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Home , Dingcun, Lantian Man, Peking Man, Qi (Li Maozhen's state), Xujiayao

第 四 紀 研 究 (The Quaternary Research) 28 (4) p. 327-336 Nov. 1989

Pleistocene Environment in North China1)

QIGuoqin2)

At present, the boundaries between the arose the significant change of and plant and early , the early Plei- communities in many areas over the world, in stocene and middle Pleistocene, the middle Europe famous Villafranchian fauna was replaced Pleistocene and , the Pleistocene by the Cromer fauna. In Gongwangling and Holocene can be put on the boundary and Chenjiawo faunas are only separated by a surface of Matuyama/Gauss, Brunhes/Matuyama Bahe River, their constitution and appearance and near the Blake and Gothenburg events are so different, it also may be the result of above based on the studies of , paleo- mentioned replacement. magnetics and chronology. Their age is 2.4, Up to the beginning of the middle Pleistocene 0.73, 0.11-0.10, 0.012-0.010 Ma, respectively (about 0.7-0.5 Ma), climate began to resusci- (LI et al., 1982; LI and WANG,1985). A table of the tate. Chenjiawo emerged in the mammalian faunas from different genetic sedi- valley of the Guanzhong Plain. There are ments in North China has been made (Fig. 1). no any longer Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Among these faunas more than 20 associate orientalis, and so on in the fauna. The proportion with human fossils. The most of them have of Rodentia is 50 percent in the faunal assemblage. been dated by one or numerous dating tech- The Chenjiawo Lantian Man might live in a niques (Table 1). Geographical distribution of environment under temperate-cool cli- these faunas can be seen in Fig. 2. mate. Gongwangling fauna is the earliest mammalian Up to the middle Pleistocene, warm climate fauna associated with erectus in North further returned to the earth. Reddish beds China. There are many typical members of commonly developed in the and fissure in Stegodon-Ailuropoda fauna such as Ailuropoda North China and Northeast. "' Man", melanoleuca, Stegodon orientalis, "Yu nyang Man", "Miaohoushan Man", "Qizianshan sinensis, Tapirus sinensis and others in the Man" and others appeared early and late in constitution of the fauna. The whole fauna North China. They stillbelong to . shows a strong character of oriental realm. It is The cave deposit of the Loc. 1 indicated that Gongwangling Lantian Man might can be divided into 17 layersfrom top to bottom. live in forest environment under more warm About 100 forms of mammalian fossilhave been climatic condition than that of the Guanzhong found from layers 1-13 and human fossilscame Plain, even in the Hanshui River drainage today. from layers 3-5, 7-11 so far. The Haixing transgression just happend in Natural environment on "Beijing Man" has Bohai and Huanghai area at that time (Table 2). been studied by many famous scientists since About 0.9-0.7 Ma, a cold-arid period began in the 1930s. Several climatic stages can be North China. The time may just coincide with considered on the basis of studies of mammalian that of a glacial interval between Jaramillo event fossils, spore-pollen and sedimentary environ- and Brunhes epoch, called the Gunz in Alps, the ment in the last decade. In short, the climate Gokenya in Kinki, Japan, said by KUKLAand in the Zhoukoudian area was similar to that of NAKAGAWA (1977) and MAENAKA et al. (1977). It North China today or somewhat warmer during

1) Read in the Symposium of the Japan Association for Quaternary Research 1988.

2) Institute of Vertabrate Paleontology and , Academia Sinica 中 国 科 学 院 古 脊 椎 動 物 与 古

人類 研 究 所. 328 The Quaternary Research Vol. 28 No. 4 Nov. 1989

Fig. 1 Quaternary mammalian faunas in North China 1989年11月 第 四 紀 研 究 第28巻 第4号 329

Table 1 Age of main mammalian faunas associated with human fossil in North China

1) MUSEUM OF LIAONINGPROVINCE AND MUSEUM OF BENXI CITY (1986) the period of "Beijing Man" living. But several first stage (layers 10-11) and third stage glacial(or cold) intervalsmight occur over the (layers 3-4) of the "Beijing Man" living. It world during 0.25 millionyears, it is undoubted turned warmer and more humid during the to be reflected in the communities of animal andsecond stage (layers5-9) of the "BeijingMan" plant of the Zhoukoudian Loc. 1. The climate living (LI and JI,1981; ZHENG, 1983 KONG et al., might be little more arid and cold during the 1985; XIE etal., 1985). 330 The Quaternary Research Vol. 28 No. 4 Nov. 1989 1989年11月 第 四 紀 研 究 第28巻 第4号 331

Table 2 Quaternary transgressions of East Plain in North China

"Yunyang Man" about contemporary with the "BeijingMan" lived in Nanzhao area of Henan province. The mammalian fauna associated with "Yunyang Man" has character of both South China and North China faunas. The cli- mate at this time was quite warm but had far inferior to that of the period of the "Gong- wangling Lantian Man" living.The transitional province of animal had moved to south (Fig.3). About the second stage corresponding to the "Beijing Man" living (0.3Ma) "Miaohoushan Man" and "Qizianshan Man" appeared in Liaoning and Shandong. Up to now detailed situation about the "Qizianshan Man" is not 1. Gongwangling 2. Yunyang very clear,but "Miaohoushan Man" might live 3.Hexian 4. Shenxiandong in a very suitable natural environment according to the analysis of mammalian fauna. This time Fig. 3 Change of transitional area between South and North animal provinees during Qua- just coincides with that of a transgression ternary occurred in the East Plain: Marine Bed 5 called by ZHAOand QIN (1985); Spirillina Transgression Transgression calledby LIN (1977) (Table 2). called by WANGet al. (1981); Huanghua Trans- From late middle Pleistocene to early late gression called by YANGet al. (1979); Haixing Pleistocene, "Dali Man", "Jinniushan Man", 332 The Quaternary Research Vol. 28 No. 4 Nov. 1989

"Xindong Man", "Gezidong Man", " ordosianus, przewalskyi, Ceruus elaphus, Bos Man" and " Man" appeared one after primigenius and others. There are no any another.in North China. They had evolved to elephant in Dingcun Loc. 100 fauna and most early Homo sapiens. are the forms accustomed to live under It has been known from the constitutionsof climatic condition of North China. The situa- the faunas that "DaliMan", about 0.2Ma, and a tion of Gezidong fauna is radically similar to littlelate "Jinniushan Man" and "Xindong that of Dingcun Loc. 100 fauna. Thus it can be Man" all lived in a quite warm and suitable inferredthat "Xujiayao Man", "Dingcum Man" climate, but up to final period of their living and "Gezidong Man", all lived in a natural climate turned arid and cool. environment in which grassland predominated Since the middle Pleistocene, North China under cool climatic condition. was universally elevated. The Nihewan Lake It is worth to mention here, the age of and Sanmen Lake formed in upper and middle "Dingcun Man" may be laterthan that of early reaches of Huanghe River and their tributaries Homo sapiens of Xujiayao, Caoxian, Xindong, and Haihe River during lost Changyang, and Tungzi on the basis of the their original appearance. The lake basin was progressive study of morphology of teeth of cut, lake water was released and was retained "Dingcum Man" (ZHANG, 1986). only in local extent. About 50,000 years ago, ancient human A quite warm and humid period emerged in evolved to the late Homo sapiens from the early North China 0.14-0.10 Ma. The Dingcun Homo sapiens in North China. After the first cold fauna (broad sense) discovered in the lower summit, "Ordos Man", "Jingchuan Man", "Changwu reaches of the Fenhe River contains numerous Man", "Wuzhutai Man" and "Xiaogushan Man" elephant fossils. This period may coincide with appeared in the Inner Mongolia, , , that of S1 in the Luochuan section. A Liaoning and Shandong, respectively. The rest transgression was occurring at that time: of them came from the fluvio-lacustrine deposits Marine Bed 3 called by ZHAOand QIN (1985); below the Malan loess except "Xiaogushan Asterorotalia Transgression called by WANG et al. Man" and" Wuzhutai Man". It can be thought (1981); Qingxian Transgression called by YANG from the constitutions of the faunas that the et al. (1979); Huanghua Transgression called climate in these places during above mentioned by LIN (1977) (Table 2). human living was similar to that of today, but In the late Pleistocene, the climate further only a little more humid. The mammalian fauna trended to be arid and cold in North China. The associated with "Xiaogushan Man" is anti- coming of world's glacial (or cold) interval was quitatis-primigenius fauna, but existence of such very clearly reflected in the communities of as mercki, sp., Acinonyx sp. animal and plant in North China. It is and others indicates that the climate was not considered generally that the glacial (or cold) cold as that of the first cold summit during interval began 95,000 (or 75,000) years ago and "Xiaogushan Man" living. concluded 10,000 years ago. There were two After a short warm period, the second cold cold summits (60,000 years ago and 15,000 years stage came to North China 30～10ka. "Shiyu ago) and a warm stage (50,000-30,000 years Man", "Dongdong Man", "Antu Man", "Yanjiagang ago) during the glacial (orcold) interval. The Man" and "Qingshantou Man" appeared early situation of the mammalian faunas associated and late in North China and Northeast. This is with these human beings indicates that the coldest period in North China in Quaternary. "Gezidong Man", "Xujiayao Man" and "DingcumTypical antiquitatis-primigenius fauna distributed Man" might live in the firstcold stage. in Northeast, especially Mammuthus was very Among the mammlian fossilsassociated with widespread in distribution and was the most in "Xujiayao Man",the most of them are common quantity. specieslived in North China such as Megaloceros The mammalian faunas associated with" Shiyu 1989年11月 第 四 紀 研 究 第28巻 第4号 333

Fig. 4 Long-term climatic fluctuation curves of Luochuan compared with Oxygen isotope records of core V28-238 and mammalian faunas 334 The Quaternary Research Vol. 28 No. 4 Nov. 1989

Man" and "Dongdong Man" are similar to study on Uranium-Series dating of fossilbones and Salawusu fauna, but only there are more forms absolute age sequence for the main Palaeolithic sites accustomed to live in arid-cold grassland environ- of North China. Acta AnthropologicaSinica, 3, p. ment in the members. The mammalian fauna 259-269. associatedwith "Antu Man", "Yanjiagang Man" GAO Xingxue (1987) Revised dating of Laintian Man and "Qingshantou Man" are the typical anti- age. Shiqian Yanjiu ( Study), No. 2, p. 94. GEZIDONG EXCAVATION TEAM (1975) Discovery of Pala- quitatis primigenius faunas. Particularly, there eolithic artifacts in Gezidong Cave in Liaoning are more Rodentia used to live in grassland in province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 13, p. 122-136. the constitution of the fauna associated with Gu Yumin (1978) New Cave Man of Zhoukoudian and "Qingshantou Man". It can be seen that the his living environment. INSTITUTE OF VERTEBRATE climate at that time was more cold than before PALAEONTOLOGY AND PALAEOANTHROPOLOGY, ACADEMIA SINICA and was just the heyday of the last glacial (or (ed.): Gurenlei Lunwenji (Collected Papers of Palaeo- cold) interval. anthropogy), Science Press, Beijing; p. 158-174. During the whole late Pleistocene, the frequency GUO Shilun et al. (1980) Fission track dating of of climatic fluctuations increased. Multiple age.Kexue Tungbao, No. 25, p. 1137-1139. transgression and regression occurred in the HU Changkang and QI TAO (1978) Gongwangling Pleistocenemammalian fauna of Lantian, Shaanxi. East Plain. In the last regression, the sea level Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series C, 21. desended to the position 100m lower than HUANG Wanpo and ZHENG Shaohua (1982) An upper present sea level. Japan, Taiwan and China Pleistocene human and mammalian fossils Mainland were connected. The transitional from Changwu, Shaanxi. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, province of animal leaped over the Changjiang 1, p. 14-19. River (Fig. 3). HUANG Weiwen et al. (1986) artifactsand orna- After the second cold period warm climate ments from Xiaogushan site of Haicheng, Liaoning came to North China again. About 10ka "Upper province. Acta Anthropologica Sineca, 5, p. 259-266. Cave Man" appeared in the Zhoukoudian area JIALanpo (CHIA Lan-po), GAI Pei and YOU Yuzhu (1972) and a littlelater "Zhalainuoer Man" appeared in Report of Palaeolithicsite Shiyu, . Kaogu the Inner Mongolia. From this time to 5ka, the Xuebao, No. 1, p. 30-58. climate was always warm and suitable. The (CHIA Lan-po) and WEI Qi (1976) A Paleo- lithic site at Hus-Chianyao in Yangkao county, studies of some faunas from sites Shanxi province. KaoguXuebao, No. 1, p. 97-114. indicate that some members of South China JIANG Peng (1982) A fossil human tooth from Jilin fauna could move to the Huanghe River drainage province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 20, p. 65-70. (such as Xiawanggang fauna and others). JIN Changzhu, XU Qinqi and LI Chuntian (1984) The A correlation of records in the loess section Quaternary mammalian fauna from Qingshantou and deep sea core V28-238 as as some main site, Jilin province. VertebrataPalAsiatica, 22, p. faunas associated with human fossil can be seen 314-323. in Fig. 4. KONG Zhaochen et al. (1985) Vegetationaland climatic changes since Pliocene at Zhoukoudian and its Reference acjacent regions. WU Rukang et al. (ed.):Multi-di-

sciplinary study on“Beijing Man”site, Science Press, ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNITED TEAM (1976) New material of Beijing, p. 119-154. Pleistocene mammalian fossils in Jinniushan from KUKLA, G. J. and NAKAGAWA, H. (1977) Late Cenozoic Yingkou, Liaoning province and their significance. magnetostratigraphy comparisons with Bio-, Climato-, Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 14, p. 120-127. and Lithozones. Quaternary Research, 7, p. 283-298. CHENGGouliang, LIN Jinlu and LI Suling (1978) A LABORATORY OF THE INSTITUTE OFARCHAEOLOGY, CHINESE research on the ages of the strata of“Lantian Man”. ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (1977) Report on Car- INSTITUTE OF VERTEBRATE PALAEONTOLOGY AND PALAEO-bon-14 dates (4).Kaogu, No. 3, p. 200-204. ANTHROPOLOGY, ACADEMIA SINICA (ed.): Gurenlei LunwenjiLABORATORY OF THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CHINESE (Collected Papers of Palaeoanthropology), Science Press, ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (1980) Report on Car- Beijing, p. 151-157. bon-14 dates (7).Kaogu, No. 4, p. 327-377. CHENTiemei, YUANSixun and GAOShijun (1984) The LI Huamei, AN Zhisheng and WANG Junda (1982) 1989年11月 第 四 紀 研 究 第28巻 第4号 335

Chinese study of Quaternary Palaeomagnectis. graphical divisions of Quaternary mammalian faunas CHINESE COMMITTEE OF QUATERNARY RESEARCH (ed.):in China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1, p. 9-24. Collected papers of the third Chinese Academic Meeting PET Wenzhung (PET Wen-chung) et al. (1958) Report of Quaternary, Science Press, Beijing, p. 43-49. on the excavation of Palaeolithic sties at Tingtsun, LI Huamei and WANG Junda (1985) Magnetostrati- Hsiangfenhsien, Shansi province, China. Memoirs of graphic study of several typical geological sections in the Institule of Vertebrate Palaeontologyand Palaeoanthro- North China. Quaternaria Sinica, 6, p. 29-33. pology, Series A, 2, p. 21-81. LI Renwei and LIN Daxing (1979) Geochemistry of PEI Wenzhung (PEI Wen-chung) (1960) The living amino acid of fossil from deposits of“Peking environment of the Chinese primitive Men. Vertebrata Man”,“Lantian Man”and“Yuanmou Man”in PalAsiatica, 2, p. 9-21. China. Scientia GeologicaSinica, 1, p. 56-61. QI Guoqin (1975) Quaternary mammalian fossils from LI Xingguo et al. (1984a) Preliminary studies of late Salawusu River district, Inner Mongolia. Vertebrata Pleistocene stratigraphic chronology in the region of PalAsiatica, 13, p. 239-249. eastern quarry Zhalainouer Inner Mongolia. EDITING QI Guoqin (1989): Quaternary mammalian faunas GROUP OF THE FIRST CHINESE ACADEMIC MEETING OF and human environment in North China. WU C14 (ed.): CollectedPapers of The First Chinese Academic Rukang et al. (ed.) Fossil human kind of China, Science Meeting of C14, Science Press, Beijing, p. 136-140. Press, Beijing (in press). LI Xingguo et al. (1984b) Ages of Salawusu Culture QIAN Fang ZHANG Jingxin and YIN Weide (1985) and Hetao (Ordos) Man. EDITING GROUP OF THE FIRST Magnetic stratigraphy from the sediment of west CHINESE ACADEMIC MEETING OF C14 (ed.): Collected wall and test pit of Locality 1 of Zhoukoudia. WU Papers of the first Chinese Academic Meeting of C14, Rukang et al. (ed.): Multidisciplinary study of“Beijing Science Press, Beijing, p. 141-143 Man”Site, Science Press, Beijing, p. 251-255. LI Yanxian and JI Hongxiang (1981) Environmental QIUZhonglang et al. (1982) A human fossil tooth and change in Peking Man's time. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, fossil from Nanzhao, Henan. Acta 19, p. 337-347. Anthropologica Sinica, 1, p. 109-117. LIN Jingxing (LIN Ching-hsing) (1977) Preliminary WANGPinxian et al. (1981) Strata of Quaternary trans- notes on Quaternary transgressions and regressions grssions in. East China: A preliminary study. Acta in North China Plain. Acta Geologica Sinica, No. 2, Geologica Sinica, 55, p. 1-13. p. 109-116. WANGPinxian (1984) Progress in late Cenozoic Palaeo- LID Dongsheng and DING Menglin (1984) A tentative climatology of China: A brief review. The Evolution chronological correlation of early human fossil of the East Asia Environment, 1, p. 165-187. horizons in China with the loess-deep sea records. WU Xinzhi and YOU Yuzhu (1979) A preliminary Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 3, p. 93-101. observation of Dali Man site. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, LIN Yulin, HUANG Weiwen and LIN Yipu (1984) Human 17, p. 294-303. fossil and Palaeolithic remains from Jingchuan, XIA Ming (1982) Uranium-Series dating of fossil Gansu. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 3, p. 11-18. bones from Peking Man cave mixing model. Acta LU Zhune (1985) The excavation of Jinniushan Anthropologica Sinica, 1, p. 191-196. site and its significance. Beijing Daxue Xuebao XIEYouyu et al. (1985) The sedimentary environment (Philosophy-Social Science Edition), No. 2, p. 109-111. of the Peiking Man period. WU Rukang et at. (ed.): MA Xinghua et al. (1978) Palaeomagnetic dating of Multi-disciplinary Study on Beijing Man Site, Sci- Lantian Man. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 16, p. 238-243. ence Press, Beijing, p. 185-215. MAENAKA, K., YOKOYAMA, T., and ISHIDA, S. (1977) XU Qinqiand YOUYuzhu (1982) Four post-Nihewanian Paleomagnetic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Pleistocene mammalian faunas of North China: the Plio-Pleistocene in the Kinki district, Japan. Correlation with deep-sea sediments. Acta Quaternary Research, 7, p. 341-362. Anthropologica Sinica, 1, p. 180-190. MUSEUM OF LIAONING PROVINCE AND MUSEUM OF BENXIXU ShubinCITY (1986) Human fossil found in Qizianshan, (1986) Miaohoushan. Wenwu Press, Beijing, p. 86 Yiyuan, Shandong. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 5, -91. p. 398-399. PEI Jingxian (1985) Thermoluminescence dating of YANGZigeng et al. (1979) Some fundamental problems the Peking Man site and other cave. WU Rukang of Quaternary Geology of eastern Hebei Plain. Acta et al. (ed.): Multi-disciplinary, study on“Beijing Man” Geologica Sinica, 53, p. 263-279. Site, Science Press, Beijing, p. 256-260. YOUYuzhu and XU Qinqi (1981) The late Pleistocene PEI Wenzhung (PEI Wen-chung) (1957) The zoogeo- mammalian faunas of northern China and correla- 336 The Quaternary Research Vol. 28 No. 4 Nov. 1989

tion with deep-sea sediments. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, the excavation of Palaeolithic site at Xiaogushan of 19, p. 77-86. Haicheng, Liaoning province. Acta Anthropologica YOU Yuzhu, XU Qinqi and HO Chuan-kun (1986) Sinica, 4, p. 70-79. Seasonality and site structure of late Palaeolithic ZHAOSunling and QIN Yunshan (1985) Transgress- sites from Northeast China. Current Research in the ions and sea-level changes in the eastern coastal Pleistocene, 3, p. 96-102. region of China in the last 300,000 years. Quaternaria YUANSixun, CHEN Timemei and GAO Shijun (1983) Sinica, 6, p. 97-103. Uranium-Series dating of“Ordos Man”and“Sjara- ZHAO Susen et al. (1985) Study of chronology of Osso-gol culture”. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2, p. Peking Man site. WU Rukang et al. (ed.): Multi- 90-94. disciplinary Study of Beijing Man Site, Science Press, ZHANGYinyun (1980) The dental remains of early Beijing, p. 239-240. Homo sapiens found in China. Acta Anthropologica ZHENG Shaohua (1983) Micromammals from the Hexian Sinica, 5, p. 103-113. Man locality. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 21, p. 230-240. ZHANG Zhenhong et al. (1985) A preliminary report on

華北の更新世 の人類環境

祁 国 琴

(要 旨)

最 近 の10年 間 に, 中 国 で は古 人 類 学 お よ び関 連 の深 次 の 諸 点 が 明 らか とな っ た. い 第 四紀 哺 乳 動 物 学 と旧石 器 考 古 学, さ らに 第 四紀 地 質 1. 華 北 に お ける 更 新 世 の 気 候 変 化 の 傾 向 は乾 燥 化 ・ 学 に は著 しい進 展 が あ り, 多 くの意 義 深 い 新知 識 が得 ら 寒 冷 化 で あ った. れた. 周 口店 と黄土 台 地 に お け る多 専 門 の 総 合研 究 に と 2. 寒 冷 ・乾燥に 向 か う傾 向 の う ち に も変動 が あ っ た. くに進 歩 が あ った. これ らの研 究 に よ り, 広 大 な地域 で 多数 回 の寒 暖 の 繰 り返 しが あ った. 起 こ った 重 要 な 地 質 学 的事 件 の地 質 学 的 ・自然地 理 学 的 3. 小 変 動 ・繰 り返 しの頻 度 と速 さは漸 増 した. 背 景 の 理 解 は 明確 に な った. また, 中国 の 更 新 世 人 類 環 この よ うな状 況 は, 基 本 的 に は, 古 植 物 学 と黄 土 ・海 境 の理 解 と研 究 を深 め る た め に もよ い基 礎 を与 えた. 華 成 層 序 学 の成 果 と一致 してい る. 北 の更 新 世 の 人 類 化 石 を含 む哺 乳 動 物 群 の解 析 に よ り,