AMERICAN MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 3018, 13 pp., 27 figures September 10, 1991

A Revision of the Ground Family (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea)

NORMAN I. PLATNICKI

ABSTRACT

The family Cithaeronidae includes relatively laysia), C. delimbatus Strand (East Africa), and plesiomorphic gnaphosoid from the Old two new , C. reimoseri (Ethiopia) and C. World. Two genera are recognized, 0. jocqueorum (Ivory Coast). Three specific names P.-Cambridge and the new Inthaeron, es- are newly synonymized with C. praedonius: C. tablished for a new species, L rossi, from . limbatus (Simon), C. semilimbatus (Simon), and Four species of Cithaeron are recognized: C. prae- C. pallidus Denis. Adult males and females of C. donius 0. P.-Cambridge (found from Libya to Ma- delimbatus are described for the first time.

INTRODUCTION The family Cithaeronidae is one ofthe most with their relatively large eyes, procurved obscure groups of spiders. Until very recent- posterior eye row, long legs, and pseudoseg- ly, only a handful of specimens were known, mented tarsi, they closely resemble members and most arachnologists are unfamiliar with of the Old World gnaphosid genus Mega- these . Nor, at first glance, are they myrmaekion (but differ in lacking the en- particularly striking. With their flattened and larged piriform gland spigots on the anterior irregularly shaped posterior median eyes, their lateral spinnerets that are synapomorphic for obliquely depressed endites, and their heavi- gnaphosids). ly sclerotized anterior lateral spinnerets, they The first known specimens were described are easily placed as members of the super- (as Cithaeron) by 0. P.-Cambridge (1872), family Gnaphosoidea. In general appearance, who considered them "to connect" zodariids

I Chairman and Curator, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History; Adjunct Professor, Department of Biology, City College, City University of New York; Adjunct Professor, Department of Entomology, Cornell University.

Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1991 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $1.90 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3018 and agelenids. Simon (1878) subsequently re- as an unidentified female from India- described the same species in the new genus thought possibly to belong to a second ci- Tephlea, placing it in the "Drassidae" (= thaeronid genus-has numerous large cylin- Gnaphosidae) near Cybaeodes Simon, an ob- drical gland spigots, arranged in two parallel scure taxon currently assigned to the "Clu- rows, on the posterior median spinnerets. bionidae." Subsequently, Simon (1893) syn- Subsequent study has confirmed this pos- onymized Tephlea with Cithaeron, sibility. The only adequate series of cithae- mentioning similarities of the spiders to zo- ronids that seems ever to have been collected dariids and palpimanids but erecting a sub- was obtained from Ethiopia, over recent years, family Cithaeroninae, placed in the Gna- by Dr. A. Russell-Smith. When they were phosidae (adjacent to his subfamily first encountered, he reported (in litt., 16 June Cybaeodinae). The Cithaeroninae were ele- 1986) that: vated to familial status by Caporiacco (1938), who united the group with the (non-gnapho- If these are cithaeronids I suspect the reason they are soid) Homalonychidae in a superfamily relatively uncommon in collections is that they are Homalonychiformia, an arrangement fol- extremely fast-moving when disturbed and thus dif- lowed by Roewer (1955a). ficult to catch! I have lost at least as many as are here The only recent consideration ofthe family because Ijust was not quick enough. All the specimens was a byproduct of a of I have found have been in silk retreats on the under- survey gnaphosoid side of stones except for the female from Awash Na- spinneret morphology and its phylogenetic tional Park which was under a pile of grass. In the implications (Platnick, 1990). In that paper, specimens from the hill near Nazret the male was in a second genus (Bobineus Roewer) that had the same silken retreat as the subadult female. subsequently been added to the family by Roewer (1955b) was transferred to the Gna- Examination ofthis fine series, as well as the phosidae and placed as a junior synonym of relatively few specimens scattered among Pterotricha Kulczyn'ski. The results of that other collections, supports the recognition of survey indicated that the familial status of the Indian female as a member of a second the cithaeronids seems to be warranted. Al- genus, described below as Inthaeron. Fortu- though clearly a gnaphosoid, Cithaeron dif- nately, the single known specimen has its fers from true gnaphosids and prodidomids spinnerets well extruded and preserved; the in having anterior lateral spinnerets that (1) anterior lateral spinnerets closely resemble are conical (rather than tubular) in shape, (2) those of Cithaeron in the four details listed are not widely separated at their base, (3) above, despite the differences in the arrange- retain a sclerotized subdistal ring, and (4) have ment ofthe cylindrical gland spigots on their unmodified, rather than widened or elongat- posterior median spinnerets. ed, piriform gland spigots. Comments on sep- Those four anterior lateral spinneret char- arating cithaeronids from the other currently acters are all presumably plesiomorphic for recognized gnaphosoid families can be found the Gnaphosoidea, however, which raises the in the familial diagnosis below. question ofwhether Cithaeron and Inthaeron Platnick (1990) also pointed out that the together form a monophyletic group. The best posterior median spinnerets of Cithaeron fe- indication that they do is provided by chel- males are highly modified; instead ofthe large iceral morphology. The chelicerae of Cithae- cylindrical gland spigots found in other gna- ron are unusual in lacking teeth on either phosoids and many outgroup genera, the pos- margin of the fang furrow; most other gna- terior portion of the PMS is covered with phosoids have teeth on one or both of those numerous small cylindrical gland spigots. The margins. The promargin, however, bears a only other gnaphosoid examined to date that cluster of stiff setae, first noted by Simon approaches this condition is Drassodella (1893: 385, fig. 312). Examination by scan- Hewitt (now placed in the family Gallieniel- ning electron microscopy (figs. 1, 2) indicates lidae), which has multiple rows ofcylindrical that (at least in Cithaeron) these setae are gland spigots. However, Platnick indicated situated behind an elevated ridge, and each that the cylindrical gland spigot arrangement originates from an elevated and notched base of Cithaeron might be only a generic feature, and bears several feathery branches. Al- 1991 PLATNICK: CITHAERONIDAE 3

Figs. 1-4. Cithaeron delimbatus Strand, female. 1. Chelicera, posterior view, 260 x. 2. Modified setae on cheliceral promargin, posterior view, 1300 x. 3. Cheliceral gland pores, posterior view, 2000 x. 4. Serrula, anterior view, 375 x.

though the single known female ofInthaeron Rudy Jocque, and Darrell Ubick for helpful has not been scanned, detailed examination comments on a draft of the manuscript. by light microscopy indicates that it con- forms to Cithaeron in cheliceral morphology COLLECTIONS EXAMINED as well as such other unusual features as the re- AMNH American Museum ofNatural History, pseudosegmented tarsi (fig. 7) and greatly including material kindly donated by A. duced leg spination. Russell-Smith I am indebted to the curators and collectors BMNH Natural History Museum, London, P. listed below for access to specimens, to Mo- Hillyard hammad U. Shadab of the American Mu- CAS California Academy of Sciences, San seum of Natural History for help with illus- Francisco, W. Pulawski trations, and to Gershom Levy, John Murphy, CJK J. K. H. Koh, Singapore 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3018

w m'B5;_ r- Figs. 5-8. Cithaeron delimbatus Strand, female. 5. Tarsal organ from leg I, dorsal view, 5860 x. 6. Trichobothrial base from tarsus I, dorsal view. 7. Tarsus I, dorsolateral view, 500 x. 8. Feathery setae on tarsus I, lateral view, 1000 x.

CJM J. and F. Murphy, Hampton, England NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, J. CRS A. Russell-Smith, Harleston, England Gruber HDO Hope Entomological Collegctions, Ox- ford University, I. Lansbury HUJ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, G. Levy SYSTEMATICS MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CITHAERONIDAE Paris, J. Heurtault and C. Rollard SIMON MRAC Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Cithaeroninae Simon, 1893: 341, 384 (type genus Tervuren, R. Jocque by monotypy Cithaeron 0. P.-Cambridge). - NMB Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, W. Bonnet, 1956: 1095. Wittmer Cithaeronidae: Caporiacco, 1938: 63. - Roewer, NMK National Museums ofKenya, J. M. Rit- 1955a: 475. - Brignoli, 1983: 584. - Platnick, chie, R. K. Bagine 1989: 456. 1991 PLATNICK: CITHAERONIDAE 5

DiAGNosIs: Cithaeronids can be distin- strong anterolateral serrula (fig. 4); labium as guished from other gnaphosoids as follows: wide as long or wider, truncated distally, not from the Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae, and rebordered; sternum shield-shaped, with by the presence of conical heavily sclerotized lateral (but not posterior) (rather than tubular) and narrowly separated margins, sparsely coated with long, dark, stiff anterior lateral spinnerets bearing a subdistal setae, with sclerotized extensions to and be- sclerotized ring and unmodified piriform tween coxae; coxae IV separated by almost gland spigots, from the Trochanteriidae by their width. Legs I, II, IV subequal in length, the unflattened body, from the Gallienielli- leg III shorter. Legs bearing few, extremely dae by the unelongated chelicerae, and from short, weak spines, restricted to basal dorsal the by the deep oblique depres- surface of femora, ventral surface of tibiae sion on the palpal endites and the presence and metatarsi, and tips of metatarsi; sides of oflong, pseudosegmented tarsi (see Platnick, distal segments with feathery setae (fig. 8). 1990, for additional data on those families). Legs pale yellow; tarsi scopulate, pseudos- The absence of cheliceral teeth together with egmented (fig. 7), with two strong, dentate the presence of modified setae on the cheli- claws and claw tufts consisting of few but ceral promargin (figs. 1, 2) is also believed to strong setae; trochanters not notched; meta- be diagnostic. tarsi without preening combs; trichobothria DESCRIPTION: Ecribellate, entelegyne, gna- present in single dorsal row on tarsi and phosoid spiders. Total length 3.4-8.3. Car- metatarsi, base transversely ridged (fig. 6); apace rounded in dorsal view, abruptly nar- tarsal organ capsulate but with large opening rowed at ocular area, widest between coxae (fig. 5). Abdomen pale yellow, with or with- II and III, truncated anteriorly and posteri- out dark maculations, surface with weak, orly, highest at rear of pars cephalica, pale brown setae; males with long anterior scutum yellow, surface often with dark maculations occupying halfofabdominal length. Six spin- except on broad bands along lateral and pos- nerets, anterior laterals conical, not widely terior margins and on postocular portion of separated, with subdistal sclerotized ring and pars cephalica, with few weak setae near lat- small, unmodified piriform gland spigots eral margins and stronger setae in ocular area; (Platnick, 1990: fig. 170), posterior medians cephalic area moderately elevated, level, not advanced anteriorly, posterior surface deeply depressed around longitudinal tho- bearing dense cluster (Platnick, 1990: fig. 171) racic groove; lateral margins usually with tiny or two longitudinal rows of small cylindrical tubercles. From above, both eye rows slightly gland spigots in females; minor ampullate procurved; from front, both rows strongly gland spigots present on both posterior me- procurved; AME circular, dark, ALE and PLE dian and posterior lateral pairs (Platnick, circular, light; PME flattened, irregularly oval, 1990: fig. 172). Posterior respiratory system light, highly reflective; PME largest, ALE and consisting of spiracle situated near base of PLE subequal, smaller than AME; AME sep- spinnerets, leading to short atrium from which arated by their radius or more, closer to ALE; emerge two thin tubes that almost immedi- PME separated by their radius or less, usually ately bifurcate, producing four extremely nar- much farther from PLE; lateral eyes of each row tracheae confined to abdomen. Male pal- side separated by their radius or more; MOQ pal femur and patella unmodified (males roughly square. Clypeus very high, height known only in Cithaeron); tibia with distinct about three times AME diameter. Chelicerae retrolateral apophysis and distally excavated, short, vertical; fang furrow without marginal unsclerotized prolateral margin, sometimes teeth, promargin with cluster of stiff setae with dorsal apophysis as well; cymbium situated behind elevated ridge (fig. 1), each greatly elongated, bulb with large subtegul- seta originating from elevated, notched base, um, rounded tegulum bearing prolaterally bearing several feathery branches (fig. 2); originating embolus of variable length, and cheliceral gland opening from tiny pores on translucent, medially situated median surface opposite fang tip (fig. 3). Endites rect- apophysis. Epigynum with anterior hood and angular, with distinct, deep oblique depres- complexly coiled ducts. sion; without anteromedian scopula but with DISTIUBUTION: West Africa (Ivory Coast), 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3018

East Africa, the Middle East, and India east NOTE: Although the syntypes of C. prae- to Malaysia and Singapore. donius are penultimate females and cannot be identified with certainty, that name is used for this taxon because it is the only cithae- Cithaeron 0. P.-Cambridge ronid species known from the Middle East. Cithaeron 0. P.-Cambridge, 1872: 272 (type spe- DiAGNOsIs: This species is similar to C. cies by monotypy Cithaeron praedonius 0. P.- delimbatus but can be distinguished by the Cambridge). larger median apophysis on the male palp Tephlea Simon, 1878: 207 (type species by mono- (figs. 10, 11) and the more highly coiled epi- typy Tephlea agelenoides Simon). First synon- gynal ducts of females (figs. 12, 13). ymized by Simon, 1893: 384. MALE (JERUSALEM, ISRAEL): Total length DIAGNOsIs: Females can be distinguished 3.49. Carapace 1.73 long, 1.49 wide. Femur from those ofInthaeron by having the cylin- II 2.63 long. Eye sizes and interdistances: drical gland spigots on the posterior median AME 0.11, ALE 0.09, PME 0.11, PLE 0.09; spinnerets arranged in a dense cluster (Plat- AME-AME 0.09, AME-ALE 0.02, PME- nick, 1990: fig. 171) rather than in two lon- PME 0.02, PME-PLE 0.06, ALE-PLE 0.08; gitudinal rows. Males of Inthaeron are un- MOQ length 0.27, front width 0.31, back known. width 0.24. Retrolateral tibial apophysis small, triangular, with tip directed prolater- ally; median apophysis relatively large, pro- Cithaeron praedonius 0. P.-Cambridge tuberant (figs. 9-11). Leg spination: femora Figures 9-13 I-IV dl-0-0; tibiae: III vO-0-lp; IV vO-lp- Cithaeronpraedonium 0. P.-Cambridge, 1872:273 Ip; metatarsi III, IV pO-0-1, vO-0-2, rl-0-1. (two female syntypes in HDO, examined; ac- FEMALE (IsRAEL): Total length 5.38. Cara- cording to the original description, they are from pace 2.50 long, 1.99 wide. Femur 113.04. Eye "under a stone on the Lebanon" and "a similar sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, situation at Hasbeiya," Lebanon, but both spec- PME 0.13, PLE 0.12; AME-AME 0.10, AME- imens are actually penultimate females rather than adults). ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.05, PME-PLE 0.08, Tephlea agelenoides Simon, 1878: 207 (female ho- ALE-PLE 0.09; MOQ length 0.30, front width lotype from Syria, should be in MNHN, lost). 0.30, back width 0.31. Epigynum with an- First synonymized by Simon, 1893: 386. teromedian hood, slightly depressed poster- Tephlea limbata Simon, 1885: 36 (female lecto- omedian atrium, and anterolateral openings type, here designated, from "Ramle," near Al- (fig. 12); epigynal ducts highly, variably coiled exandria, Egypt, in MNHN, examined). NEW (fig. 13). Leg spination: femora I-IV dl-0-0; SYNONYMY. tibiae III, IV vO-0-lp; metatarsi III, IV p0- Tephlea semilimbata Simon, 1890: 91 (female 0-1, vlr-2-2, rO-0-1. syntype from "Cham-Cham," near Aden, Yem- MATERiAL EXAMINED: Libya: Wadi Kuf, en, in MNHN, examined). NEW SYNONY- MY. Jan. 24, 1960, under damp stones outside Cithaeronpraedonius: Simon, 1893: 386, figs. 341- cave mouth (J. A. L. Cooke, AMNH), 16. near (Letour- 344. - Roewer, 1955a: 475. - Bonnet, 1956: Egypt: "Ramle," Alexandria 1094. neux, MNHN), 12 (syntype). Ethiopia: Mas- Cithaeron limbatus: Simon, 1893: 386, fig. 345. - sawa, Eritrea (G. Accigliaro, MRAC), 16, 12. Roewer, 1955a: 475. - Bonnet, 1956: 1094. Israel: Arad, May 30, 1968 (G. Levy, HUJ), Cithaeron semilimbatus: Simon, 1893: 386. 12; Jerusalem, Aug. 1974 (G. Levy, HUJ), Roewer, 1955a: 475. - Bonnet, 1956: 1094. 18; no specific locality, July 1971 (J. Sharp, Cythaeron pallidus Denis, 1953: 340 (female ho- AMNH), 12. Saudi Arabia: Jeddah area, He- lotype from Wadi Dharh, Yemen, should be in National Museum of Natural History, Smith- jaz region, Aug. 1985-Apr. 1986, pitfall trap sonian Institution, not currently in that collec- (A. A. Faragalla, AMNH), 12; Wadi Hanifa, tion, may be represented by a female bearing Apr. 25, 1976 (W. Wittmer, W. Biittiker, this name, determined by Denis but without NMB), 12. Yemen: "Cham-Cham, au-dessus locality data, in MNHN, examined). NEW des citernes d'Aden" (E. Simon, MNHN), 12, SYNONYMY. 1 juvenile (syntypes); King's gardens, Wadi Cithaeron pallidus: Brignoli, 1983: 584. Dharh, 19 km NW San'a, Feb. 12, 1951, el- 1991 PLATNICK: CITHAERONIDAE 7

Figs. 9-13. Cithaeron praedonius 0. P.-Cambridge. 9. Left male palp, prolateral view. 10. Same, ventral view. 11. Same, retrolateral view. 12. Epigynum, ventral view. 13. Same, dorsal view. evation 2165 m, rubbish heaps and vegeta- rent, post-Simon label ofvial in MNHN), 16, tion (R. E. Kuntz, MNHN) 1 Q (data are those 19 (paralectotypes of Tephlea limbata). Ma- of the holotype of C. pallidus, on the as- laysia: Penang, Feb. 29, 1962 (H. T. Pagden, sumption that the female currently in MNHN BMNH), 19. Singapore: King Close, Jan. 6, is in fact that specimen). India: "Hindoustan: 1991, between old newspaper piles (J. Koh, Ramnad (Fabre)" (spelled Ramund on cur- CJK), 1Q. 8 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3018

DISTRIBUTION: Northeastern Africa (Libya, ysis small, triangular, with tip directed pro- Egypt, and northern Ethiopia) and the Mid- laterally; median apophysis relatively small, dle East east to Malaysia and Singapore. protuberant (figs. 14-16). Leg spination: fem- SYNONYMY: The relatively extensive list of ora I-IV dl-0-0; tibiae: III vO-lr-2; IV vO- synonyms reflects both the relative rarity of 0-2; metatarsi III, IV pO-O- 1, vlr-2-2, rO- 1- 1. specimens (and the consequent lack of direct FEMALE (BARINGO, KENYA): Total length comparisons among them) and their exten- 5.68. Carapace 2.58 long, 1.99 wide. Femur sive variation in color pattern and in the de- II 3.19. long. Eye sizes and interdistances: tails of duct coiling in the female epigynum. AME 0.12, ALE 0.11, PME 0.16, PLE 0.12; The dorsal abdominal coloration ranges from AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.03, PME- uniformly pale, at least in alcohol (i.e., C. PME 0.04, PME-PLE 0.09, ALE-PLE 0.15; pallidus), to uniformly dark except for a small, MOQ length 0.39, front width 0.37, back median pale patch immediately above the width 0.36. Epigynum with anteromedian spinnerets (i.e., C. praedonius). Some speci- hood, slightly depressed posteromedian atri- mens show a pair of lateral dark bands for um, and anterolateral openings (fig. 17); ven- the entire length ofthe abdomen (i.e., C. rim- tral visible duct leading into spermathecae batus), or on just the posterior portion ofthe may enter spermathecae laterally (as in fig. abdomen (i.e., C. semilimbatus). No two fe- 17) or medially (varying even between right males show identical patterns ofepigynal duct and left sides ofone specimen); epigynal ducts coiling; for that matter, no individual spec- slightly, variably coiled (fig. 18). Leg spina- imen shows identical coiling of the ducts of tion: femora I-IV dl-0-0; tibiae: III vO-0-2; the right and left sides. IV vO-2-2; metatarsi: III pO-0-i, vO-2-2, rO- 0-1; IV pO-O-i, vlp-2-2, rO-O-l. Cithaeron delimbatus Strand MATERLAL EXAMINED: Ethiopia: Adagalla Figures 14-18 (MNHN), 12; Harbona, E Nazret, Apr. 9- Cithaeron delimbatus Strand, 1906: 614 (juvenile July 22, 1986, elev. 1300 m, under stones in female holotype from Mane River, Ethiopia, de- Acacia-Commiphora bushland (A. Russell- posited in Stuttgart, destroyed); 1908: 86. - Smith, CRS, AMNH), 28, 22; Karamara Ho- Roewer, 1955a: 475. - Bonnet, 1956: 1094. tel grounds, Awash National Park, Mar. 31- Cithaeron delimbatum: Simon, 1909: 36. - Ber- Oct. 6, 1986-1988, elev. 1000 m, under piles land, 1922: 49. ofcut grass (A. Russell-Smith, CRS, AMNH), NOTE: Because the holotype is both juve- 28,52, 1 penultimate 2, Apr. 1-Oct. 29,1986- nile and destroyed, application of this name 1988, elev. 1000 m, hunting among stones at is uncertain (Strand could conceivably have night under lights (A. Russell-Smith, CRS), had a juvenile of C. praedonius or C. rei- 3a; 20 km W Matahara, on road to Addis moseri instead); I have elected to follow the Ababa, Sept. 16, 1986, elev. 1200 m, under decisions ofSimon (1909) and Berland (1922) lava blocks in Acacia bushland (A. Russell- in referring East African specimens to this Smith, CRS), 12; 40 km W Matahara, on road name. to Addis Ababa, May 28, 1986, elev. 1400 DiAGNosIs: This species resembles C. prae- m, in dense Cenchrus tussocks (A. Russell- donius but can be distinguished by the small- Smith, CRS), 12, Apr. 1-July 23, 1987-1988, er median apophysis on the male palp (figs. elev. 1300-1400 m, under stones (A. Russell- 15, 16) and the less highly coiled epigynal Smith, CRS), 32; Menare (P. Goderis, ducts of females (figs. 17, 18). MRAC), 19; N Nazret, May 8, 1986, elev. MALE (KORA RESERVE, KENYA): Total 1650 m, under stone on eroded hillside (A. length 4.50. Carapace 1.78 long, 1.43 wide. Russell-Smith, CRS), 1. Afars and Issas: Femur II 2.78 long. Eye sizes and interdist- Obock (MNHN), 19. Somalia: Sar Uanle, 20 ances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.13, PLE km S Chisimaio, 0029'48"IS, 42025'30"E, pit- 0.09; AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.02, fall, dune facing sea (G. Messana et al., PME-PME 0.03, PME-PLE 0.05, ALE-PLE MRAC), 12. Kenya: Baringo, Rift Valley, Aug. 0.13; MOQ length 0.36, front width 0.32, 28, 1972, hot, stony area near lake (J. and F. back width 0.29. Retrolateral tibial apoph- Murphy, CJM), 12; Kora National Reserve, 1991 PLATNICK: CITHAERONIDAE 9

18

Figs. 14-18. Cithaeron delimbatus Strand. 14. Left male palp, prolateral view. 15. Same, ventral view. 16. Same, retrolateral view. 17. Epigynum, ventral view. 18. Same, dorsal view.

Aug. 1983, pitfall trap in Acacia-Commi- Olduwai, Nov. 26, 1967, elev. 1500 m (E. S. phora bushland (A. Russell-Smith, J. M. Rit- Ross, A. R. Stephen, CAS), 1 Y. chie, NMK), lM; no specific locality (Roths- DISTRIBUTION: East Africa. child, MNHN), 1Y. Tanzania: 10 mi SE NATURAL HISTORY: A detailed description 10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3018

22 .

Figs. 19-22. 19, 20. Cithaeron reimoseri, new species. 21, 22. Inthaeron rossi, new species. 19, 21. Epigynum, ventral view. 20, 22. Same, dorsal view.

ofthe Kora National reserve site can be found MALE: Unknown. in Russell-Smith et al. (1987). FEMALE (HOLOTYPE): Total length 7.24. Carapace 3.11 long, 2.70 wide. Femur II 3.64 Cithaeron reimoseri, new species long. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, Figures 19, 20 ALE 0.13, PME 0.17, PLE 0.17; AME-AME 0.16, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.06, PME- Cithaeron limbatus (misidentification): Reimoser, PLE 0.1 1, ALE-PLE 0.13; MOQ length 0.47, 1937: 19. front width 0.42, back width 0.40. Epigynal TYPE: Female holotype from Adi Kaie, Er- hood narrowly constricted anteriorly, con- itrea, Ethiopia (Andreini), deposited in nected to lateral epigynal margins (fig. 19); NMW. spermathecae ovoid, posterior ducts thick- ETYMOLoGY: The specific name is a pa- ened (fig. 20). Leg spination: femora I-IV dl- tronym in honor of Eduard Reimoser, who 0-0; tibiae III, IV vO-0-2; metatarsi III, IV first published on the holotype. pO-0-1, vlr-2-2, rO-l-1. DiAGNosis: Females can be recognized eas- OTHER MATERLAL EXAMINED: None. ily by the heptagonal epigynal atrium (fig. 19). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Ethiopia. 1991 PLATNICK: CITHAERONIDAE I1I

3

* 27 .. I

Figs. 23-27. Cithaeron jocqueorum, new species. 23. Left male palp, prolateral view. 24. Same, ventral view. 25. Same, retrolateral view. 26. Epigynum, ventral view. 27. Same, dorsal view.

14, 1975; R. and E. Jocque), deposited in Cithaeron jocqueorum, new species MRAC. Figures 23-27 ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a pa- TYPES: Male holotype and female allotype tronym in honor ofthe collectors ofthe types. from a savanna at Kossou, Ivory Coast (Aug. DiAGNosIs: Males can be recognized by the 12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3018

presence ofa dorsal tibial apophysis (figs. 23, tra, India (Feb. 13, 1962; E. S. Ross, D. Q. 25), females by the arched epigynal hood (fig. Cavagnaro), deposited in CAS. 26). ETYMoLoGY: The specific name is a pa- MALE (HOLOTYPE): Total length 4.59. Car- tronym in honor of one of the collectors of apace 1.74 long, 1.43 wide. Femur II 2.83 the holotype. long. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, DiAGNOSIS: With the characters of the ge- ALE 0.11, PME 0.15, PLE 0.11; AME-AME nus and genitalia as in figures 21, 22. 0.11, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.05, PME- MALE: Unknown. PLE 0.05, ALE-PLE 0.08; MOQ length 0.38, FEMALE (HOLOTYPE): Total length 6.60. front width 0.35, back width 0.35. Retrola- Carapace 2.32 long, 1.91 wide. Femur II 3.19. teral tibial apophysis very small, accompa- long. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, nied by longer dorsal apophysis (figs. 23, 25); ALE 0.12, PME 0.15, PLE 0.12; AME-AME embolus short, not coiled (fig. 24). Leg spi- 0.12, AME-ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.07, PME- nation: femora I-IV dl-0-0; metatarsi: III vO- PLE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.06; MOQ length 0.38, 0-2, rO-0-1; IV vO-0-2. front width 0.38, back width 0.36. Epigynum FEMALE (ALLOTYPE): Total length 5.93. with triangular anterior hood and anterolat- Carapace 2.18 long, 1.86 wide. Femur II 3.11 eral openings (fig. 21); epigynal ducts con- long. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.18, voluted posteriorly, (possibly secondary) ALE 0.11, PME 0.16, PLE 0.13; AME-AME spermathecae situated anteriorly (fig. 22). Leg 0.09, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.08, PME- spination: tibiae IV vO-0-2; metatarsi: III p0- PLE 0.07, ALE-PLE 0.11; MOQ length 0.45, 0-1, vlr-lr-2; rO-0-1; IV pO-0-i, vlr-2-2, rO- front width 0.45, back width 0.40. Epigynum 0-1 . with arched anterior hood and posteriorly di- OTHER MATERIAL ExAMINED: None. rected openings (fig. 26); spermathecae rela- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from India. tively short (fig. 27). Leg spination: femora I-IV dl-0-0; metatarsi III, IV vO-0-2, rO-0- REFERENCES 1. OTHER MATERIAL ExAMINED: Ivory Coast: Berland, L. 1922. Araignees. In Voyage de M. le Baron de N Korhogo, Bandama River, Feb. 24, 1979, Rothschild en Ethiopie et en Afrique edge ofriverine forest (J. Everts, MRAC), 1 Q, orientale anglaise (1904-1905). Resul- Apr. 17, 1980, edge of riverine forest (J. tats scientifiques. Animaux articules. Everts, MRAC), 1; Kossou, Feb. 18-Mar. Paris, 1: 43-90. 2, 1975, savanna (R. Jocque, MRAC), 1, Bonnet, P. July 22-30,1974, humid savanna (R. Jocque, 1956. Bibliographia araneorum. Toulouse, MRAC), 1Q. 2(2): 919-1925. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Ivory Brignoli, P. M. Coast. 1983. A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester, Inthaeron, new genus 755 pp. Cambridge, O.-P. TYPE SPECIES: Inthaeron rossi, new species. 1872. General list of the spiders of Palestine ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is a con- and Syria, with descriptions of numer- traction of Indian Cithaeron, and is mascu- ous new species, and characters of two line in gender. new genera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London DIAGNOSIS: Females can be distinguished 1872: 212-354. from those of Cithaeron by having the cylin- Caporiacco, L. di drical gland spigots on the posterior median 1938. Il sistema degli Araneidi. Arch. Zool. spinnerets arranged in two longitudinal rows Italiano 25 (Suppl. 4): 35-155. rather than a dense cluster. Males are un- Denis, J. known. 1953. Spiders of the Yemen, southwest Ara- bia, collected by the U.S. Naval Medical Inthaeron rossi, new species Mission to the Yemen, 1951. Trans. Am. Figures 21, 22 Microsc. Soc. 72: 337-343. Platnick, N. I. TYPE: Female holotype taken at an eleva- 1989. Advances in spider 1981- tion of 1250 m at Mahableshwar, Maharash- 1987: A supplement to Brignoli's A cat- 1991 PLATNICK: CITHAERONIDAE 13

alogue oftheAraneae described between 1885. Materaiux pour servir a la faune arach- 1940 and 1980. Manchester, 673 pp. nologique de l'Asie meridionale. II. Ar- 1990. Spinneret morphology and the phylog- achnides recueillis a Ramnad, district eny of ground spiders (Araneae, Gna- de Madura par M. I'abbe Fabre. Bull. phosoidea). Am. Mus. Novitates 2978: Soc. Zool. France 10: 26-39. 42 pp. 1890. Etudes arachnologiques. 22e Memoire. Reimoser, E. XXXIV. Etude sur les arachnides de 1937. Beitrag zur Spinnenfauna von Ery- l'Yemen. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France (6) thraea. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Italiana 16: 10: 77-124. 16-24. 1893. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Roewer, C. F. 1(2): 257-483. 1955a. KatalogderAraneae von 1758 bis 1940, 1909. Arachnides. Premiere partie. In Voyage bzw. 1954. Brussels, 2a-b: 1-1751. de M. Maurice de Rothschild en Ethio- 1955b. Die Araneen der Osterreichischen Iran- pie et dans l'Afrique orientale anglaise Expedition 1949/50. Sitzungsber. Os- (1904-1906). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Bel- terreichischen Akad. Wiss. Math.-Na- gique 53: 29-43. turwiss. KI. 164: 751-782. Strand, E. Russell-Smith, A., J. M. Ritchie, and N. M. Col- 1906. Diagnosen nordafrikanischer, haupt- lins sachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Er- 1987. The surface-active spider fauna of arid langer gesammelter Spinnen. Zool. Anz. bushland in Kora Reserve, Kenya. Bull. 30: 604-637, 655-690. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 7: 171-174. 1908. Nordafrikanische Spinnen, hauptsach- Simon, E. lich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger 1878. Les arachnides de France. Paris, 4: 1- gesammelt. Arch. Naturg. 74: 67-128. 334.

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