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The Invisible Poor A WORLD BANK COUNTRY STUDY The Invisible Poor Public Disclosure Authorized A Portrait of Rural Poverty in Argentina Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK A WORLD BANK COUNTRY STUDY The Invisible Poor A Portrait of Rural Poverty in Argentina Copyright © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First Printing: February 2010 Printed on recycled paper 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 World Bank Country Studies are among the many reports originally prepared for internal use as part of the continuing analysis by the Bank of the economic and related conditions of its developing member countries and to facilitate its dialogs with the governments. Some of the reports are published in this series with the least possible delay for the use of governments, and the academic, business, fi nancial, and development communities. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affi liated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitt ing portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly to reproduce portions of the work. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, Tel: 978-750-8400, Fax: 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Offi ce of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, Fax: 202-522-2422, email: [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-8207-3 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8209-7 ISSN: 0253-2123 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8207-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The invisible poor : a portrait of rural poverty in Argentina. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-8213-8207-3 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-0-8213-8209-7 (ebook) 1. Poverty—Research—Argentina. 2. Poor—Research—Argentina. 3. Argentina—Economic conditions—21st century. 4. Argentina—Social conditions—21st century. I. World Bank. HC180.P6I58 2009 305.5'630982—dc22 2009043698 Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... vii Preface ...........................................................................................................................................viii Abbreviations and Ackronyms ...................................................................................................ix Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ x The Nature of Rural Poverty in Argentina ...........................................................................x A Qualitative Study of Rural Poverty in Argentina .........................................................xiv Measuring Poverty and Welfare in Rural Poverty Analysis ...........................................xvi 1. Issues and Challenges for Rural Poverty in Argentina ....................................................... 1 By Gabriel Demombynes, Johannes Metz ler, and Dorte Verner Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Demographic Trends ............................................................................................................... 2 Measuring Poverty ...................................................................................................................7 A Poverty Profi le for Rural Argentina ................................................................................. 12 The Need for Data: Poverty Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Programs ................ 27 2. A Qualitative Study of Rural Poverty in Argentina ........................................................... 29 By Ignacio Llovet and Dorte Verner Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 29 Methodology for Qualitative Survey ................................................................................... 30 Sociodemographic Characteristics ....................................................................................... 30 Aspirations, Confl ict, and Discrimination .......................................................................... 53 Extreme Poverty ..................................................................................................................... 56 3. Methodology for the Analysis of Rural Poverty in Argentina ......................................... 60 By Gabriel Demombynes and Leopoldo Tornarolli Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 60 Past Rural Household Surveys in Argentina ...................................................................... 60 Rural Surveys in Other Countries of Latin America ......................................................... 64 Choice of Welfare Measure: Options for Argentina .......................................................... 68 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 71 References ....................................................................................................................................... 74 Annexes ........................................................................................................................................... 79 Annex A. Poverty / UBN .............................................................................................................. 81 Access to Services ................................................................................................................... 83 iii iv A World Bank Country Study Living / Housing ..................................................................................................................... 84 Population Statistics ............................................................................................................... 88 Work Related ........................................................................................................................... 91 Annex B. Contact Persons List for Field Activities and Focus Group Members .............. 94 Chaco Province ....................................................................................................................... 94 Chaco province ....................................................................................................................... 94 Jujuy Province ......................................................................................................................... 95 Tucumán Province .................................................................................................................. 96 Mendoza Province .................................................................................................................. 96 Annex C. Pobreza Rural en Argentina Estudio Cualitativo (Abril–Mayo 2007) ............. 102 Guía de preguntas ................................................................................................................ 102 Tables Table 1.1. Population in Argentina and its Regions, 1991 and 2001 ......................................... 3 Table 1.2. Farm Residents in the 1998 and 2002 Agricultural Censuses ................................. 11 Table 1.3. Incidence of Poverty for Selected Provinces, 2003 ................................................... 14 Table 1.4. Maximum Level of Education Att ained in Argentina (Percent) ............................ 15 Table 1.5. School Att endance in Rural and Urban Argentina, 2001 (Percent) ....................... 16 Table 2.1. Indicators for Sampled Rural Areas in Argentina ................................................... 31 Table 2.2. Summary of Social Issues based on Qualitative Households Survey (2007) ....... 32 Table 2.3. Summary of Focus Group Findings ........................................................................... 34 Table 2.4. Summary of Focus Groups .......................................................................................... 36 Table 3.1. Values of the Inverse Engel Coeffi cient Used in Latin
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