completeness BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Observed NotObserved
PlatformType None None Flat None MultiͲFaceted MultiͲFaceted Reduction None None SoftHammer None HardHammer SoftHammer Technique
1138 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #323Ͳ010 #346Ͳ010a #356Ͳ010 #412Ͳ010 #446Ͳ010
Unit N101E109 N102E103 N102E104 N103E105 N103E117 Depth(cmbs) 80Ͳ90 40Ͳ50 60Ͳ70 53Ͳ60 55
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) 44.00 20.00 25.00 13.90 70.30 MaxWidth(mm) 42.80 23.80 13.50 10.40 47.00 MaxThickness 04.00 4.60 4.50 3.40 24.30 Weight(g) 6.6 3.5 1.1 0.4 61.6 SizeGrade >2.54cm <2.54to>1.905cm <1.905to>1.27cm <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None ToolShape Irregular Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular FlakingLocus Distal LateralOnly Indeterminate Indeterminate LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 70 60 62 50 68 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle — (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 32.8 17 17.3 16.9 42.6 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, — right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 0.5 2.32 0.5 5.5 3.1 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, — right(mm)
FormCompleteness Complete Medial Fragment Fragment ProximalͲMedial
BreakType Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType MultiͲFaceted None None None Abraded
ReductionTechnique SoftHammer None None None SoftHammer
Technical Report No. 150832 1139 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #456Ͳ010 #493Ͳ010 #517Ͳ010 #522Ͳ010 #575Ͳ010
Unit N104E102 N104E115 N105E99 N105E101 N106E101 Depth(cmbs) 60Ͳ70 40Ͳ50 79 37Ͳ50 60Ͳ70
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Quartzite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Alibates Dakota Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) 15.70 96.60 57.30 14.00 28.80 MaxWidth(mm) 16.80 57.50 21.60 13.00 20.30 MaxThickness 3.90 25.40 5.60 7.60 3.20 Weight(g) 1.0 131.0 6.5 2.9 1.9 SizeGrade <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm >2.54cm <2.54to>1.905cm <1.905to>1.27cm %ofCortex 0% 76Ͳ100% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None Nodular None None None ToolShape Indeterminate Irregular Irregular Indeterminate Ovate FlakingLocus Indeterminate LateralOnly LateralOnly Indeterminate LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 50 75 55 45 45 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle 55 (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 10.4 58.5 25.3 28.7 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, 9.9 right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 1.2 14 1.7 1.68 0.7 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 1.1 right(mm)
FormCompleteness Fragment Complete Medial Fragment ProximalͲMedial
BreakType Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType None Flat None None MultiͲFaceted
ReductionTechnique None HardHammer SoftHammer None SoftHammer
1140 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #585Ͳ010 #588Ͳ010 #595Ͳ010 #621Ͳ010a #678Ͳ010
Unit N106E104 N106E104 N106E107 N107E104 N109E106 Depth(cmbs) 39Ͳ50 70Ͳ80 35Ͳ50 60Ͳ70 50Ͳ60
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) 16.70 37.80 18.40 — 9.62 MaxWidth(mm) 20.00 31.30 26.60 9.7 11.60 MaxThickness 3.70 10.30 5.30 3.2 1.80 Weight(g) 0.7 13.5 2.6 1.5 0.1 SizeGrade <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm <1.905to>1.27cm — <1.27to>0.635cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None ToolShape Indeterminate Irregular Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular FlakingLocus Indeterminate LateralOnly Distal Indeterminate Indeterminate FlakedEdgeAngle 65 60 40 60 65 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle 65— (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 16.2 26.5 12.3 — 8.1 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, 32.7 — right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 1.2 4.5 2.3 — 0.9 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 3.8 — right(mm)
FormCompleteness Fragment Medial Fragment Medial Fragment
BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType None None None None None
ReductionTechnique None None None None None
Technical Report No. 150832 1141 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-4. continued
Provenience #686Ͳ010 #696Ͳ010 #724Ͳ010 #724Ͳ011 #750Ͳ010 Number Unit N110E99 N110E102 N111E98 N111E98 N111E103 Depth(cmbs) 70Ͳ80 60Ͳ70 80Ͳ90 80Ͳ90 40Ͳ50
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Jasper AgatizedDolomite Jasper AgatizedDolomite
TecovasFormation TecovasFormation RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates (chertsandjaspers) (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 12.30 20.30 28.20 32.90 17.20 MaxWidth(mm) 12.00 13.00 16.50 26.40 24.10 MaxThickness 5.40 1.90 4.10 7.20 5.30 Weight(g) 1.2 0.6 1.8 6.7 2.2 SizeGrade <1.27to>0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm <1.905to>1.27cm >2.54cm <2.54to>1.905cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None ToolShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular Irregular FlakingLocus Indeterminate Distal/Lateral LateralOnly LateralOnly Proximal/Lateral FlakedEdgeAngle 58 63 40 65 55 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle 40 (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 8.3 20.2 12.7 28.5 20.8 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, 10.9 right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 2.6 1.4 1.1 4.5 1.4 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 1 right(mm)
FormCompleteness Fragment DistalͲMedial ProximalͲMedial ProximalͲMedial ProximalͲMedial
BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration Observed NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Observed
PlatformType None None MultiͲFaceted MultiͲFaceted Flat Reduction None None SoftHammer SoftHammer SoftHammer Technique
1142 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-4. continued
Provenience #754Ͳ010 #764Ͳ010 #787Ͳ010 #802Ͳ010 #821Ͳ010 #836Ͳ010a Number Unit N111E104 N111E106 N112E102 N112E105 N113E98 N113E102 Depth(cmbs) 40Ͳ50 60Ͳ70 60Ͳ70 70Ͳ80 50Ͳ60 50Ͳ60 Agatized Agatized Agatized Unidentified RawMaterialType Jasper AgatizedDolomite Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite Sedimentary RawMaterial TecovasFormation Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Unidentifiable Source (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 16.90 15.70 29.10 — 25.20 — MaxWidth(mm) 5.90 16.80 26.50 — 19.80 — MaxThickness 1.90 3.00 4.80 2.70 2.90 6.7 Weight(g) 0.2 0.6 5.8 1.7 1.7 2.6 SizeGrade <0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm >2.54cm <2.54to>1.905cm — %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None None ToolShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate FlakingLocus Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 45 60 60 32 35 65 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle —— (right) FlakedEdge 9.3 15.4 23.5 — 24.4 — Length,left(mm) FlakedEdge — — Length,right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 1 1.3 4.5 — 7.3 — left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, — — right(mm) Form Fragment Fragment Fragment Fragment Fragment Medial Completeness BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType None None None None None None Reduction None None None None None None Technique
Technical Report No. 150832 1143 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #848Ͳ010 #916Ͳ010a #942Ͳ010 #956Ͳ010 #957Ͳ010
Unit N113E105 N115E97 N115E105 N116E96 N116E96 Depth(cmbs) 60Ͳ70 60Ͳ70 38 40Ͳ50 50Ͳ60 Unidentified RawMaterialType Quartzite Jasper Jasper AgatizedDolomite Sedimentary TecovasFormation TecovasFormation RawMaterialSource Dakota Unidentifiable Alibates (chertsandjaspers) (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 70.30 — 80.10 40.30 28.10 MaxWidth(mm) 51.90 — 53.40 38.70 32.90 MaxThickness 20.20 5.1 27.30 10.30 4.00 Weight(g) 46.6 2.2 125.0 15.4 3.9 SizeGrade >2.54cm — >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 51Ͳ75% 26Ͳ50% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None Nodular Nodular None ToolShape Irregular Indeterminate Ovate Irregular Irregular FlakingLocus LateralOnly Indeterminate Distal/Lateral LateralOnly LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 65 45 50 68 55 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle —55 (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 43.9 — 136.2 8.7 12.9 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, — 13.8 right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 6.1 — 20 2 1.1 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, — 0.8 right(mm)
FormCompleteness Complete Medial Complete ProximalͲMedial ProximalͲMedial
BreakType Unbroken Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType MultiͲFaceted None None MultiͲFaceted MultiͲFaceted
ReductionTechnique HardHammer None None HardHammer SoftHammer
1144 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-4. continued
Provenience #957Ͳ011 #958Ͳ010 #965Ͳ010 #980Ͳ010 #981Ͳ010 #982Ͳ010 Number Unit N116E96 N116E96 N116E98 N116E102 N116E102 N116E103 Depth(cmbs) 50Ͳ60 60Ͳ70 30Ͳ40 40Ͳ50 50Ͳ60 32Ͳ40 Agatized Agatized Agatized RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Jasper AgatizedDolomite Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite RawMaterial TecovasFormation Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Source (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 24.40 29.80 26.00 45.70 32.70 21.40 MaxWidth(mm) 17.30 26.60 28.00 3.27 25.50 12.00 MaxThickness 4.70 5.20 7.20 9.80 7.60 6.80 Weight(g) 1.4 5.0 3.3 13.3 5.7 0.9 SizeGrade <2.54to>1.905cm >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm >2.54cm <1.27to>0.635cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None None ToolShape Irregular Indeterminate Irregular Irregular Indeterminate Irregular FlakingLocus LateralOnly Indeterminate Distal LateralOnly LateralOnly Indeterminate FlakedEdgeAngle 45 70 65 60 50 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle 6865 (right) FlakedEdge 21.16 8 46.3 21.4 7.8 Length,left(mm) FlakedEdge 12.8 43.4 Length,right(mm) FlakedEdge 3.1 0.8 5.9 1.7 1.2 Width,left(mm) FlakedEdge 1.1 4 Width,right(mm) Form Complete Fragment Complete DistalͲMedial Medial DistalͲMedial Completeness BreakType Unbroken Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType MultiͲFaceted None Crushed None None None Reduction SoftHammer None SoftHammer None None None Technique
Technical Report No. 150832 1145 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-4. continued
Provenience #983Ͳ010 #1022Ͳ010 #1065Ͳ010 #1083Ͳ010 #1085Ͳ011 Number Unit N116E103 N117E96 N117E106 N118E95 N118E96 Depth(cmbs) 40Ͳ50 60Ͳ70 50Ͳ60 60Ͳ70 45Ͳ60
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterial Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Source MaxLength(mm) 20.30 24.60 20.70 13.80 — MaxWidth(mm) 18.40 22.80 12.90 8.20 16.40 MaxThickness 4.40 3.60 3.60 2.00 6.00 Weight(g) 1.2 2.1 1.0 0.2 3.4 SizeGrade <1.905to>1.27cm <2.54to>1.905cm <1.27to>0.635cmch <1.27to>0.635cm <1.905to>1.27cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None ToolShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular Quadrilateral FlakingLocus LateralOnly Indeterminate LateralOnly Distal LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 60 50 45 70 45 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle 5545 (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 9.2 8.6 5.3 — left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, 9.2 — right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 0.6 0.5 0.8 — left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 1.1 — right(mm)
FormCompleteness Medial Distal Medial Complete Medial
BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType None None None MultiͲFaceted None Reduction None None None SoftHammer None Technique
1146 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #1132Ͳ010 #1138Ͳ011 #1142Ͳ010 #1155Ͳ010 #1206Ͳ011
Unit N118E106 N118E108 N118E109 N119E97 N120E95 Depth(cmbs) 50Ͳ60 50Ͳ60 50Ͳ60 70Ͳ80 50Ͳ60
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) — 10.50 15.20 — 11.40 MaxWidth(mm) — 11.10 14.30 31.90 11.70 MaxThickness 11.4 4.80 3.80 11.60 2.00 Weight(g) 3.7 0.3 0.7 10.2 0.2 SizeGrade <1.905to>1.27cm <1.27to>0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm <1.27to>0.635cm %ofCortex 1Ͳ25% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType Nodular None None None None ToolShape Irregular Indeterminate Indeterminate Round Indeterminate FlakingLocus Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate LateralOnly Indeterminate FlakedEdgeAngle 60 45 60 45 40 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle —— (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 17.9 4.8 8.7 20 7.3 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, — — right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 4.1 0.6 3.1 2 1.8 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, — — right(mm)
FormCompleteness Fragment Fragment Fragment Complete Fragment
BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType None None None MultiͲFaceted None
ReductionTechnique None None None SoftHammer None
Technical Report No. 150832 1147 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #1207Ͳ010 #1210Ͳ010 #1215Ͳ010 #1217Ͳ010 #1219Ͳ010
Unit N120E95 N120E96 N120E97 N120E98 N120E98 Depth(cmbs) 60Ͳ70 60Ͳ70 80Ͳ90 60Ͳ70 80Ͳ90
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) 7.90 23.20 14.50 11.10 24.00 MaxWidth(mm) 13.70 32.50 8.50 9.68 14.90 MaxThickness 1.20 7.60 3.30 2.80 3.00 Weight(g) 0.2 3.5 0.3 0.3 0.9 SizeGrade <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm <1.27to>0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm %ofCortex 0% 76Ͳ100% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None Indeterminate None None None ToolShape Irregular Irregular Indeterminate Irregular Irregular FlakingLocus ProximalOnly Distal Indeterminate Distal LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 45 40 80 70 65 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 11.5 14.1 5.3 5 11.8 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 1.7 1.7 2.1 0.6 0.7 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, right(mm)
FormCompleteness Complete Complete Fragment Complete DistalͲMedial
BreakType Unbroken Unbroken Indeterminate Unbroken Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType MultiͲFaceted Flat None MultiͲFaceted None
ReductionTechnique SoftHammer SoftHammer None SoftHammer None
1148 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #1220Ͳ010 #1221Ͳ010 #1223Ͳ011 #1223Ͳ012 #1224Ͳ010
Unit N120E99 N120E99 N120E100 N120E100 N120E100 Depth(cmbs) 36Ͳ50 55 38Ͳ50 38Ͳ50 50Ͳ60
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Jasper AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
TecovasFormation RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates (chertsandjaspers) MaxLength(mm) 25.00 34.40 14.00 13.20 24.10 MaxWidth(mm) 39.00 47.60 26.30 22.10 24.60 MaxThickness 10.30 13.20 3.80 5.10 7.90 Weight(g) 7.0 20.4 1.1 1.4 3.5 SizeGrade >2.54cm >2.54cm <1.905to>1.27cm <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm %ofCortex 1Ͳ25% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType Nodular None None None None ToolShape Irregular Irregular Irregular Indeterminate Irregular FlakingLocus LateralOnly LateralOnly LateralOnly LateralOnly LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 50 50 60 48 55 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle 60 (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 17.9 13.1 8.4 7.8 5.7 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, 11.1 right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 0.7 2.6 1.1 0.8 0.6 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 0.8 right(mm)
FormCompleteness ProximalͲMedial Medial DistalͲMedial Medial ProximalͲMedial
BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType Cortical None None None MultiͲFaceted
ReductionTechnique SoftHammer None None None SoftHammer
Technical Report No. 150832 1149 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #1226Ͳ011 #1243Ͳ010 #1249Ͳ010 #1257Ͳ010 #1259Ͳ010
Unit N120E101 N102E105 N120E109 N121E95 N121E96 Depth(cmbs) 44Ͳ60 50Ͳ60 40Ͳ50 70Ͳ80 51Ͳ60
RawMaterialType Opalite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Unidentifiable Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) 9.20 13.30 30.20 22.70 21.00 MaxWidth(mm) 13.60 14.60 33.50 15.00 14.40 MaxThickness 1.90 3.30 6.50 6.10 2.50 Weight(g) 0.3 1.2 6.6 2.8 0.9 SizeGrade <1.27to>0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm >2.54cm <2.54to>1.905cm <1.905to>1.27cm %ofCortex 1Ͳ25% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType Nodular None None None None ToolShape Irregular Triangular Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular FlakingLocus Distal LateralOnly Indeterminate LateralOnly LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 60 48 65 60 55 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle 50 (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 7.7 8.7 26.6 17.6 10.2 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, 10.1 right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.6 1 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 0.9 right(mm)
FormCompleteness Complete Complete Fragment ProximalͲMedial DistalͲMedial
BreakType Unbroken Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType MultiͲFaceted MultiͲFaceted None MultiͲFaceted None
ReductionTechnique SoftHammer Pressure None SoftHammer None
1150 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-4. continued
ProvenienceNumber #1261Ͳ010 #1268Ͳ010 #1277Ͳ010 #1280Ͳ010 #1316Ͳ010
Unit N121E96 N121E98 N121E100 N121E102 N122E101 Depth(cmbs) 70Ͳ80 60Ͳ70 60Ͳ70 47Ͳ60 47Ͳ60
RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite
RawMaterialSource Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates
MaxLength(mm) 21.80 19.10 13.70 25.00 21.90 MaxWidth(mm) 18.40 11.30 14.20 11.90 15.70 MaxThickness 2.70 3.50 1.70 3.70 3.10 Weight(g) 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.7 SizeGrade <2.54to>1.905cm <1.27to>0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm <1.27to>0.635cm %ofCortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CorticalType None None None None None ToolShape Irregular Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular FlakingLocus LateralOnly Distal LateralOnly Indeterminate LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle 60 60 44 70 68 (left) FlakedEdgeAngle (right) FlakedEdgeLength, 14.9 5.5 4.6 12.7 15.7 left(mm) FlakedEdgeLength, right(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, 2 1.2 1.1 1 0.8 left(mm) FlakedEdgeWidth, right(mm)
FormCompleteness Complete Distal ProximalͲMedial Fragment ProximalͲMedial
BreakType Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved
PlatformType MultiͲFaceted None DihedralFaceted None Crushed
ReductionTechnique SoftHammer None SoftHammer None SoftHammer
Technical Report No. 150832 1151 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-5. 41PT185 Tested Cobbles
ProvenienceNumber #174Ͳ001 #811Ͳ001 Unit TU17 N112E110 Depth(cmbs) 40Ͳ50 70Ͳ80 RawMaterialType Quartzite Chalcedony RawMaterialSource Dakota Unidentifiable MaxLength(mm) 127.2 57.63 MaxWidth(mm) 119.24 42.41 MaxThickness 55.7 11.78 Weight(g) 1300 32.4 SizeGrade >1Ͳinch >1Ͳinch Unidirectional(one Multidirectional FlakingPattern platform) (multipleplatforms) %CortexRemaining 76Ͳ100% 0%
CortexType Pebble/Cobble Indeterminate/Type
FormCompleteness Complete Complete BreakType Unbroken Unbroken ThermalAlteration Observed NotObserved
1152 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-6. 41PT185 Cores
Provenience #130Ͳ001 #163Ͳ001 #226Ͳ001 #832Ͳ001 Number Unit TU11 TU16 TU25 N113E100 Depth(cmbs) 90Ͳ100 27 80Ͳ90 70Ͳ80 RawMaterial Quartzite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite AgatizedDolomite Type RawMaterial Alibates(Llano Alibates(Llano Alibates(Llano Unidentifiable Source Estacado) Estacado) Estacado) MaxLength 52.04 44.73 37.47 43.74 (mm) MaxWidth 35.14 28.61 14.79 10.61 (mm) Max 36.2 14.73 18.85 8.9 Thickness Weight(g) 76.5 13.2 12.1 3.8 SizeGrade >1Ͳinch >1Ͳinch <1to>3/4Ͳinch >1Ͳinch Flaking Unidirectional(one Multidirectional Unidirectional(one Unidirectional(one Pattern platform) (multipleplatforms) platform) platform) Rejuvenated Absent Absent Absent Absent Edge LateralEdge — — — — Angle,left LateralEdge — — — — Angle,right LateralEdge, — — — — left LateralEdge, — — — — right %Cortex 51Ͳ75% 0% 0% 0% Remaining CortexType Nodular Indeterminate/Type Indeterminate/Type Indeterminate/Type FlakedEdge — — — — Length(mm) FlakedEdge — — — — Width(mm) Form Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Complete Completeness Fragment Fragment Fragment Condition NonExhausted Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate BreakType Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Thermal NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Alteration
Technical Report No. 150832 1153 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-6. continued
Provenience #1089Ͳ001 #1352Ͳ001 #1354Ͳ001 Number Unit N118E97 N118E105 — Depth(cmbs) 45Ͳ60 40Ͳ50 Backfill RawMaterial Quartzite Quartzite AgatizedDolomite Type RawMaterial OgallalaGravels Alibates(Llano Dakota Source (potter) Estacado) MaxLength 81.18 131.6 38.34 (mm) MaxWidth 67.55 125.37 34.46 (mm) Max 23.87 74.09 22.6 Thickness Weight(g) 134.7 1186.6 29 SizeGrade >1Ͳinch >1Ͳinch >1Ͳinch Flaking Multidirectional Multidirectional Multidirectional Pattern (multipleplatforms) (multipleplatforms) (multipleplatforms) Rejuvenated Present Absent Absent Edge LateralEdge — — — Angle,left LateralEdge 60 — — Angle,right LateralEdge, — — — left LateralEdge, Excurvate — — right %Cortex 1Ͳ25% 26Ͳ50% 0% Remaining CortexType Pebble/Cobble Pebble/Cobble Indeterminate/Type FlakedEdge 77.64 — — Length(mm) FlakedEdge 18.3 — — Width(mm) Form Complete Complete Complete Completeness Condition NonExhausted NonExhausted Exhausted BreakType Unbroken Unbroken Unbroken Thermal NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Alteration
1154 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-7. 41PT186 Points
41PT186Points ProvenienceNumber #277Ͳ010 #300Ͳ010 #326Ͳ010 Unit TU5 TU6 TU8 Depth(cmbs) 60Ͳ70 150Ͳ160 90Ͳ100 RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite Jasper AgatizedDolomite RawMaterialSource Alibates TecovasFormation(chertsandjaspers) Alibates MaxLength(cm) 26.00 37.60 21.00 MaxWidth(cm) 20.30 29.70 15.70 MaxThickness(cm) 4.00 7.10 2.70 Weight(g) 1.6 10.0 0.9 LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate TransverseCrossͲsection Indeterminate BiͲConvex(Symmetrical) Indeterminate Preform Indeterminate Biface Flake Shape Triangular Indeterminate Triangular ToolClass Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial DegreeofFlaking Complete Complete Marginal CulturalPeriod LatePrehistoric LateArchaic LatePrehistoric FlakingPattern RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel RandomSubparallel LateralEdgeAngle(left) 45 45 50 LateralEdgeAngle(right) 40 52 45 BladeLength(mm) 28.6 38.1 20.0 BladeWidth(mm) 20.3 29.4 15.6 LateralEdge(left) Excurvate Straight Excurvate LateralEdge(right) Excurvate Excurvate Excurvate StemShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate BasalShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate FormCompleteness Distal Medial Distal BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate %CortexRemaining 0% 0% 0% ThermalAlteration NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved StemGrinding Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
Technical Report No. 150832 1155 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-8. 41PT186 Bifaces
ProvenienceNumber #280Ͳ010 Unit TU5 Depth 80Ͳ90 RawMaterialType AgatizedDolomite RawMaterialSource Alibates MaxLength(cm) 27.79 MaxWidth(cm) 18.95 MaxThickness(cm) 6.65 Weight(g) 3.9 SizeGrade <1.91to>1.27 BifaceStage Indeterminate LongCrossͲsection Indeterminate TransverseCrossͲsection Indeterminate FlakingPattern Random DegreeofFlaking Complete LateralEdgeAngle(left) — LateralEdgeAngle(right) 55 LateralEdge(left) Indeterminate LateralEdge(right) Excurvate %ofCortexRemaining 0% CorticalType Indeterminate ToolShape Bipointed FlakedEdgeAngle(left) 23.66 FlakedEdgeAngle(right) — FlakedEdgeWidth,left(mm) 10.37 FlakedEdgeWidth,right(mm) — FormCompleteness Fragment BreakType Indeterminate ThermalAlteration NotObserved
1156 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-9. 41PT186 Edge-Modified Flakes
Provenience #264Ͳ010 #272Ͳ010 #282Ͳ010 #283Ͳ010 #285Ͳ010 #285Ͳ011 #289Ͳ010 Number Unit TU4 TU5 TU5 TU6 TU6 TU6 TU6 Depth(cmbs) 10Ͳ20 10Ͳ20 110Ͳ120 0Ͳ10 20Ͳ30 20Ͳ30 60Ͳ70 RawMaterial Agatized Agatized Agatized Agatized Agatized Chert Jasper Type Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite
RawMaterial TecovasFormation EdwardsChert Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Alibates Source (chertsandjaspers)
MaxLength 10.3 19.2 25 14 23 24 31.8 (mm) MaxWidth 11.7 15.4 22 12 25 17 21 (mm) MaxThickness 3.1 3.6 4.9 2 3.1 4.2 6.7 (cm) Weight(g) 0.4 1.2 2.6 0.5 2.3 1.4 4.3
SizeGrade(cm)<1.27to>0.635 <2.54to>1.91 <2.54to>1.91 <1.27to>0.635 <2.54to>1.91 <2.54to>1.91 >2.54
%Cortex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Remaining
CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ToolShape Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular Indeterminate Indeterminate Irregular Quadrilateral
FlakingLocus Indeterminate Indeterminate LateralOnly Indeterminate Indeterminate LateralOnly Distal/Lateral
FlakedEdge 55 60 60 75 50 45 70 Angle(left) FlakedEdge — — — — — — 70 Angle(right) FlakedEdge Length,left 67.0 16.2 12.1 8.8 19.1 13.9 28.9 (mm) FlakedEdge Length,right — — — — — — 23.2 (mm) FlakedEdge Width,left 0.55 4.2 0.75 1.2 3.2 2.28 2.6 (mm) FlakedEdge Width,right — — — — — — 3.9 (mm) Form Fragment Medial Medial Fragment Fragment Complete Complete Completeness
BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Unbroken Unbroken
Thermal NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Alteration
PlatformType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate MultiͲFaceted Flat
Reduction Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate SoftHammer SoftHammer Technique
Technical Report No. 150832 1157 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-9. continued
Provenience #307Ͳ010 #342Ͳ011 #360Ͳ010 #425Ͳ010 #446Ͳ014 Number Unit TU7 BT8 N484E494 N491E494 N493E489 Depth(cmbs) 40Ͳ50 — 90Ͳ100 90Ͳ100 66 RawMaterial Agatized Agatized Agatized Agatized Quartzite Type Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite Dolomite Ogallala RawMaterial Alibates Gravels Alibates Alibates Alibates Source (potter) MaxLength 25.10 55.00 28.80 12.00 60.00 (cm) MaxWidth 19.40 55.00 21.00 9.50 50.30 (cm) Max Thickness 5.70 15.00 5.00 2.90 12.40 (cm) Weight(g) 3.1 49.2 2.1 0.3 37.4 SizeGrade <2.54to <1.27to >2.54 >2.54 >2.54 (cm) >1.905 >0.635 %Cortex 0 0% 51Ͳ75% 0% 0% Remaining
CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Nodular Indeterminate Indeterminate
ToolShape Irregular Irregular Irregular Indeterminate Irregular
FlakingLocus Indeterminate WholeEdge LateralOnly Indeterminate Distal/Lateral
FlakedEdge 60 55 60 50 65 Angle(left) FlakedEdge 60 65 — — — Angle(right) FlakedEdge Length,left 17.8 30.3 22.9 6.14 56.22 (mm) FlakedEdge Length,right 13.8 31.0 — — — (mm) FlakedEdge Width,left 4.3 5.9 1.1 1.25 4.5 (mm) FlakedEdge Width,right 1.24 7.9 — — — (mm) Form Fragment Complete Distal Fragment Complete Completeness
BreakType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Unbroken
Thermal NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Alteration
PlatformType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
Reduction Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Technique
1158 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Table Q-9. continued
Provenience #446Ͳ016 #482Ͳ012 #552Ͳ010 Number Unit N493E489 N496E495 — Depth(cmbs) 68 100Ͳ110 Surface RawMaterial Agatized Agatized Jasper Type Dolomite Dolomite TecovasFormation RawMaterial Alibates Alibates (chertsand Source jaspers) MaxLength 49.00 11.60 34.20 (cm) MaxWidth 56.00 9.30 37.10 (cm) MaxThickness 11.00 2.80 9.00 (cm) Weight(g) 26.7 0.3 11.1 SizeGrade <1.27to >2.54 >2.54 (cm) >0.635 %Cortex 0% 0% 0% Remaining
CorticalType Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate
ToolShape Irregular Indeterminate Triangular
FlakingLocus LateralOnly Indeterminate WholeEdge
FlakedEdge 60 60 60 Angle(left) FlakedEdge — — 70 Angle(right) FlakedEdge Length,left 31.0 5.2 29.3 (mm) FlakedEdge Length,right — — 37.3 (mm) FlakedEdge Width,left 2.1 1.6 7.0 (mm) FlakedEdge Width,right — — 7.5 (mm) Form Complete Fragment Complete Completeness
BreakType Unbroken Indeterminate Indeterminate
Thermal NotObserved NotObserved NotObserved Alteration Dihedral PlatformType Indeterminate Indeterminate Faceted Reduction HardHammer Indeterminate Indeterminate Technique
Technical Report No. 150832 1159 Appendix Q Lithic Analysis
Table Q-10. 41PT245 Edge-Modified Flakes
PNUM #347Ͳ010 Unit TU4 Depth 120Ͳ130 RawMaterialType Jasper
RawMaterialSource TecovasFormation(chertsandjaspers)
MaxLength(mm) 33.20 MaxWidth(mm) 16.70 MaxThickness(mm) 7.20 Weight(g) 2.6 SizeGrade >2.54cm %ofCortexRemaining 0% CorticalType Indeterminate ToolShape Quadrilateral FlakingLocus LateralOnly FlakedEdgeAngle(left) 65 FlakedEdgeAngle(right) 60 FlakedEdgeLength,left 16.80 (mm) FlakedEdgeLength,right 18.50 (mm) FlakedEdgeWidth,left 1.75 (mm) FlakedEdgeWidth,right 1.38 (mm) FormCompleteness Medial BreakType Indeterminate ThermalAlteration NotObserved PlatformType Indeterminate ReductionTechnique Indeterminate
1160 Technical Report No. 150832 APPENDIX R
ORGANIC RESIDUE (FTIR) ANALYSIS OF BURNED ROCK, GROUNDSTONE, AND LITHIC SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS This page intentionally left blank. ORGANIC RESIDUE (FTIR) ANALYSIS OF BURNED ROCK, GROUNDSTONE, AND LITHIC SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS
Prepared for:
TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752
Prepared by:
Melissa K. Logan with Assistance from R. A. Varney PaleoResearch Institute, Inc. Golden, Colorado PaleoResearch Institute Technical Report
December 2009 This page intentionally left blank. Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
R.1 INTRODUCTION determined by the sample’s chemical make- up. A computer reads the inferogram and Burned rock, ground stone, and lithic tools uses Fourier transformation to decode the recovered from site 41PT185/C in Potter intensity information for each frequency County, Texas were submitted for organic (wave numbers) and presents a spectrum. residue analysis. Samples were tested for organic residues using Fourier Transform R.3 FTIR (FOURIER TRANSFORM Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Specific INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY) artifact provenience data was not provided REVIEW to PaleoResearch Institute in an effort to minimize bias in the analysis. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is the study of how molecules absorb infrared radiation and R.2 METHODS ultimately convert it to heat, revealing how the infrared energy is absorbed, as well as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared the structure of specific organic molecules. Spectroscopy) Infrared spectroscopy has been experiencing a renaissance for identifying organic A mixture of chloroform and methanol substances during the past few decades. It is (CHM) was used as a solvent to remove currently considered one of the more lipids and other organic substances that had powerful tools in organic and analytical soaked into the surface of the ground stone, chemistry. One of the primary advantages to burned rock, and lithic tools. This mixture is the FTIR is that it measures all wave lengths represented in the FTIR graphics as CHM. simultaneously. It has a relatively high The CHM solvent and sample were placed signal-to-noise ratio and a short in a glass container, and allowed to sit, measurement time. Each peak in the covered, for several hours. After this period spectrum represents either a chemical bond of time, the solvent was pipetted into an or a functional group. aluminum evaporation dish, where the CHM was allowed to evaporate. This process Since molecular structures absorb the leaves the residue of any absorbed chemicals vibrational frequencies or wavelengths of in the aluminum dishes. The residue infrared radiation, the bands of absorbance remaining in the aluminum dishes was then can then be used to identify the composition placed on the FTIR crystal and the spectra of the materials under study. In the case of were collected. The aluminum dishes were the current research, the portion of the tilted during the process of evaporation to electromagnetic spectrum between 4000-400 separate the lighter from the heavier fraction wave numbers is used for identifying of the residue. The lighter and heavier organic materials. Carbohydrates, lipids, fractions are designated Upper (lighter proteins and other organic molecules are fraction) and Lower (heavier fraction) associated with specific wave number bands respectively in the subsequent analysis. (Isaksson 1999:36-39).
FTIR is performed using a Nicolet 6700 The infrared spectrum can be divided into optical bench with an ATR and a silicon two regions--the functional group region and crystal. The sample is placed in the path of a the fingerprint region. These two groups are specially encoded infrared beam. The recognized by the effect that infrared infrared beam passes through the sample and radiation has on the respective molecules of produces a signal called an “inferogram.” these groups. The functional group region is The inferogram contains information about located between 4000 and approximately the frequencies of infrared that are absorbed 1500 wave numbers. The molecular bonds and the strength of the absorptions, which is display specific characteristic vibrations that
Technical Report No. 150832 1165 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples identify fats, lipids, waxes, lignins, proteins, features. FTIR analysis is expected to be carbohydrates, etc. The fingerprint region, particularly valuable in examining fire- located below 1500 wave numbers, is cracked rock (FCR), for which few other influenced by bending motions, which means of analysis exist, since the fats, lipids, further identify the molecules present. waxes, and other organic molecules contained in liquids that seep out of the food Using the FTIR, it is possible to identify being processed become deposited on the different types of organic compounds and rocks during the baking process. Once again, eventually recognize different types of these rocks might have been present in more materials such as plant or animal fats or than one cooking episode, thus having the lipids, plant waxes, esters, proteins, potential to yield a complex signature. The carbohydrates, and more. Specific regions of PRI extraction method gently removes these the spectrum are important in identifying organic molecules from the ground stone, these compounds. ceramics, and/or rocks so that they can be measured with the FTIR and subsequently The results of the identification of specific identified. wavelengths can be compared with commercial or laboratory created analytical Organic molecules from sediments can be standards to identify the specific types of extracted and the sediments then bonds present in different materials. By characterized. This has the potential to be combining the results of the analysis of very useful in identifying signatures of the individual samples with all of the reference remains responsible for a dark horizon. For materials in the PaleoResearch Institute instance, if the dark horizons are the result (PRI) library, the percent match with of decaying organic matter (plant or animal), individual reference items can be displayed. the FTIR will yield a signature of decaying For instance, plant lipids or fats are organic remains. If the dark horizons are the identifiable between 3000 and 2800 wave result of blowing ash from cultural features, numbers. A match might be obtained on this the FTIR signature will be considerably portion of the spectrum with nuts such as different. This is an affordable technique for hickory, walnut, or acorn or with animal fats making distinctions between horizons and or corn oil. Recovery of high level matches identifying cultural horizons. with several types of nuts (in this example) indicates that nuts were processed. If the R.4 CARBOHYDRATES match with the PRI library is for meat fats, then the signature is more consistent with Carbohydrates are a product of that produced by meat than plant parts such photosynthesis in green plants. This group as nuts. of compounds is the most abundant found on earth. Carbohydrate is a term that Samples containing many compounds are encompasses three main groups of more difficult to identify – and many compounds: 1) sugars, 2) starches, and 3) archaeological samples are complex fibers. To elaborate, sugars include the mixtures. Multi-purpose artifacts, such as simple carbohydrates found in table sugar, ground stone, which could have been used to honey, natural fruit sugars, and molasses. crush or grind a variety of foodstuffs, or Starches and complex carbohydrates are ceramic cooking vessels, which are expected present in legumes, grains, vegetables, and to have been used to cook many different fruits. Fibers, including cellulose, foods, might present a mixture problem. hemicellulose, and pectin, are present in Mixtures sometimes have many absorption whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits bands that overlap, yielding only broad (Garrison and Somer 1985:13). Dietary envelopes of absorption and few distinctive carbohydrates provide energy for bodily
1166 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management functions, including our ability to digest and water and crystallizes easily. Glucose is absorb other foods. They are the body’s somewhat less sweet than cane sugar. preferred source of energy, although proteins and lipids also may be converted to D-Glucose energy. Carbohydrates are so important that an inadequate intake may result in D-glucose, or dextrorotatory glucose, is a nutritional deficiencies such as ketosis, biologically active form of glucose. In plants energy loss, depression, and even loss of it results from photosynthesis; and in essential body protein. On the other hand, animals, it occurs from the breakdown of excess intake of carbohydrates causes glycogen (Biology-online 2009a). Alpha and obesity and dental decay. beta D-glucose are two specific forms of D- glucose, differing only in the placement of To understand carbohydrates and their an OH-group in their molecular structure detection with the FTIR it is important to (Biology-online 2009a). As a result, the know that they are formed of carbon atoms forms can easily shift back and forth coupled to “hyrates,” such as water, between the two different alpha and beta resulting in empirical formulas of CnH2nOn states. where “n” represents the number of atoms for C, H, and O, respectively. Fructose “Biochemically, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy alcohols with aldehyde or Fructose, levulose, or fruit sugar is present ketone groups that are potentially active” in honey, ripe fruits, and a few vegetables. It (Garrison and Somer 1985:13). Since is highly soluble, does not crystallize, is not carbohydrates are classified according to absorbed directly into the blood, and is their structure and the FTIR detects the much sweeter than cane sugar. It is produced bonds between molecules, we will review as a product of the hydrolysis of sucrose (an the simple sugars (monosaccharides), oligosaccharide). multiple sugars (oligosaccharides), and complex molecules (polysaccharides) that Galactose are made up of simple sugars. This monosaccharide is produced during R.4.1 Monosaccharides digestion of lactose (milk sugar, an oligosaccharide). Monosaccharides or naturally occurring simple sugars, contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms Mannose each. The most important monosaccharides for the diet are referred to as hexoses Mannose is a minor hexose carbohydrate because they contain 6 carbon atoms present in aloe and probably other members (C6H12O6). Although the formula is the of the lily family. Pentose carbohydrates same for simple sugars, variations in the (xylose and arabinose) are produced during arrangements of the atoms about the carbon digestion of certain fruits and meats. Ribose, chains creates different sugars. another pentose produced during digestion, is also synthesized by the human body. Glucose Ribose is a constituent of riboflavin (a B complex vitamin), ribonucleic acid (RNA), Glucose, dextrose, corn sugar, grape sugar, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). is the form that circulates in blood (blood sugar). It is also the form that cells use for energy. It is soluble in both hot and cold
Technical Report No. 150832 1167 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
R.4.2 Disaccharides carbon, minus 2. Oligosaccharides are all water soluble and can crystallize, but are of Disaccharides are formed when two varying sweetness. Raffinose and stachyose, monosaccharides are combined (Wardlaw both oligosaccharides found in beans and 1996:72). Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are other legumes, are bonded together in a way the three most common disaccharides found that makes it impossible for human digestive in nature (Wardlaw 1996:72). enzymes to break them apart (Wardlaw 1996:80). Humans (and other monogastric Sucrose animals) are missing the “-GAL enzyme. Therefore, raffinose and stachyose pass Sucrose or common table sugar is derived through the stomach and upper intestine, from sugar cane, sugar beets, sorghum, arriving in the lower intestine where they are molasses, or maple sugar. This disaccharide fermented by gas-producing bacteria, which consists of one molecule of fructose and one do possess the “-GAL enzyme. The result is molecule of glucose. It may be found in manufacture of carbon dioxide, methane, some vegetables and many fruits. and/or hydrogen in the lower intestine, leading to flatulence (and discomfort) $-D-sucrose commonly associated with eating beans and some other vegetables. $-D-sucrose is a specific form of D-sucrose most similar to table sugar. D-sucrose is Raffinose only formed naturally by terrestrial plants, and is found in high concentrations in their Raffinose is composed of three fruits, seeds, and roots. The bodies of other monosaccharides, or simple sugar units, organisms and animals cannot create it; galactose, glucose, and fructose, and is however, D-sucrose can be chemically found in beans, as well as cabbage, brussels synthesized (Lemieux 1953). sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains (Wardlaw Lactose 1996:80,G-14).
Lactose or milk sugar is unusual in its Stachyose animal origin and is the only nutritionally significant sugar originating in animals. Stachyose is most abundant in beans, but is Lactose varies from 2% to 8% in also present in smaller quantities in other mammalian milk, by volume. vegetables and plants. This oligosaccharide is composed of four monosaccharides-- Maltose galactose, galactose, glucose, and fructose (Wardlaw 1996:80,G-15). This short chain of glucose molecules is an intermediate product in the digestive R.4.4 Polysaccharides hydrolysis of starch. It contributes its distinctive taste to malted beers. These complex starchy compounds follow the empirical formula: C6H10O5. They are R.4.3 Oligosaccharides not sweet, do not crystallize, and are not water soluble. Simply defined, These carbohydrates have two or more polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates hexoses combined with the loss of a water found in plants as starch and cellulose, and molecule (C12H22O11). In other words, in animals as glycogen. Because the FTIR there will be one less oxygen than carbon detects the bonds between atoms in and hydrogen will be double the quantity of molecules, it is important to know that
1168 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management polysaccharides are formed of repeating constituents of starch are amylose and units of mono- or disaccharides that are amylopectin, both of which are a source of joined together by glycosidic bonds. energy for plants and animals (Murray, et al. Polysaccharides are often heterogeneous. 2000:155; Wardlaw 1996:80). When the The slight modifications of the repeating glucose chains are long and straight, the unit results in slightly different wave starch is labeled amylose. If the chains are number signatures on the FTIR. Types of short and branched, they are amylopectin. polysaccharides are descriptive and include Shorter chains of glucose (dextrin) are the storage (starches and glycogen), structural intermediate product of the hydrolysis of (cellulose and chitin), acidic (containing starch. Glucan, which is often found in carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, and/or association with pectin, resides in the cell sulfuric ester groups), neutral (presumably walls of plants and trees and many forms of without the acid features), bacterial bacteria and fungi (Stephen 2006). Most (macromolecules that include peptidoglycan, people are familiar with beta glucans, which lipipolysaccharides, capsules and are a diverse group of molecules that occur exopolysaccharides), and more. The study of commonly in the cellulose of plants, bran of polysaccharides is an ever growing field and cereals, cell walls of baker’s yeast, and industry, since polysaccharides are certain fungi, mushrooms, and bacteria. important to proper immune function, bowel Some beta glucans may be useful as health, and a host of other factors that are texturing agents and soluble fiber important in human health. At present there supplements. Beta glucans derived from is no comprehensive study of which plants yeast and medicinal mushrooms have been and animal parts contain which used for their ability to modulate the polysaccharides. Research into this field is immune system. currently growing at a rapid pace. Some highlights for the purpose of our discussions Amylose and Amylopectin. The main are presented below. difference between these types of starch are that amylose is composed of long straight Storage Polysaccharides chains of glucose, while amylopectin is defined by short, branched chains of Storage polysaccharides are digestible glucose. Amylose and amylopectin “are polysaccharides. Starch and glycogen are the found in potatoes, beans, breads, pasta, rice, two primary groups of these polysaccharides and other starchy products” (Wardlaw (Wardlaw 1996:80-81). 1996:82).
Starch Glycogen
Starch is the primary digestible Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide of polysaccharide in the human diet, and the humans and other animals that is often most important carbohydrate food source referred to as animal starch (Murray, et al. (Murray, et al. 2000:155; Wardlaw 2000:155). Carbohydrates are converted to 1996:80). Starch is composed of long chains glucose, which circulated in the blood. of glucose units. “Cooking increases the Approximately 65% of this glucose feeds digestibility of...starches...making them the brain, while the remainder is converted more soluble in water and thus more to glycogen in the liver and muscles, where available for attack by digestive enzymes” it is stored. Glycogen stored in the muscles (Wardlaw 1996:80). Amorphous starch is for the exclusive use of muscle cells, granules encased in cell walls burst free while glycogen stored in the liver may be when cooked because the granules absorb converted to glucose and distributed as water and expand. The two primary needed for energy. Prolonged exercise
Technical Report No. 150832 1169 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples depletes muscles of glycogen, resulting in strengthening of the xylem cells of wood in fatigue. The liver has a finite amount of trees (Arms 1995; Esau 1977; Wardrop room for glycogen, so excess quantities of 1969). In linking plant polysaccharides, carbohydrates that are not converted to lignin provides strength to the cell walls and glycogen are converted to triglycerides (fat) by extension to the entire plant (Chabannes for storage. Structurally, glycogen is similar 2001). Cellulose and chitin also provide to amylopectin starch, but with more structural support to animals and plants. branches, making it quick and easy to Therefore, they are not water soluble. convert for use as energy when the body Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin are all needs blood glucose. Enzyme activity in the comprised of simple sugars, and their liver first converts glycogen to glucose- differences are defined by the various phosphate molecules, which are then inclusions, exclusions, and combinations of converted to glucose, rather than releasing these sugars, as well as how the sugars are the molecules sequentially. This enzyme is bonded, and their molecular structure. present in the liver, but not in muscles, explaining why glycogen is available to be Cellulose converted to glucose for the blood only from the liver and not the muscles. It is therefore, Cellulose is comprised of a long linear chain an ideal form of carbohydrate storage in the of glucose, while hemicellulose consists of body (Wardlaw 1996:81). Glycogen is not shorter branched chains of simple sugars in present in meat that has been butchered addition to glucose, including especially (Wardlaw 1996:81) because an animal under xylose, but also mannose, galactose, stress converts glycogen to lactic acid and/or rhamnose, and arabinose (Crawford 1981; metabolizes the glycogen as part of the Updegraff 1969). Pectin, however, may be stress response (Green 2006; Nations 2009; found in either a linear or branched from of Sheeler 2004). Hunting and/or chasing simple sugars that are primarily composed animals will also use up glycogen as the of rhamnose. muscles fatigue. $-D-cellulose. $-D-cellulose, which is Structural Polysaccharides found in the is cell walls of plants, is one of three specific types of cellulose, alpha Structural polysaccharides, which are also cellulose (true cellulose), beta cellulose, and known as dietary fiber, are indigestible by gamma cellulose, which are differentiated humans and other animals. Structural by their molecular structures and properties polysaccharides are primarily composed of (Gooch 2007; Kono 2006:318). cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gum, and mucilage (Wardlaw 1996:82). “The only Hemicellulose noncarbohydrate components of dietary fiber are lignins, which are complex alcohol Hemicellulose resides in the cell wall derivatives” (Wardlaw 1996:82). Lignins are structures of many plants, particularly grain complex alcohol derivatives that make up and vegetable plants, and is a component of the non-carbohydrate components of both insoluble and soluble fibers (Wardlaw insoluble plant fibers (Wardlaw 1996:82). and Paul M. Insel 1996:82). Some specific As such, they cannot be digested by the hemicelluloses include galactan, enzymes animals produce (Carlile 1994). galactoglucomannan, glucomannan, Lignin is found in all plants and is an glucuronoxylan (GX), and xyloglucan important component of the secondary cell (Walker 2006; Wilkie 1985). walls (Lebo 2001; Martone 2009; Wardlaw 1996:82). One of the important functions of Galactan. Galactan is a structural lignin is to provide support through polysaccharide, and hemicellulose,
1170 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management composed of polymerized galactose, or rapid reinforcement of wall structure. repeating sugar units linked in unbranched Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs) or branched chains (Biology-online 2009b). are unique enzymes in plants that are Galactose is found predominantly in dairy capable of modulating the chemistry of the products, but is also present in high matrix and therefore performing both of quantities in sugar beets (a member of the these functions (Eckardt 2004:792). Chenopodiaceae), and other gums and mucilages (Mayes 2000:149; McGee It is through this process that plant cell wall 1984:585; Mosby 2008). growth and repair occurs (Moore 1988).
Galactoglucomannan. Galactoglucomannan Pectin, Gums, and Mucilages is a primary component of the woody tissue of coniferous plants (Gymnosperms) Pectin, gums, and mucilages are soluble (Bochicchio 2003). fibers found inside and around plant cells that help “glue” them together (Wardlaw Glucomannan. Glucomannan, which may 1996:82). Pectin is a structural be very concentrated in some roots or corms heteropolysaccharide and common and in the wood of conifers and substance found in many plants (apples, dicotyledons (dicots), is a soluble fiber used plums, gooseberries, and citrus) often used to treat constipation by decreasing fecal for its gelling or thickening action. Plant transit time (Bochicchio 2003; Marzio derived gums and mucilages such as gum 1989). arabic, guar gum, and locus bean gum are also used for this same purpose. Arabinan, Glucuronoxylan. Glucuronoxylans, often arabinogalactan, arabinoglucuronoxylan, abbreviated GX, “are one of the major and rhamnogalacturonan are some examples hemicellulosic components found within the of these types of polysaccharides (Wilkie secondary cell walls of hardwoods” (Awano 1985). 2000:72). They have also been isolated from fruits and seeds, and found in various Arabinan. In plants, arabinan is essential for dicotyls including ground nutshells, the function of guard cells which “play a key sunflower hulls, and coneflower role in the ability of plants to survive on dry (Rudbeckia) (Ebringerova 2005:8). land, because their movements regulate the exchange of gases and water vapor between Xyloglucan. Xyloglucan is the most the external environment and the interior of abundant hemicellulose in the cell walls of the plant” (Jones 2003:11783). most dicotyledonous plants, and all vascular plants (Fry 1989). Arabinogalactan. Arabinogalactan is a sugar found in plant carbohydrate structures The primary cell wall of [these plants] is particularly gums and hemicelluloses. One composed of cellulose microfibrils of arabinogalactan’s many functions is to embedded in a matrix of hemicellulosic and bond with proteins to repair damage when it pectic polysaccharides, of which the occurs to a plant or its parts (Nothnagel hemicellulose xyloglucan is a major 2000). component. Xyloglucan and cellulose together make up about two-thirds of the dry Arabinoglucuronoxylan. weight of primary cell walls and are the major tension-bearing components of the Arabinoglucuronoxylan is found in the cell matrix. During cell expansion and walls of softwoods and herbaceous plants elongation, the cell wall continually (Sjostrom 1981). undergoes temporary loosening followed by
Technical Report No. 150832 1171 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
Rhamnogalacturonan. Rhamnogalacturonans Arabinogalactorhamnoglycan are specific pectic polysaccharides that reside in the cell walls of all land plants, and Arabinogalactorhamnoglycan, is a specific result form the degradation of pectin polysaccharide, or complex carbohydrate, (Willats 2001). They are visible by the known as a neutral polysaccharide that is presence of peaks at 1150, 1122,1070, 1043, found in plant cell walls (Capek 1999; 989, 951, 916, 902, 846, and 823 wave Kacurakova 2000). It exhibits peaks at 1049, numbers. 914, 837, and 810 wave numbers.
Chitin Bacterial Polysaccharides
Chitin forms the exoskeleton of insects and These diverse macromolecules include related animals such as crayfish, shrimp, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, capsules crabs, and lobsters. It is one of the most and exopolysaccharides. Their functions abundant natural materials in the world, and range from being structural cell wall first appeared in the exoskeletons of components (peptidoglycan), virulence trilobites and other Cambrian arthropods factors, and facilitating bacterium to survive (Briggs 1999). Recent comparative studies in harsh environments (Pseudomonas in the on insect and shellfish chitin, indicate insect human lung). Synthesis of these chitin, particularly from crickets, holds a polysaccharides is both tightly regulated and higher dietary quality which may make an energy intensive process. Current cricket chitin an excellent polysaccharide research into the benefits of bacterial resource for health and medical applications polysaccharides and their commercial (Wang 2004). exploitation is used to develop new applications for these products. Pathogenic Acidic Polysaccharides bacteria often produce a thick, mucous-like, encapsulating layer of polysaccharide. This Acidic polysaccharides are defined as layer or capsule cloaks the antigenic proteins containing carboxyl groups, phosphate on the surface of the bacteria that would groups, and/or sulfuric ester groups. otherwise be identified by the host organism Carboxylates, which are among the defining and provoke an immune response, leading to characteristics of acidic polysaccharides, are the destruction of the bacteria. Bacteria, recognized in peaks located at 1560 cm -1 fungi, and algae may secrete and 1410 cm -1. polysaccharides to help them adhere to surfaces and/or to prevent them from drying Neutral Polysaccharides out. Humans have used some of these polysaccharides as thickening agents. The These polysaccharides lack carboxyl groups, presence of these polysaccharides often may phosphate groups, and/or sulfuric ester be identified by peaks at specific wave groups. Examples of neutral polysaccharides number locations using the FTIR. cross other category boundaries of polysaccharides and include: chitin, Esters chitosan, curdlan, dextran, glucan, inulin, arabinogalactan, Esters are an important functional group, as arabinogalactorhamnoglycan, and other they are present as flavoring agents in food compounds that often either are contained and are components of biological within individual plants or are the result of compounds such as fats, oils and lipids. In fermentation. an ester, the basic unit of the molecule is known as a carbonyl. The presence of the double peak between 3000 and 2800 wave
1172 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management numbers identifies the presence of the Fatty Acids aldehyde functional group, which is present in fats, oils, lipids, and waxes. Fatty acids are found in most lipids in the human and animal body, as well as in the There are two important groups of esters, lipids in foods (Wardlaw 1996:108). Long saturated esters and aromatic esters. chains of carbons bonded together which are Aromatic esters take their name from their then bonded to hydrogens define the ability to produce distinctive odors, and are structure of fatty acids (Wardlaw 1996:109). present as flavoring agents in food. In A fatty acid is considered saturated if the contrast, saturated esters do not produce carbons are connected by single bonds. distinctive odors. Esters are expressed in the Saturated fatty acids are high in animal fats. FTIR spectrum by three distinct peaks (“the If the carbon chain has one double bond rule of three”) located at approximately between two of the carbons then this fatty 1700, 1200, and 1100 wave numbers, and a acid is called monounsaturated. If there are fourth peak in the region between 750 and two or more double bonds between carbons 700 cm -1, which represents the CH2 bend than the fatty acid is polyunsaturated. associated with aromatic esters. The first peak for saturated esters falls in the 1750- Essential Fatty Acids 1735 range, while the second peak lies between 1210 and 1160, and the third peak Essential fatty acids, are those lipids critical sits between 1100 and 1030. Saturated esters to human health, such as omega-3 and have a unique peak to acetates at 1240. This omega-6 fatty acids, alpha-lineolic acid, and band can be very strong in the signature. linoleic acid, that cannot be created within The first peak for aromatic esters falls in the the body and must be obtained from dietary range between 1730 and 1715, followed by sources (Wardlaw 1996:110-111). These the second peak between 1310 and 1250, essential fatty acids are part of “vital body and finally the third peak between 1130 and structures, perform vital roles in immune 1100 (Smith 1999:110¬112). Distinguishing system function and vision, help form cell between saturated and aromatic esters, membranes, and produce hormone like which are both components of foods, is easy compounds,” and are necessary to maintain if all three bands are present, since they good health (Wardlaw 1996:111). Diets high occupy different wave number regions. in essential fatty acids, like omega-3 and omega-6, reduce the risk of heart attacks Lipids because they minimize the tendency for blood to clot (Wardlaw 1996:112). Fish oils Lipids that are solid at room temperature are contain high concentrations of omega-3 and called “fats,” and those that are liquid at omega-6 fatty acids and may be room temperature are referred to as “oils” administered as a dietary supplement. (Wardlaw 1996:108). Both forms of lipids can be detrimental, as well as beneficial, to Proteins human health. Consumption of certain animal fats rich in saturated fatty acids can The human body uses protein from dietary lead to heart disease, while ingesting omega- plant and animal sources to form body 3 fatty acids such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic structures and other constituents (Wardlaw acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 1996:152). “Proteins contribute to key body found in fish and other plant sources are functions, including blood clotting, fluid essential to good health. balance, production of hormones and enzymes, vision, and cell growth and repair” (Wardlaw 1996:152). This constant regulation and maintenance of the body
Technical Report No. 150832 1173 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples requires thousands of different types of tryptophan, and valine (Furst 2004; P. J. proteins that are not all available within the Reeds 2000; Wardlaw 1996:154). body (Wardlaw 1996:152). The majority of the building blocks for these proteins, which Histidine. Histidine is an amino acid that is are also known as amino acids, are produced considered particularly indispensable, or by plants. essential, in infants, because they are unable to synthesize this amino acid until three to Amino Acids four years of age. Histidine is necessary for the growth and repair tissue, and is required Within the body amino acids are linked to for the manufacture of red and white blood form the necessary proteins, making them cells. Histidine is also metabolized into not only essential for life, but key to histamine, a compound released by the nutrition. Amino acids can be combined in a immune system cells during an allergic multitude of ways to create a vast variety of reaction (Osiecki 2004). Sources of proteins. Differences between these proteins histidine include dairy, meat, poultry, fish, are distinguished by the unique rice, wheat, and rye. arrangements of amino acids. Proteins are created through a process called translation, Isoleucine. Isoleucine is found in most in which amino acids are added, one-by-one, common proteins. It is important for blood- to form short polymer chains called clot formation and is concentrated in muscle peptides, or longer chains called tissues (Nelson 2005). Dietary sources of polypeptides or proteins (Rodnina 2007). isoleucine include beef, poultry, fish, eggs, The order in which the amino acids are nuts, dairy, and legumes. added is determined by the genetic code of the mRNA template, which is a copy of an Leucine. Leucine is used in the liver, organism’s genes (Creighton 1993). Amino adipose tissue, and muscle tissue. In adipose acids are divided into standard and non- and muscle tissue, leucine aids in the standard types. formation of sterols, and slows the degradation of muscle tissue by increasing Standard Amino Acids the synthesis of muscle proteins (Combaret 2005; Rosenthal 1974). Common sources of There are twenty naturally occurring amino leucine in the diet include beef, fish, acids on earth called standard amino acids shellfish, nuts and seeds, eggs, and legumes. (Creighton 1993). These amino acids are encoded by the standard genetic code and Lysine. Lysine is important for calcium are found in all forms of life (Creighton absorption, building muscle, recovering 1993). The standard amino acids are broken from injuries or illnesses, and the production down into two different types, essential and of hormones, enzymes, and antibodies nonessential. (Nelson 2005). Plants that contain significant amounts of lysine include Essential Amino Acids legumes, gourds/squash, spinach, amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat (Wardlaw Eight of the standard amino acids are 1996:158). Other dietary sources of lysine considered “essential amino acids” because include beef, poultry, pork, fish, eggs, and they are necessary for normal human growth dairy. and cannot be synthesized by the human body (Young 1994). Essential amino acids Methionine. Methionine helps the body must be obtained from food sources, and break down fats, and thus, prevents the include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, build-up of fat in the arteries (Nelson 2005). methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, It is found primarily in meat, fish, grains,
1174 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management nuts and seeds (Wardlaw 1996:158); as well Nonessential Amino Acids as in lower quantities in spinach, potatoes, and corn. Most fruits, vegetables, and The majority of the standard amino acids are legumes only contain small amounts of considered “nonessential,” meaning that methionine. under normal circumstances these amino acids can be manufactured by the human Phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is essential body and are not required in the diet. for the developmental growth of infants, and However, some amino acids that are is found naturally in the breast milk of normally nonessential may become an mammals (Nelson 2005). As a result, dairy essential part of the diet for a person whose foods contain the highest concentration of health has been compromised (Wardlaw phenylalanine in the diet. Other sources of 1996:155). Nonessential amino acids phenylalanine include fish and seafood, include alanine, arginine, asparagine, poultry, meat, legumes, and nuts and seeds. aspartate (aspartic acid), cysteine, glutamate One of the common uses of phenylalanine (glutamic acid), glutamine, glycine, proline, today is in the artificial sweetener serine, and tyrosine (Furst 2004; P. J. Reeds aspartame, which is found in diet sodas and 2000; Wardlaw 1996:154). other sugar-free beverages and confections. Alanine. Alanine plays an important role in Threonine. Threonine is important for the glucose-alanine cycle between tissues maintaining the proper balance of protein in and liver (Nelson 2005). Common sources the body (Nelson 2005). Foods high in of alanine in the diet include such diverse threonine include poultry, fish, meat, things as meat, eggs, fish, legumes, nuts and legumes, seeds, and dairy (Wardlaw seeds, and maize. 1996:158). Arginine. Arginine is involved in cell Tryptophan. Tryptophan is important for division, the healing of wounds, immune normal growth in infants, and nitrogen function, and the release of hormones. balance in adults (Nelson 2005). It also Depending on developmental stage and increases brain levels of serotonin, a health status, arginine can be considered a calming neurotransmitter when present in semi-essential, or conditionally essential moderate levels, which causes relaxation amino acid. This is particularly true for and sleepiness (Wurtman 1980). This has children born preterm who cannot meet their lead to the belief that consuming large requirements for arginine (Wardlaw amounts of turkey, which contains high 1996:155). Common dietary sources of levels of tryptophan, results in drowsiness, arginine include dairy, beef, pork, poultry, such as that experienced after traditional wild game, seafood, wheat germ, hemp, Thanksgiving and/or Christmas dinners. buckwheat, oats, legumes, and nuts and Dietary sources of tryptophan include seeds (Murray 1998). poultry, beef, fish, eggs, dairy, cacao, oats, nuts and seeds, and legumes (Wardlaw and Asparagine. Asparagine is one of the most Paul M. Insel 1996:158). common of the twenty natural amino acids, and is most abundant in asparagus, from Valine. Valine plays a role in muscle which its name is derived (Nelson 2005). metabolism, repair and growth of tissue, and Although the characteristic smell observed maintaining nitrogen balance in the body in the urine of individuals after their (Nelson 2005). It also preserves the use of consumption of asparagus is often attributed glucose by providing an energy source for to asparagine, specific studies on this muscles. Nutritional sources of valine correlation suggest the odor might instead be include fish, poultry, and some legumes. due to the metabolization and oxidation of
Technical Report No. 150832 1175 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples asparagusic acid, also found in asparagus injury, glutamine can be considered a (Akers 1997; Vickery 1931; Waring 1987). conditionally essential amino acid that must Common sources of asparagine include be obtained temporarily from the diet asparagus, potatoes, legumes, nuts and because the body is unable to synthesize it seeds, dairy, beef, poultry, eggs, fish, and on its own (Lee 1998). Glutamine is also seafood. beneficial in healing the cells of the gastrointestinal tract by stimulating Aspartate. Aspartate, also known as aspartic regeneration and promoting new cellular acid, is an important neurotransmitter in the growth. Common sources of glutamine in brain (Nelson 2005). Common sources of the diet include beef, chicken, fish, eggs, aspartate include wild game, meat, oats, dairy, legumes, cabbage, beets, spinach, and avocado, asparagus, and sprouted seeds. parsley.
Cysteine. Cysteine is classified as a non- Glycine. Glycine is the smallest of the essential amino acid; however, in rare cases, twenty standard amino acids (Nelson 2005). cysteine may be essential for infants, the It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the elderly, and individuals with certain central nervous system, particularly in the metabolic disease or who suffer from spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. Glycine is malabsorption syndromes (Nelson 2005). required to build protein in the body, Dietary sources of cystine include pork, synthesize nucleic acids, and for the chicken, turkey, duck, eggs, dairy, red construction of RNA, DNA, bile acids, and peppers, garlic and onions, broccoli, brussels other amino acids in the body. It also aids in sprouts, oats, and wheat germ. the absorption of calcium in the body. Dietary sources of glycine include poultry, Glutamate. Glutamate, or glutamic acid, is pork, fish, eggs, beef, peanuts, seaweed, and an important molecule in cellular a variety of seeds and nuts, such as metabolism. It is the most abundant sunflower, pumpkin, and sesame. excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system of mammals (Nelson 2005). Proline. Proline is critical for the Glutamate is found in dairy products, eggs, production of collagen and cartilage, and is and all meats, such as beef, pork, poultry, produced in the liver from other amino acids wild meats, and fish (Reeds, et al. 2000). (Nelson 2005). Nutritional sources of proline include most meats. Glutamine. Glutamine is the most abundant and naturally occurring, non-essential amino Serine. Serine is important in metabolic acid in the human body. It is one of the few function (Nelson 2005). It serves as a amino acids which directly crosses the neuronal signal by activating NMDA blood-brain barrier (Lee 1998). The blood- receptors in the brain, and helps to build brain barrier is a collection of high density muscle tissue (Mothet 2000). Common cells joined with almost impenetrable sources of serine in the diet are beef, eggs, connections that protect the brain from being nuts and seeds, legumes, and milk. exposed to all elements in the blood, particularly bacteria (Lee 1998). Unlike Tyrosine. Tyrosine assists and supports many other substances, such as solutes, neurotransmitters in the brain, which help which are redistricted from making this nerve cells communicate (Nelson 2005). It is passage, glutamine in the blood can easily found in casein, which is prevalent in dairy pass through these junctions (Lee 1998). products. Other dietary sources of tyrosine Glutamine is not only found circulating in include chicken, turkey, fish, almonds, the blood, but is also stored in the skeletal avocados, bananas, legumes, and pumpkin muscles (Lee 1998). At times of illness or and sesame seeds.
1176 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Non-standard Amino Acids persisted into historic times. There is, however, likely to have been a loss of Non-standard amino acids are amino acids knowledge concerning the utilization of that are chemically altered after they have plant resources as cultures moved from been incorporated into a protein, and/or subsistence to agricultural economies and/or amino acids that exist in living organisms, were introduced to European foods during but are not found in proteins (Driscoll 2003). the historic period. The ethnobotanic literature serves only as a guide indicating Nucleic Acids that the potential for utilization existed in prehistoric times--not as conclusive Millions of proteins exist in all living evidence that the resources were used. organisms to assist with the daily functions Pollen and macrofloral remains, when of these complex systems. Proteins are compared with the material culture (artifacts produced and assembled locally to exact and features) recovered by the specifications, and a large amount of archaeologists, can become indicators of information is necessary to properly manage use. Plants represented by organic residues the system. This information is stored in a will be discussed in the following set of molecules called nucleic acids. paragraphs in order to provide an Nucleic acids not only contain the genetic ethnobotanic background for discussing the instructions for the proper development and remains. functioning of living organisms, but also play a role in copying genetic information to R.5.1 Native Plants protein (Saenger 1984). The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA Carya (Hickory) (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Hickories (Carya sp.) trees are noted to be tall, common trees of rich, open woods and R.5 ETHNOBOTANIC REVIEW bottomlands. The nuts are recorded as the most important nut used by Indians of North It is a commonly accepted practice in America at the time of contact (Reidhead archaeological studies to reference 1981:189). Several species of hickory are ethnographically documented plant uses as sweet and edible, although some are bitter. indicators of possible or even probable plant The nuts usually were harvested in the fall uses in prehistoric times. The ethnobotanic when the outer husks dried and split, and literature provides evidence for the before competing animals harvested them exploitation of numerous plants in historic all. Nuts usually were shelled by crushing, times, both by broad categories and by often using two rocks. Native groups in the specific example. Evidence for exploitation eastern United States are noted to have from numerous sources can suggest a placed shelled nuts in boiling water. Most of widespread utilization and strengthens the the shell fragments would sink to the possibility that the same or similar resources bottom, while the nutmeats would float or be were used in prehistoric times. Ethnographic held in suspension. The nutmeats then could sources outside the study area have been be skimmed off and used immediately or consulted to permit a more exhaustive dried for storage. Hickory nuts are high in review of potential uses for each plant. fat and provide protein, carbohydrates, iron, Ethnographic sources document that with phosphorous, potassium, trace minerals, and some plants, the historic use was developed vitamins A and C. Their high fat content and carried from the past. A plant with makes them vulnerable to rancidity. Many medicinal qualities very likely was ethnographic sources suggest that hickory discovered in prehistoric times and the usage nut oil and “milk” were the desired product.
Technical Report No. 150832 1177 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
The pulverized nuts were placed in slowly Helianthus (Sunflower) boiling water for a long period of time. The oil from the nutmeats (hickory butter) would Helianthus (sunflower) is a member of the separate and float to the surface where it was High-spine Asteraceae group. Sunflower skimmed off and stored for later use. The seeds were an important and favorite food of rest of the nutmeats would dissolve into a the Indians, who ate the seeds raw or milky fluid (hickory milk) that was drunk or roasted. Seeds also were parched and ground used as stock for soup. Hickory sap can be into a meal used to make breads and cakes, used like maple sap. Leaves and green hulls or to thicken gravy. Ground seeds also were yield tan, brown, and blackish dyes. Most made into a paste similar to peanut butter. species of Carya are found in the Oil was extracted by boiling crushed seeds southeastern United States, with some and skimming the oil from the water. species reaching parts of the Midwest. Indians used sunflower oil to grease their Hickory trees noted in Montgomery County hair. Roasted shells and/or seeds were once include C. aquatica (water hickory), C. used as a coffee substitute. Sunflower seeds cordiformis (bitternut hickory), C. contain 24% protein, 47% percent oil, and leiodermis (swamp hickory), C. are good sources of vitamin B. Sunflowers myristicaeformis (nutmeg hickory), C. ovata also were commonly found in southwestern (shagbark hickory), C. texana (black myths, art, and decorations. Purple and hickory), and C. tomentosa (mockernut black dyes were obtained from sunflower hickory) (Brill and Dean 1994:171-172; seeds, and a yellow dye was made from the Gould 1962:35; McGee 1984:264, 271; flowers. Peterson 1977:190; Talalay, et al. 1984:338- 359). H. tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) has large, edible tubers which were boiled, Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family) baked, or fried like potatoes. These bulbs are diuretic and used to treat diabetes. A tea Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) are annual or made from sunflowers was used for lung perennial herbs of varied habitats. Some of ailments, malaria, coughs, high fevers, as an the genera found in the panhandle of Texas astringent, a diuretic, and as a poultice for are Acalypha (copperleaf), Argythamnia snakebites and spiderbites. Sunflower seeds (wildmercury), Cnidoscolus, Croton ripen from September to October, and plants (croton), Euphorbia (spurge), Phyllanthus can be found in waste places, fields, low (leafflower), Reverchonia, Stillingia, and meadows, prairies, and along roadsides and Tragia (noseburn). Many of these plants are railroads (Burlage 1968:47; Foster and Duke considered poisonous due to the presence of 1990:132; Kindscher 1987:124-128; Kirk a resinous substance, euphorbin, in the plant 1975:133; Sweet 1976:49). Other members juice. The sap is not water-soluble, but only of the Asteraceae family were used in a fat-soluble (The Huntington Library 2009), variety of ways, including medicinally and and this feature, in combination with its as food. Most Asteraceae seeds ripen in the poisonous properties, would have made it a late summer and fall. clever adhesive and reinforcing agent for the haft of a spear and the fibers that secure it. A Juglans (Walnut) famed poison in the Spanish colonial era used by the Native Americans on arrow Walnuts were used less intensively than points was made from a species of either hickory nuts or acorns (Reidhead Euphorbia. Spurge is also commonly used as 1981:186), due to the sparse distribution and a remedy for snakebite, a purge for a more bitter taste. The roots of the walnut stomachache, and as a powder for sore lips tree produce a substance called juglone, (Burlage 1968:71-; Gould 1962:56-58). which is toxic to other walnut trees, and they
1178 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management are intolerant of shade (Talalay, et al. R.6.1 Burned Rock 1984:340). Walnuts can be collected quickly and efficiently, as the entire crop stays on Sample #901-3-2b, representing a burned the ground for some time. Nuts are high in limestone rock, yielded peaks indicating the fat and protein and are commonly used as a presence of absorbed water, fats/oils/lipids food source. Animals provide little and/or plant waxes, aromatic esters, pectin, competition for this resource (Reidhead proteins including nucleic acids, cellulose 1981:186). Black walnut (Juglans nigra), and carbohydrates, starch, calcium oxalate, little walnut (Juglans microcarpa), and and the polysaccharides glucomannan and Arizona walnut (Juglans major) are native to galactoglucomannan (Table R-2). Texas. Arizona walnut, or nogal, is a small Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates to medium-sized tree. Medicinally, Arizona including starch and cellulose found in walnut leaves are dried and steeped in hot plants, and glycogen found in animals. A water to make a tea for the relief of irritable peak at 872 wave numbers represents the bowel syndrome, colitis, colon disorders, presence of both glucomannan and and dysentery (Moore 1990:60). Arizona galactoglucomannan. These polysaccharides walnut tends to grow in river bottoms, in are predominate in the woody tissue of valleys, from wet streambanks to dry coniferous plants (Gymnosperms), with terraces and hillsides, and in canyons and galactogclucomannan being a primary rocky ravines (Layser 1979; Minckley 1982; component. Glucomannan is also present in Stromberg 1990). the wood of dicotyledons, also known as dicots (Bochicchio 2003). R.6 DISCUSSION No matches were made with foods in the Site 41PT185/C is located in a creek valley PaleoResearch signature reference library, in the panhandle of Texas in Potter County. nor did any matches occur with modern During the site’s occupation in the Holocene contaminants in the forensic libraries. period it was situated within a creek valley Agricultural references were not included in in a Plains environment. Four burned rocks, the matching processes because of the two metates and a mano, and two choppers absence of sufficient site information and a side scraper recovered from the site including local vegetation and temporal were tested for organic residues using association. The lack of matches with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy modern contaminants suggests the signature (FTIR) (Table R-1). No additional obtained from the burned limestone rock information about the artifacts was provided represents organic residues. Fats, lipids, and in an effort to minimize bias in the analysis water make a very minor contribution to the and interpretation. The results from this signal evidenced by the low amplitude peaks analysis will be discussed below by artifact in these portions of the spectrum. Three type, but no interpretations will be made, as prominent, high amplitude peaks are visible there is no provenience information to guide in the signature at 1410, 1025, and 872 wave us as to which artifacts might be in a similar numbers. In order, these peaks suggest location. Interpretations of the influence of protein, starch, and polysaccharides as the the matrix in which the artifacts were found most heavily represented compounds in the and/or their association with features are, of sample, and likely represent the general necessity, omitted from this writing, as we presence of non-specific high protein plant have no access to the important provenience materials. Similarities with this signature information. were also noted with the signature produced by calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is the primary component of limestone, so no
Technical Report No. 150832 1179 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples interpretive significance is attached to this Two different signatures were obtained for finding. sample #899-3-5b of organic residues extracted from a burned sandstone rock. A second burned limestone rock, With each organic residue sample there is represented by sample #1337-3-2b, yielded the possibility of obtaining multiple peaks indicating the presence of absorbed signatures because our extraction process water, fats/oils/lipids and/or plant waxes, maximizes the separation of organic aromatic esters, pectin, protein, cellulose molecules based on their volatility. The and carbohydrates, calcium oxalate, and the most volatile organics evaporate first and polysaccharides glucomannan, are, thus, concentrated in the upper portion galactoglucomannan, and arabinogalactan. of the extraction dish. Less volatile organics Arabinogalactan, represented in this sample remain in the sampling solution (CHM) and by a peak at 1139 wave numbers, is a sugar are recovered in the lower portion of the found in plant carbohydrate structures dish. This action is similar to that obtained particularly gums and hemicelluloses. One using high performance liquid of arabinogalactan’s many functions is to chromatography (HPLC), which separates bond with proteins to repair damage when it molecules based on their molecular weight. occurs to a plant or its parts (Nothnagel It is through this principle that we recover 2000). No matches were obtained for the different signatures from different parts of signature from the second limestone rock the extraction dishes. This process was with any of the references in the developed to maximize the method. We PaleoReasearch and forensic libraries, sample multiple places on each dish to indicating the sample is representative of maximize our signature recovery. This unidentifiable organic materials and not sampling method was developed to attempt modern contaminants. Low amplitude peaks to separate the signature of foods from that in the fats and lipids portion of the spectrum of calcium carbonates and other compounds suggests these compounds make only a that might be considered to be small contribution to the signature. Only “contaminants” and are present in some water, represented by a relatively flat line in samples. the respective range of the spectrum, makes almost no contribution to the signature at all. This technique acknowledges that many Proteins, polysaccharides, and aromatic scientific procedures are, in fact, influenced esters display the most predominate peaks in by the scientific technique employed by the signal at 1395, 872, and 712 wave individuals. It is, therefore, gratifying when numbers respectively, suggesting these are the angle at which the sample was the most heavily represented compounds in evaporated produces good matches with the sample. Moderately high amplitude specific foods, because there is no way to peaks also are visible for the polysaccharide determine, prior to extraction, which are the arabinogalatcan at 1139 wave numbers and most volatile compounds in the sample. for starch at 1028 wave numbers. These specific peaks likely suggest the presence The signatures for sample #899-3-5b yielded primarily of plant materials in the sample; peaks indicating the presence of absorbed however, this collection of peaks is not water, fats/oils/lipids and/or plant waxes, characteristic of any specific plant materials. pectin, aromatic and saturated esters, Similarities were again noted with the proteins including nucleic acids, humates, signature from this sample and that of cellulose and carbohydrates, starch, and calcium carbonate, also representing polysaccharides including glucomannan and limestone. galactoglucomannan. The signature from the upper portion of the dish was very complex and as a result, difficult to tease out specific
1180 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management plant matches. No matches were made with sediments from which the sandstone rock any foods in the PaleoResearch signature was recovered. reference library or any modern contaminants in the forensic libraries R.6.2 Ground Stone suggesting the signature is representative of organic materials and not contaminants. The A sandstone metate, represented by sample only match that was made was with the #405-10, yielded peaks indicating the signature from the lower portion of the dish. presence of absorbed water, fats/oils/lipids This signature matched with deteriorated and/or plant waxes, aromatic esters, pectin, cellulose between 1062 and 964 wave protein, cellulose and carbohydrates, starch, numbers (Table R-3). The match with and the polysaccharides glucomannan and cellulose could indicate either plants galactoglucomannan (Table R-4). No processed that have deteriorated to the point matches were made with these peaks with they are only recognizable by their general foods in the PaleoResearch signature cellulose signature, or the presence of the reference library, nor did any matches occur local environmental signal representing the with modern contaminants in the forensic natural decay of plant matter. Similarities libraries. Agricultural references were not were also noted between this signature and included in the matching processes because the signature for calcium carbonate, of the absence of sufficient site information indicating deposition of calcium carbonate including local vegetation and temporal on this burned sandstone rock. association. The lack of matches with modern contaminants suggests the signature Another burned sandstone rock was also obtained from the sandstone metate sampled (CE 14) for organic residues. Two represents organic residues. The presence of signatures were also obtained for this high amplitude peaks at 1417, 1009, and 872 sample. Sample #CE 14 yielded peaks wave numbers suggest proteins, cellulose representing the presence of absorbed water, and carbohydrates, and polysaccharides fats/oils/lipids and/or plant waxes, aromatic make the largest contributions to the rings, pectin, and protein. Matches with signature. Fats and lipids also appear to be deteriorated cellulose were made with the represented in this sample, but to a much signature from the lower portion of the dish, lesser degree than the previously listed and Euphorbia (spurge) sap was matched compounds. An almost horizontal line with the signature from the upper portion of between 3600 and 3200 wave numbers the dish. The presence of spurge sap on the indicates very little water in the sample burned sandstone rock could be the result of suggesting, perhaps, that the materials dripping the material as it was processed in ground with this tool were very dry. the vicinity of the rock, or the rock could Similarities were also noted between this have served as a working platform. signature and the one produced by calcium However, the environmental signal is always carbonate, indicating a calcium carbonate part of every organic residue sample, and deposition on the metate. without sufficient site information it is impossible to sort out the cultural signature Sample #1129-10, representing a second from the environmental one. Therefore, the sandstone metate, yielded peaks indicating match with cellulose could either be the presence of absorbed water, interpreted as processed plants that have fats/oils/lipids and/or plant waxes, aromatic deteriorated to the point they are only esters, pectin, proteins including nucleic recognizable by their general cellulose acids, cellulose and carbohydrates, starch, signature, or the presence of the local and the polysaccharides glucomannan, environmental signal representing the galactoglucomannan, and natural decay of plant matter in the arabinoglucuronoxylan.
Technical Report No. 150832 1181 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
Arabinoglucuronoxylan, represented in this vital site information, no further sample by a peak at 1161 wave numbers, is interpretations can be made. Polysaccharides a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of also appear to contribute to the signature, softwoods and herbaceous plants (Sjostrom which is evidence by a moderate amplitude 1981). No matches were obtained for the peak at 873 wave numbers. Proteins, fats, signature from the second sandstone metate and lipids make only a small contribution with any of the references in the (visible by low amplitude peaks between PaleoResearch and forensic libraries, 1600 and 1400 wave numbers), while water indicating the sample is representative of (almost horizontal line between 3600 to unidentifiable organic materials and not 3200 wave numbers) makes little to no modern contaminants. Like the previous contribution to the signature. Only minor sample (#405-10), the high amplitude peaks similarities were noted between this in the protein, cellulose and carbohydrate, signature and the one produced by calcium and polysaccharide portions of the spectrum carbonate suggesting that, if calcium suggest these compounds make the greatest carbonate is present in the sample, it is only contribution to the signature. Fats and lipids in a small amount. appear to make a minor contribution as well, but again, not to the same degree as proteins, R.6.3 Lithic Tools cellulose and carbohydrates, and polysaccharides. Low amplitude peaks A Potter chert chopper was sampled (#467- between 3600 and 3200 wave numbers 10) for organic residues. Sample #467-10 indicate only a small amount of water in the yielded peaks representing the presence of sample. Based on the FTIR signatures absorbed water, fats/oils/lipids and/or plant produced from this sample (#1129-10), and waxes, pectin, aromatic rings, aromatic and that of sample #405-10, it appears these two saturated esters, proteins including nucleic sandstone metates were probably used to acids, cellulose and carbohydrates, and the processes similar materials, but without polysaccharide arabinan (Table R-5). Peaks sufficient site information, further at 1098 and 919 wave numbers indicate the interpretations cannot be made. Similarities presence of arabinan in the sample. In were also noted between this signature and plants, arabinan is essential for the function the signature produced by calcium of guard cells that “play a key role in the carbonate, indicating the presence of ability of plants to survive on dry land, calcium carbonate deposition. because their movements regulate the exchange of gases and water vapor between A quartzite mano, represented by sample the external environment and the interior of #1175-10, yielded peaks indicating the the plant” (Jones 2003:11783). Matches with presence of absorbed water, fats/oils/lipids these peaks were made with Carya (hickory) and/or plant waxes, aromatic esters, pectin, and Juglans (walnut) nutmeat, bird blood, protein, and cellulose and carbohydrates. No and cooked rabbit (Table R-6). Although matches were made with this signature with matches are made with specific nuts and any foods in the PaleoResearch reference meats, these matches are interpreted at a library or any modern contaminants in the general, rather than specific level, forensic libraries suggesting the signature is suggesting the chopper could have been representative of organic materials and not used to process any types of locally contaminants. A high amplitude peak at available nuts and meats. Drainages in the 1001 wave numbers suggests cellulose and panhandle area of Texas and Oklahoma carbohydrates make the largest contribution might well have supported hickory and/or to the signature, and might suggest walnut trees in the past, even if they are not processing plant materials of some kind with part of the modern vegetation community. this groundstone; however, in the absence of Other nut-bearing trees also might have been
1182 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management part of the local vegetation in drainages and signature reference library, and it was not their associated riparian communities. matched with modern contaminants in the However, without sufficient site information forensic libraries suggesting the signature it is impossible to determine if these represents a complex organic signal from matches represent the cultural or which specific foods cannot be teased out environmental signal. As a result, other and identified. The lower signature matched matches with deteriorated cellulose could be strongly with Helianthus (sunflower) seeds. interpreted as other plants processed with This match might suggest the chopper was the tool, or the local environmental signature used to process plant materials from representing the natural deterioration of members of the sunflower family, but in the plant matter. absence of critical site information it is impossible to determine if these matches Sample #627-10, representing an Edwards indicate foods processed with the tool or the chert chopper, yielded peaks indicating the local environmental signal. Choppers are not presence of absorbed water, fats/oils/lipids usually considered to have been used for and/or plant waxes, pectin, aromatic rings, processing seeds. Certainly, any association aromatic and saturated esters, protein, with seeds of the sunflower family might humates, cellulose and carbohydrates, $-D- have introduced this signal. Storage of tools cellulose, and polysaccharides including when they are not being used is one of arabinogalactan, galactoglucomannan, several “unknown” factors that may rhamnogalacturonan, and glucan. A peak at contribute a signal, yet not be indicative of 916 wave numbers indicates the presence of use of the tool. glucan. Glucan, often found in association with pectin, is also a polysaccharide that An Alibates side scraper, represented by contains only glucose, or simple sugar, as a sample #452-10, yielded peaks indicating structural component (Stephen 2006). the presence of absorbed water, Glucans reside in the cell walls of plants and fats/oils/lipids and/or plant waxes, pectin, trees and many forms of bacteria and fungi aromatic rings, aromatic and saturated (Stephen 2006). Most people are familiar esters, proteins including nucleic acids, with beta glucans, which are harvested from humates, cellulose and carbohydrates, these sources and administered to humans as starch, and the polysaccharides immune boosting supplements. galactoglucomannan, rhamnogalacturonan, Rhamnogalacturonans, also represented in glucan, and xyloglucan. Xyloglucan, this sample by a peak at 916 wave numbers, represented in this sample by a peak at 1041 are specific pectic polysaccharides that wave numbers, is the most abundant reside in the cell walls of all land plants, and hemicellulose in the cell walls of most result from the degradation of pectin dicotyledonous plants, and all vascular (Willats 2001). Finally, a peak at 916 wave plants (Fry 1989). numbers also indicates the presence of $-D- cellulose. $-D-cellulose, which is found in The primary cell wall of [these plants] is the is cell walls of plants, is one of three composed of cellulose microfibrils specific types of cellulose, alpha cellulose embedded in a matrix of hemicellulosic and (true cellulose), beta cellulose, and gamma pectic polysaccharides, of which the cellulose, which are differentiated by their hemicellulose xyloglucan is a major molecular structures and properties (Gooch component. Xyloglucan and cellulose 2007; Kono 2006:318). together make up about two-thirds of the dry weight of primary cell walls and are the An upper and lower signature were obtained major tension-bearing components of the for this sample. The upper signature yielded matrix. During cell expansion and no matches to foods in the PaleoResearch elongation, the cell wall continually
Technical Report No. 150832 1183 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
undergoes temporary loosening followed by R.7 SUMMARY AND rapid reinforcement of wall structure. CONCLUSIONS Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs) are unique enzymes in plants that are As a whole, the FTIR record for the samples capable of modulating the chemistry of the from site 41PT185/C yielded little matrix and therefore performing both of information on the cultural utilization of these functions (Eckardt 2004:792). plant and animal materials because of the absence of sufficient site information. FTIR It is through this process that plant cell wall analysis of the burned stone revealed growth and repair occurs (Moore 1988). matches with cellulose for samples #899-3- 5b and #CE 14, and spurge sap for sample Two signatures were also obtained for the #CE 14, which could represent either a organic residues extracted from the Alibates cultural or environmental component of the side scraper. No matches with the upper signature, but without additional information signature were made with foods in the this cannot be determined. Specific foods PaleoResearch reference library, nor did any could not be teased out and identified from matches occur with modern contaminants in the complex organic signatures obtained for the forensic libraries. the other two burned stone samples #901-3- 2b and #1337-3-2b. Organic residue analysis The lack of matches with modern of the ground stone yielded no matches, only contaminants suggests the upper signature complex organic signatures from which it represents organic residues, but because of was impossible to identify specific foods. the complexity of the signal, specific foods The lithic tools examined for organic cannot be identified. The lower signature residues yielded matches with nuts, seeds, matched well with Helianthus (sunflower) cellulose, and meat, which could represent seed shells and duck skin, perhaps the local environmental signature, or suggest suggesting members of the sunflower family the tools were used for processing both plant and meat were processed with this tool or and animal materials. Without vital site that the tool was stored in close proximity to information, which was withheld from foods. However, without vital site PaleoResearch Institute because it was information the cultural signal cannot be believed that it would bias the analyses, it is separated out from the environmental one. impossible to separate the cultural from the environmental signal and make any kind of interpretations.
TABLE R-1. PROVENIENCE DATA FOR SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, TEXAS
Sample No. Provenience / Description Analysis
#901-3-2b Burned rock, limestone FTIR
#1337-3-2b Burned rock, limestone FTIR
#899-3-5b Burned rock, sandstone FTIR
#CE 14 Burned rock, sandstone FTIR
#405-10 Metate, sandstone FTIR
#1129-10 Metate, sandstone FTIR
1184 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
Sample No. Provenience / Description Analysis
#1175-10 Mano, quartzite FTIR
#467-10 Chopper, Potter chert FTIR
#627-10 Chopper, Edwards chert FTIR
#452-10 Side scraper, Alibates FTIR
Technical Report No. 150832 1185 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
TABLE R-2. FTIR PEAK SUMMARY TABLE FOR BURNED ROCK SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, TEXAS
901-3-2b 1337-3-2b 899-3-5b CE 14 Peak Range Represents # # # # Burned rock Burned rock Burned rock Burned rock 3431 3389 3341 3590 3486 3478 3576 3517 3484 3600-3200 Absorbed Water 3313 3290 3260 3392 3342 3293 3360 3355 3388 3372 3297 3234 3205
3371, 3342, 3334 O-H Stretch 3372 3341 3342
Aldehydes: fats, oils, lipids, 2981 2971 2925 3000-2800 2922 2873 2851 2918 2849 2955 2920 2850 waxes 2889
2974, 2968, 2965, CH3 Asymmetric stretch 2955 2962, 2956, 2872
2959, 2938, 2936, 2934, 2931, 2930, CH2 Asymmetric stretch 2922 2925 2926, 2924, 2922
2879, 2875, 2873, CH3 Symmetric stretch 2873 2871, 2870
1750-1730 Saturated esters 1738
901-3-2b Burned 1337-3-2b Burned 899-3-5b Burned CE 14 Burned Peak Range Represents rock rock rock rock
1730-1705 Aromatic esters 1721 1711
1186 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
901-3-2b 1337-3-2b 899-3-5b CE 14 Peak Range Represents # # # # Burned rock Burned rock Burned rock Burned rock
1655 1648 1638 1654 1648 1636 1665 1655 1645 1700-1500 Protein, incl. 1650 protein 1631 1561 1618 1577 1574 1537
1654 1648 1636 1680-1600, 1260, 955 Pectin 1655 1648 1638 1665 1655 1645 1631 1618
1660-1655 Proteins, Nucleic acids 1655 1655
1500-1400 Protein 1410 1462 1420 1465
1465-1455 Protein/lipids 1462 1465
1490-1350 Protein 1410 1395 1462 1420 1376 1465
Split CH3 umbrella mode, 1394, 1379, 1366 1366 1:2 intensity
1377 Fats, oils, lipids, humates 1376
1170-1150, 1050, 1030 Cellulose 1164 901-3-2b Burned 1337-3-2b Burned 899-3-5b Burned CE 14 Burned Peak Range Represents rock rock rock rock 1139 Arabinogalactan 1139
1130-1100 Aromatic esters 1111
1110 Starch 1111
1028-1000 Cellulose Carbohydrates 1025 1028 1018 1016
Technical Report No. 150832 1187 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
901-3-2b 1337-3-2b 899-3-5b CE 14 Peak Range Represents # # # # Burned rock Burned rock Burned rock Burned rock 1028 Ester O-C-C stretch 1028
1026 Starch 1025 Primary alcohol CH2-O 1019 1018 stretch 931 Starch 931
874 Polysaccharides 874
872 CaCO3 872 872 872 +Glucomannan (9:1, w/w), 872 Glucomannan, 872 872 872 Galactoglucomannan 850 Starch 849
830 Symmetric C-C-O stretch 831
780 Calcium oxalate 780 781
750 Out-of-plane C-H bend 750
750-700 Aromatic esters 712 712 750 719 712
719-22 CH2 Rock (methylene) 719
Aromatic ring bend (phenyl 692 693 ether)
660, 648 O-H Out-of-plane bend 647 649
1188 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
TABLE R-3. MATCHES SUMMARY TABLE FOR FTIR RESULTS FROM BURNED ROCK SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, TEXAS
Match (Scientific Match (Common Part #899-3-5b #CE 14 Burned Name) Name) Burned rock rock (Range) (Range)
Deteriorated Deteriorated #1062-964 #1073-926 Cellulose cellulose
Euphorbia Spurge Sap #1695-1573
TABLE R- 4. FTIR PEAK SUMMARY TABLE FOR GROUNDSTONE SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, TEXAS
405-10 1129-10 1175-10 Peak Range Represents # # # Metate Metate Mano 3519 3465 3527 3437 3600-3200 Absorbed Water 3372 3427 3408 3382 3331 3326 3287 3305 3242
3371, 3342, 3334 O-H Stretch 3372
Aldehydes: fats, oils, lipids, 2953 2920 3000-2800 2918 2850 2921 2851 waxes 2850
2959, 2938, 2936, 2934, 2931, 2930, CH2 Asymmetric stretch 2921 2926, 2924, 2922
1730-1705 Aromatic esters 1727
1645 1576 1658 1645 1645 1578 1700-1500 Protein, incl. 1650 protein 1538 1630 1578 1540
1658 1645 1680-1600, 1260, 955 Pectin 1645 1645 1630
1660-1655 Proteins, Nucleic acids 1658
1500-1400 Protein 1417 1415 1420
1490-1350 Protein 1417 1415 1420 1170-1150, 1050, Cellulose 1161 1030
Technical Report No. 150832 1189 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
405-10 1129-10 1175-10 Peak Range Represents # # # Metate Metate Mano
Arabinoglucuronoxylan + 1161, 1151 1161 Galactoglucomannan
1028-1000 Cellulose Carbohydrates 1009 1018 1008 1001
405-10 1129-10 1175-10 Peak Range Represents Metate Metate Mano
Primary alcohol CH2-O 1019 1018 stretch
872 CaCO3 872 872
+Glucomannan (9:1, w/w), 872 Glucomannan, 872 872 Galactoglucomannan 850 Starch 849 849
750-700 Aromatic esters 712 712 712
TABLE R-5. FTIR PEAK SUMMARY TABLE FOR LITHIC TOOL SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, TEXAS
#452-10 #467-10 #627-10 Peak Range Represents Side Chopper Chopper scraper 3538 3528 3372 3350 3423 3335 3600-3200 Absorbed Water 3422 3390 3275 3207 3295
3371, 3342, 3334 O-H Stretch 3372 3335
Aldehydes: fats, oils, lipids, 2954 2920 2987 2954 2985 2953 3000-2800 waxes 2851 2918 2850 2921 2852
2959, 2938, 2936, 2934, 2931, 2930, CH2 Asymmetric stretch 2921 2926, 2924, 2922
1750-1730 Saturated esters 1736 1739
1730-1705 Aromatic esters 1712 1710 1725 1712
1190 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
#452-10 #467-10 #627-10 Peak Range Represents Side Chopper Chopper scraper 1664 1626 1659 1601 1657 1647 1700-1500 Protein, incl. 1650 protein 1604 1576 1553 1535 1576 1539 1539 1517
1680-1600, 1260, 1664 1626 Pectin 1657 1647 1659 1601 955 1604
1660-1655 Proteins, Nucleic acids 1657 1659
1604, 1602, 1586, Aromatic ring mode 1604 1601 1497, 1362
467-10 627-10 452-10 Side Peak Range Represents Chopper Chopper scraper
1464 1453 1465 1434 1463 1456 1500-1400 Protein 1435 1418 1419 1414
1465-1455 Protein/lipids 1464 1465 1463 1456
1453 Aromatic ring mode 1453
1464 1453 1463 1456 1465 1434 1490-1350 Protein 1435 1418 1414 1378 1419 1377 1379 1364 1367
Split CH3 umbrella mode, 1:2 1394, 1379, 1366 1367 intensity
Split CH3 umbrella mode, 1:1 1384, 1364 1364 intensity
1377 Fats, oils, lipids, humates 1377 1378
1170 Lipids 1169
1170-1150, 1050, Cellulose 1165 1169 1030
1130-1100 Aromatic esters 1112
1100-1030 Saturated esters 1098 1032 1071 1041
1028-1000 Cellulose Carbohydrates 1019 1004 1028 1011 1028 1026
Technical Report No. 150832 1191 Appendix R Organic Residue (FTIR) Analysis of Burned Rock, Ground Stone & Lithic Samples
#452-10 #467-10 #627-10 Peak Range Represents Side Chopper Chopper scraper
1097 Arabinan 1098
1059, 1033 Cellulose 1032
1041, 1026 Glucan 1041 1026
1041 Xyloglucan 1041
1034, 960 Galactoglucomannan 961
467-10 627-10 452-10 Side Peak Range Represents Chopper Chopper scraper
1028 Ester O-C-C stretch 1028 1028
1026 Starch 1026 Primary alcohol CH2-O 1019 1019 stretch 953 Pectin 953
951, 916 Rhamnogalacturonan 916 950
934 Galactoglucomannan 935
918 Arabinan 919
916, 908 $-D-cellulose 916
Arabinogalactan (Type II), 916 916 Glucan
874 Polysaccharides 874
835 Pectin 835
813 Galactoglucomannan 812
750-700 Aromatic esters 721 712 721 721
719-22 CH2 Rock (methylene) 721 721 721
697 Aromatic ring bend 696
Aromatic ring bend (phenyl 692 692 ether)
1192 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management
#452-10 #467-10 #627-10 Peak Range Represents Side Chopper Chopper scraper 660, 648 O-H Out-of-plane bend 661
TABLE R-6. MATCHES SUMMARY TABLE FOR FTIR RESULTS FROM LITHIC TOOL SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, TEXAS
#452-10 Match Match #467-10 #627-10 Side (Scientific (Common Part Chopper Chopper scraper Name) Name) (Range) (Range) (Range) 3000-2800 Carya Hickory Nutmeat 1765-1699 1491-1385
Deteriorated Deteriorated 3000-2800 Cellulose cellulose
3000-2800 1757-1691 Helianthus Sunflower seed Nutmeat 1491-1405 1401-1344 988-919
3000-2800 Shell 1687-1630 1487-1417
Juglans Walnut Nutmeat 3000-2800
Bird Bird Blood 3000-2800
3000-2800 Duck Duck Skin 739-702
Meat Rabbit Rabbit 3000-2800 (cooked)
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Brill, Steve and Evelyn Dean 1994 Driscoll, D. and P. Copeland 2003 Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Mechanism and Regulation of Selenoprotein Medicinal Plants in Wild (and Not So Wild) Synthesis. Annual Review of Nutrition Places. Hearst Books, New York, New 23:17-40. York. Ebringerova, Anna, Zdenka Hromadkova, Burlage, Henry M. 1968 Index of Plants of and Thomas Heinze 2005 Hemicellulose. In Texas with Reputed Medicinal and Polysaccharides I: Structure, Poisonous Properties. Henry M. Burlage, Characterization, and Use, edited by T. Austin Texas. Heinze, pp. 1-67. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Capek, P., A. Kardosova, and D. Lath 1999 Eckardt, Nancy A. 2004 Inside the Matrix: A Neutral Heteropolysaccharide from the Crystal Structure of a Zyloglucan Flowers of Malva mauritiana L. Chemistry Endotransglycosylase. The Plant Cell Papers 52(2):131-136. 16:792-793.
Carlile, Michael J. and Sarah C. Watkinson Esau, Katherine 1977 Anatomy of Seed 1994 The Fungi. Academic Press, San Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Diego. Foster, Steven and James A. Duke 1990 A Chabannes, Matthieu, Katia Ruel, Arata Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Yoshinaga, Brigitte Chabbert, Alain Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Jauneau, Jean-Paul Joseleau, and Alain- Company, Boston. Michel Boudet 2001 In Situ Analysis of Lignins in Transgenic Tobacco Reveals a Fry, S.C. 1989 The Structure and Functions Differential Impact of Individual of Xyloglucan. Journal of Experimental Transformations on the Spatial Patterns of Biology 40:1-11. Lignin Deposition at the Cellular and Subcellular Levels. The Plant Journal Furst, P. and P. Stehle 2004 What are the 28:271-282. Essential Elements Needed for the Determination of Amino Acid Requirements
1194 Technical Report No. 150832 Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management in Humans? Journal of Nutrition Determination of Sequence of Magnetically 134(6):1558S-1565S. Inequivalent D-glucose Units Along Cellulose Chain. Cellulose 13:317-326. Garrison, Robert, Jr. and Elizabeth Somer 1985 The Nutrition Desk Reference. Keats Layser, Earle F.; Schubert, Gilbert H. 1979 Publishing, Inc., New Canaan, Connecticut. Preliminary classification for the coniferous forest and woodland series of Arizona and Gooch, Jan W. 2007 Encyclopedic New Mexico. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Dictionary of Polymers. Springer Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Science+Business Media, LLC, New York. Range Experiment Station.
Gould, F. W. 1962 Texas Plants: A Lebo, Stuart E. Jr., Jerry D. Gargulak, and Checklist and Ecological Summary. Texas Timothy J. McNally 2001 Lignin. In Agricultural Experiment Station. Submitted Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th to M.P. 585. ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
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