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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a Developing Country. a Clinical and Descriptive Study of 75 Infant and Young Patients

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a Developing Country. a Clinical and Descriptive Study of 75 Infant and Young Patients Research Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.19.003321 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a Developing country. A Clinical and Descriptive Study of 75 Infant and Young Patients Castejón OJ*, Galindez P, Torres IA, Villasmil A, Grudbasum E, Castejon EM and Salones de Castejón M Facultad de Medicina, Venezuela *Corresponding author: Orlando J Castejón, Facultad de Medicina, Venezuela ARTICLE INFO Abstract Received: July 01, 2019 Published: July 11, 2019 Seventy five (75) infant patients, from 3-15 years old, clinically diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder exhibited disconnected brain with social isolation (80%), Citation: Castejón OJ, Galindez P, Tor- languagehyperconnected disorders children such as (5%), delay creative in the onset child of (Asperger language orsyndrome) early vocalization, (10%), stereotyped regressive res IA, Villasmil A, Grudbasum E, Caste- changesmovements of language,of hands andmutism, body gestual trunk (10%), language, hyperactivity escatologic and language, attention digital deficit language (10%), jon EM, Salones de Castejón M. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a Develop- ing country. A Clinical and Descriptive (5%), learning and memory deficit (10%), psychomotor delay (5%), behavioral changes, Study of 75 Infant and Young Patients. such as aggresivity and autoagressivity (10%), tactile hypersensitivity, crisis of cry (1%), Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 19(4)-2019. separation anxiety (1%), mood disorders such as anxiety and depression (3%), photofobia BJSTR. MS.ID.003321. (1%), loss of weight, (1%), routinised patterns of though and fantastic thoughts (2%). behavioral abnormities, anxiety, auto- and heteroagressivity, hyperphagia, learning Abbreviations: ASD: Autism Spectrum The following associated comorbidities: perinatal hypoxia, low weight at birth, Disorder; RRBs: Restricted, Repetitive disorders and parenteral abuse of child. Some non-nervous system comorbidities, such Behaviors; MRI: Magnetic Resonance and hearing disorders, mainly hyperacusia, social isolation, cognitive deficit, sleeping - activity Disorder; EEG: Electroenceph- as allergic reaction, bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis also were found. Some alography;Imaging; ADHD: IED: AttentionInterictal Deficit Epileptiform Hyper disturbanceslocomotor abnormalities like anxiety, asfobias, genus hyperactivity, valgo and flat toxoplasmosis feet were also and observed. Zika virus The infections, mothers Discharges; APLS: Antiphospholipid Syn- exhibited some of the followings diseases during pregnancy: urinary infections, behavioral drome; TPO: Thyroid Peroxidase; BBB: aging placenta, cesarean surgery, high blood pressure, maternal sepsis, diabetes, hepatic Blood Brain Barrier; MCs: Mast Cells; coma,hyperemesis, hypotiroidism, oligohydramnios viral hepatitis, and lost obesity, of amniotic and socialfluid, twinparenteral pregnancy, problems, pre-eclampsia, such as CRF: Corticotropin Releasing Factor; NT: Neurotensin; FXS: Fragile X Syndrome; and labor and conjugal stress. OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorders; excessive work, low economy and poor social conditions, environmental contamination Keywords: Autism; ASD Risk Factor; ASD Comorbidities PMS: Phelan McDermid Syndrome Introduction paternal age, valproate intake, toxic chemical exposure, maternal Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves a complex interplay diabetes, enhanced steroidogenic activity, immune activation, and of both genetic and environmental risk factors, with immune serotonin reuptake inhibitors [2]. The etiology of this disorder, past decade, studies of ASD have substantially increased, in both possibly altered zinc–copper cycles, and treatment with selective alterations and synaptic connection deficiency in early life. In the humans and animal models. Immunological imbalance (including to the genetic contribution is substantial [3]. autoimmunity) has been proposed as a major etiological component however, is largely unknown, although the environmental relative The genetic architecture of ASD has become increasingly clear in ASD, taking into account increased levels of pro-inflammatory as autoantibody production [1]. Evidence indicates an increased cytokines observed in postmortem brain from patients, as well and increasingly complex with estimates of at least 1000 genetic offspring vulnerability to ASD through advanced maternal and emerged that genetic and environmental causes of ASD are likely alterations associated with the risk for ASD. A consensus has Copyright@ Castejón OJ | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res| BJSTR. MS.ID.003321. 14410 Volume 19- Issue 4 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.19.003321 exposure to ambient pesticides and autism spectrum disorder multifactorial [4]. An associations between early developmental hyperactivity and attention deficit (10%), behavioral changes has been recently reported [5,6]. Etiology of ASD likely involves such as aggresivity and autoagressivity (10%), learning and environmental factors triggering physiological abnormalities in memory deficit (10%), separation anxiety (1%), mood disorders genetically sensitive individuals. One of these major physiological language disorders such as delay in the onset of language or early ( 3%), routinised patterns of though and fantastic thoughts (2%), vocalization, regressive changes of language, mutism, gestual, abnormalities is mitochondrial dysfunction, which may affect disorders and associated physiological abnormalities in individuals a significant subset of children with ASD. Co-occurring medical escatologic and digital language (5%), psycomotor delay (5%) and gait disorder (3), crisis of cry (1%), photofobia (1%), loss of with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show strongest associations weight, (1%), and gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases, such as with epilepsy, sleep, as well as gastrointestinal and immune esophageal atresia and gastric reflux, constipation or diarrhea, functioning [7]. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) neonatal jaundice (3%), cardiac malformation and intraventricular exhibit severe difficulties in social interaction, motor coordination, communication(1%), hyperactivity and attention deficit (30%), behavioral flexibility, and atypical sensory processing, with neurosensory disorders (2%), such as hyperacusia o hypoacusia, considerableAutism spectrum interindividual disorder variability (ASD) [8].is a neurodevelopmental visual defects as strabismus and myopia (1%), hyperphagia (2%), convulsive syndrome and febrile seizures (3%), sleep disorders hypothiroidism, allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma and (5%), TV, cellular phone, table and computer addiction (15%), disorder that is clinically defined by abnormalities in reciprocal to routinised patterns of thought and behavior. Laboratory studies social and communicative behaviors and an inflexible adherence repeatedly demonstrate that autistic individuals experience atopic dermatitis (3%). Some locomotor abnormalities like genus valgo and flat feet also were observed (2%). difficulties in recognizing and understanding the emotional The following risks factors were found: advanced maternal they use such expressions infrequently and inappropriately to expressions of others and naturalistic observations show that and paternal age (4%), prematurity (10%), family background of autism (3%), perinatal hypoxia (10%), parenteral abuse of regulate social exchanges [9]. In a previous work we have reported child (5%). The mothers exhibited the followings diseases during the maternal stress and the relationship with hyperactivity and pregnancy: urinary infections (20%), behavioral disturbances attention deficit (ADHD) in ASD patients [10]. In the present like anxiety (10%), fobias (1), hyperactivity and attention deficit autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the involved risk factors and study we have carried out a clinical and descriptive study of (20%), toxoplasma and Zika virus infections (2), hyperemesis (25), comorbidities in a developing country facing a severe and critical oligohydramnios and loss of amniotic fluid (2%), twin pregnancy sociopolitical situation. We emphasize the maternal pathological (1%), pre-eclampsia (3%), aging placenta (2%), cesarean surgery processes during pregnancy, an underestimated pathology thus far ( 2%), high blood pressure (1%), maternal sepsis, diabetes and as an essential risk factor for ASD, mainly in developing countries hepatic coma (1%), hypotiroidism (1%), viral hepatitis (1%), facing sociopolitical crisis. parent obesity (2%), and social problems, such as excessive work, Material and Methods low economy and poor conditions environmental contamination, We have examined 75 infant patients ranging from 3 to 15 Discussionlabor and conjugal stress (10%). Stereotyped Movements of Hands and Body in ASD years-old years-old with autism spectrum disorder. The children Fifteen per cent of patients examined in the present study Clinic of Clinical Neuroscience Institute at Clinical Home San were clinically studied at the Clinical Neuroscience Outpatient motor movements are one of the most common and least understood showed stereotyped movements of hands and body. Stereotypical Rafael de Maracaibo. Venezuela. They were previously examined different Public Psychology Centers of Maracaibo City. We have from the psychological point of view at CETRO, Maracaibo, or at (ASD). Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are patterns of behaviors occurring in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder behavior that exhibit little variation in form and have no obvious Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
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