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Decreto Del Direttore Amministrativo N Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze dell’antichità: letteratura, storia e archeologia Tesi di Laurea Giulio Agricola governatore in Britannia tra Storia e memoria storiografica Relatore Ch.ma Prof.ssa Francesca Rohr Vio Laureando Stefano Redigolo Matricola 811978 Anno accademico 2012 / 2103 Indice Introduzione ............................................................................... 4 I. Prima di Giulio Agricola. La Britannia romana in età cesariana e giulio-claudia 1. La Britannia indipendente entra in contatto con Roma ..... 10 1.1 Conoscere per conquistare: Cesare .....................................10 1.2 Britannia: un’isola ai margini dell’Impero ............................17 2. Il principio della conquista .................................................. 23 2.1 Decisione e organizzazione ..................................................23 2.2 La creazione di una nuova provincia: la Britannia ...............26 3. Confirmare et subigere: la Britannia dei Giulio-Claudi ...... 31 3.1 P. Ostorio Scapula ..............................................................31 3.2 A. Didio Gallo .....................................................................35 3.3 Q. Veranio ..........................................................................36 3.4 G. Svetonio Paolino .............................................................37 3.5 P. Petronio Turpiliano – M. Trabellio Massimo .....................42 4. La Britannia dei Flavi e la conquista del nord .................... 43 4.1 M. Vettio Bolano .................................................................44 4.2 Q. Petilio Ceriale .................................................................45 4.3 S. Giulio Frontino ...............................................................48 II. Al tempo di Giulio Agricola. L’espansione romana in Britannia in età flavia 1 5. “Adeo virtutes isdem temporibus optime aestimantur, quibus facillime gignuntur”: Gneo Giulio Agricola .................52 5.1 Cenni biografici ..................................................................52 5.2 Il proconsolato: orizzonti temporali .....................................57 5.3 L’anno breve: il primo anno di proconsolato ........................62 5.4 Azioni preliminari alla nuova conquista: il secondo anno di proconsolato .............................................................................67 5.5 La grande avanzata all’istmo Forth-Clyde: il terzo e il quarto anno di proconsolato ................................................................71 5.6 L’istmo Forth-Clyde quale limes ultimo: il quinto anno di proconsolato .............................................................................84 5.6 Domiziano, un nuovo imperatore bramoso di conquiste: il sesto anno di proconsolato .......................................................93 5.8 L’epilogo di un governatorato: il settimo anno di proconsolato e la battaglia del Mons Graupius ................................................ 104 5.8.1 Mons Graupius: una localizzazione anche irrisolta ....... 106 5.8.2 “vastum ubique silentium, secreti colles, fumantia procul tecta, nemo exploratoribus obvius”: la battaglia ..................... 119 5.8.3 La fine del governatorato ............................................. 128 5.9 Il ritorno a Roma e gli ultimi anni di vita ........................... 131 III. Dopo Giulio Agricola. La memoria storica di un grande governatore 6. De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae ..................................... 135 6.1 Orizzonti cronologici ......................................................... 136 6.2 Una questione di generi .................................................... 137 2 6.3 La struttura interna .......................................................... 144 6.4 Stile, ispirazione e fonti .................................................... 146 6.5 La tradizione dell’opera ..................................................... 150 7. Commento ragionato ......................................................... 152 7.1 La celebrazione diretta ...................................................... 153 7.1.1 Questioni affettive ....................................................... 153 7.1.2 Il senso della misura e la virtus ................................... 158 7.1.3 La virtù applicata all’amministrazione civile ................ 169 7.1.4 Il valore militare ......................................................... 175 7.1.5 La straordinarietà del governatorato di Agricola .......... 196 7.2 La celebrazione per contrasto ........................................... 203 7.2.1 Il disconoscimento del valore dei governatori della Britannia ............................................................................. 205 7.2.2 L’asservimento della classe dirigente ........................... 221 7.2.3 La critica alla forma di governo imperiale .................... 233 7.2.4 La degenerazione naturale del principato: la tirannide 242 7.2.5 L’antitesi di Agricola: l’imperatore Domiziano .............. 243 Conclusioni ............................................................................. 261 Lista delle mappe e delle immagini ....................................... 263 Bibliografia ............................................................................. 269 3 Introduzione Tacito conclude la narrazione del De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae scrivendo: “quidquid ex Agricola amavimus, quidquid mirati sumus, manet mansurumque est in animis hominum in aeternitae temporum, fama rerum; nam multos veterum velut inglorios et ignobilis oblivio obruit: Agricola posteritati narratus et traditus superstes erit”1. La solennità della chiusa dell’opera corrisponde al tono dell’intera monografia; la lettura di quest’ultima ci induce a ritenere che Agricola sia stato uno straordinario generale, un acuto politico e, soprattutto, un uomo imparziale e retto. Tuttavia, chi scrive giudica necessario porre alcuni interrogativi: il primo impegno letterario dello storico romano è fededegno? In caso negativo, cosa spinge l’autore a omettere la verità o a mentire? Infine, quali sono le modalità attraverso le quali egli, eventualmente, manipola la narrazione degli eventi? Di conseguenza, lo studio proposto persegue lo scopo di analizzare in modo esaustivo e con un approcio non consueto la distanza tra Storia e memoria storiografica nell’Agricola di Tacito. Le prime due sezioni analizzeranno il rapporto tra Roma e la Britannia, dai primi contatti di epoca cesariana sino alla fine del governatorato di Agricola. La chiave interpretativa è qui prettamente storica: similmente a quanto scritto da Tucidide nel Περὶ τοῦ Πελοποννησίου πoλέμου, ciò che si persegue è l’individuazione della verità e degli eventi nel loro reale svolgimento2. 1 “Tutto ciò che abbiamo amato di Agricola, tutto ciò che abbiamo ammirato, rimane e rimarrà in eterno nell’animo degli uomini per la fama delle sue imprese. Molti tra gli antichi saranno sepolti dall’oblio, privi di gloria e sconosciuti: ma Agricola, narrato e tramandato ai posteri, rimarrà sempre vivo”. TAC. Agr. 46, 4. 2 TUC. I, 20. 4 Per quanto riguarda questa prima parte si constata una certa povertà di fonti classiche: vengono utilizzati i riferimenti letterari di Tacito, contenuti negli Annales e nelle Historiae, e quelli di Cassio Dione, inseriti nell’Historia Romana; in misura minore, ci si può giovare di alcuni documenti epigrafici del De vita Caesarum di Svetonio. Al contrario, è disponibile una ricca bibliografia moderna, espressione soprattutto della scuola anglosassone e supportata da numerosi riscontri archeologici. Salway nel 1991 e poi nel 2001, così come Birley nel 2005 e Southern nel 2011 hanno composto delle soddisfacenti monografie sulla Britannia romana che si connotano per la particolare attenzione prestata agli aspetti politici e istituzionali. Dobson-Mann nel 1973, Peddie nel 1987 e Mattingly nel 2006 hanno concentrato il proprio interesse sugli aspetti bellici e militari della conquista e degli eserciti. Cunliffe nel 2004 ha composto uno studio chiarificatore sulla situazione della provincia precedente all’invasione, mentre Sealey nel 1997 e Waite nel 2007 si sono occupati di un aspetto specifico come la rivolta di Boudicca. A questi studi monografici, infine, si affiancano numerose pubblicazioni comparse, ad esempio, in periodici di ambito classico come Britannia e The Journal of Roman Studies. La sezione relativa al governatorato di Agricola si caratterizza per un forte impoverimento delle fonti e degli studi dedicati. Il supporto di epoca classica si riduce a poche attestazioni epigrafiche e all’Agricola di Tacito. Le Historiae composte da quest’ultimo, infatti, sono giunte a noi in uno stato estremamente frammentario e i libri relativi alla dinastia flavia sono considerati perduti; la sezione dell’Historia romana di Cassio Dione legata a questo specifico periodo si è conservata attraverso un’epitome bizantina risalente all’XI secolo e contiene solamente alcuni accenni connessi esplicitamente ad Agricola. Vi sono, infine, dei riferimenti indiretti nelle Saturae di Giovenale, negli Ἠθικά di Plutarco e nella Naturalis historia di Plinio il vecchio. Per quanto riguarda la critica moderna 5 si constata con sorpresa una rilevante carenza di monografie dedicate. Il susseguirsi di scavi e scoperte rilevanti, a partire dal secondo dopoguerra, costringe a considerare solamente le opere più recenti, tra cui emergono quelle composte da Maxwell nel 1990 e Fraser nel 2005, focalizzate sulla battaglia combattuta presso il mons Graupius; infine, lo
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