The Life System of the Yellow-Headed Fireworm, Acleris Minuta (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Julie C
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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1982 The life system of the yellow-headed fireworm, Acleris minuta (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Julie C. Weatherby Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Weatherby, Julie C., "The life system of the yellow-headed fireworm, Acleris minuta (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) " (1982). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8396. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8396 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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UniversiV Micrcxilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8307799 Weatherby, JaîlëC; THE LIFE SYSTEM OF THE YELLOW-HEADED FIREWORM, ACLERIS MINUTA (ROBINSON) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) Iowa State University PH.D. 1982 University Microfilms I n t6 r n ât 10 n 8ll 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 The life system of the yellow-headed fireworm, Acleris minuta (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by Julie C. Weatherby A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Entomology Approved: Members of the Committee: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge^Af Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Matôr Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Gradual Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1982 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 11 A. Adult Flights 11 B. Reproductive Rate 16 C. Developmental Polymorphism 19 D. Developmental Models 23 E. Color Morph Development 25 F. Life Tables 26 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 A. Adult Monitoring Studies 31 B. Field Ovipositional Studies 37 C. Developmental Rearing Studies 38 D. Field Population Studies 48 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 53 A. Adult Flights 53 1. Seasonal adult flights 53 2. Daily mating flights 63 3. Temporal relationships between adult flights and population phenology 64 B. Reproductive Rate 70 1. Mating behavior and mating efficiency 71 2. Fecundity 76 ill Page 3. Ovipositional pattern 83 4. Ovipositional site preference 89 5. Adult longevity 94 C. Developmental Polymorphism 95 1. Determination of larval instars by head capsule 95 measurements 2. Critical size 104 3. Developmental mode classification criterion 108 4. Environmental stress and its effect on 110 developmental modes D. Developmental Models 110 1. Thermal unit models 110 2. Greenhouse verification of thermal unit models 137 3. Field verification of thermal unit model 140 E. Color Morph Development 143 1. Interaction between photoperiod and instar 143 F. Life Tables 147 1. Experimental life tables 147 2. Ecological life tables 150 V. SUMMARY 168 A. Introduction 168 B. Fecundity and Ovipositional Subsystem 169 C. Developmental Subsystem for Larval Instars 1-4 176 D. Developmental Subsystem for Larval Instars 5, 6, 179 and 7 iv Page E. Overwintering Subsystem 183 VI. LITERATURE CITED 187 VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 197 V LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Parasitoid complex identified in the 30 literature Table 2. Mean number of males caught in virgin female 54 baited traps (1977) Table 3. Mean number of males caught during hourly 65 intervals in virgin female baited traps (1977) Table 4. Cumulative percentage trap catch, cumulative 67 percentage pupation, and cumulative percentage oviposition for the SII generation (1978) Table 5. Cumulative percentage trap catch, cumulative 68 percentage pupation, and cumulative percentage oviposition for the SIII generation (1978) Table 6. Environmental conditions monitored during the 74 mating activity period of the adult flights (1978) Table 7. Mean pupal weight (mg) of field collected pupae 80 grouped by generation; generation and sex; and sex, and variety (1977) Table 8. Fecundity of laboratory reared females as a 82 linear function of pupal weight (mg) Table 9. Predicted cumulative percentage oviposition 84 as a log function of thermal units accumulated daily post mating Table 10. Environmental conditions monitored during the 90 ovipositional activity period of the adult flights (1978) vi Page Table 11. Frequency of eggs oviposited, by 5 females 92 per cage, in designated canopy regions Table 12. Frequency of eggs oviposited, by unconfined SIII 93 females, in designated canopy regions (Julian Dt. 254, 1978) Table 13. Mean head capsule widths (mm) of laboratory 101 reared larvae grouped by 1) population, 2) population by sex, 3) population by mode, and 4) population by sex and mode Table 14. Linear regressions of head capsule widths in mm 103 (Y) of laboratory reared individuals as a function of instar number (X) Table 15. Frequency of laboratory reared individuals 105 developing under a 5, 6, or 7 instar developmental mode Table 16. Proportion of the field population developing 109 under a 5 instar, a 6 instar, and a 7 instar developmental mode Table 17. Mean durations (in days and proportions) of 113 developmental stages of laboratory reared summer and winter color morphs under a 5 instar developmental mode (constant temperature) Table 18. Mean durations (in days and proportions) of 115 developmental stages of laboratory reared summer and winter color morphs under a 6 instar developmental mode (constant temperature) vil Page Table 19. Mean durations (in days and proportions) of the 117 developmental stages of laboratory reared summer and winter color morphs under a 5 instar developmental mode (fluctuating temperature) Table 20. Regression equations of the reciprocals 119 (1/duration in days) of egg-to-adult development on temperature (°C) for laboratory individuals reared under constant temperatures Table 21. Regression equations of the reciprocals 120 (1/duration in days) of egg through 3rd instar development on temperature (°C) for laboratory individuals reared under constant temperatures Table 22. Regression equations of the reciprocals 121 (1/duration in days) of egg through 3rd instar development on temperature (°C) for laboratory individuals reared under fluctuating temperatures Table 23. Frequency distribution of the duration of the egg 123 stage of laboratory reared individuals Table 24. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 124 first stadium of laboratory reared individuals Table 25. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 125 second stadium of laboratory reared individuals Table 26. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 126 third stadium of laboratory reared individuals Table 27. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 127 fourth stadium (mode 5) of laboratory reared individuals viii Page Table 28. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 128 fourth stadium (mode 6) of laboratory reared individuals Table 29. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 129 fifth stadium (mode 5) of laboratory reared individuals Table 30. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 130 fifth stadium (mode 6) of laboratory reared individuals Table 31. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 131 sixth stadium (mode 6) of laboratory reared individuals Table 32. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 132 • pupal stage of laboratory reared summer color morphs (16L/8D) Table 33. Frequency distribution of the duration of the 133 pupal stage of laboratory reared winter color morphs (12L/12D) Table 34. Thermal units required for development of the 135 summer and winter color morphs under a 5 and a 6 instar developmental mode (constant temperature, developmental threshold tempera ture = 8.85*C) Table 35. Thermal units required for development of the 136 summer and winter color morphs under a 5 instar developmental mode (fluctuating temperature, developmental threshold temperature = 8.85°C) Table 36. Comparison of the thermal unit models required, 138 for development of the summer color morph under a 5 instar developmental mode (developmental threshold temperature = 8.85*C) ix Page Table 37.