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Urbanization and Urban Poverty with Special Reference to Pune, Bangalore and Nagpur

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Urbanization and Urban Poverty with Special Reference to Pune, Bangalore and Nagpur REPORT ON SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN POOR IN PUNE, NAGPUR AND BANGALORE Amita Bhide Subodh Wagle School of Habitat Studies TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, MUMBAI Foreword This report is a small effort to use a participatory methodology in progressively scalar manner to understand the complex phenomenon that is urban poverty. It would not have been possible without the collective effort of several individuals and institutions- • Our partner institutions in these three cities- Karve Institute of Social Sciences, Pune; Matru Seva Sangh College of Social Work,Nagpur; Dept of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS,Banglore • Research team leaders in these CPIs-Anjali Ambedkar, Dr Sekar and Dr Geeta Thachil and their extremely enthusiastic team members • Supportive faculty Members in TISS-Dr S. Parsuraman, Dr Sai Thakur • Our Research Officers- Ms Sailee Bagkar, Ms Seema, Ms Priyanka D’ Souza • NGOs, Experts who willingly gave us their time and shared insights • Communities who actively partnered in this enterprise We hope we have been able to do justice to this collective effort. Sr. No. Contents Page Nos. 1. Chapter 1 11 Introduction & Methodology 11 Introduction 11 Metholology 12 Operational Plan 13 Process of Study 15 -Transect Walk 15 -Mapping 15 - Homogenous FGD 15 - Heterogenous/Mixed FGD 16 - City FGD 16 - Field Interviews 16 - Expert FGD 17 -Recording the Data 17 Experiences And Challenges 17 - Library Research & Review 17 - PRA 17 2. Chapter 2 19 Urbanization and Urban Poverty with Special Reference to Pune, Bangalore and Nagpur The Cities Through History 19 Economic Facets of the Cities 21 - What do Trends in WPR of cities reveal? 24 - Underestimating Poverty 26 Demographic Features 26 Housing and Land Use 27 - Tolerance of the Informal 29 Infrastructure and Basic Services 29 - Water Supply 30 - Sewerage & Sanitation 31 - Municipal Solid Waste Management 32 - Storm Water Drainage 32 - Education 33 - Health 33 Slums 33 3. Chapter 3 37 Urban Poor and Situations of Poverty 37 Who are the Poor? 37 Economy of the Poor 37 - The Earners 38 - Work Profiles 39 - Stratification of jobs 40 - Work and Location of Settlement 41 - Income 41 - Changing Work Opportunities 42 - New Economic Options & Required Skill Sets 43 - Threats to Livelihood 43 Housing 44 - Evolution of Slum Settlements under study 44 - Investment in Housing Structure 45 - Quality of Housing 46 - Ownership of Land & Security of Tenure 47 - Access to Housing Finance 48 - Housing in Real Value Terms 49 - People’s Perception of Housing Situation 50 - Poor’s Perception of Redevelopment 50 Basic Services and Infrastructure 52 - Water 52 - Toilets 54 - Solid Waste Management 55 - Drainage 56 - Roads 57 - Electricity 58 Slum & Municipal Interface 59 - Systems/Forums for Interface 59 - Responsiveness of these Systems 59 - Interface with Lower Level Service Providers 60 - Interface with Ward/Zonal Offices 61 - Interface with Counsellors 62 - Intermediaries 63 Information Systems 64 - Level of Awareness of schemes among the Poor - Eligibility of Entitlements 66 - Poor’s knowledge of process of land entitlement and slum notification 66 - Role of Media and Intermediaries 67 4. Chapter 4 68 Pro-poor Governance-How Far, How Real 68 Legislative Frameworks 68 Policy Frameworks 69 - National Policies 69 - National Urban Housing And Habitat Policy- 2005 - SEZ (Special Economic Zone) Policy 70 State Acts/ Policies and Programmes Affecting the Poor 71 - Maharashtra State Housing Policy 71 - IT And ITes Policy, 2003, Maharashtra 72 - The Karnataka Industries Facilitation Act 73 Policies that Have a Direct Interface with the Poor 74 - National Slum Policy 74 - National Street Vendors Policy 74 - JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) 75 Programmes Targeted at the Poor 77 . - Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana 77 - NSDP, VAMBAY & BSUP 78 Institutional Framework 79 PUNE Pune Municipal Corporation 79 - Slum Rehabilitation Authority 80 NAGPUR 81 - Nagpur Municipal Corporation 81 - Nagpur Improvement Trust (NIT) 81 - Jeevan Pradhikaran 81 BANGALORE 82 - Karnataka Slum Clearance Board 82 - Bangalore Development Authority 82 - Bangalore Water Supply And Sewerage 82 - Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike 83 Issues in Pro Poor governance 83 Policy Deficits 84 Institutional Deficits 85 Service Delivery Deficits 86 Participation Deficits 87 A Review of Non State and Private Actors in Pro Poor Governance 88 - NGOs 88 - Private Sectors 89 5. Conclusion 91 List of Abbreviations SHGs: Self Help Groups SEZ: Special Economic Zone NGOs: Non governmental organizations FSI: Floor Space Index SDF: Slum Development Fund ICDS: Integrated Child Development Scheme DPCs: District Planning Councils UCD: Urban Community Development MPCs: Metropolitan Planning Committees NHGs: Neighbourhood Groups NGC: Neighbourhood Groups Committee LIG: Lower Income Groups EWS: Economically Weaker Sections NMC: Nagpur Municipal Corporation SRA: Slum Rehabilitation Authority DTP: Directorate of Town Planning RCVs: Resident Community Volunteers PRA: Participatory Rapid Appraisal ULB: Urban Local Bodies LI: Local Institutions FGD: Focussed Group Discussion CPIs: City Partner Institutions CBOs: Community Based Organisations PCNDDP: Per Capita Net District Domestic Product MNCs: Multi National Corporations IT/ITES: Information Technology/Informational Technology Enabled Services SIDBI: Small Industries Development Bank of India NIT: Nagpur Improvement Trust SDCO: Slum Development Corporation GTZ: German Technology Corporation KSCB: Karnataka Slum Clearance Board BDA: Bangalore Development Authority BWSSB: Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage Board BEMP: Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike Executive Summary Introduction Urban areas are being increasingly recognized as the engines of economic growth and modernization. In India, the urban population is around 285 million or 27.78 per cent of the population. Cities are proving to be the magnets for international capital flows in the country and hence there is a renewed interest in improving urban infrastructure. However, most Indian cities are also emerging as centers of urban poverty, with significant numbers of people staying in slums. This report is a part of ‘Slum Communities Achieving Livable Environments with Urban Partners’ (SCALE-UP) program. The concerns of the urban poor groups in these three cities are the central focus of the SCALE-UP Project. This program is to be implemented in three cities in India and two cities in Ghana over a period of three years. As part of the first research component, TISS conducted ‘Situational Analysis’ in three cities in India (viz. Pune, Nagpur and Bangalore). The ambit of Situational Analysis is wide and includes general assessment of the urban environment and milieu including an assessment and analysis of the urban scenario in substantive terms as well as an analysis of the policies and programmes that impinge on the poor at national and local as well as micro community levels. The study attempted to undertake stakeholder analysis at multiple levels in each of the cities by identification and understanding of the roles, functions and interactions between different stakeholder groups. The analysis also included an incentive analysis of various stake-holding groups aimed at gaining insights into what works or what may contribute to make things work in these groups. Methodology The methodology used for this analysis included library research and review and study of relevant literature, interviews of experts on the urban issues, participatory rapid appraisal was used to gain qualitative information and understanding of the issues at the community-level, field interviews were used to collect information on the stake-holding organizations involved, especially urban local bodies (ULB) and local institutions (LI). Focus Group Discussions with experts and activists were used to carry out stakeholder analysis and incentive analysis. City Partner Institutions The actual work plan involved collaboration with City Partner Institutions (CPIs) in the three cities. This partnership was strategic and intended to tap the strengths of these institutions to undertake locally meaningful research, which is necessary in PR. It may be worthwhile to note that all the three CPIs are reputed academic institutions in their own right. They CPIs were- Karve Institute of Social Service in Pune ;Matru Seva Sangh College of Social Work in Nagpur and Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Allied Sciences(NIMHANS) in Bangalore. The TISS team worked upon the literature review, interviews with subject experts, evolving tools for the study, lending support to CPIs where necessary and coordinating the study across the three cities. Context of Cities of the Study Bangalore: By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000. However the real spurt in growth has been experienced by Bangalore 1980s onwards. In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational to set up base in Bangalore. Today, Bangalore is called the “Silicon Valley” of India because of the large number of Information Technology companies located in the City, which form the largest contributor to India’s US$12.2 Billion (Rs.54,000 Crore) IT and software export market. It is home to 66 Fortune 500 companies, 682 MNCs, 1,685 IT/ITES and 131 Biotech companies. The PCNDDP (Per Capita Net district domestic product) of Bangalore wasRs 55,484. With an economic growth of 10.3%, Bangalore is the fastest growing major metropolis
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