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Conceptualising Paradise: Genre and Ecology in the Works of John Milton

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Conceptualising Paradise: Genre and Ecology in the Works of John Milton View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository CONCEPTUALISING PARADISE: GENRE AND ECOLOGY IN THE WORKS OF JOHN MILTON by ELIZABETH MARY COOK A thesis submitted for the fulfilment of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of English School of English, Drama, American and Canadian Studies College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham January 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis adopts a combined interdisciplinary approach to the established practice of reading John Milton ecocritically, arguing that there is a distinct ‘longing for paradise’ in Milton’s works that is inextricably bound up in a sense of ecological awareness. It takes as its chief focus Milton’s re- working of the paradise trope, arguing that approaching Milton’s works from the dual perspectives of both genre studies and ecocritical studies provides new interpretations about Milton’s overall portrayal of the Garden of Eden. It proposes a reconsideration of some of the more traditionally associated genres, such as the pastoral and the Hexameron, and argues for the inclusion of other, understudied genres, including the burgeoning discipline of early modern geography and the medieval dream vision genre. I argue that this more traditional exploration of genre is ultimately heavily informed by Milton’s historical environmental context. I assert that Milton’s use of this context is evidence of a burgeoning ecological awareness on his part that manifests itself particularly through his use of nationalistic language and expression. Approaching the concept of a longing for paradise in Milton’s works from this binary approach, I demonstrate that there are still new ways of thinking about Milton’s representation of Paradise in an ecocritical light, bringing something new to Milton studies. Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my dear brother, James, who passed away suddenly during the course of this PhD. Everything I do, I do for you. I hope you have found Paradise. James Robert Geoffrey Cook, 15.12.93 - 16.03.17. Acknowledgments To say this has been a difficult journey would be an understatement. To that end, I have many people to thank. Firstly my parents, Liz and Chris, whose strength inspires me every day, and to my late brother James, for always believing in me and for reminding me to always look for the light in the dark. To my aunts, Caroline and Cathy, whose sheer determination and work ethic continues to amaze me. To my grandparents, my godfather Adrian and to my aunts Sam, Heather and Sandra, to my stepmother Gill and to my cousins Grace, Jensen, and Kit for their love. To my mum in particular for her unwavering support and comfort, her belief in me, and for being a source of strength and light when I had none. To the most wonderful friends (some of them fellow PhD candidates): Sophie C, Kate, Becky, Ruth, Laura, Shahmima, Katie, Antonia, Barry, Sophie M, Grace, Lauren, James A, Tayler, Matt, Hannah, Charles, Georgie, Cosmin and Islam. I could not have made it through without you all. I am thankful to the Midlands 3 Cities DTP consortium for awarding me funding to complete this project. To Dr Suganthi John and Dr Emily Wingfield for encouraging me to complete a PhD, and to Dr Joe Wallace, for all of his help on draft versions. My thanks also go to my former lecturers, Tom Lockwood and Gillian Wright. To Henry and Bertie the cats, and to Harley the collie, for their furry companionship. Above all else, I profess my eternal gratitude to my long-suffering supervisor, Dr Hugh Adlington, who has kept faith in me when I had none, who encouraged me to keep going, and whose great kindness and enduring belief in my ability has gotten me here. I would likely have given up had it not been for him. Contents List of Abbreviations p.i A Note on the Texts p.ii Introduction: Eco-criticising Paradise p.1 Chapter One: Nationalising Paradise, Dramatising Britain: Nationhood and Mourning in the Elegiac and Dramatic Modes p.27 Chapter Two: ‘This Assyrian garden’: The Geographies of the Biblical and the British Paradise p.81 Chapter Three: The Human and Non-Human Animal in Milton’s Hexameron p.129 Chapter Four: ‘To the Garden of Bliss, thy seat prepar’d’: Milton and the Medieval Dream Vision p.179 Conclusion: Forever Lost, or Partially Regained? p.238 Bibliography p.249 List of Abbreviations ODNB – Oxford Dictionary of National Biography <www.oxforddnb.com> OED – Oxford English Dictionary (online) <www.oed.com> HTOED – Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary <www.oed.com/thesaurus> CPB – Milton’s Commonplace Book PL – Paradise Lost EEBO – Early English Books Online <http://eebo.chadwyck.com/home> SEL – Studies in English Literature 1500-1700 MS – Milton Studies MQ – Milton Quarterly SHGDL – Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes JHI – Journal of the History of Ideas GH – Garden History PMLA – Publications of the Modern Language Association ELH – English Literary History SQ – Shakespeare Quarterly i A note on use of editions I have elected to use Barbara K. Lewalski’s 2007 Wiley-Blackwell edition of Paradise Lost as my main source for Milton’s epic as the retention of the old spelling better serves my linguistic analysis of certain passages of the poem. For the sake of consistency, I have used the Wiley-Blackwell editions of Milton’s shorter poems and major prose for the same reasons: Stella P. Revard’s edition of the Complete Shorter Poems, and David Loewenstein’s edition of the major prose. I refer to other editions throughout for ease of comparison and in reference to the editor’s notes, namely Alastair Fowler’s Longman (2nd) edition of Paradise Lost and John Carey’s edition of the Shorter Poems. Other works, such as Milton’s prose, I cite individually with full details in the respective footnotes and the bibliography. All quotations taken from Bible refer to the Authorised King James Version (modernised spelling). I have followed the MHRA referencing style throughout. ii Introduction: Representing Paradise That Earth now Seemd like to Heav’n, a seat where Gods might dwell Or wander with delight, and love to haunt Her sacred shades…1 This thesis takes as its chief focus Milton’s literary representation of Paradise. It argues that this representation is, more than has hitherto been realised, heavily informed by Milton’s use of historical environmental context, and furthermore that this use of this context is inextricably bound up in his use of certain genres and their associated rhetorical conventions. There is, this thesis argues, a sense of ‘longing’ for Paradise that permeates Milton’s Paradise Lost and indeed some of his earlier works that is profoundly shaped by his engagement with seventeenth-century debates about the natural world and the changing environment. This sense of longing for a lost place and lost spiritual state, a longing that is distinctly Christianised, forms a close connection with concerns about the despoliation of the environment, a sentiment that this thesis argues constitutes a key underlying theme in Milton’s work. Both of these elements relate closely to a central feature of the human condition: a longing for what has been lost, and concern and trepidation about what the future may hold, which, in Milton’s day, is closely related to the idea of the fallenness of humankind. This sense of longing manifests itself, I argue, not only through textual references and allusions to early modern ecological debates, but in expressions of 1 All quotations taken from Paradise Lost, unless otherwise stated, are taken from the following edition: John Milton, Paradise Lost, ed. by Barbara K. Lewalski (Malden: Blackwell, 2007), p.185, (VII.328-331). All further references to be cited according to line number within the body of the thesis. 1 nationalism, and the national hope that England, as an elect nation, could pave the way in the quest to regain Paradise and to achieve humankind’s redemption. This thesis departs from more traditional and well-trodden debates about the political and religious ingredients of Milton’s re-telling of Genesis, demonstrating that there are still new approaches to reading a work with such a long and profound history of influence. More importantly, it argues that there are new ways of analysing Milton’s depiction of Paradise, which, in itself, represents the model cultural and literary image of the Garden of Eden – of what it was, and, indeed, how it was lost. Ultimately, understanding the significance of Milton’s ecological thinking in his portrayal of Paradise contributes to our collective understanding of the long history of our culture’s changing attitudes towards nature and the environment. In combining two main critical approaches – namely, ecocriticism and genre studies, this thesis provides a new lens through which to examine and draw interpretations from Milton’s works. I begin with a selection of his earlier texts before moving on to his opus maximum Paradise Lost, charting the development of the paradise trope through to its pinnacle.
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