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Europe for Inertial Confinement Fusion EuropeEurope forfor InertialInertial ConfinementConfinement FusionFusion Technology Watch Workshop on IFE-KIT Madrid March 22, 2010 Jiri Ullschmied Association EURATOM IPP.CR PALS Research Centre, a joint laboratory of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic www.pals.cas.cz Paper Layout State of the art - where are we now Lasers on the path to fusion National Ignition Facility Indirect drive / direct drive European lasers, LMJ Coordinated European effort in the laser research Various ignition scenarios - EU KIT contributions SWOT Summary State of the art - where are we now Steadily increasing progress in laser technology since 1960, lasers becoming the most dynamic field of physical research in the last decade. Megajoule and multi-PW lasers have become reality, laser beam focused intensity has been increased up to 1022 W/cm2 (Astra, UK). Last-generation high-power lasers - an unmatched tool for high-energy density physical research and potential fusion drivers. High-energy lasers worldwide Lasers on the path to Fusion Max output energy of single beam systems (Nd-glass, iodine, KrF) in the 1-10 kJ range, while EL > 1 MJ is needed for central ignition => multi-beam laser systems. Various fast ignition schemes are have been proposed, which should decrease the required energy by an order of magnitude. History and future of IFE lasers HiPER Three main tasks demonstrate ignition and burn demonstrate high energy gain develop technology for an IFE power plant Ignition to be demonstrated at NIF (2010?) and LMJ lasers. The natural next step: HiPER. National Ignition Facility NIF is a culmination of long line of US Nd-glass laser systems Nova, OMEGA and NIF shot rates measured in shots/day. For ICF new DPSSL high-repetition rate laser technology is needed. 25kJ UV Various NIF ignition NIF scenarios 1.8 MJ UV 192 beams NIF Status Project started 1997 NIF chamber interior Design altered and budget revised 2000 Building commisioned 2008 April 13, 2009: DOE announces NIF completion NIF building (May 2009) .. and exterior September 2009: Target experiments with all the 192 beams January 28, 2010 Ed Moses says: ”NIF has shown that it can consistently deliver the energy required to conduct ignition experiments later in this year”. Possible CI scenarios: • Spherical Indirect Drive • Tetrahedral Indirect Drive • Direct drive Indirect-drive ICF Spherical Hohlraum Cylindrical Hohlraum NIF indirect drive configurations (by Steve Hahn, LLNL) The Hohlraum scheme Symmetrical compression simulation Direct-drive ICF Direct irradiation of 2-mm-diameter capsules with a central volume of D-T gas, a frozen D-T solid-fuel layer, and an outer ablator layer. Expected gains ~ 3 - 8 times higher than for the indirect drive. Realization: Years 2012-13 NIF direct drive configuration (by Steve Hahn, LLNL) Target physics Different target structures and compositions to achieve optimum symmetric compression LLNL target designs have been validated in cooperation with laser physicists in Great Britain and France and Germany. Le laser Megajoule Similarly as NIF in the USA, LMJ will be a culmination of a long line of EU high-power lasers, with HiPER as the LULI VULCAN ASTERIX next step. FR: ILP Institut Lasers et Plasma LULI 2000 PALS ALISE (Activité Laser ImpulSionnel pour les Etudes) 200 J IR LIL - Ligne d’Intégration VULCAN-PW PHELIX GSI Laser 9.5 kJ, UV RAL CLF PETAL (PETavatt Aquitaine Laser) PW-LIL 30 kJ LMJ 240 beams, 2 MJ HiPER LMJ Status Target parameters: 2 MJ UV Project: 1999 Demonstration of an engineering prototype (LIL) 2003 2006 Construction started: March 2003 The building commissioned 2008 240 beams performance ? The nominal characteristics of the Megajoule laser have been already LMJ chambre (2006) obtained on a LIL beam: 15 kJ per beam, 7.5 kJ in UV LMJ building (Feb 2008) LMJ chambre (2008) EU laser laboratories – long tradition of collaboration LASERLAB-EUROPE 2 www.laserlab-europe.eu UKAEA IPPLM IPP-CZ IPP CEA KFKI IST ENEA CIEMAT EURATOM-KIT http://www.ife-kit.eu Coordinated European effort in ICF research There is a strongly interconnected European community of researchers with vast experience in experimental, theoretical and numerical studies of high-power laser interactions with matter. They have long-time experience with running large user facilities, including lasers, targets chambers and diagnostics, and developed broad range of methods for diagnostics of laser- target interaction and of laser-produced plasmas. Many experiments have been proposed by European theorists and guided by the numerical simulations they performed. In particular, researchers from 16 laboratories of 9 EU countries are carrying out high- quality collaborative research on IFE within the framework of EURATOM Keep-in-Touch Activities: CR IPP.CR + IOP ASCR PALS TW iodine laser France CEA-LULI, CELIA, LPGP & TRAMIS LULI100TW, LULI2000 Germany IPP-GSI & MPQ PHELIX, ATLAS, LWS, PFS UK As. UKAEA - RAL VULCAN, Astra-Gemini Hungary HAS KFKI-RMKI KrF laser Italy As. ENEA ABC laser Poland As. IPPLM Nd ps laser Portugal IST-GOLP TW laser Spain As. CIEMAT- DENIM, GIFI & ULPG (where the participation of CR, Hungary and Poland is intentionally emphasized) Paths to sub-MJ ICF ignition The aim of the various ignition scenarios suggested up to now is to decrease the required laser energy by separating the pellet compression from the ignition. by M. Dunn, IFSA 2009 Fast-ignition scenarios electron ignition ion ignition impact ignition other alternative schemes Substantial contribution by IFE KIT partners Electron fast ignition In the original version of the electron fast-ignition scenario the drive laser beams compress the fuel attached to a tiny Au-cone, then a PW-laser beam generates high-energy electrons at the cone tip, the electrons transport the energy to the compressed plasma core creating a hot spot, which ignites the fuel. KIT 2007-9 Simulations: Studies of electron transport in a compressed fuel (UKAEA-RAL UK, CEA-LULI France). Generation and transport of fast electrons produced by laser interaction with a gold double cone target (CEA-CELIA France, CIEMAT-UPM Spain). Cone burn symmetry, electron source and energy deposition studies (CEA- CELIA, UKAEA-RAL, IST Portugal) Cone burn symmetry Related KIT experiments: Laser energy conversion and dense plasma heating (RAL, IST + USA, Japan) Laser energy absorption at FI-relevant intensities (LULI, CELIA) Fast electron interaction in solid-density plasmas (IC, RAL, LULI, CELIA+ USA) Laser interaction with cone and reversed cone targets (PALS CR, IPPLM PL, DENIM Spain). Generation of mono-energetic electron beams (MPQ). Reversed cone Ion fast ignition FI based on a beam of quasi-monoenergetic ions (protons or heavier ions) has the advantage of a more localized energy deposition, which minimizes the required total beam energy, bringing it close to the ≈10 kJ minimum required for fuel densities ~500 g/cm3 (J.C.Fernandez et al., Nucl.Fus. 2009). KIT 2007-9 Simulations: Simulations and analytical modelling of penetration of high intensity laser pulses in plasma due to ponderomotive acceleration of ions in the forward direction – CEA France + GSI Germany Transport and stopping of intense particle beams in plasmas - LPGP France Related KIT experiments: Isochoric heating of matter by laser-accelerated high-energy protons, heating of matter by 20-MeV laminar proton beam – LULI France Proton acceleration with Phelix laser – GSI Germany Ion acceleration by circularly polarized laser pulses - MPQ Garching Current records: 8% conversion efficiency of laser energy into protons >4 MeV (Roth et al, Vulcan PW) >1 % conversion efficiency to of laser energy to C ions (MPQ Garching) (a) Concept J.J. Honrubia et al., PoP 16 (2009) (b) Experiment A. Henig et al., PRL 103 (2009) Shock ignition SI = improved central ignition. The basic idea of SI is to ignite the target by means of a strong convergent shock launched in the target at the end of the compression phase and prior to the final stagnation of the fuel at the target centre. The shock could be produced by a final intense spike in the laser pulse. The SI concept is relatively immune to asymmetry issues, seems to reduce the Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth. For the HiPER scale: 250 ps window for spike launch, 160 TW, 60 kJ, 250- 280 km/ s shock velocity, fusion yield > 20 MJ (Ribeyre et al. PPCF 2009; G. Schurtz et al. IFSA 2009) KIT 2007-9 Simulations: CHIC code 1-D and 2-D shock ignition simulations for HiPER irradiation geometry - CEA-CELIA 2-D Vlasov-Fokker-Planck-Landau model of Electron transport in SI pulse - CEA-CELIA, UKAEA Related KIT experiments: A strong experimental evidence that such a converging shock front indeed can be generated by short pulses - collaborative work of MPQ, BL-Imperial College and Ludwig-Maxm.Uni. Munich (J. Schreiber). Current SI-relevant experiments on shocks produced on planar targets by a pair of laser pulses at PALS by D. Batani, Universita di Milano- Bicocca, with theoretical support by G. Schurtz, CELIA. Impact ignition The fast ignition could be achieved by impact of an accelerated high-velocity macroparticle (small flyer plate, part of the pellet shell, plasma ball) onto a highly compressed DT target. A simple gain model (M. Murakami and H. Nagatomo, NIM 2005) indicated that a high gain of the order of 100 is possible at the total driver energy less than a few 100 kJ. An advantage of the IF concept is that, due to large length of acceleration, it permits to cumulate kinetic energy into projectile relatively slowly. A crucial milestone for the impact ignition is to demonstrate impact- compressed densities 100 g/cm3 in addition to high implosion velocities 108 cm/s. Laser macroparticle acceleration schemes • Ablative acceleration (the rocket effect, M. Murakami, 2005) • Reversed Acceleration Scheme (A. Kasperzuk, 2008) • Laser Induced Cavity Pressure Acceleration (J.
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