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Laser Megajoule Fusion Par Confinement Inertiel JOURNEES X-ENS-UPS DE PHYSIQUE Ecole Polytechnique – 17-19/04/2013 Laser MegaJoule Fusion par confinement inertiel Guy Bonnaud (CEA/INSTN – Saclay) Le principe Le grand instrument Les processus physiques de la cible Les modèles physiques L’ingénierie de la cible Les expériences récentes Les perspectives L'inertiel conduit à un plasma en expansion réacteur à explosions Plasma chaud, sans contraintes externes (pas de champ magnétique) expansion forme sphérique (rayon R) 1/2 temps confinement : Vitesse acoustique : (KT e/m i) -3 1/2 = 10 c [KT e(keV)] Fusion nucléaire à 2 conditions : proba forte : K T > 5 keV autochauffage par α (Lawson) : L'expansion contraint la dynamique de combustion : fraction D-T brûlé : Gain : Conditions raisonnables : φ ⇒ ρ 2 KT = 10 keV, c = 0.3 R = 16 g/cm , G = 130 | 2 Non seulement chauffer comme en FCM mais aussi comprimer implosion Réacteur puissance moyenne électrique Pe = 1 GW Pth = 3 GW On imagine suite d'explosions indépendantes à 10 Hz Eth = 300 MJ /explosion Seuls n électrogènes : 10 20 n Ecn = 14 MeV φ Masse/explosion MDT = Eth /E n (mD+m T)/ c = 3.7 mg Ecα = 3.5 MeV ρ 3 Initialement sphère de DT à densité solide : 0 = 0.22 g/cm : R0 = 0.17 cm ρ ρ ( R) 0 DT initial << R allumage ⇒ ∝ ρ 3 ⇒ ρ ∝ ρ-2 compression nécessaire : MDT R constant R ρ 3 4 ρ Pour allumage DT : = 2200 g/cm = 10 solide ρ voisin cœur soleil (confinement gravitationnel) : ρ = 150 g/cm 3 NB : réactions de fusion non D-T mais 4 p + 2 e- 4 He + 2 n | 3 Reste à déterminer le piston ! Pour comprimer : particules massiques (accélérateur) ou photons (laser) Savoir-faire actuel de concentration, synchronisation, puissance impose le laser Quelle énergie laser et quel formattage spatio-temporel ? Energie > énergie thermique cible à l'allumage = 2.3 MJ 14 Temps < expansion plasma 1 keV : temps R0/cs = 4 ns puissance 7 10 W ρ Pression nécessaire > pression thermique KT/mDT : conditions non extrêmes : DT solide - 1 keV 84 Mbar ε 2 2 µ Avec onde EM : p = < 0E /2 + b /2 0> = I/c ⇒ 17 2 π 2 µ éclairement I = 3 10 W/cm forte focalisation I = P/ rf /4 rf = 140 m Tache focale << rayon cible cible non éclairée uniformément la pression de radiation ne peut être utilisée pour comprimer. Idée : chauffer l'extérieur de la cible pour comprimer Longueur d'onde laser : choix contraint par savoir-amplifier : 1 µm (laser solide) | 4 Cahier des charges pour essayer la FCI ! Construire un laser MJ / PW Eclairer uniformément une sphère millimétrique de DT Absorber l'énergie laser à la périphérie de la cible Comprimer de manière isotrope le DT Attaque directe : Attaque indirecte : Faisceaux lasers assurent Faisceaux lasers chauffent les parois internes l'isotropie éclairement cavité four à ray t X | 5 Histoire de la FCI marquée par des progrès des laser et des progrès de la physique 2010 2010 : campagne expériences NIF 2000 1990 1990 : allumage rapide (laser ultra-bref 1980 rajouté au laser principal) ces 1970 1978 : preuves de la FCI : exp Centurion-Halite (USA) 1972 : comprimer : 1 kJ breakeven (Nuckolls, LLNL) ers 1960 1968 : 1 n observés dans expériences Limeil (France), … (Russie) 1963 : FCI laser 1961 : laser 1950 base FCI | 6 Le grand instrument | 7 Le petawatt est la puissance de la décennie : pour la FCI et les UHI 10 16 LMJ NIF 10 14 Nova Novette Gekko XII Omega Shiva Upgrade Omega Phebus Argus Gekko MII Shenguang II durée ns 10 12 Gekko IV Iskra IV Cyclops Luli2000 durée ps Gekko II Janus T3 10 10 Long path Puissance laser (W) laser Puissance 10 8 10 6 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Année 1988 : principe de compression temporelle d'impulsion à dérive de fréquence (Mourou) impulsion 1 J / 1 ps = 1 TW accessible sur une table ! 2000 : impulsions 20 fs : 100 TW accessibles avec 2 J 2008 1 PW : Texas : 186 J/167 fs 2009 1 PW : Rochester 2009 : 1 kJ/1 ps, NIF 2009 : 1.8 MJ/15 ns 2015 : impulsions 20 fs – 200 J : 10 PW (laser Apollon sur plateau de Saclay) Une chaîne laser en quadruplet avec ampli multipassage + conversion 1 µµµm 0.35 µµµm + décorrélation Ampli principal : 4 passages Ampli puissance Oscillateur 1ω -9 Filtrage 10 J -3 P 10 J spatial Pockels quad : 4 x (40 cm 2) 10 ns t Fluence : 15-25 J/cm 2 Miroirs ∆λ/λ = 10 -3 0 Fluence : 7-15 J/cm 2 hublot λ 0 enceinte 2ω 3ω Trajet faisceau : 1500 m foc f/8 dont 2 m dans verre réseau doubleur tripleur réseau diffraction KDP KDP lame de diffraction phase focalisant Tache focale : surintensités x 50 fixes Eclatement en 10 4 "speckles" scintillants m µ Lissage taille 8 x 0.35 µm 600 600 | 9 De nombreuses chaînes en parallèle et propagation de l'impulsion laser sujet à effets non-linéaires Energies en jeu : 400 MJ électrique 4 MJ en rayonnement IR 2 MJ en UV NIF (2009) : 48 quads LMJ : 20 quads (2014) ; 40 quads ns + 16 quads ps (2018) Propagation laser entravée par effets NL dans air et solide (effet Kerr) Dans amplis solide : théorie int n laser-solide (sans défaut) prédit seuil dégat : 10 11 W/cm 2 Dégats observés à 3 10 9 W/cm 2 dûs à défauts ou auto-focalisation Bercegol, CEA (2008) | 10 Deux grands instruments de classe MJ 10 5 m3 bâtiment laser 10 3 m3 chambre d'exp ces 10 -6 m3 cible LMJ – Bordeaux (FR) NIF – Livermore (CA-USA) 4 G€ pour 4 MJ 1000 €/J Projet NIF-LMJ : 1.8 MJ en lumière UV 86 g chocolat amer à cuire (5 kcal/g) si digestion 30 min, puissance ingérée 10 3 Watts C'est la puissance laser qui coûte ! ½ ampli pour 2 quads | 11 La chambre d'expériences de 140 tonnes entourant de vide une cible de 1 cm Chambre d’expérience LMJ (Alu + béton épaisseur 40 cm)) Cible en attaque indirecte : 2 paquets de faisceaux lasers, chacun constitué de 2 couronnes cible 23.5° 30° 45° 50° | 12 Peu d'installations ont un programme FCI : 2 avec > 1 MJ, 5 > 10 kJ Rendement lasers FCI améliorés : 1990 0.1 % 2010 1 % Oxford Bordeaux Sarov Livermore Rochester Osaka Shanghai | 13 La FCI est une des applications multiples de l'interaction laser-matière 10 22 10 20 Ultra-hautes intensités 10 18 16 ) 10 2 FCI e- liés par 10-100 eV 10 14 Ionisation gaz rare (W/cm 10 12 Durcissement 10 10 par choc Ionisation solide e- liés par 1 eV 10 8 Photoablation Eclairement Perçage 10 6 Régime Soudage 4 10 thermo- Durcissement élastique superficiel 10 2 1 10 -12 10 -11 10 -10 10 -9 10 -8 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 Durée (s) | 14 La cible | 15 La cible FCI est une coquille de DT solide enrobée de plastique Cible permettant l'allumage : π 2∆ ρ π 3 ρ masse DT = 4 R r sol + 4 /3 R gaz = (2.12+0.011) mg Cible cryogénique (20 K) Plastique 0.04 mm – ρ = 1 g/cc DT cryo 0.2 mm – ρ = 0.22 g/cc DT gaz 1.76 mm – ρ = 5 10 -4 g/cc Attaque directe : 0.35 µm photon UV : hν = 3 eV Attaque indirecte : laser chauffe paroi Or corps noir KT = 300 eV (rdt conversion laser X : 85 % Approche privilégiée pour les 1 e expériences | 16 Vision globale de l'interaction laser-plasma et du comportement la cible | 17 Eclairer la cible induit en périphérie de la cible : ionisation + chauffage e- t = 0 t = qq ps Scénario 23 -3 10 cm attaque directe e e Expansion Onde laser Densité e-Densité n liés e-Densité n libres Rayon Rayon Dès 1 e picosecondes, ionisation de la coquille de plastique : e- libres ces e- oscillent dans l'onde et collisionnent avec ions : isotropisation énergie cin. : chauffage par Bremsstrahlung inverse : plasma 1 keV e- libres et chauds sortant dans le vide mais la charge d'espace les rappelent ⇒ e- tirent ions : ablation plastique (= ablateur) ⇒ expansion de l'ensemble e-+ions à vitesse acoustique µ λ Interaction laser-plasma en volume : L n = cs t Ln( m) = 220 t(ns) >> 0 | 18 Le plastique devient un miroir absorbant plus efficace aux courtes longueurs d'onde fréquence coll ns e-i Relation dispersion onde EM transverse : pulsation plasma Opacité : Transparence : onde laser évanescente onde laser propagative ω ω ⇒ 0 > pe ne/nc < 1 ω π λ ⇒ 21 λ 2 µ 0 = 2 c/ 0 ne<nc = 10 / 0 ( m) Transport thermique Chauffage e - vers densités élevées Absorption par e- : 0.1-1 nc e Chauffage i Chauffage ionique e i : Onde laser ⇒ nc 1 ns Te > T i Absorption par BI n n Densité e-Densité n Couronne e c n /4 λ c élevé diminuer 0 Rayon | 19 Le transport thermique vers l'intérieur alimente l'ablation du plastique et crée un choc ε 2 Pression de radiation : Prad = 0E0 /2 = 0.03 I 14 (Mbar) << pression d'ablation : Pabl =nsol .KT croissant jusqu'à 130 Mbar Conduction thermique électronique chauffe le plastique opaque ablation centrifuge (vitesse externe d'expansion) + choc centripète (vitesse interne du plasma sous choc) nc ρ Problème : 1 choc (pression p) passant sur plasma ( 0,immobile, pression p 0) donne : ρ ρ max = 4 0 quelle que soit la pression appliquée ρ ρ γ-1 alors qu'une pression isentropique conduirait à / 0 = (p/p 0) Astuce : suite de chocs lancés à instants successifs : se rattrapent au centre la cible | 20 Dynamique simulée d'une implosion sphérique avec éclairement laser croissant(t) Dynamique des contours de maille enfermant une masse constante Rayon (mm) Font d'ablation 0 1 2 3 30 25 ns : onde choc atteint centre cible, 2/3 Ecin coquille chauffage ρ DT = 200, KT = 5 keV, P = (n e + nD+n T)KT = 770 Gbar (rd t hydro : Ecin/Elas = 15 %) 20 ns : suite de choc : DT accéléré jq v = c/1000 20 imp 90 % plastique ablaté, 1.35 MJ absorbé, RDT /2 15 ns : choc débouche du DT solide : gaz DT est alors à 1 eV seulement Temps (ns) Temps 10 ablation centrifuge + choc centripète 0 12 15 10 10 DT gaz Plaser (W) Energie fusion libérée : 100 MJ Onde laser Gain : 65 | 21 Profils de densité, température montrent au final un point de DT chaud entouré de DT plus froid
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