DOCSLIB.ORG

Volume II: Appendices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Volume II: Appendices Landis Property: Data Recovery at Three Prehistoric Sites (41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245) in Potter County, Texas Volume II: Appendices By: J. Michael Quigg, Charles D. Frederick, Paul M. Matchen, and Kendra G. DuBois Prepared for: Prepared by: Bureau of Land Management Rio Puerco Field Office Albuquerque, New Mexico TRC Environmental Corporation Austin, Texas TRC Report No. 150832 June 2010 Landis Property: Data Recovery at Three Prehistoric Sites (41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245) in Potter County, Texas Volume II: Appendices By: J. Michael Quigg, Charles D. Frederick, Paul M. Matchen, and Kendra G. DuBois Prepared for: Bureau of Land Management Rio Puerco Field Office Albuquerque, New Mexico Prepared by: TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752 J. Michael Quigg, Principal Investigator TRC Report No. 150832 BLM Delivery Order Number NAD080024, Contract Number NAC050010 June 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME II Page CHAPTERS 1-14…………………………………………………………………….....see Volume I APPENDIX A BACKHOE TRENCH DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................... 617 APPENDIX B ARTIFACT DISTRIBUTIONS .......................................................................... 671 APPENDIX C OBSIDIAN SOURCE ANALYSIS .................................................................... 685 APPENDIX D BIOSILICATE ANALYSIS AND PALYNOLOGY ......................................... 695 APPENDIX E CHERT SOURCING IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE: COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF CHERT AND JASPER SOURCES AND ARTIFACTS, LANDIS PROPERTY PROJECT .................. 735 APPENDIX F STARCH ANALYSES FROM THE BLM LANDIS PROPERTY .................... 767 APPENDIX G ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS EXTRACTED FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL BURNED ROCK AND POTTERY RESIDUES FROM SITES IN POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS ............................................................................ 791 APPENDIX H STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ON BISON BONES ..................................... 827 APPENDIX I PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ABORIGINAL CERAMICS FROM THE BLM LANDIS PROPERTY, TEXAS PANHANDLE ............................. 833 APPENDIX J INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF CLAYS AND CERAMICS FROM THE TEXAS PANHANDLE .................................. 857 APPENDIX K RADIOCARBON ASSAYS ............................................................................... 873 APPENDIX L FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF STONE TOOLS FROM BLM PROJECT - LANDIS PROPERTY IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE (SITES 41PT186 AND 185/C) ........................................................................... 967 APPENDIX M LATE HOLOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF UPPER WEST AMARILLO CREEK VALLEY, TEXAS ................................ 995 APPENDIX N PLANT REMAINS FROM 41PT185/C, 41PT186, AND 41PT245 ................ 1035 APPENDIX O MULTI-INSTRUMENT GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT 41PT185, 41PT186, AND 41PT245 ................................................................ 1047 APPENDIX P DIATOM PALEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 41PT185/C, BLM PROJECT- LANDIS PROPERTY IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS .......................................................................................... 1091 APPENDIX Q METRIC AND NON-METRIC DATA FOR ARTIFACTS FROM THE LANDIS PROPERTY SITES (41PT185, 41PT186, AND 41PT245) AND PROJECT ARTIFACT DATABASE ..................................................... 1119 APPENDIX R ORGANIC RESIDUE (FTIR) ANALYSIS OF BURNED ROCK, GROUNDSTONE, AND LITHIC SAMPLES FROM SITE 41PT185/C, POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS .......................................................................... 1161 Technical Report No. 150832 i This page intentionally left blank. APPENDIX A BACKHOE TRENCH DESCRIPTIONS BACKHOE TRENCH DESCRIPTIONS Prepared for: TRC Environmental Corporation 505 East Huntland Drive, Suite 250 Austin, Texas 78752 Prepared by: Charles D. Frederick, Ph.D. Geoarcheological Consultant Dublin, Texas Landis Property: Data Recovery at 41PT185, 41PT186, and 41PT245, Potter County, Texas Bureau of Land Management TRENCH 1 Location: 0230420E 3900247N Core of T1 surface on the right bank meander south of 41PT186 Geologic Units: Unit E resting unconformably upon a thin, truncated remnant of Unit D. Cultural material: Broad ash bed between 7-10 cm, presumably clearance related; no other material observed. Comments: Near channel overbank facies with multiple weakly developed buried soils. Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1 C 0-7 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) loam, loose, weak fine subangular blocky structure, abrupt wavy boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 2 C 7-10 White (10YR 8/2, m) silt loam, loose, single grain, abrupt discontinuous boundary, violently effervescent, Ash, thin but extensive bed of ash, probably result of land clearance activity, with an oxidized rim beneath it in a few places. 3 C 10-28 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) silt loam, very friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few granules throughout; Unit E. 4 Ab 28-50 Dark gray to dark grayish brown (10YR 4/1 to 4/2, m) loam, friable, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, gradual smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few bits of charcoal scattered throughout, buried soil; Unit E. 5 AC 50-81 Dark grayish brown (7.5YR 4/2, m) loam, firm, weak coarse prismatic structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 6 C 81-90 Brown-yellowish brown (10YR 5/3.5, m) slightly gravelly to gravelly loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, approximately 40% coarse fragments which are mostly sub-rounded caliche smaller than 1 cm in diameter, largest clast observed was 3 cm long; Unit E. 7 C 90-98 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, m) loam, hard, massive, clear to abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, <1% coarse fragments; Unit E. 8 C 98-102 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) sand to loamy sand, slightly hard, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, many (~50%) dark colored very dark gray to dark gray (10YR 3/1 to 4/1) worm casts, few granules throughout, original bed was a fairly clean sand prior to being run through by worms which resulted in a finer texture overall; Unit E. 9 2Ab 102-118 Dark gray (10YR 4/1, m) loam, hard, weak coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1-2%) coarse fragments. 10 2C 118-128 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) slightly gravelly loamy sand, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, ~10-15% coarse fragments, numerous granules impart a speckled appearance; Unit E. 11 3Ab 128-145 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loamy sand to sandy loam, hard, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 12 3C 145-150 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) slightly gravelly loamy sand, slightly hard to loose, massive to weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5-15% coarse fragments; Unit E. 13 3C 150-167 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) sandy loam, hard, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 14 3C 167-176 Brown (10YR 5/3, m) gravelly loamy sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 40-50% coarse fragments; Unit E. 15 3C 176-196 Brown (7.5YR 4/3, m) loamy fine sand, very friable, weak very coarse subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. Technical Report No. 150832 621 Appendix A Backhoe Trench Descriptions Zone Horizon Depth (cm) Description 16 3C 196-198 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loamy sand, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 17 3C 198-203 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) slightly gravelly to gravelly sand, loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 15-30% coarse fragments; Unit E. 18 3C 203-225 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) loamy sand, slightly hard, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 19 3C 225-231 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) sandy loam, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, 5% coarse fragments, few calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 20 3C 231-250 Brown (7.5YR 5/4, m) loamy sand, friable, weak medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few (1- 3%) calcium carbonate filaments; Unit E. 21 3C 250-260 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) loam, hard, moderate to strong medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 22 3C 260-268 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) loamy sand, slightly hard, massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 23 3C 268-280 Pale brown (10YR 6/3, m) slightly gravelly sandy loam, very friable to loose, single grain, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent; Unit E. 24 3C 280-308 Pale brown (10YR 6/3, m) sand, loamy sand and very fine sandy gravel, loose to very friable, single grain to massive, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, zone comprises several thin beds; Unit E. 25 4Ck 308-320 Brown (7.5YR 5/3, m) loam to silt loam, firm, moderate medium subangular blocky structure, abrupt smooth boundary, violently effervescent, few to common (5-7%) calcium carbonate filaments, a bulk sediment sample of this zone collected from 310-313 cm yielded an age of 2180 ± 40 years B.P. (Beta-328307);Unit D. 26 4C 320-330 Brown (7.5YR 4/4, m) very gravelly sand, loose, single grain, violently effervescent, 60-70% coarse fragments,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Holocene Environmental Changes Disclosed from Anoxic Fjord Sediments by Biomarkers and Their Radiocarbon Content
    GEOLOGICA ULTRAIECTINA Mededelingen van de Faculteit Geowetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht No. 227 Holocene environmental changes disclosed from anoxic fjord sediments by biomarkers and their radiocarbon content Rienk H. Smittenberg Holocene environmental changes disclosed from anoxic fjord sediments by biomarkers and their radiocarbon content Holocene milieuveranderingen gereconstrueerd uit anoxische fjord sedimenten middels biomarkers en hun radio-aktief koolstof gehalte (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. W.H. Gispen, ingevolge het besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 15 september 2003 des middags te 4.15 uur door Rienk Hajo Smittenberg geboren op 23 maart 1973 te Eck en Wiel Promotor: Prof. Dr. J.W. de Leeuw Department of Geochemistry Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands Copromotores: Dr. Ir. J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Department of Geochemistry Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands Dr. S. Schouten Department of Marine Biogeochemistry and Toxicology Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research Texel, The Netherlands The research described in this thesis was carried out at the Department of Biogeochemistry and Toxicology of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands. The investigations were supported by the Research Council for Earth and Life Science (ALW) with the financial support from the Netherlands
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Biomarker Compounds As Tracers for Sources and Fates of Natural and Anthropogenic Organic Matter in Tile Environment
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Daniel R. Oros for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences presented on September 24. 1999. Title: Application of Biomarker Compoundsas Tracers for Sources and Fates of Natural and Anthropogenic Organic Matter in the Environment. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Bernd R.T. Simoneit Determination of the source and fate of natural (higher plant lipids, marine lipids, etc.) and anthropogenically (e.g., petroleum, coal emissions) derived hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds in the environment was accomplished using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) to characterize or identify molecular biomarkers to be utilized as tracers. The distributions and abundances of biomarkers such as straight chain homologous series (e.g., n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkan-2-ones, n-alkanols, etc.) and cyclic terpenoid compounds (e.g., sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, steroids, triterpenoids) were identified in epicuticular waxes from conifers of western North America (natural emissions). These biomarkers and their thermal alteration derivativeswere also identified in smoke emissions from known vegetation sources (e.g., conifers, deciduous trees and grasses) and were then applied as tracers in soils, soils that contained wildfire residues and soillriver mud washout after wildfire burning. Where possible, the reaction pathways of transformation from the parentprecursor compounds to intermediate and final alteration products were determined from GC- MS data. In addition, molecular tracer analysis was applied to air, water and sediment samples collected from a lacustrine setting (Crater Lake, OR) in order to determine the identities, levels and fates of anthropogenic (i.e., petroleum hydrocarbon contamination from boating and related activities) hydrocarbons ina pristine organic matter sink.
    [Show full text]
  • Title the Chemistry on Diterpenoids in 1965 Author(S)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository Title The Chemistry on Diterpenoids in 1965 Author(s) Fujita, Eiichi Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto Citation University (1966), 44(3): 239-272 Issue Date 1966-10-31 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/76121 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University The Chemistry on Diterpenoids in 1965 Eiichi FuJITA* (FujitaLaboratory) ReceivedJune 20, 1966 I. INTRODUCTION Several reviews on diterpenoids have been published.*2 Last year, the author described the chemistry on diterpenoids in 1964 in outline.'7 The present review is concerned with the chemical works on diterpenoids in 1965. The classification consists of abietanes, pimaranes, labdanes, phyllocladanes, gibbanes, diterpene alkaloids, and the others. 1617 151613 2016 2©' 10gII 14 56.7 4®20 I20ei317115118 191 1819 14]5 18 19 AbietanePimaraneLabdane 20its1744a 13 4U15 36 15, 2.®7 110 ®® 18 199 8 PhyllocladaneGibbane II. ABIETANE AND ITS REOATED SKELETONS Lawrence et al.27 isolated palustric acid (2) from gum rosin. The selective crystallization of its 2,6-dimethylpiperidine salt, which precipitated from acetone solution of the rosin, from methanolacetone (1:1) was effective for isolation. The four conjugated dienic resin acids, namely, levopimaric (1), palustric (2), neoabietic (3), and abietic acid (4) were treated with an excess of potassium t- butoxide in dimethyl slufoxide solution at reflux temperature (189°) for 2 minutes.37 All four solutions then exhibited a single major peak in their U.V. spectra charac- teristic of abietic acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-Gc Analysis
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 25 January 2016 doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2016.00002 Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-GC Analysis Anne E. Harman-Ware1* , Robert Sykes1 , Gary F. Peter2 and Mark Davis1 1 National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, 2 School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Terpenoids, naturally occurring compounds derived from isoprene units present in pine oleoresin, are a valuable source of chemicals used in solvents, fragrances, flavors, and have shown potential use as a biofuel. This paper describes a method to extract and analyze the terpenoids present in loblolly pine saplings and pine lighter wood. Various extraction solvents were tested over different times and temperatures. Samples were analyzed by pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry before and after extractions to monitor the extraction efficiency. The pyrolysis studies indicated that the optimal extraction method used a 1:1 hexane/acetone solvent system at 22°C for 1 h. Extracts from the hexane/acetone experiments were analyzed using a low thermal mass modular accelerated column heater for fast-GC/FID analysis. The most abundant terpenoids from Edited by: the pine samples were quantified, using standard curves, and included the monoter- Subba Rao Chaganti, University of Windsor, Canada penes, α- and β-pinene, camphene, and δ-carene. Sesquiterpenes analyzed included Reviewed by: caryophyllene, humulene, and α-bisabolene. Diterpenoid resin acids were quantified in Yu-Shen Cheng, derivatized extractions, including pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, palustric, dehydroabi- National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan etic, abietic, and neoabietic acids.
    [Show full text]
  • Dragon's Blood
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (2008) 361–380 Review Dragon’s blood: Botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses Deepika Gupta a, Bruce Bleakley b, Rajinder K. Gupta a,∗ a University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, K. Gate, Delhi 110006, India b Department of Biology & Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA Received 25 May 2007; received in revised form 10 October 2007; accepted 11 October 2007 Available online 22 October 2007 Abstract Dragon’s blood is one of the renowned traditional medicines used in different cultures of world. It has got several therapeutic uses: haemostatic, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antiviral, wound healing, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. Besides these medicinal applica- tions, it is used as a coloring material, varnish and also has got applications in folk magic. These red saps and resins are derived from a number of disparate taxa. Despite its wide uses, little research has been done to know about its true source, quality control and clinical applications. In this review, we have tried to overview different sources of Dragon’s blood, its source wise chemical constituents and therapeutic uses. As well as, a little attempt has been done to review the techniques used for its quality control and safety. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Dragon’s blood; Croton; Dracaena; Daemonorops; Pterocarpus; Therapeutic uses Contents 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Siteand Mechanism of Action of Resin Acids on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
    Linköping University Medical Dissertation No. 1620 Site and Mechanism of Action of Resin Acids on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Malin Silverå Ejneby Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University, Sweden Linköping 2018 © Malin Silverå Ejneby, 2018 Cover illustration: “The Charged Pine Tree Anchored to the Ground” was designed and painted by Daniel Silverå Ejneby. Printed in Sweden by LiU-Tryck, Linköping, Sweden, 2018 ISSN: 0345-0082 ISBN: 978-91-7685-318-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 1 POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING ................................................................. 3 LIST OF ARTICLES .................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 7 Ions underlie the electrical activity in the heart and brain .................................................. 7 A mathematical model for the nerve impulse - Hodgkin and Huxley ............................... 7 Cardiac action potentials – a great diversity of shapes ...................................................... 9 Voltage-gated ion channels ......................................................................................................... 9 General structure ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pre- and Post-Industrial Environmental Changes As Revealed by the Biogeochemical Sedimentary Record of Drammensfjord, Norway
    Marine Geology 214 (2005) 177–200 www.elsevier.com/locate/margeo Pre- and post-industrial environmental changes as revealed by the biogeochemical sedimentary record of Drammensfjord, Norway R.H. Smittenberga,*, M. Baasa, M.J. Greenb, E.C. Hopmansa, S. Schoutena, J.S. Sinninghe Damste´a aRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Biogeochemistry and Toxicology, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands bDepartment of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Received 17 June 2003; received in revised form 29 September 2004; accepted 22 October 2004 Abstract The biogeochemical sedimentary record of the anoxic Drammensfjord, Norway, was investigated on a decadal to centennial time scale over the last millennium, in order to reconstruct the pre-industrial fjord environment and ecosystem and human- induced environmental changes. The sediments were dated by a combination of 14C and 210Pb analysis and varve counting. Analysis of the bulk sedimentary parameters and of the biomarker distribution revealed that the sedimentary organic matter of the fjord is primarily of terrigenous origin, indicating that the fjord was oligotrophic or mesotrophic. The fjord’s bottom water has been continuously euxinic since at least 1000 AD, but photic zone euxinia occurred only irregularly in the fjord. The organic matter flux and composition remained virtually invariable until the 18th century. After that time, the flux of material derived from coniferous trees started to increase, indicated by elevated concentrations of dehydroabietic acid and related compounds, but also by raising levels of C24 n-alcohols and fatty acids. This marked the onset of sawmill activities in the hinterland.
    [Show full text]
  • Potassium Channel Kcsa
    Potassium Channel KcsA Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel and are found in virtually all living organisms. They form potassium-selective pores that span cell membranes. Potassium channels are found in most cell types and control a wide variety of cell functions. Potassium channels function to conduct potassium ions down their electrochemical gradient, doing so both rapidly and selectively. Biologically, these channels act to set or reset the resting potential in many cells. In excitable cells, such asneurons, the delayed counterflow of potassium ions shapes the action potential. By contributing to the regulation of the action potential duration in cardiac muscle, malfunction of potassium channels may cause life-threatening arrhythmias. Potassium channels may also be involved in maintaining vascular tone. www.MedChemExpress.com 1 Potassium Channel Inhibitors, Agonists, Antagonists, Activators & Modulators (+)-KCC2 blocker 1 (3R,5R)-Rosuvastatin Cat. No.: HY-18172A Cat. No.: HY-17504C (+)-KCC2 blocker 1 is a selective K+-Cl- (3R,5R)-Rosuvastatin is the (3R,5R)-enantiomer of cotransporter KCC2 blocker with an IC50 of 0.4 Rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin is a competitive μM. (+)-KCC2 blocker 1 is a benzyl prolinate and a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 11 enantiomer of KCC2 blocker 1. nM. Rosuvastatin potently blocks human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) current with an IC50 of 195 nM. Purity: >98% Purity: >98% Clinical Data: No Development Reported Clinical Data: No Development Reported Size: 1 mg, 5 mg Size: 1 mg, 5 mg (3S,5R)-Rosuvastatin (±)-Naringenin Cat. No.: HY-17504D Cat. No.: HY-W011641 (3S,5R)-Rosuvastatin is the (3S,5R)-enantiomer of (±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Modulators of Large-Conductance Calcium
    Antonio Nardi1 Vincenzo Calderone2 Natural Modulators of Large-Conductance Silvio Chericoni3 Ivano Morelli3 Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels Review Abstract wards identifying new BK-modulating agents is proceeding with great impetus and is giving an ever-increasing number of Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, also new molecules. Among these, also a handsome number of natur- known as BK or Maxi-K channels, occur in many types of cell, in- al BK-modulator compounds, belonging to different structural cluding neurons and myocytes, where they play an essential role classes, has appeared in the literature. The goal of this paper is in the regulation of cell excitability and function. These proper- to provide a possible simple classification of the broad structural ties open a possible role for BK-activators also called BK-open- heterogeneity of the natural BK-activating agents terpenes, phe- ers) and/or BK-blockers as effective therapeutic agents for differ- nols, flavonoids) and blockers alkaloids and peptides), and a ent neurological, urological, respiratory and cardiovascular dis- concise overview of their chemical and pharmacological proper- eases. The synthetic benzimidazolone derivatives NS004 and ties as well as potential therapeutic applications. NS1619 are the pioneer BK-activators and have represented the reference models which led to the design of several novel and Key words heterogeneous synthetic BK-openers, while very few synthetic Natural products ´ potassium channels ´ large-conductance cal- BK-blockers have been reported. Even today, the research to- cium-activated BK channels ´ BK-activators ´ BK-blockers 885 Introduction tracellular Ca2+ and membrane depolarisation, promoting a mas- sive outward flow of K+ ions and leading to a membrane hyper- Among the different factors exerting an influence on the activity polarisation, i.e., to a stabilisation of the cell [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition of Lipophilic Bark Extracts from Pinus Pinaster and Pinus Pinea Cultivated in Portugal
    applied sciences Article Chemical Composition of Lipophilic Bark Extracts from Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea Cultivated in Portugal Joana L. C. Sousa 1,2,† , Patrícia A. B. Ramos 1,2,† , Carmen S. R. Freire 1, Artur M. S. Silva 2 and Armando J. D. Silvestre 1,* 1 CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] (J.L.C.S.); [email protected] (P.A.B.R.); [email protected] (C.S.R.F.) 2 QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-234-370-711; Fax: +351-234-370-084 † Both authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 25 November 2018; Accepted: 8 December 2018; Published: 11 December 2018 Abstract: The chemical composition of lipophilic bark extracts from Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea cultivated in Portugal was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Diterpenic resin acids were found to be the main components of these lipophilic extracts, ranging from 0.96 g kg−1 dw in P. pinea bark to 2.35 g kg−1 dw in P. pinaster bark. In particular, dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) is the major constituent of both P. pinea and P. pinaster lipophilic fractions, accounting for 0.45 g kg−1 dw and 0.95 g kg−1 dw, respectively. Interestingly, many oxidized compounds were identified in the studied lipophilic extracts, including DHAA-oxidized derivatives (7-oxo-DHAA, 7α/β-hydroxy-DHAA, and 15-hydroxy-DHAA, among others) and also terpin (an oxidized monoterpene). These compounds are not naturally occurring compounds, and their formation might occur by the exposure of the bark to light and oxygen from the air, and the action of micro-organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Pine Beetle : the Host Dimension
    Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Bulletins Experiment Station (MAFES) 3-1-1983 Southern pine beetle : the host dimension C. A. Blanche J. D. Hodges T. E. Nebeker D. M. Moehring Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/mafes-bulletins Recommended Citation Blanche, C. A.; Hodges, J. D.; Nebeker, T. E.; and Moehring, D. M., "Southern pine beetle : the host dimension" (1983). Bulletins. 764. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/mafes-bulletins/764 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hitotin 917 Harch 1981 ^OUfHERN PINE BEETLE: THE HOST DIHENSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the Integrated Pest Manage- ment Research, Development and AppHcation Program, Pineville, Louisiana, through USFS Grant #19-82-023, Mississippi State University and Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. The findings, opinions, and conclusions are the responsibility of the authors. We gratefully appreciate the reviews by Drs. Alan A. Berryman, Gerard D. Hertel, Garland Mason, and Robert C. Thatcher. Their comments and suggestions greatly im- proved this manuscript. We thank Dr. Mark Brown for his input on the flow diagram of the attack process. SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE: THE HOST DIMENSION C. A. Blanche, Research Associate, Mississippi State University, Department of Forestry J. D. Hodges, Professor and Forester, Mississippi State University, Department of Forestry T. E. Nebeker, Associate Professor, Mississippi State University, Department of Entomology D.
    [Show full text]
  • 11100.Full.Pdf
    11100 • The Journal of Neuroscience, August 3, 2011 • 31(31):11100–11109 Neurobiology of Disease Suppression of a Neocortical Potassium Channel Activity by Intracellular Amyloid-␤ and Its Rescue with Homer1a Kenji Yamamoto,1,3 Yoshifumi Ueta,1 Li Wang,1,4 Ryo Yamamoto,1 Naoko Inoue,5 Kaoru Inokuchi,5 Atsu Aiba,6 Hideto Yonekura,2 and Nobuo Kato1 Departments of 1Physiology and 2Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, 3Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto 616-8255, Japan, 4China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China, 5Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan, and 6Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan It is proposed that intracellular amyloid-␤ (A␤), before extracellular plaque formation, triggers cognitive deficits in Alzheimer disease (AD). Here we report how intracellular A␤ affects neuronal properties. This was done by injecting A␤ protein into rat and mouse neocortical pyramidal cells through whole-cell patch pipettes and by using 3xTg AD model mice, in which intracellular A␤ is accumulated ␤ innately. In rats, intracellular application of a mixed A 1-42 preparation containing both oligomers and monomers, but not a monomeric ␤ 2ϩ 2ϩ preparation of A 1-40, broadened spike width and augmented Ca influx via voltage-dependent Ca channels in neocortical neurons. Both effects were mimicked and occluded by charybdotoxin, a blocker of large-conductance Ca 2ϩ-activated K ϩ (BK) channels, and blocked by isopimaric acid, a BK channel opener. Surprisingly, augmented Ca 2ϩ influx was caused by elongated spike duration, but not 2ϩ ␤ ␤ attributable to direct Ca channel modulation by A 1-42.
    [Show full text]