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Journal of Speleology in Artificial Cavities 1 / 2012 OPERA IPOGEA Journal of Speleology in Artificial Cavities 1 / 2012 Rivista della Società Speleologica Italiana Commissione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali OPERA IPOGEA 1 - 2012 Indice Gli antichi emissari artificiali dei bacini endoreici. ...................................... 3 Carla Galeazzi, Carlo Germani, Mario Parise Opere di canalizzazione a ovest di Siena e loro correlazione idrogeologica con i rilievi calcarei circostanti .............................................. 11 Franco Fabrizi, Franco Rossi Gli emissari maggiori dei Colli Albani ......................................................... 29 Vittoria Caloi, Carla Galeazzi, Carlo Germani Gli emissari minori dell’edificio vulcanico Albano: laghetto di Monte Compatri, Pantano Secco, Pavona, Giulianello ............. 41 Carlo Germani, Carla Galeazzi, Vittoria Caloi, Tullio Dobosz Atri ipogea: le antiche fontane ..................................................................... 57 Giovanni Damiani, Adriano De Ascentiis, Pasquale Pagliara, Caterina Marina Sciarra, Gianluca Marinelli Segnalibri .................................................................................................... 83 OPERA IPOGEA 1 - 2012 OPERA IPOGEA Memorie della Commissione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali www.operaipogea.it SEMESTRALE DELLA SOCIETÀ SPELEOLOGICA ITALIANA ANNO 14 - NUMERO 1 - GENNAIO/GIUGNO 2012 AUTORIZZAZIONE DEL TRIBUNALE DI BOLOGNA N. 7702 DELL’11 OTTOBRE 2006 PROPRIETARIO: SOCIETÀ SPELEOLOGICA ITALIANA DIRETTORE RESPONSABILE: STEFANO SAJ COMITATO SCIENTIFICO: ROBERTO BIXIO, GIULIO CAPPA, ROBERTO CAPRARA, FRANCO DELL’AQUILA, CARLO EBANISTA, ANGELO FERRARI, NAKIş KARAMAğARALI (TR), ALDO MEssINA, ROBERTO NINI, MARIO PARISE, MARK PEARCE (UK), FABIO REDI, JÉROME TRIôLET (FR), LAURENT TRIôLET (FR), VITTORIO CASTELLANI † REDAZIONE: ANNALISA BASILI, VITTORIA CALOI, ANDREA DE PASCALE, SOssIO DEL PRETE, CARLA GALEAZZI, CARLO GERMANI, MARIO PARISE SEDE DELLA REDAZIONE: C/O SOssIO DEL PRETE - VIA FERRARECCE, 7 - 81100 CASERTA [email protected] RECENSIONI: ROBERTO BIXIO - VIA AVIO, 6/7 - 16151 GENOVA [email protected] COMPOSIZIONE E IMPAGINAZIONE: FRANCO GHERLIZZA, PASQUALE MONACO - TRIESTE FOTO DI COPERTINA: INCILE DEL LAGO ALBANO (LAZIO) (FOTO CARLO GERMANI - ARCHIVIO EGERIA CENTRO RICERCHE SOTTERRANEE) FOTO QUARTA DI COPERTINA: EMISSARIO DI PIAN DEL LAGO (TOSCANA) (FOTO CARLO GERMANI - ARCHIVIO EGERIA CENTRO RICERCHE SOTTERRANEE) LA RIVISTA VIENE INVIATA IN OMAGGIO AI SOCI SOSTENITORI E AI GRUPPI AssOCIATI ALLA SSI PREZZO DI COPERTINA: EURO 15,00 FORME DI PAGAMENTO: BONIFICO BANCARIO A FAVORE DELLA SOCIETÀ SPELEOLOGICA ITALIANA BANCA DI BOLOGNA - FILIALE DI BOLOGNA - MAZZINI - VIA BELLARIA, 32 - 40139 BOLOGNA C/C INTESTATO A SOCIETÀ SPELEOLOGICA ITALIANA - CODICE IBAN: IT22S 08883 02402 CC0200202447 SWIFT/BIC: BDBOIT21BOM VERSAMENTI SU CCP N. 58504002 INTESTATO A SOCIETÀ SPELEOLOGICA ITALIANA - VIA ZAMBONI, 67 - 40126 BOLOGNA CARTA DI CREDITO INVIARE UN FAX AL NUMERO 051250049 INDICANDO NUMERO DELLA CARTA, SCADENZA, E NOME DELL’INTESTATARIO, IMPORTO DA TRATTENERE E CAUSALE. IL CONTENUTO E LA FORMA DEGLI ARTICOLI PUBBLICATI IMPEGNANO ESCLUSIVAMENTE GLI AUTORI. NEssUNA PARTE DELLA PRESENTE PUBBLICAZIONE PUÒ EssERE RIPRODOTTA IN ALCUN MODO SENZA IL CONSENSO SCRITTO DEGLI AUTORI. OPERA IPOGEA 1 - 2012 Gli antichi emissari artificiali dei bacini endoreici Carla Galeazzi1, Carlo Germani1, Mario Parise2 Riassunto La presenza sul territorio italiano di opere idrauliche risalenti ad epoche passate costituisce un elemento di notevole importanza storica, che testimonia la capacità dell’uomo di adattarsi alle caratteristiche naturali dell’ambiente e l’abilità ingegneristica nel costruire opere di controllo del territorio. È un patrimonio cultu- rale diffuso, spesso così rilevante da costituire un segno identificativo del paesaggio antropizzato. Nell’Italia centrale esistono numerosi contesti geomorfologici (laghi di origine vulcanica, polje carsici) che hanno reso necessaria, nel corso dei secoli, la realizzazione di emissari sotterranei per la regolazione dei livelli idrici di specchi d’acqua permanenti e/o temporanei. Tali interventi sono stati frequentemente progettati ed eseguiti per diverse finalità antropiche, quali - ma non solo - l’attività agricola, o per convogliare le risorse idriche verso insediamenti abitativi: gli Etruschi e poi i Romani, tra il VI sec. a.C. e il II d.C., scavarono imponenti gallerie per mezzo delle quali riuscirono a regimare numerosi bacini. Da alcuni anni la Commissione Cavità Artificiali della Società Speleologica Italiana si sta occupando della classificazione e censimento delle antiche opere idrauliche sotterranee, nell’ambito del Progetto “la Carta degli Antichi Acquedotti”, della quale si configura come naturale corollario il censimento delle altre opere idrauliche antiche, quali gli emissari dei laghi vulcanici o dei polje carsici dell’Italia centrale. In questa sede viene presentato l’elenco aggiornato delle strutture note e la bibliografia generale di riferi- mento fin qui acquisita. Vengono inoltre trattati in questo numero di Opera Ipogea, quali primi contributi di approfondimento, le opere relative ai Colli Albani ed alla Toscana rinviando a successive pubblicazioni la trattazione degli altri. Abstract THE ANCIENT ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE TUNNELS OF ENDORHEIC CATCHMENTS The presence of ancient hydraulic works in a territory is an element of remarkable historical value which testifies the capability of past civilizations in adapting to the natural characteristics of the environment, and the engineering ability to realize works aimed at controlling and exploiting the natural resources. Ancient hydraulic works represent a widespread cultural heritage, that locally is so significant to become a sort of marker of the anthropogenic landscape. In central Italy, various geomorphological settings (such as lakes of volcanic origin, and karst poljes) exist that made necessary the realization of man-made underground passages to regulate the permanent and/or temporary water levels. These hydraulic works were planned and realized for several aims that included, but were not limited to, agricultural practices and collection, transport and distribution of water to human settlements. Etrurians and Romans, in particular, dug long underground galleries to reclaim many closed basins between VI century BC and II century AC. Since 2003 the Commission on Artificial Cavities of the Italian Speleological Society (SSI) is working at the project “The Map of Ancient Aqueducts” to register and describe the main features of the ancient un- derground hydraulic works over the whole Italian territory. Identification and study of further hydraulic works, such as the artificial drainage tunnels of volcanic lakes and karst poljes, is the natural corollary of the project. The present issue of Opera Ipogea includes the preliminary list of these identified hydraulic works, and the bibliographic references collected on the topic, as a first step in the process of improving the knowledge on ancient artificial emissaries. Further, individual papers are presented on the drainage tunnels of the Alban Hills in the Latium region, and of Tuscany. 1 Egeria Centro Ricerche Sotterranee; [email protected] 2 CNR-IRPI, Bari; [email protected] OPERA IPOGEA 1 - 2012 La presenza sul territorio italiano di opere idrauliche risalenti ad epoche passate costituisce un elemento di notevole importanza storica, che testimonia la capaci- tà dell’uomo di adattarsi alle caratteristiche naturali dell’ambiente e l’abilità ingegneristica nel costruire opere di controllo del territorio. È un patrimonio cultu- rale diffuso spesso così rilevante da costituire un segno identificativo del paesaggio antropizzato. Nell’Italia centrale esistono numerosi contesti geomor- fologici (laghi di origine vulcanica, polje carsici) che hanno reso necessaria, nel corso dei secoli, la realiz- zazione di emissari sotterranei per la regolazione dei livelli idrici di specchi d’acqua permanenti e/o tempo- ranei. Tali interventi sono stati frequentemente progettati ed eseguiti per diverse finalità antropiche, quali l’attività agricola, o per convogliare le risorse idriche verso in- sediamenti abitativi: gli Etruschi e poi i Romani, tra il VI sec. a.C. e il II d.C., scavarono imponenti gallerie per mezzo delle quali riuscirono a regimare numerosi bacini. I casi noti sono decine, valgano quale esempio gli emis- sari del Lago di Nemi (VI secolo a.C., 1650 m di lun- ghezza, senza presenza di pozzi intermedi) e del Lago del Fucino (I secolo d.C., lunghezza che sfiora i 6 km). È inoltre stupefacente osservare come molte di queste strutture, dopo 2.000 - 2.500 anni, conservino tuttora la piena funzionalità drenante. Emissario del Lago di Albano (Albano - Roma, Lazio; foto C. Germani). The drainage tunnel of Lake Albano (Albano � ome,������������ Latium; photo C. Germani). condotto principale di regimazione, insieme all’emissa- rio Aricino e ad un successivo cunicolo, formavano un complesso sistema integrato di controllo ed irrigazione (CASTELLANI, 1999; DOBOSZ et alii, 2003; GERMANI et alii, 2007) e che comprendeva almeno due molini (GIANNINI, 2006). Oggi ben poco resta di tali opere di regolazione, in ge- Il Lago di Santa Degna (Todi, Umbria; foto C. Germani). nere realizzate mediante chiuse in legno, tuttavia spes- The Lake of Santa Degna (Todi, Umbria; photo C. Germani). so sono ancora visibili ai lati dei cunicoli tracce delle guide entro cui scorrevano le antiche paratie. Lo studio dell’idraulica antica presenta
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