Holocene Environmental Changes Disclosed from Anoxic Fjord Sediments by Biomarkers and Their Radiocarbon Content
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Application of Biomarker Compounds As Tracers for Sources and Fates of Natural and Anthropogenic Organic Matter in Tile Environment
AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Daniel R. Oros for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences presented on September 24. 1999. Title: Application of Biomarker Compoundsas Tracers for Sources and Fates of Natural and Anthropogenic Organic Matter in the Environment. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Bernd R.T. Simoneit Determination of the source and fate of natural (higher plant lipids, marine lipids, etc.) and anthropogenically (e.g., petroleum, coal emissions) derived hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds in the environment was accomplished using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) to characterize or identify molecular biomarkers to be utilized as tracers. The distributions and abundances of biomarkers such as straight chain homologous series (e.g., n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkan-2-ones, n-alkanols, etc.) and cyclic terpenoid compounds (e.g., sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, steroids, triterpenoids) were identified in epicuticular waxes from conifers of western North America (natural emissions). These biomarkers and their thermal alteration derivativeswere also identified in smoke emissions from known vegetation sources (e.g., conifers, deciduous trees and grasses) and were then applied as tracers in soils, soils that contained wildfire residues and soillriver mud washout after wildfire burning. Where possible, the reaction pathways of transformation from the parentprecursor compounds to intermediate and final alteration products were determined from GC- MS data. In addition, molecular tracer analysis was applied to air, water and sediment samples collected from a lacustrine setting (Crater Lake, OR) in order to determine the identities, levels and fates of anthropogenic (i.e., petroleum hydrocarbon contamination from boating and related activities) hydrocarbons ina pristine organic matter sink. -
Sea Monsters in Antiquity: a Classical and Zoological Investigation
Sea Monsters in Antiquity: A Classical and Zoological Investigation Alexander L. Jaffe Harvard University Dept. of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Class of 2015 Abstract: Sea monsters inspired both fascination and fear in the minds of the ancients. In this paper, I aim to examine several traditional monsters of antiquity with a multi-faceted approach that couples classical background with modern day zoological knowledge. Looking at the examples of the ketos and the sea serpent in Roman and Greek societies, I evaluate the scientific bases for representations of these monsters across of variety of media, from poetry to ceramics. Through the juxtaposition of the classical material and modern science, I seek to gain a greater understanding of the ancient conception of sea monsters and explain the way in which they were rationalized and depicted by ancient cultures. A closer look at extant literature, historical accounts, and artwork also helps to reveal a human sentiment towards the ocean and its denizens penetrating through time even into the modern day. “The Sea-monsters, mighty of limb and huge, the wonders of the sea, heavy with strength invincible, a terror for the eyes to behold and ever armed with deadly rage—many of these there be that roam the spacious seas...”1 Oppian, Halieutica 1 As the Greek poet Oppian so eloquently reveals, sea monsters inspired both fascination and fear in the minds of the ancients. From the Old Testament to Ovid, sources from throughout the ancient world show authors exercising both imagination and observation in the description of these creatures. Mythology as well played a large role in the creation of these beliefs, with such classic examples as Perseus and Andromeda or Herakles and Hesione. -
Title the Chemistry on Diterpenoids in 1965 Author(S)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository Title The Chemistry on Diterpenoids in 1965 Author(s) Fujita, Eiichi Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto Citation University (1966), 44(3): 239-272 Issue Date 1966-10-31 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/76121 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University The Chemistry on Diterpenoids in 1965 Eiichi FuJITA* (FujitaLaboratory) ReceivedJune 20, 1966 I. INTRODUCTION Several reviews on diterpenoids have been published.*2 Last year, the author described the chemistry on diterpenoids in 1964 in outline.'7 The present review is concerned with the chemical works on diterpenoids in 1965. The classification consists of abietanes, pimaranes, labdanes, phyllocladanes, gibbanes, diterpene alkaloids, and the others. 1617 151613 2016 2©' 10gII 14 56.7 4®20 I20ei317115118 191 1819 14]5 18 19 AbietanePimaraneLabdane 20its1744a 13 4U15 36 15, 2.®7 110 ®® 18 199 8 PhyllocladaneGibbane II. ABIETANE AND ITS REOATED SKELETONS Lawrence et al.27 isolated palustric acid (2) from gum rosin. The selective crystallization of its 2,6-dimethylpiperidine salt, which precipitated from acetone solution of the rosin, from methanolacetone (1:1) was effective for isolation. The four conjugated dienic resin acids, namely, levopimaric (1), palustric (2), neoabietic (3), and abietic acid (4) were treated with an excess of potassium t- butoxide in dimethyl slufoxide solution at reflux temperature (189°) for 2 minutes.37 All four solutions then exhibited a single major peak in their U.V. spectra charac- teristic of abietic acid. -
Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-Gc Analysis
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 25 January 2016 doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2016.00002 Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-GC Analysis Anne E. Harman-Ware1* , Robert Sykes1 , Gary F. Peter2 and Mark Davis1 1 National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, 2 School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Terpenoids, naturally occurring compounds derived from isoprene units present in pine oleoresin, are a valuable source of chemicals used in solvents, fragrances, flavors, and have shown potential use as a biofuel. This paper describes a method to extract and analyze the terpenoids present in loblolly pine saplings and pine lighter wood. Various extraction solvents were tested over different times and temperatures. Samples were analyzed by pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry before and after extractions to monitor the extraction efficiency. The pyrolysis studies indicated that the optimal extraction method used a 1:1 hexane/acetone solvent system at 22°C for 1 h. Extracts from the hexane/acetone experiments were analyzed using a low thermal mass modular accelerated column heater for fast-GC/FID analysis. The most abundant terpenoids from Edited by: the pine samples were quantified, using standard curves, and included the monoter- Subba Rao Chaganti, University of Windsor, Canada penes, α- and β-pinene, camphene, and δ-carene. Sesquiterpenes analyzed included Reviewed by: caryophyllene, humulene, and α-bisabolene. Diterpenoid resin acids were quantified in Yu-Shen Cheng, derivatized extractions, including pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, palustric, dehydroabi- National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan etic, abietic, and neoabietic acids. -
The Trouble with Bulls: the Cacce Dei Tori in Early4modern Venice
The Trouble with Bulls: The Cacce dei Tori in Early-Modern Venice ROBERT C. DAVIS* The city of Venice has been historiographically identified with festival. Venetians staged regular symbolic enactments of the city’s piety, beauty, unity, military valour, connection with the sea, and sense of justice, usually exploiting Venice’s public squares, boats, bridges, and canals to give these occasions a unique character. One festival, however, the cacce dei tori or baiting of bulls, celebrated none of these virtues and had nothing to do with the sea. Usually found in cities with strong feudal and economic ties to the countryside, such events would seem out of place in a city with no such ties and an impractical environment for large animals. The roots of the cacce dei tori, however, lay more in Venice’s intense neighbourhood and factional rivalries than in urban-rural tensions. Sur le plan historiographique, on identifie la ville de Venise aux festivals. Les Vénitiens faisaient régulièrement des mises en scène symboliques de la piété, de la beauté, de l’unité, de la vaillance militaire, du lieu avec la mer et du sens de la justice de la ville, exploitant habituellement les places publiques, les bateaux, les ponts et les canaux de Venise pour conférer un cachet unique à ces occasions. Un festival, toutefois, le cacce dei tori, ou l’appâtage des taureaux, ne célébrait aucune de ces vertus et n’avait rien à voir avec la mer. De tels événements, qui se dérou- laient normalement dans des villes ayant de solides liens féodaux et économiques avec la campagne, paraîtraient incongrus dans une ville ne présentant aucuns liens de la sorte et offrant un milieu inhospitalier pour des animaux de grande taille. -
Oceans - Geography - Oxford Bibliographies
Oceans - Geography - Oxford Bibliographies http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199... Oceans Philip E. Steinberg Introduction Until the beginning of the 21st century there were few studies of the ocean, or the world’s seas, in geography. Although cultural and political ecologists who studied coastal communities considered the watery spaces in which people worked, economic and transportation geographers considered the shipping routes that people (and commodities) crossed, and political and military geographers considered the ocean surfaces across which people fought, the ocean itself was generally conceived as a space beyond the boundaries of society, a space used by society, not of society. Physical geographers, meanwhile, while developing a robust literature in coastal geomorphology, tended to leave study of the deep sea to oceanographers. In recent years, physical geographers have made significant contributions to interdisciplinary oceanographic research, primarily through the application of remote sensing and GIS expertise and through climatological research on ocean-atmosphere interactions, but the explosion of ocean-related research in geography since the 1990s has primarily been in human and environmental geography. Much of the increase in human geographic studies of the ocean is due to influences from outside the discipline, including the turn in history to studying ocean basin–defined regions, the turn in cultural studies toward understanding the ocean as a space of cultural hybridity, and, more broadly, a growing environmental awareness of the ocean as a space that is exceptionally vulnerable to (and an indicator of) environmental transformation. Furthermore, as human geographers have turned their attention to such concepts as affect, mobility, nonterrestrial materialities, nonhuman agency, heterotopic spaces of resistance, and global spaces of exchange, the ocean has been embraced as an ideal space for thinking with, and thinking through the limits of, these emergent epistemologies. -
Dragon's Blood
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (2008) 361–380 Review Dragon’s blood: Botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses Deepika Gupta a, Bruce Bleakley b, Rajinder K. Gupta a,∗ a University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, K. Gate, Delhi 110006, India b Department of Biology & Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA Received 25 May 2007; received in revised form 10 October 2007; accepted 11 October 2007 Available online 22 October 2007 Abstract Dragon’s blood is one of the renowned traditional medicines used in different cultures of world. It has got several therapeutic uses: haemostatic, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antiviral, wound healing, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. Besides these medicinal applica- tions, it is used as a coloring material, varnish and also has got applications in folk magic. These red saps and resins are derived from a number of disparate taxa. Despite its wide uses, little research has been done to know about its true source, quality control and clinical applications. In this review, we have tried to overview different sources of Dragon’s blood, its source wise chemical constituents and therapeutic uses. As well as, a little attempt has been done to review the techniques used for its quality control and safety. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Dragon’s blood; Croton; Dracaena; Daemonorops; Pterocarpus; Therapeutic uses Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... -
Siteand Mechanism of Action of Resin Acids on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Linköping University Medical Dissertation No. 1620 Site and Mechanism of Action of Resin Acids on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Malin Silverå Ejneby Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University, Sweden Linköping 2018 © Malin Silverå Ejneby, 2018 Cover illustration: “The Charged Pine Tree Anchored to the Ground” was designed and painted by Daniel Silverå Ejneby. Printed in Sweden by LiU-Tryck, Linköping, Sweden, 2018 ISSN: 0345-0082 ISBN: 978-91-7685-318-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 1 POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING ................................................................. 3 LIST OF ARTICLES .................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 7 Ions underlie the electrical activity in the heart and brain .................................................. 7 A mathematical model for the nerve impulse - Hodgkin and Huxley ............................... 7 Cardiac action potentials – a great diversity of shapes ...................................................... 9 Voltage-gated ion channels ......................................................................................................... 9 General structure .................................................................................................................... -
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MARINE. ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 188: 123-132,1999 Published November 3 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Tolerance of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite amphitrite to salinity and temperature stress: effects of previous experience Jian-Wen Qiu, Pei-Yuan Qian* Department of Biology. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong ABSTRACT: We conducted 4 experiments to study the effects of salinity and temperature on the bar- nacle Balanus amphtrite amphitrite Darwin, with particular focus on the effects of stress experienced in one life-stage on the performance of the next Life-stage. At 1S0C,typical winter water temperature in Hong Kong, larvae exlubited low survivorship, adults molted infrequently, and only a low percentage of in&viduals had developing ovaries and embryos However, at 30°C, typical summertime tempera- ture in Hong Kong, larvae developed rapidly, survivorshp was hgh, adults molted frequently, and a high percentage of individuals had developing ovanes and embryos. These results suggest that low winter temperature may be a limiting factor responsible for cessation of recruitment, whereas high summer temperature is unlikely to be the cause for the dechne in recruitment. Salinity produced sig- nificant detrimental effects on both survival and development at 510%. In the 15 to 35% S range, how- ever, none of the stages tested exhibited signs of stress. Salinity is a limiting factor for the survival and development of B. a. amphrh.te in Hong Kong only during mid-summer when salinity in the surface water can drop to below look.Exposing embryos to different salinities produced differential effects on larvae. -
Pre- and Post-Industrial Environmental Changes As Revealed by the Biogeochemical Sedimentary Record of Drammensfjord, Norway
Marine Geology 214 (2005) 177–200 www.elsevier.com/locate/margeo Pre- and post-industrial environmental changes as revealed by the biogeochemical sedimentary record of Drammensfjord, Norway R.H. Smittenberga,*, M. Baasa, M.J. Greenb, E.C. Hopmansa, S. Schoutena, J.S. Sinninghe Damste´a aRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Biogeochemistry and Toxicology, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands bDepartment of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Received 17 June 2003; received in revised form 29 September 2004; accepted 22 October 2004 Abstract The biogeochemical sedimentary record of the anoxic Drammensfjord, Norway, was investigated on a decadal to centennial time scale over the last millennium, in order to reconstruct the pre-industrial fjord environment and ecosystem and human- induced environmental changes. The sediments were dated by a combination of 14C and 210Pb analysis and varve counting. Analysis of the bulk sedimentary parameters and of the biomarker distribution revealed that the sedimentary organic matter of the fjord is primarily of terrigenous origin, indicating that the fjord was oligotrophic or mesotrophic. The fjord’s bottom water has been continuously euxinic since at least 1000 AD, but photic zone euxinia occurred only irregularly in the fjord. The organic matter flux and composition remained virtually invariable until the 18th century. After that time, the flux of material derived from coniferous trees started to increase, indicated by elevated concentrations of dehydroabietic acid and related compounds, but also by raising levels of C24 n-alcohols and fatty acids. This marked the onset of sawmill activities in the hinterland. -
A Sea Full of Civilization the Value of the Sea in Time and History
A Sea full of Civilization The Value of the Sea in Time and History Unit 1st: Myths and Culture regarding the Sea Did you know that… Sea was deified by various ancient cultures. In Etruscan Mythology we find God Nethuns, who was incorporated into Roman mythology and the Greek one by the gods Neptune and Poseidon respectively. They appear to have common symbols: trident, horses, dolphins etc. These deities were the beacon of inspiration for many artists, in world famous monuments, which have survived to this day, testifying the importance of the sea in civilization. Goals Become acquainted with the value of the sea through ancient myths To meet world monuments with reference to the gods Linguistic or deities of the sea Arts Create original texts and stories Environmental studies Material Images from the Annex Recommended Activities δρ Ερ Activity 1st: Introductory: Travelling…… on paper 2 teaching hours We observe the photos of the monuments (see the Photographs Appendix). We locate on a map of Europe where we can find them. As we can see the same mythological person has been the source of inspiration for many artists. Can we recognize this figure? It’s Poseidon, the descendant of Nethuns and Neptune. It’s the God of the Sea. Poseidon Activity 2nd: Let me introduce you to Poseidon! We ask from the children to bring information about the history of Poseidon, his symbols, as well as other mythical figures associated with the sea (for example, Nereids, Oceanids, and others). In the case of cooperative learning, we assign each group to find information regarding a separate aspect of the subject: History groups - symbols - Gods and Sea - monuments and sea etc. -
Utilizing the Mosaic of Neptune and Amphitrite to Identify Its Patron's
Title: Utilizing the Mosaic of Neptune and Amphitrite to Identify its Patron’s Status Author: Isabella Jasas-Montinaro Source: Prandium - The Journal of Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Fall, 2019). Published by: The Department of Historical Studies, University of Toronto Mississauga Stable URL: http://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/prandium/article/view/16211/ The House of Neptune and Amphitrite in Herculaneum displays one of the most eloquent and intact mosaics from the ancient world, preserved after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 (Figure 1), and is one of, “the best testimonies to the continuity of the art mosaic wall revetment from the Alexandrian and Roman periods to the Christian and Byzantine era”.1 The House of Neptune and Amphitrite is in the eastern part of the city, and is one of the few houses where the upper level has been preserved.2 The mosaic is found on the main floor, in the southeastern corner of the house, in a summer triclinium, depicting the sea god Neptune (otherwise known in the Greek world as Poseidon) standing beside his wife Amphitrite, a sea- goddess. 3 The mosaic from the House of Neptune and Amphitrite can inform us about the identity of the patron, based on: 1) the choice of depiction, 2) by looking at the construction details of the mosaic itself, 3) the context surrounding the mosaic, and 4) how the mosaic fits within public and private functions of a Roman house. While past scholarship elaborated on the aesthetic qualities of the mosaic, in order to identify the reason for this specific depiction and identify the status of the patron, I shall consider the importance of the historical context surrounding it.