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The First Gallieniellidae (Araneae) from Eastern Africa

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The First Gallieniellidae (Araneae) from Eastern Africa 2002. The Journal of Arachnology 30:307±315 THE FIRST GALLIENIELLIDAE (ARANEAE) FROM EASTERN AFRICA C. Warui: Department of Entomology, National Museums, Nairobi, Kenya R. JocqueÂ1: Section Invertebrates non-insects, Royal Africa Museum, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Toxoniella, a new genus of Gallieniellidae is described from forest remnants on the Taita Hills in Kenya. The genus is characterized by legs with well developed spination, the male palp with posterior tegular extension not containing the spermduct and the epigyne with a single central frontal ledge, double spermathecae, and cul de sac tubes in front. Two new species, both known from males and females, are recognized: T. taitensis and T. rogoae. The position of the genus is discussed in the light of the presence of enlarged piriform gland spigots on the ALS in the male and its close relationship to Drassodella supported by a number of synapomorphies. Keywords: Eastern Arc, Kenya, lamelliform hairs, piriform gland spigots The Gallieniellidae is a small spider family Gnaphosidae. The ALS have a sclerotized created by Millot (1947) for a single species subdistal ring instead and are slightly conical (Gallieniella mygaloides Millot 1947) of re- and closely set. However, males appear to markable Araneomorphae with spectacularly have EPGS. The chelicerae of these spiders porrect chelicerae from Madagascar. The fam- are slightly porrect, more clearly so in the ily was for the ®rst time de®ned by Legendre males and the habitus is very similar to that (1967). For quite some time the family was of Drassodella. This combination of charac- considered to be endemic to the large island ters would indicate that we are dealing with even after the revision of Platnick (1984) who representatives of the Gallieniellidae, a ®nd added a second genus (Legendrena Platnick greatly expanding the range of the family on 1984) and some species from islands in the the African continent. neighborhood of Madagascar, but belonging to the same zoogeographical area. However, METHODS Platnick (1990) expanded the family, mainly The following abbreviations are utilised: * on the base of the morphology of the spin- (after a number) 5 spines in a row, ALE 5 nerets and included Drassodella Hewitt 1916 anterior lateral eyes, ALS 5 anterior lateral from the Cape region in South Africa. At the spinnerets, AME 5 anterior median eyes, AW same occasion more taxa were announced 5 anterior width (of the MOQ), d 5 dorsal, from Australia, which drastically changed the disp 5 dispersed, dw 5 distal whorl, EPGS initial endemic status of the family. Recently 5 enlarged piriform gland spigots, EM: em- Goloboff (2000) described another new gal- bolic membrane; F 5 femur, L 5 length of lieniellid genus, Galianoella Goloboff 2000, the median ocular quadrangle, MA 5 median from Argentina. apophysis, MOQ median ocular quadran- During recent ®eld work in forest remnants 5 of the Taita Hills in Kenya, at the far northern gle, Mt 5 metatarsus, P 5 patella, pl 5 pro- edge of the Eastern Arc Mountains, a number lateral, PLE 5 posterior lateral eyes, PME 5 of gnaphosoid spiders were collected in which posterior median eyes, PW 5 posterior width the females obviously lack the typical en- (of the MOQ), PS 5 posterior spinnerets, rl larged piriform gland spigots (EPGS) of the 5 retrolateral, T 5 tibia, TE 5 tegular exten- sion, v 5 ventral. 1 Corresponding author: Section Invertebrates non- The following acronyms are used: AMNH insects, Royal Africa Museum, B-3080 Tervuren, 5 American Museum of Natural History, New Belgium, E-mail: [email protected] York; MRAC 5 MuseÂe Royal de l'Afrique 307 308 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY Centrale, Tervuren; NMK 5 National Muse- sons. The reversal of the EPGS into a previ- ums Kenya, Nairobi. ously lost sclerite is a most unlikely evolu- All measurements are in mm. tionary step and the genus is apparently related to the South African Drassodella in TAXONOMY which both sexes lack EPGS. This relation- ship is the main argument to accommodate Toxoniella new genus Toxoniella among the gallieniellids. These Type species.ÐToxoniella taitensis new genera share the dense spination that is absent species. in the Madagascan members of the family, Diagnosis.ÐSpecimens of Toxoniella have rows of lamelliform hairs under the tarsal far more spines than representatives of Mad- claws (Figs. 18±21), a pair of prolateral ab- agascan Gallieniellidae. Male representatives dominal sigilla (see ®gs. 32, 33 in Jocque of Toxoniella have an oval tegulum with a 1999) and frontal cul de sac expansions in the posterior extension but lack a tegular central epigyne (Figs. 8, 12). In Drassodella these are ridge; the embolus as well as the median bladder-like whereas they are clearly longer apophysis and the embolar membrane are than wide in Toxoniella. Both the genera fur- short and simple; females are characterized by ther possess a posterior extension of the te- the epigyne with long cul de sac tubes in front gulum, not connected with the origin of the of the spermathecae which are double, each embolus as in Gallieniella. The main differ- pair consisting of two well separated spheres. ences in the pair of African continental genera Etymology.ÐThe name is derived from the is the absence of a central tegular ridge in Greek tojon which means arch, and refers to Toxoniella, present in Drassodella and pairs the presence of the taxon in the Eastern Arc of well separated spermathecae present in the mountains. The gender is feminine. former, absent in the latter, where the sper- Natural history.ÐAll specimens were mathecae appear to be constricted. caught in mountain forest by pitfall traps, Description.ÐSmall to medium-sized spi- sieving litter or hand collecting. Some of these ders (3±9) with oval carapace, widest between forests are tiny remnants not exceeding a few coxae II and III; narrowed in front to about ha. The elevation distribution ranges from 0.65 times maximum width. In pro®le rather 400±1200 m. ¯at, thoracic area lower than cephalic one, Af®nities.ÐThe position of Toxoniella is highest point just behind posterior eyes. Cer- problematic in that the females ®t the Gallien- vical grooves poorly indicated. Color: proso- iellidae (absence of EPGS) whereas the males ma, including chelicerae and legs yellowish should be placed in the Gnaphosidae as they brown, covered with short, brownish golden possess these typical spigots. However, the setae; abdomen gray with dense cover of Gallieniellidae have thus far only been de®ned brownish golden setae. Eyes in two recurved (Platnick 1990) by the absence of EPGS pir- rows, subcircular and subequal, except PME iform gland spigots and the presence of a dis- smaller oval and ¯at. Clypeus low, slightly tal sclerotized ring on the ALS, both plesiom- more than diameter of ALE, straight with few orphic characters. In the absence of a sound setae. Chilum single, triangular. Chelicerae de®nition of the Gallieniellidae there are two only slightly prolonged, extending forward possibilities for the placement of Toxoniella about one ®fth of carapace length (the variable both of which imply that they are in fact in- individual inclination makes this ®gure not termediate between the Gallieniellidae and the very relevant). Endites fairly broad, smoothly Gnaphosidae. The genus can either be regard- constricted opposite insertion of trochanters. ed as a derived gallieniellid in which only the Sternum shield-shaped with dispersed setae; males have acquired EPGS or as an ancestral coxae IV narrowly separated. Labium slightly gnaphosid in which the females have not yet longer than broad; hardly widened at base. acquired EGPS and retained a distal sclero- Legs: formula 4123. Spination: fewer spines tized ring in females. A third possibility exists on anterior leg pairs than on posterior pairs. that would consider Toxoniella a derived gna- TI and TII, sometimes PI and PII, in male phosid in which the EGPS have reversed into with ventral rows of long recurved setae. Mt a distal sclerotized ring in females. The latter III and IV with poorly developed preening possibility is dif®cult to maintain for two rea- brush. Claws with about 3±7 teeth, more nu- WARUI & JOCQUE ÐAFRICAN GALLIENIELLIDAE 309 merous on anterior legs. With two rows of up winkler extraction of litter, VandenSpiegel & to 6 lamelliform setae under claws (Figs. 20, Michiels (NMK). 21). No scopulae. Abdomen oval, without scu- Etymology.ÐThe species' name refers to tum in both sexes; frontal part of male abdo- the type locality. men slightly sclerotized. Four dorsal sigilla Diagnosis.ÐThe male of this species is and one small lateral one on either side. Six recognized by the presence of a frontal, ta- spinnerets: ALS in females with sclerotized pered tegular extension between the embolus subdistal ring, slightly conical, closely set; and the MA and the ridge-shaped frontal piriform gland spigots well developed but not apophysis on the tibia. The females are char- enlarged (Figs. 15, 16); males with some acterized by the epigyne which is as wide as EPGS (Fig. 17), without sclerotized distal long, has a pronounced anterior ledge with ring. Male palp: tibia with small dorsolateral sinuous rim and long cul de sac extension of apophysis. Tegulum with posterior extension, the copulatory ducts which reach the anterior not containing the sperm duct and frontal ta- margin of the epigyne. pered extension. Embolus, median apophysis Male (holotype MRAC 208858; range of and embolar membrane all short and simple. other males in parentheses).ÐTotal length Epigyne with single, wide, frontal ledge and 6.39 (4.54±7.38). Carapace: 2.70 (2.13±2.98) curved lateral grooves; entrance ducts short long, 1.92 (1.49±2.13) wide. Carapace yel- but with frontal cul de sac tubes in front of lowish brown, with very faint darker pattern, double spermathecae.
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