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Concepts of Amplification in Rhetorical Theory. Verne R Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1968 Concepts of Amplification in Rhetorical Theory. Verne R. Kennedy Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kennedy, Verne R., "Concepts of Amplification in Rhetorical Theory." (1968). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1404. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1404 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfihned exactly as received 68—10,746 KENNEDY, Veme R., 1941- CONCEPTS OF AMPLIFICATION IN BHETOKICAL THEORY. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical CoH^e, Ph.D,, 1968 %)eech University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONCEPTS OF AMPLIFICATION IN RHETORICAL THEORY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Speech by Verne R. Kennedy B.A., Belhaven College, 1963 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1965 January, 1968 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Professor Waldo W. Braden, director of the study, and to Professor Owen M. Peterson for their guidance and assistance. He also is indebted to Guy Johnson for help with the Latin transla­ tions in the text, and the writer expresses grateful appreciation to his wife for the encouragement she gave while the study was in progress. The committee members, Clinton W. Bradford, Harold D. Mixon, John H. Pennybacker, and John L. Loos, provided helpful suggestions. Two individuals, Jeanne Graham Andersen and Robert Brewer, provided valuable suggestions regarding stylistic matters. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................... ii LIST OF F I G U R E S ...................................... V ABSTRACT..............................................vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION.............. 1 Purpose Similar Studies Plan of the Investigation II. CLASSICAL RHETORIC ........................... 9 Early Greek Concepts of Amplification Rhetorica ad Alexandrum Aristotle's Rhetoric Rhetorica ad C. Herennium Cicero's Rhetorical Treatises On the Sublime Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria Summary III. MEDIEVAL RHETORIC ......................... 74 Amplification in the Progymnasmata Alcuin's Rhetoric The Encyclopedists Ars dictaminis and ars poétiques Ars praedicandi Loyola's Spiritual Exercises Erasmus' De duplici copia Summary 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter Page IV. ENGLISH RHETORICS: 1544-1828............... 145 Medieval Vestiges of Amplification Ramus Sets the English Stage Amplification in Stylistic Rhetoric Logical Concepts of Amplification The Classical Tradition in England The Eighteenth Century Summary V. RHETORICAL THEORY IN AMERICA Historical Observations Amplification Concepts Significance of Amplification BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................... 262 AUTOBIOGRAPHY ..................................... 277 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Medieval Tree of Preaching................... 113 2. Peacham's Diagram of Rhetoric............... 156 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation is to examine the major concepts of amplification which have developed through­ out the history of rhetoric. The study attempts to locate, abstract, define, analyze, and synthesize existing notions of rhetorical amplification. The study consists of an examination of the rhetorics of four historical phases: 1) Creek and Roman rhetoric from 500 B.C. until 100 A.D.; 2) medieval-theories of discourse from the second until the sixteenth centuries; 3) English rhetorics from about 1550 until 1828; and 4) American theories of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Throughout the history of rhetorical theory, amplifi­ cation has assumed an important role. Paralleling the begin­ nings of a written theory of discourse, Greek rhetoricians developed concepts of magnification. Classical amplification, called auxesis, is an audience centered notion which attempts to increase the hearers' opinion regarding the inportance of an idea. The goal is evaluation in which the orator seeks to intensify the significance of his arguments. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. During the sophistics, peribola became the primary ■ concept of amplification. Here, a speaker's purpose is ornamentation. When amplifying by peribola, a speaker is encouraged to seize an idea, completely encircle it, and decorate it with all possible figures or style. In the Middle Ages rhetoricians advised speakers to seek completeness as a goal of oratory. Amplification, also known as dilation, concerned the complete development of a topic through commonplaces. Length continued as the result of amplification until Loyola and Erasmus reestablished intensity in magnification. English rhetoricians incorporated ancient principles of amplification into the canons of style, invention, and organization. From the sixteenth until the mid eighteenth centuries, matification assumed a significant function in rhetôric; however, afterwards, it received less attention. American writers were probably influenced by the decline of attention, and they continued the pattern. Even among those writers who discussed amplification, only a few seemed to understand the concept. With the decline, confusion prevailed. Therefore, the main concept of amplification has been auxesis. Except for medieval treatises, magnification generally involves intensity rather than length. However, vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. at least eight separate notions of amplification have achieved recognition: 1) auxesis, 2) dilation, 3) peribola, 4) deification, 5) emotional magnification, 6) amplification through energetic language, 7) composition as magnification, and 8) psychological intensity. Furthermore, amplification has not been confined to one canon. The concept has functioned in invention, style, and organization. However, the principles are similar. Comparison has provided the basic tool for amplification. Even though Aristotle maintained the most systematic notion of amplification, Quintilian probably exerted the greatest influence. Other sources are the Rhetorica ad C. Herennium and Cicero's works. Amplification has not been confined to any particular type of oratory. Even though Greek writers associated it with epideictic discourse, other rhetoricians considered it necessary in deliberative and forensic speaking. viix Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Concepts of amplification have assumed an important function throughout the history of rhetorical theory. Plato attributes a knowledge of amplification to Tisias who taught oratory in the fifth century B.C.,^ and Kenneth Burke, a contemporary theorist, still considers amplification an integral part of rhetoric. In his Rhetoric of Motives, Burke states: Of all rhetorical devices, the most thoroughgoing is amplification (Greek, auxesis). It seems to cover a wide range of meanings, since one can amplify by extension, by intensification, and by dignification. Throughout the development of rhetoric, many theoretical aspects have matured and declined during particular historical phases; however, amplification has undergone a continuous, although somewhat changing, evolution from the fifth century B.C. to the present. Whereas the enthymeme, status, certain ^Plato, Phaedrus, trans. B. Jowett (in Dialogues of Plato, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1871), p. 270. 2 Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives and A Rhetoric of Motives (Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1962), p. 593. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. inventive topics, and other notions assume importance only in certain historical periods, amplification has maintained a permanent existence for well over two thousand years. Purpose The purpose of this investigation is to examine the major concepts of amplification which have developed through­ out the history of rhetorical theory. The study attempts to locate, abstract, define, analyze, compare, and synthesize existing notions of rhetorical amplification. Since there are numerous concepts regarding amplifi­ cation, it seems necessary to define the term in its broadest sense. Rhetorical amplification undoubtedly implies expansion. In fact, this expansion
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