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CONTENTS

List of Illustrations xiii Preface XV

General Introduction 1

PART ONE. BOOMING METROPOLIS

1· The Metropolitan Panorama 9

وإ (Jules Laforgue,: ế Court and the City (1887 .1

2. Wilhelm Loesche,Berlin North (1890) 16

3. Mark Twain , ằ German Chicago (1892) 17

4. Heinrich Schackow,Berolina : A Metropolitan Aesthetic (1896) 19

5. Alfred Kerr,Berlin and (1896) 25

6. Alfred Kerr,I Transformation ofPotsdamer Strasse (1895» 1897) 27

7. Max Osborn, I Destruction ofBerliti (1906) 30

8. Werner Sombart, Vienna (1907) 31

وو (Robert falser,Good Morning, Giantess! (1907 .9 10. August Endell,l e Beauty ofthe Great City (1908) 35

11. Oscar Bie,Life Story ofa Street (1908) 41

12. ,Friedrichstrasse (1909) 41

13. Max Weber,speechfor a Discussion (1910) 44

14. VorwartSt [Town Hall Tower Panorama】 (1902) 44

15. Ernst Bloch,Berlin, Southern City (1915-16) 46

2· Building and Regulating the Metropolis 49 16. Theodor Goecke,Traffic loroughfares and Residential Streets (1893) 52 17. Rudolf Adickes,l e Need for Spacious Building Programs in City Expansions and the Legal and Technical Means to Accomplish l i s (1895) 18. Vorwärts, [Deforestation around Berlin】 (1908) 57 19. Die Bank, [Speculation in ](1910-11) 57 20. p. A. A. [Philip A. Ashworth],Berlin (1911) 59 21. Walter Lewitz, Architectural Notes on the Universal Urban Planning Exhibition, Berlin (1911) 62

22. Various authors, ế Greater Berlin Competition 1910: 1 Prize-Winning Designs with Explanatory Report (1911) 64

٠ƒ Greater Berlin and The Greater Berlin Cornelius Gurlitt,Review .23 Competition 1910(1911) 69

24. Sigmund Schott, I Agglomeration ofCities in the German Empire: 1871-1910 (1912) 72

25. Patrick Abercrombie,Berlin: Its Growth and Present State (1914) 73

Production. Commerce,and Consumption 77 .ؤ

26. Georg Simmel, I Berlin Trade Exhibition (1896) 80

27. Albert Hoffmann, I Wertheim Department Store in Leipziger Strasse (1898) 84 28. Robert Walser.Aschirtgess (1907) 88

29. Karl Scheffler,I Retail Establishment (1907) 91

30. Leo Colze, I Department Stores ofBerlin (1908) 94 31. Erich Kohrer. Berlin Department Store : A Novelfrom the World City (1909) 97

32. Karl Schefster,Peter Behrens (1913) 98

33. Karl Ernst Osthaus, I Display Window (1913) 101 34. Paul Westheim,Nordstern: I New Administration Building in Berlin-Schöneberg (1915) 104

4. Public Transport and Infrastructure 107

35. Anonymous, I Concourse ofthe Anhalter Station (1880) 111 36. Alfred Kerr. New and Beautiful!—Biilowstrasse? (1900) 112

37. Richard Peterson,I Traffic Problems Inherent in Large Cities and the Means ofSolving Im (1908) 115

38. Karl Scheffler, The Elevated Railway and Aesthetics (1902) 118 39. August Endell,ế Beauty ofthe Great City (1908) 122

40. Anonymous, I Northern Loop: A Journey on the Ring Railway (1913) 125

41. Peter Behrens , I Influence ofTime and space Utilization on Modern D esign (1914) 127

42. Karl Ernst Osthaus, ๒ Railway Station (1914) 129

5. The Proletarian City 134 43. l o d o r Goecke,I Working-Class Tenement Block in Berlin (1890) 137 44. Otto von Leixner,Letter Eight: A Suburban Street in New (1891) 143

45. Heinrich Albrecht,I Working-Class Tenement Buildings ofthe Berlin Savings and Building Society (1898) 145

46. Alice Salomon,A Clubfor Young Working Women in Berlin (1903) 148 47. Werner Sombart,Domesticity (1906) 1ร 0

4ร. Albert Südekum,Impoverished Berlin Dwellings4 edding (1908) 153 49. Clara Viebig Our Daily Bread (1907) 157 50. Karl Scheffler. ế Tenement Block (1911) 158 51. Käthe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 16 April 1912 163 52. Max Jacob,From Apartment House to Mass Apartment House (1912) 164 53. Victor Noack,HousingandMorality (1912) 167

6. Public Realm and Popular Culture 172

54. Paul Lindau, Unter den Linden (1892) 176 55. AnonymousI New Prisonfor Berlin at (1900) 179 56. Alfred Kerr, In the New Reichstag (1900) 180

57. Freisinnige Zeitung, [A Military Parade】 (1900) 181

58. Berliner Tageblatt) [A Sunday in Berlin】 (1903) 182

$9. Hans Ostwald ,Berlin Coffeehouses (c. 1905) 183

60. Brüstlein, I RudolfVirchow Hospital in Berlin (1907) 187 61. Jules Huret,Bruno Schmitz) ((Rheingold**for Aschinger (1909) 189

62. Anonymous,New Buildings Plannedfor Museum Island, Berlin (1910) 190 63. Wilhelm Bode, Alfred MesseVs Plansfor the New Buildings ofthe Royal Museums in Berlin (1910) 192

64. Paul Westheim,Ludwig Hoffmann) School Buildings in Berlin (1911) 193

65. Max Wagenführ, I Admirals Palace and Its Bathing Pools (1912) 196

66. Fritz Stahl (pseud. Siegfried Lilienthal) , I Berlin City Hall (1912) 199

67. Else Lasker-Schüler, I Two White Benches Ơ„ the Kurfürstendamm (1913) 200

68. Bruno Taut, I Problem ofBuilding an House (1914) 201

Anonymous [Joseph Adler?] , ! O p e n in g of the Tauentzien .وي Palace Café (1914) 204

7. The Bourgeois City 206

70· , I Treibel Villa (1892) 210

71. Alfred Kerr,Herr SehringBuilds a later Dream (189$) 211

72. Alfred Kerr, up and Down the Avenues (1898) 212 73. Walther Rathenau,ế Most Beautiful City in the World (1899) 214

74. Alfred Kerr,New Luxury, Old Squalor (1900) 217

75. Hermann Muthesius,le Modern Country Home (1905) 218 76. Edmund Edel, Berlin w. (1906) 221 ودد (Max Creutz, Town Hall (1906 .77

7ร. Max Creutz, I New Kempiński Building (1907) 225 79. Maximilian Rapsilber,Hotel Adlon (1907) 229 80. Robert Walser,Berlin w. (1910) 230

81· Robert Walser,I Little Berlin Girl (1909) 232 82. Walter Lehwess, l e Design Competitionfor Riidesheimer Platz (1912) 237

83. Wilhelm Borchard, ๒ Picnic Season (1914) 239 84. Paul Westheim.Building Boom (1917) 242 8. The Green Outdoors

85. Wilhelm Bölsche,Beyond the Metropolis (1901) 86. Heinrich Hart, Statutes of the German Garden City Association (1902) 87. Hans Kampffmeyer, I Garden City and Its Cultural and Economic Significance (1906-7)

88. Heinrich Pudor,I Peoples Park in Greater Berlin (1910) 89. Karl Ernst Osthaus, Garden City and City Planning (1911)

90. Anonymous,lietzensee-Park in Charlottenburg (1912)

91. Hannes Miillerseld ,Down with the Garden City! (1914)

92. Max Osborn, I Fairy-Tale Fountain in the , Berlin (1914)

(Paul Westheim, Workers) Housing Estate at Staaken (1915 .وو

94. Martin Wagner , Urban Open-Space Policy (1915)

95. Bruno Taut, Ề Garden Suburb near Berlin (1919-20)

AND THE CITY ا PART TWO. WORLD WAR 9. City in Crisis 96. Bruno Taut,A Necessity (1914)

97· Vorwärts, [War or Not】 (1914)

98. General Gustav von Kessel,Berlin in a State of War: Proclamation ofthe Commander-in-Chief in the Marches (1914)

99. H. B·,[War Fever in Berlin,August 1914】

(Berliner Tageblatt, [Berlin Potato Shortage】 (1915 ...إ 101. AnonymousCompetition for Greater Berlin Architects (1916) 102. Berliner Tageblatt, Demonstration in Berlin (1918)

103. Friedrich Bauermeister,On the Great City (1918)

104. Walter Gropius, ๒ New Architectural Idea (1919)

105• Leopold Bauer,I Economic Unsustainability ofthe Large City (1919) 10. Critical Responses

106. Paul Wolf, ế Basic Layout ofthe New City (1919)

107• Bruno Taut,I City Crown (1919) 108. Otto Bartning Church Architecture Today (1919) 109. Peter Behrens and Heinrich de Fries, On Low-Cost Building (1919) 110. Käthe Kollwitz. Diary Entry, 11 September 1919 111. Hermann Muthesius, Small House and Small-Scale Housing Development (1920)

PART THREE. WELTSTADTmm\NORlO CITY 11. Planning the World City

112. Martin Mächler , l e Major Population Center and Its Global Importance (1918) 113• Bruno Mohring, On the Advantages ofTower Blocks and the Conditions under Which l e y Could Be Built in Berlin (1920) 324 114. Siegfried Kracauer, On Skyscrapers (1921) 326

ودو (Martin Mächler ,On the Skyscraper Problem (1920-21 .115

116. ,IfBerlin Were to Build Skyscrapers : Proposals for Easing the Housing Shortage (1921) 332

117■ Adolf Behne, ầ e Competition ofthe Skyscraper Society (1922-23) 334

118. Egon Erwin Kisch ,I Impoverishment and Enrichment ofthe Berlin Streets (1923) 336

119. Ernst Kaeber,Ề Metropolis as Home (1926) 337

120. Karl Scheffler,Berlin Fifty Yearsfrom Now : Perspectives on One ofthe Worlds Great Cities (1926) 340

121. Martin Wagner ,Werner Hegemann, and Heinrich Mendelssohn , Should Berlin Build Skyscrapers? (1928) 344

122. Martin Wagner and Adolf Behne , l e New Berlin-World City (1929) 347 123. Martin Wagner ,๒ Design Problem of a City Squarefor a Metropolis: I Competition ofthe «Verkehr** Companyfor the Remodeling of Alexanderplatz (1929) 349

124. Max Berg, I Platz der Republik in Berlin (1930) 352

125. Werner Hegemann ,Berlin, City ofStone: ế History ofthe Largest Tenement City in the World (1930) 353 126. ,Л Jacobin ofOur Time: On Werner HegemanrCs Das steinerne Berlin 3ร 8 127. Hannes Küpper,I **Provinces** and Berlin (1931) 363

128. ,speech at Foundation-Stone Ceremony ofthe Faculty ofDefense Studies, Berlin (1937) 365

12. Berlin Montage 367 129. Kathe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 25 January 1919 370

130. , *,Berlin! Berlini*) (1919) 371

131. “Sling” (pseud. Paul Schlesinger) , l e Telephone (1921) 374 132. Käthe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 1 May 1922 375

133. Friedrich Kroner,Overstretched Nerves (1923) 375 134. Adolf Hitler, My Struggle (1926) 376

135. Joseph Roth,I Wanderingjew (1927) 378 136. Ernst Bloch, Berlin after Two Years (1928) 379 137. Alfred Döblin,Berlin (1928) 381

138. Franz Hessel ,I Learn : Via Neukölln to (1929) 386

139. Carl Zuckmayer, I Berlin Woman (1929) 390 140. Moritz Goldstein, I Metropolis ofthe Little People (1930) 391 141. Karl Scheffler, Berlin: A City Transformed (1931) 392 142. Siegfried Kracauer, TheNew Alexanderplatz (1932) 397 143. Siegfried Kracauer,Locomotive over Friedrichstrasse (1933) 400 144. Jean Giraudoux,Berlin, Not ! (1931)

145. Ernst Erich Noth, l e Tenement Barracks (1931) 146. Siegfried Kracauer,^ Section ofFriedrichstrasse (1932)

147• Gabriele Tergit (pseud. Elise Reifenberg) ,Home is the 75 (or the 78) (1930) 148. Christopher Isherwood, ABerlin Diary (Winter 1932-33) 13· Work

149. Alfred Döblin,General Strike in Berlin (1922)

150. Ludwig Hilberseimer,Buildingsfor the Metropolis (1925)

151. Franz Hessel ,On Work (1929)

152. Peter Panter (pseud. Kurt Tucholsky) ,Hang on a Moment! (1927)

153. Fritz Stahl (pseud. Siegfried Lilienthal) ,l e Klingenberg Power Station at Berlin- (1928)

154. Hermann Schmitz ,Introduction to Siemensbauten (1928)

155. Egon Erwin Kisch ,Berlin at Work (1927) 156. Anonymous,A New High-Rise Building in Berlin: Architect Peter Behrens (1931) 157. , Gilgi—One ofUs (1931)

158. Else Lasker-Schüler,I spinning World Factory (1932) 159. Hans Fallada, Little Man, What Now? (1933)

160. Herbert Rimpi and Hermann Mäckler ,A German Aircraft Factory: l e Heinkel Works in Oranienburg (1938) 14. Commodities and Display

161. Alfred Döblin,Berlin Christmas (1923)

162. Alfred Gellhorn,Advertising and the Cityscape (1926) 163. Gerta-Elisabeth ^iele, ế Shop Window (1926)

164. Peter Panter (pseud. Kurt Tucholsky) , I Loudspeaker (1927)

165. Hans Cürlis,Night and the Modern City (1928)

166. Hugo Häring,Illuminated Advertising and Architecture (1928)

167. Joseph Roth, I Really Big Department Store (1929) 168. A lfredldem eyeT ) Berlin^ Latest Department Store (1929)

169. Ludwig Hilberseimer,๒ Modern Commercial Street (1929)

170. Alfons Paquet,City and Province (1929) 15· Housing

171. Fritz Schumacher, I Small Apartment (1919)

172. Kurt Tucholsky,150 Kaiserallee (1920)

173• Bruno Taut, ế New Home: Woman as Creative spirit (1924)

174• Martin Wagner , Vienna—Berlin : Housing Policies Compared (1925)

175• Ludwig tlilberseimer,On Standardizing the Tenement Block (1926) 176. Leo Adler, Housing Estates in the Britz District ofBerlin (1927)

177• Walter Gropius,Large Housing Estates (1930)

178. Werner Hegemann ,Berlin and World Architecture: On the Berlin Building Exhibition (1931) 179• Martin Wagner ,Administrative Reform (1931) 491 180. Ilse Reicke, Women and Building (1931) 493 181. Siegfried Kracauer,Building Exhibition in the East (1931) 495

182. Heinz-Willi Jüngst ,Housingfor Contemporaries (1932) 497 183. Gottfried Feder, I German Housing Development Board (1934) 500

184. Herbert Hoffmann,I Residential Estate on Berlin’s Große Leegestrasse (1936) 502

185. Anonymous, l e Construction ofCommunities on the Basis of the People, the Land, and the Landscape (1940) 504

16. Mass and Leisure 508

186. Bruno Taut,On New !ea ters (1919) 512

187. Egon Erwin Kisch ,Elliptical Treadmill (1919) 514

188. Adolf Behne,Großes Schauspielhaus, Scalapalast (1928) 518

189. Siegfried Kracauer,Rollercoaster Ride (1921) 520

190. Berliner Börsen-Courier,[Cinema] (1923) 521 191. Alfred Flechtheim, Gladiators (1926) 522

192. Gerhard Krause, ế German Stadium and sport Forum (1926) 524

193. Matheo Quinz,I Romanische Café (1926) 525 194. Hans Poelzig, l e Capitol Cinema (1926) 528

195. J-S,Review of Walther Ruttmann*s Film Berlin: Symphony of a Great City(1927) 529 196. Leo Hirsch, Cinemas (1927) 530

197• Billy Wilder,Berlin Rendezvous (1927) 533

198. Siegfried Kracauer, Under Palm Trees (1930) 534

199. Curt Moreck (pseud. Konrad Haemmerling) ,A Guide to «Licentious*) Berlin (1931) 537

200. Siegfried Kracauer,Radio Station (1931) 540 201. Hermann Sinsheimer, Boxing Ring (1931) 543

202. Siegfried Kracauer,Berlin as a Summer Resort (1932) 546

203. Werner March , I Buildings ofthe National sport Arena (1936) 548 17· Technology and Mobility 204. Friedrich Krause and Fritz Hedde, Swinemiinder Bridge (1922) 20$. Berliner Tageblatt, [Cycling in Berlin] (1923) 206. Joseph Roth,Declaration to the Gleisdreieck (1924)

207. Ignaz Wrobel (pseud. Kurt Tucholsky) ,Berlin Traffic (1926)

208. Billy Wilder,Nighttime Joyride over Berlin (1927) 209. Bernard von Brentano, ๒ Pleasure of Motoring (c. 1928)

210. Vicki Baum,Grand Hotel (1929)

211. Siegfried Kracauer,Proletarian Rapid Transit (1930)

212. Peter Panter (pseud. Kurt Tucholsky) , Traffic Passing over the House (1931)

213. Siegfried Kracauer, ế Cult of the Automobile (1931)

214. Siegfried Kracauer,On Board the 1* Flier**: special Press Trip, Berlin to Hamburg (1933) 215. E. Neumann ,Object—Subject (1934)

216. Anonymous,I Intercontinental Airport at Tempelhof (1938)

217. Jakob Werlin / Albert Speer,On the Autobahns of the Reich (1938)

218. Hans Stephan , ế Autobahn (1939) 18. From Berlin to Germania

219. Siegfried Kracauer,Screams on the Street (1930) 220. Irmgard Keun, I Artificial Silk Girl (1932) 221. Heinrich Hauser, I Flood ofHumanity at Tempelhof (1933)

222. Joseph Goebbels,Berlin Awakes (1934)

223. Herbert Hoffmann,I Air Ministry Building (1936)

224. Adolf Hitler,I Buildings ofthe I r d Reich (1937) 225. Anonymousế New Berlin Cityscape (1938)

226• Adolf Hitler,speech at the Topping-Out Ceremonyfor the New Reich Chancellery (1938)

227. Hans Stephan ,Berlin (1939) 228. Albert Speer,Replanning the Capital of the Reich (1939)

229. Adolf Hitler, Table Talk (1941)

Acknowledgments Photo Credits Index