the MARCH 10, 1952 25 CENTS

The Voice of America: Study in Planned Futility

GEORGE CREEL

My Father's America ALIX DU POY

Indonesia's Little Kremlin EDWARD HUNTER

After Capitalism, What? GEORGE WINDE,R

Unionism by Clompulsion AN EDITORIAL

Editors: Jo,hn ('hamberlain • Henry Hazlitt • Suzan,ne La Follette

PU\BLISHED FORTN,IGHTlY FIVE DOLLARS A YEAR fheFREEMAN A WO'RD with which is combined the m(J9azine,·"i.~AIN TALK ABOUT Editors, JO,HN CHAMBERlAIN HENRY HAZLITT OU'R Managing Editor, SUZANNE LA FOLLETTE Business Manager, KURT LASSEN CONTRIBUT'ORS

MARCH 10, 1952 ALIX DU POY has written a number of book reviews for the Freeman, but her CONTENTS VOL. 2-NO. 12 story of her pioneer father is her first article for us. As "Ellen Taylor" she has published two novels, "Towers Editorials Along the Grass" and "One Crystal and a Mother." The Fortnight...... 355 GEORGE CREEL had edited the Kansas Compullsory Union Member,ship...... 357 City Independent land the Denver Post Leading Whom Whither? ...... 357 and Rocky Mountain News before Presii­ Bl,es81ed Be the Mie,aly-Mouthed...... 359 dent Wilson appointed him in 1917 chairman of the Committee of Public Field For Soviet Imperialism...... 360 Information for World War 1. During the thirties Mr. Creel served as chair­ My F,aither's Americ,a: I man of the San Francisco Regional A Pioneer of ithe Pvairie ALIX DU POY 361 Labor Board. He was a contributing This Is What They Said...... 364 editor of Collier's until 1946, and has Study in Planned Futility GEORGE CREEL 365 written more than a dozen books, in­ Indonesia's Little Kremlin EDWARD HUNTER 369 cluding "Russia's Race for Asia" After Capitalism, What? GEORGE WINDER 371 (1949). From Our Readers...... 374 EDWARD HUNTER is author of the re­ cent book, "Brain-Washing in Red China." He made his observations on Books "Indonesia's Little Kremlin" at first hand in Jakarta this \vinter. A Reviewer's Notebook.... JOHN CHAMBERLAIN 377 GEORGE WINDER is a British econo­ De1an Ache,son's Record mist and writer for the London City WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY, JR. 378 Press. His most recent article in the Rome and America EDWARD DAHLBERG 380 l?reeman was "British Bureaucrats Kill More on the Chaplin Myth HARRY FELDMAN 381 Some Cows" (January 28, 1952). Reliable Outline FELIX WITTMER 382 WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY, JR. j,s aUithor An "A" for Effort EDITH H. WALTON 382 of the recent book "God and Man at Yale," which, by exposing collectivist teaching at Old Eli, stirred up a storm Manners, Arts and Morals WILLIAM S. SCHLAMM 375 of abuse from the left. Among the most caustic criticisms was an attack on the book and its author in the Atlantic Monthly by McGeorge Bundy, whose In Lieu of Comment...... RALPH DE TOLEDANO 373 book on Dean Acheson Mr. Buckley re­ Legend for Our Times...•.. BEN RAY REDMAN 376 views in this issue. A 1950 Yale gradu­ ate, Mr. Buckley was chairman of the Yale Daily News, and s,erved during The Freeman is published fortnightly. Publication GRice, Orange, Conn. Editorial and General Offices, 240 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. Copyrighted in the war as a lieutenant in the infantry. the United States, 1952, by the Freeman Magazine, Inc. John Chamberlain, President; Henry Hazlitt, Vice President; Suzanne La Follette, Secretary; Alex L. He has written for Human Events, and Hillman, Treasurer. contributed "Senator McCarthy's Mod­ Entered as second class matter at the Post ORice at Orange, Conn. Rates: Twenty­ el?" to the Freeman of May 21, 1951. five cents the copy; five dollars a year in the United States, nine dollars for two BEN RAY REDMAN, well-known Los years; six dollars a year elsewhere. Angeles writer and critic, has recently The editors can not be responsible for manuscripts submitted but if return postage is enclosed they will endeavor to see that manuscripts rejected: are promptly returned. written introductions for a Limited Editions Club edition of "The Black It is not to be understood that articles signed with a name, pseudonym, or initials necessarily represent the opinion of the editors, either as to substance or style. Tulip" and for "Rachel Ray" in .. the 1 hey are printed because, in the editor's judgment, they are intrinsically worth reading. Borzoi Trollope series.

~II Printed in U.S.A., by Wilson B. Lee Co., Orange, C'onnecticut t e

NEW YORK, MOND'AY, MARCH 10,1952

THIE FORTNIGHT man's flagrant bypassing in Korea of Congress's sole Constitutional prerogative to declare war. More than a year after the foundation of the North Nor did they stop to inquire into the other causes Atlantic Treaty Organization, the recent Lisbon that led up to this resolution. One of them is the Conference decided that General Eisenhower's increasing Congressional distrust of Administra­ blueprints needed to be strengthened. Accordingly tion assurances. Congress remembers, as Arthur it agreed upon the formation of a European De­ Krock has pointed out, "the positive assurance of fense Force of. fifty divisions, including a German Mr. Acheson to Senator Hickenlooper, when all contribution-but not this year. The decision was possible obligations of the North Atlantic Treaty announced with fanfares. Secretary Acheson de­ were being investigated by the Senate committee, clared that it meant "a new day for all of us." In that these did not include any expectation the the general rejoicing over the plan to counter United States would 'send any substantial num­ Russia's several hundred divisions with fifty bers of troops' to western Europe 'as a more or either on hand or on order by the end of 1952, less permanent contribution to the development some important questions were played down. First, of these countries' capacity to resist [aggres­ will the parliaments of the NATO countries and sion].' " western Germany ratify the agreement? Second, wHI the U.S. Congress vote the further billions There is probably no way of stopping our legis­ which Europe is already demanding to finance lators from completing the folly of decreeing Uni­ the project? Third, and most important of all, does versal Military Training as the permanent peace­ Mr. Acheson's promise to submit our military time policy of this country. UMT, to describe it budget to the NATO powers for annual review in terms of blunt functional truth, involves a mean that those powers are to be permitted to de­ compulsory seizure of every healthy young man's cide military policy for this country? In other body by the State for a period of time. It is in­ words, are we surrendering American sovereignty voluntary servitude, and therefore repugnant to to our allies? our whole basic constitutional philosophy. If a State can seize a young man for military training For once the House of Representatives asserted in peacetime, it is equally entitled to seize older itself courageously in foreign affairs when it men to build roads for possible future military adopted, over the opposition of its Democratic transport. The Soviets justify their slave camps leadership, its Foreign Affairs Committee and the on precisely the same grounds that UMT pro­ Administration, a resolution directing Secretary ponents use to justify their proposed law: the of State Dean Acheson to come forward with full defense of the commonwealth. Deny this deadly information as to whether President Truman had parallel who can. made any secret military commitments to Prime Minister Churchill of Great Britain in their con­ During times of war, certain measures of com­ sultations in January. The vote of 189 to 143 was pulsion may be necessary-or, at any rate, there emphatic. Analysis of the party tine-up shows that isn't much use arguing against them. But to sad­ it would not have been substantially changed if dle the United States with permanent peacetime the fifty-nine missing Democrats and forty miss­ compulsion i,s ia denial of our wholle pa1st. I!t m1ake!s ing Republicans had participated. a mockery, for example, of those forebears of Wendell Willkie who quit Germany to escape The advocates of Presidential omnipotence argued, Prussianism. It means that we are going the way as usual, that the House had gone beyond its pre­ of Europe after Napoleon, the way of Britain rogatives even in asking for information. These after 1914. It will even have its disastrous effect advocates were, of course, silent about Mr. Tru- on the U. S. Treasury: just wait until the UMT

MARCH 10, 1952 355 graduates form their own pressure group to get unknovvn to this particular hospital's records. double indemnity for their "services" to Uncle What is the import of the sudden eruption of the Sam. No legislator will be able to withstand that slipped disc? Does it mean that socialized medi­ pressure group once it adds up to a sizeable pro­ cine is reaching people whose back ailments once portion of the male population. Is this seeing went undiagnosed? To some extent- this is true. things under the bed, or borrowing trouble from But the doctors of London have also discovered the future ? Well, will anyone take a bet-in Swiss that disc trouble has become a synonym for every­ gold francs, or Canadian dollars-that we will thing from old-fashioned lumbago to a merely be proved wrong? aching back. Socialized medicine has brought more medicine (though of a growingly inferior David S. Ingalls, Senator Taft's campaign man­ quality) to more people. But it has also multiplied ager, has been sternly rebuked by Senator Lodge neurasthenia to the point where the cure becomes and the New Yark Herald· Tribune for saying in almost indistinguishable from the disease. San Francisco some unkind words about an un­ named General's box-office assets. And one may well Literary note: the Western Union Company has endorse Mr. Lodge's warning that Republicans raised its word rate, and as a compensatory sop it should not use irresponsible language against a is allowing the public to send up to fifteen words primary contender who, after all, may in a later at the minimum charge. Among other things, phase become the Party's official candidate. But this should have incalculable effects on American the Herald Tribune's endorsement weakens Senator literature. The Hemingway style, lean and taut, Lodge's reasonable reminder. Last November Mrs. was developed on the old get-it-all-into-ten-words Ogden Reid's editorialist found it proper to say formula. Presumably the next generation of this about Senator Taft, who at the time was the writers will be exactly 50 per cent more verbose Party's only avowed candidate: "The spirit that than their literary fathers. In an age when all creates in men the love of freedom, and imparts to disciplines are being progressively relaxed we insti1tutions a vital being, eludes [Taft] com­ count this as a deplorable prospect. pletely." This irresponsible and rather stupid com­ ment, as we then pointed out, made it of course im­ Socialists used to boast that the Soviet homeland possible for the Herald Tribune to recommend, comprised a sixth of the earth's surface. A lot of ever, the election of Taft: it should also have dis­ good black earth there, and .a lot of peasants to qualified the paper as an arhiter of Party etiquette. raise food. Surely a sixth of the !earth's surface should be able to take care of a population that is Several weeks ago we presented some questions smaller than that of western Europe. It develops, which we felt General Eisenhower ought to answer however, that the Soviet sixth of the earth's surface before the Republican Party could conscientiously can not even feed the Soviet cities. A news item recommend him for the Presidency. Other people, from Helsinki ipforms us that tIle Finns have of course, may have other questions to ask. Some, undertaken to provide food for needy Leningrad for instance, may wish to learn on whose authority this winter. The Finns, of course, live ina cold Mr. John Gunther, writing in Look magazine after northern clime; their soil isn't in it with the rich a special trip to the General's headquarters in acres of the Ukraine, and their growing season is Paris, made this disclosure: short. Yet Leningrad has to go to the Finns in order to eat. Clever people, those capitalist farmers of Two friends helped General Eisenhower in the edi­ Finland; they not only feed their own cities, but torial revision of his book "Crusade in Europe." they also carry the great socialist city of Leningrad They were Joseph Barne!s, then the foreign editor of the New York Herald Tribune, and Ken McCor­ on their enterprising backs. mick, representing Doubleday & Co., Ike's pub­ lishers. Hopalong Cassidy (in private life, William Boyd) has decided to sell out. He is putting his various Whom did Mr. Barnes represent? His pro-Soviet enterprises (including the merchandising rights to bias was extensively analyzed by our Miss La Fol­ holsters, levis, black sombreros, guns and lassoes) lette in the issue of August 27, 1951 ("The Case of on the market for $8 million. He says he has been Joseph Barnes"). Is this Joseph Barnes indeed a working for peanuts (after taxes) and he prefers friend of the General's-and so cherished a friend to take his capital gains and begin to enjoy life. We that the General, more than adequately helped by can't say that we blame Happy for his decision, but a competent ,editor of Mr. McCormick's professional just where does that leave the youth of America? stature, felt an additional need for Mr. Barnes's Here Hoppy has been bucking the prevalent ideo­ stamp of approval on his official report to the na­ logical current for a generation in his effort to prove tion? And does Eisenhower, unlike Acheson, be­ to our kids that a man should be self-reliant, enter­ lieve in turning one's back on one's friends? prising, daring and a hard worker. Now he's going to lie back in a hammock and dream. Since Hoppy A hospital in London (England) reports that in is the idol of millions of the young, we predict the 1950 it treated 192 people for slipped spinal discs. utter collapse of the American character in the Before 1939 the slipped disc was a phenomenon next generation.

356 the FREEMAN Compulsory Union Membership

HE DECISION, or recommendation, on strong and persuasive enough to win the support February 14, of an emergency railroad board of Washington. Already the issue of the union T which, for all practical purposes, grants the shop is before the panel in the steel case and it is demand of railway unions for a union shop is the only a matter of time before the Wage Stabiliza­ climax of long efforts by organized labor to make tion Board will be deluged with like demands from compulsory membership a matter of public policy. the numerous unions which would welcome an Time after time governmental agencies have easy way to force employees into membership. backed away from this burning issue. Now a Probably few Americans realize how the spread board, appointed by Mr. Truman and composed of compulsory unionism eats into the rights of of at least two veteran New Deal arbitrators, has the rank and file of labor and adds immeasurably settled the question. In the eyes of this board it to the already great power of the labor movement is sound public policy for unions to require "all of this country. The typical union is essentially a those for whom they substantially bargain ... to private organization. It has always been jealous join [unions] and share the expense and respon­ of its right to manage its own affairs as it saw sibility of their activities." It remains for the fit and has resented any interference or scrutiny Wage Stabilization Board and other public of its management. That is, in fact, the real agencies like it to make similar findings in the source of its bitter opposition to the Taft-Hartley cases pending before them, and compulsory union­ Act, a statute which imposes the mildest of inhi­ ism will have gone a long way in displacing the bitions on union action. voluntarism which has for generations been asso­ Once unions can depend on large-scale and uni­ ciated with modern trade unionism and collective versal compulsion, their freedom of action be­ bargaining. comes almost impossible to curtail. Although they It can not be said that the railroad board was remain private agencies, they possess extensive blind to the consequences of its opinion. What it and effective taxing power. They need not work says is full of weasel words: "It may be seriously or persuade in order to collect funds. Under these questioned whether an ... emergency board is conditions, minorities are bound to lose their po­ truly a government agency at all." And again: tency, are swallowed up and disappear. The po­ "It is important to note that the board makes no litical machines which run practically all unions directive order and it issues no binding award. become entrenched and can count thereafter on The board is the creature of the government but long and untroubled careers. does not wield its authority." It would be a calamity if a reactionary decision of an emergency board proved to be the last word Such experienced arbitrators can not be as in­ on this fundamental issue of public policy. The nocent as their words imply; nor can they pos­ Congress has not covered itself with glory in deal­ sibly take their own disclaimers seriously. They ing with this question. It is time it began to con­ know, or ought to know, how strong the sanctions sider means of guarding individual rights and are which such decisions carry. For nearly ten liberties which are today so seriously threatened. years, the Federal government has invoked in­ junctions, fines for contempt, and military occu­ pation to enforce the findings of a succession of similar emergency boards on the railroad unions. Leading Whom Whither?' Every effort has been made to establish the wis­ dom and correctness of each board's decision and, HE AMERICAN Association for the United Na­ thus, to influence public opinion. The members of Ttions, whose self-appointed task seems to be to this board are certainly not unaware of this rec­ yield American sovereignty to that half-slave­ ord or blind to the force which their opinion is half.;.free organization, held a conference in Chi­ very likely to command. cago February 17-19 on "United States Responsi­ This decision shows how farsighted the labor bility for World Leadership." Along with .the unions were when they fought to n1ake the Wage usual resolutions for universal handouts, disarma­ Stabilization Board a disputes, as well as a sta­ nlent and Utopia in general, it issued a warning bilization, agency. It was cl@ar then and is, of against appeals to "dissident opinion" on the course, crystal clear now that this decision, made ground of their "repressive effect" on our UN by the Administration over the opposition of much delegates, which came perilously near to a demand of business, paved the way for just this type of for repression of free speech. action affecting all American industry. There was We pass over these and other starry-eyed pro­ at no time justification for extending the jurisdic­ posals of the Association. What interests us at tion of a stabilization board to such issues as the the moment is not so much the "ass~rtion of union shop and compulsory membership. But or­ American responsibility" for the kind of "world­ ganized labor knew what it was after and it was leadership" Messrs. Truman and Acheson are

MARCH 10, 1952 357 exercising, as the disposition of the non-Commu­ 3. On January 11 a motion to establish a 12­ nist world to follow. man disarmament commission, supported by the Let us take as a fair criterion four votes which United States, was adopted. But these non-Com­ took place either in the General Assembly or the munist nations abstained: Political and Security Committee of the UN dur­ South Asia: Burma, India, Indonesia, .Pakistan. ing its 1951-1952 session. Middle East: Egypt, Yemen. 1. The United States on January 25, 1952, op­ Latin America: Argentina. posed in the Political and Security Committee a The delegates abstaining represented 468 mil­ Soviet motion to admit 14 nations to the UN ... en lion people. Those supporting the United States masse (including the Soviet satellites Albania, represented 533 million. Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania and outer Mongolia). 4. The Chinese resolution condemning the The motion was carried, 21-22. Note the anti­ USSR for failure to carry out its treaty obliga­ American votes and abstentions: tions was carried, 25-9, on February 1. The af­ firmative votes, in addition to our own, were sup­ For the Soviet motion Our allies: Denmark, Norway. plied by 16 South American nations, China, Thai­ South Asia: Afghanistan, Burma, India, Indonesia. land, Turkey, Greece, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, and Middle East: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iraq, Israel, Le­ the Philippines. Voting against the resolution or banon, S,audi Arabia, Syria, Yemen. abstaining were these non-Communist countries: Others: Argentina, Sweden, Yugoslavia. Abstaining Against Our allies: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Burma, India, Indonesia, Israel. Liberia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, South Abstaining Africa, the United Kingdom. Our Allies: United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, South Asia: Siam, Pakistan. New Zealand, South Africa, France, Belgium, Middle East: Iran, Yemen. Denmark, Norway, The Netherlands, Luxembourg. Latin America: Chile, The Dominican Republic, South Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan. Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Para­ Middle East: Iran, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. guay, Peru, Uruguay. Latin America: Argentina, Guatemala. Others: Iceland. Others: Sweden, Yugoslavia, Iceland. The above list indicates that representatives of In this vote representatives of 656 million peo­ 741 million people in non-Communist countries ple supported the Soviet Union either actively or opposed the American position by voting against passively. Our position. was supported by r:epre­ it or abstaining. Excluding this country, only sentatives of 195 million people (excluding the 110,000,000 were represented in support of the United States). United States. 2. When the same resolution came up in the These were not unimportant votes. Two of them General Assembly, 22 nations supported the -on which American "world leadership" took its American position and 21 opposed it. The motion worst beating-concerned the Soviet government's lost only because it required a two-thirds ma­ attempt to pack the UN with its puppets. On the jority for adoption. Those nations supporting the motion condemning the Soviet Union most of our allies either voted against our position or ab­ American position were: Bolivia, Brazil, Free China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, EI Salvador, stained. The four votes show that the countries Greece, Haiti, Honduras, Luxembourg, Nether­ of Asia lean rather toward the Soviet than toward the American position, that not more than 30 per lands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, cent of the South American population is to be the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey, the United depended upon to support us, and that our allies States, Venezuela. are quite capable of deserting us on questions of Those non-Communist nations opposing our po- crucial importance. sition either through votes or abstention were: The ineluctable conclusion seems to be that so For the Soviet resolution: far the great Truman-Acheson effort to organize Our Allies: Denmark, Norway. South Asia: Afghanistan, Burma, India, Indonesia. the non-Communist world into a solid front for Middle East: Egypt, Ethiopia, Israel, Lebanon, freedom against communism has failed. Not even Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen. some $30 billion of financial aid has wort us firm Latin America: Argentina. friends, for of the nations which either voted Others: Sweden, Yugoslavia. Abstaining against us or abstained fifteen have received large Our Allies: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, sums of money from this country through one Liberia, New Zealand, South Africa (absent), giveaway agency or another. United Kingdom. The American Association for the UN would South Asia: Pakistan. Middle East: Iran. no doubt say that we are engaging in one of those Latin America: Chile, the Dominican Republic, "repressive" appeals to "dissident opinion." It Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Uruguay. even opened its invitation to the Chicago confer­ Representatives of 719 million people either ence with a swing at former President IIoover for voted against our position or abstained. Again attempting, as it said, "to revive the Great Debate excluding this country, representatives of only of a year ago." It seems to us that the facts we 130 million people supported the United States. have cited give powerful support to Mr. Hoover's

358 the FR'EEMAN argument that the United States can best help the some of Professor "Jungle Jim" Kennedy's sar­ rest of the world to oppose communism, not by castic remarks about religion. He was so re­ frittering away its strength in attempts to bolster strained in his treatment of the whole subject of up reluctant allies with American money and Yale's teaching that he even declined to go into American armies, but in making this country an the matter of the Law School professors who have impregnable fortress. It is strength, not gener­ signed "innocent front" manifestoes. Mr. Buckley osity, that attracts dependable allies. is no fool; he knows that our society is not en­ dangered by direct intellectual onslaught. What he fears is the slow corrosion that results from texts that advocate giving the show away piece­ meal. Blessed Be the Mealy-Mouthed We accuse Yale of being disingenuous in its use of the Coffin committee report. Since nobody YALE UNIVERSITY "advisory committee," headed ever said that Communists had taken over Yale, A by Dr. Henry Sloane Coffin, has just issued a why drag in a red herring? report on the "intellectual and spiritual welfare of the university, its students, and its faculty." True, the Coffin committee was not ostensibly The report conclusively states that the Yale ad­ set up to answer Buckley. The university would ministration knows of no Communist on the fac­ doubtless point out that the committee was ulty at the present time. It also clears Yale of the created long before "God and Man at Yale" was charge of indoctrinating pupils with "subversive published. But the substance of Mr. Buckley's theories," or of encouraging irreligion. attack was well known in New Haven as far back Well, that's that. Yale doesn't knowingly em­ as last Spring. The gist of the Buckley analysis ploy Communists. It doesn't teach the principles of Yale economic textbooks appeared in an essay of treason, with special case-book reference to written for Frank Hanighen's Human Events, and Benedict Arnold, Quisling, Thorez, or Judas Is­ this essay had been mailed to Yale graduates, of­ cariot. It doesn't subscribe to the principles of ficers and faculty members. The appointment of the Communist Manifesto. It doesn't encourage the Coffin committee, if we are not mistaken, was its professors to wrench Believers from the Ever­ designed to take the wind out of Buckley's sails lasting Arms and apprentice them to the devil. even before they had been fully unfurled. What distresses us is that A. Whitney Gris­ Our comment on all this is that we knew it all wold, Yale's new president, has been put in the along. Dr. Coffin, along with other eminent Old position of sponsoring and championing a group Blues of the calibre of Edwin F. Blair, Wilmarth of mealy-mouths. Left to his own devices, Mr. Lewis, Thomas W,. Swan and Clarence W. Men­ Griswold is a witty, plain-spoken and intellec­ dell, have put their names to an incontrovertible tually honest person. He is no stuffed shirt, which document. So what? So this: the report on "the makes it incomprehensible that he should approve intellectual and spiritual welfare of the univer­ stuffing in the shirts of others. He has written sity, its students, and its faculty" neatly side­ good books, and he is an avowed enemy of the steps any real consideration of the "intellectual sort of book that results when five or ten people, and spiritual welfare of the university, its stu­ gathered together in an "institute," sit around dents, and its faculty." Obviously designed to and chew up each other's prose. When confronted lull the public into thinking that William F. with student recalcitrance in his days as a Buckley, Jr., author of the much discussed "God teacher, he solved his problems good-humoredly. and Man at Yale," was way off base last Autumn At one time he was bothered by an undergraduate when he accused the Yale faculty of fostering who liked to bring his breakfast-a container of secularism and economic collectivism, the Coffin coffee and a toasted bun-into class. Instead of report refuses to come to grips 'with any single banishing the student, Professor Griswold brought one of Mr. Buckley's accusations. him up to the front of the room, installed him in The truth of the matter is that Mr. Buckley the lecturer's seat, and made him eat breakfast made no charges that Yale harbored known Com­ before the whole class. The boy took the punish­ munists. He did not say that Yale professors were ment good-naturedly, the class had a lot of fun trying to undermine the government or provoke out of it-and nobody ever ate breakfast again in violent revolution. He did not argue that Yale was the Griswold course. more irreligious than Princeton or Vassar or We cite this anecdote here because it shows Oberlin, or, indeed, the nation in general. What 1\11". Griswold's fundamental character. He ought he did say was that the Yale economics faculty to get back to it. He ought to admit that Yale, had been using textbooks in which Keynesian and like every other big educational institution in the Fabian elements were intermingled ,vith the doc­ country, has taken color from the New Deal epoch. trines of Adam Smith, Ricardo and Taussig. He Of course our economics textbooks have advocated quoted passages from the books-and the pas­ the redistribution of income via the progressive sages were not of the sort that can be laughed personal income tax! Of course they have 8tP~ off as something "lifted out of context." He quoted proved certaJu meaS\lr~s of Statist interference

MAR<:;H lQ, 195~ ~~9 with the free market! Of course our civilization been a target for Soviet penetration and attack. has been growingly. secular! One of the editors It was discussed at the Sixth World Congress of of the Freeman went to Yale in the twenties, the Comintern in 1928. By 1932 it had assumed and the trends were clear even in that distant such importance in Soviet strategy that Interna­ day. He saw a number of Yale undergraduates tional Press Correspondence, then the key publica­ throughout the thirties and the forties, and he tion of world communism, published a detailed knows what they were thinking from what they draft program for the Egyptian Communist Party told him. The picture is plain: our undergraduate (May 26, 1932, pp 472 if). population has been brought up to believe tha~ As always in Communist programs for "co­ State intervention in the economic process is lonial" countries "nationalism" was the bait: necessary under mid-twentieth century conditions. 1. Drive out the British imperialists including Events, however, outpace the classroom. The their land, naval and air forces, from Egypt reason why there is a fight on at the moment is and the Sudan. that State intervention doesn't seem to be solving 2. Complete, unlimited economic and political in­ dependence for Egypt and the Sudan. Complete our problems. But the professors, who live in freedom of national self-determination for the semi-isolation from the world, haven't yet caught Sudan. The struggle for the liberation· of all on to the fact that people are in process of chang­ Arab peoples from the yoke of imperialism, for ing. their minds and abandoning the preconcep­ an all-Arab Federation of free peoples.... The tions of the thirties. Having changed their minds overthrow of the monarchy. ... about Statism, people will want to send their And so on in the usual vein, including demandg children to universities which at least question for the expropriation of landowners, bankers and the beneficence of the gospel according to Keynes, industrialists, the "liberation" of the fellahs, na­ or according to Sidney Webb. When the pressure tionalization of irrigation, arming of the workers. gets too much for academic panjandrums to with­ In short, the Communist revolution. Even that stand, some anti-Keynesians will be appointed to early the tactics of the "fighters and organizers economics faculties. And they will be accorded of the struggle for liberation" were clearly academic freedom even as their opponents are outlined: accorded academic freedom now. It is the task of the revolutionary workers to show The trouble with Yale is that it is trying to de­ oppressed and exploited Egypt the revolutionary way out of the crisis. The· way to the revolution­ fend a vested academic interest without summ()l1­ ary overthrow of imperialism and the reactionary -ing up the courage to be candid about it. It should monarchy, the way to the peasants' revolution can either be candid, or it should stop defending that be prepared only through an open and stubborn vested interest. And it should stop the silly busi­ mass struggle. ... The working elements of the towns and villages and the best revolutionary ele­ ness of appointing committees to give Old Blue ments among the students are impatient for strug­ graduates the run-around. gle ... The Communists and all conscious revo­ lutionary fighters must turn their attention to work in the army of occupation and among the armed forces of the Fuad monarchy. As we remarked in our last issue, Western Field For Soviet Imperialism policy-makers seem unable or unwilling to read. Or if they have read such Communist programs as that for the Egyptian Party they have refused N EYEWITNESS of the recent sacking of Cairo to take them seriously. Surely the British could has written us the following scornful com­ A have prevented or at least minimized the present ment on certain American press accounts repre­ seething Egyptian resentment if they had re­ senting it as a spontaneous demonstration for stricted their military activities in Egypt to the war with Britain: guarding of the Suez Canal. Instead their Navy Baloney! That little party was carefully planned occupied the port of Alexandria, their army the and surprisingly well carried out. Those kids had principal cities of Egypt and their officers and their targets pinpointed, and moved into town with axes and crowbars. Where iron shutters were civilians behaved towards Egyptian natives with down they pried 'em open with crowbars and the blind arrogance which has become the distin­ tossed gasoline inside. They did a mighty thorough guishing mark of the Englishman among "colo­ job. I understand by count there were two hundred nials." and twenty fires started-and finished.... "The students are rioting· against the British" No doubt our friend is right. Such workman­ a Cairo oculist said in 1935. "What they should like destruction could not have been the work of be rioting for is clean water in the villages." But a mere mob; nor would the police have been the presence of the British diverted the anger of likely to remain so·strangely inactive in the face the Egyptians from their native oppressors and of mere mob violence. channeled it toward the "ill1;perialists." It also The question, therefore, naturally arises: Did made them vulnerable to the propaganda of an the Communists have a hand in the thing? There infinitely more dangerous and cruel imperialism is every reason to assume that they did, for than any the West has ever known. Egypt, with its strategic position on the shortest We shall no doubt hear more in the future sea route between Europe and the East, has long about the issue of "agrarian reform" in Egypt.

360 the FR\E.EMAN MY FATHER'S AMERICA: I

[low many Americans are old enough to remember the days before the New Deal? flow many recall the spacious days of freedom? Thanks to the vast increase of centralized government and its influence on our media of communication, our younger generations are in growing danger of thinking the older individualism had nothing to recommend it. Remember the pogroms under Coolidge? Remem­ ~er when nobody had $400 to buy a Tin Lizzie? Of course, there were never any such times. All the more reason, then, why the old America-"my father's .t1merica"-should be presented in true colors.~ The series of articles of which lVliss du Poy's is the first is offered in the hope that it may help restore Ito this generation a knowledge of the heritage that made this country great. Further (·ontributions to the series will appear from time to time. THE EDITORS

A Pioneer of the Prairie By ALIX DU POY

CAN see him, standing on a bare rise of method in his madness. For there was method in ground back of the barn, shaking his fist at it. The struggle was bringing every ounce of his I the cloudless southwest, his whole stance one manhood into play. He was creating something. of silent but eloquent defiance. It wasn't just a fight. It was a realization. Even "You can't do this to me," he seemed to be say­ if he didn't win, it would still be one. But he won. ing, "not after the way I've worked. Rain, damn Before he died he had the satisfaction of knowing you, rain...." that, thanks to the fight he had made, those bar­ This was my father facing up to a Dakota ren acres were barren no longer. drouth. He had no patience with my mother's sys­ Nor was my father unique. There were hun­ tem, which was one of acute worry followed by dreds like him. He was unique only in that he was prayer. He refused to worry on principle, and that rarity-a Frenchman with an itch to get prayer was futile. It was only too obvious that away from home. Perhaps his grandfather, Chris­ God, having created Dakota and leveled it off, tophe du Poy, had something to do with it, al­ had no further interest in it. The Devil had taken though his flight from France was not primarily over and the only way to cope with the Devil was due to a lust for adventure. During the French to meet his machinations with a little well-timed Revolution the du Poy estate near Rouen was defiance. It didn't always work but it worked razed to the ground and every male member of often enough to keep his family in bread and the family guillotined except for sixteen-year-old shoes and enabled him to hang on when other Christophe who managed to escape. He made his pioneers were decamping before foreclosure or way to Le Havre, where he boarded a sailboat worse. bound for New York. The boat capsized in a hur­ In short, my father was a fighter. Opposition ricane, and he was among the half dozen passen­ exhilarated him and Dakota gave him plenty of gers who were rescued. He wound up in Balti­ scope. Catastrophe was the one crop that could more, where there was already a large colony of be depended upon and drouth was but a fraction French refugees. He married the daughter 0 f one; of it. Nothing in the way of invasion is more his son, Louis, married the granddaughter of an­ devastating than a prairie fire when it gets going, other; and my father was born there in 1863. and a blizzard can't be stopped at all. A sand storm can do a better job of scorching the land HE FAMILY tobacco business bored my father. than an army of tank-borne Nazis, and a really T So did Baltimore except for the food (he was efficient cyclone can be actually atomic. One passionately fond of oysters), and one morning might well wonder why he stuck it out. Nobody he packed up and headed for the West. He settled had drafted him, the government wasn't subsi­ in Iowa (where he met my mother) but those roll­ dizing him and even heroism can get to be an old ing fields of corn weren't boundless enough. story. Something in him longed for the horizonless free­ Not that I wondered then. I was born after my dom of the plains. So he married my mother and father had taken on Dakota and knew no other they went to South Dakota. He staked out a claim, milieu until I went away to college. It was only built a house, bought a team of horses, some after I left home that I began to view with an cows, a plow .. and a bushel of seed-wheat and amazed admiration his dogged determination to started in. A'few years later he added the ad­ see it through, and to realize that there had been joining half section to his acreage at a bargain

MARCH 10, 1952 361 because the owner could no longer stand the gaff short-lived. The teacher boarded with us and she and was heading back to a life of effete poverty proceeded to mitigate her boredom and at the in Illinois. same time draw her salary by turning our parlor My mother hated the country. There was a cer­ into a schoolroom. We sat around the glowing tain social prestige attached to living in a real base-burner, wrestling with fractions, learning to house while her neighbors crawled in and out of spell such incongruous words as "zephyr" and dugouts like moles, but this didn't make up for "burgeon" and memorizing the names of cocoanut­ the trees, the vine-covered porches and civilized shaded archipelagos in the South Pacific while lawns of Iowa. The flatness of the prairie, unr~­ the wind howled and the snow continued to pile lieved by anything but long colorless grass wav­ up. There was no tha,v that year until late April, ing in a ceaseless wind, got on her nerves. She but the fields had no sooner dried sufficiently to couldn't understand her husband's obvious in­ be cultivated than my mother began to worry fatuation for the place. The arid boundlessness about a drouth. which suffocated her seemed to release something "Always one dry spell we can count on," my in him-something which had been coiled tight father would observe, "and that's the one your for generations. mother frets about." Because of the view, my father had built the We all dreaded August because of cyclones. house on a bluff overlooking the James River, a Several nights a week during this period my stream which enjoyed the distinction of being the father would rout us out of bed, and to the tune longest unnavigable river in the world, and the of crashing thunder and the howl and swish of place continued to enchant him. He would stand wind we would scuttle out to the cyclone cave~ on the doorstep of the haphazard but tight little where we spent the remainder of the night on a~ house and gaze out over that n~rrow, serpentine heap of mouldy blankets. Once we emerged tOl stream with its inadequate fringe of willows to find one of the barns strewn in toothpicks over' an undulating sea of tawny grass, and there the pasture and another time we found the' would be a sudden lift to his shoulders and a chicken house clinging to a cottonwood tree, the~ smile twitching at the mobile mouth under the chickens still in it, safe but hysterical. dark, clipped mustache. Judged by conventional standards of beauty that view was sterile but for HERE was also a labor problem. During harvest him there was euphoria in it. Tmy father was dependent on hoboes who> wan­ "Not so pretty" he would murmur, "that is, not dered in for a handout and who could sometimes what your mother would call pretty. It's a matter be persuaded to stay on. There was usually a, of space and air...." dearth of these vagrants. Either that or a pleth-· The weather, though, was his enemy from the ora of them, the laziness and inefficiency of one beginning. The weather out there had to be ex­ augmenting the laziness and inefficiency of the perienced to be believed. It would start snowing others. My mother hated them but as harvest time in October and pile up. Along about Christmas approached she would begin praying for their there would come a mild spell. Water would drip materialization just as she had prayed for rain from the eaves and there was slush underfoot. in June. However, this was no time to be counting cro­ They were an unsavoury, unpredictable, secre­ cuses. Inevitably there would come a morning tive lot. Even their first names sounded like when a long low dark line of cloud could be seen aliases and a first name was generally all of it. heaving in the northwest, and within an hour the It wasn't considered etiquette out there in those wind would be tearing across the prairie howling days to ask strangers what their last names were. like a banshee and the air would be white with There was J oel, who wandered in one July whirling snow. The whole house darkened and morning and stayed two years. He refused to go shook and the thermometer would sag to forty to town (my father even bought his work clothes) and sometimes to sixty degrees below zero before and would jump and turn pale when there was a it stopped. rap at the door. We knew nothing about him ex­ The next morning we wouldn't have been able cept that he was a fairly good worker and was to see the sun even if there had been one. The kind to children and animals. One day my father snow was banked to the window tops. My mother returned from town, looking disturbed. He drew would grimly set about getting breakfast in the my mother into the 'parlor (where family confer­ dim, frigid kitchen (to stray three feet from the ences usually took place) and I glued my ear to. roaring stove was to court chilblains) and my the keyhole. Our friend Joel was a jailbird andt father 'would pull on his arctics, bundle into a an escaped one at that. My father had seen a no-· buffalo coat and start out to check up on the tice tacked to the wall of the post-office offering cattle and horses. Once he had to dig a tunnel a reward for the capture of oneJoel Kincaid. through the snow from the back door to the barn. "But," gasped my mother, "are you sure he"s: We were prisoners that winter until the spring the one?" floods released us. For my sisters and me there "The description fits. Even the picture looks; was a certain exhilaration in the idea of being like him." walled off from the world like Eskimos but it was "What was he in jail for? What did he do ?'"

362 the FR:EEMAN "It didn't say," evaded my father, ttand that's of the river. And for me there were also books. not important anyway. The important, thing is My father was an avid reader. He seldom read that they're after him." fiction. Life was exciting enough. Why make it "What are you going to do 'Z" up? He read ~iography and history and even en­ "Tell him. I'll let him have that bronco which joyed an occasional bout with the encyclopedia. turned up here this spring." I preferred fiction and he encouraged rather Twenty minutes later Joel was on the bronco than discouraged my taste. I would jog to town headed West. beside him on the high seat of the wagon (the There was Mike, a temperamental Irishman surrey was used only when we drove to church who whistled while he shaved, talked to horses en masse) and invariably we would stop at the as if they were human and ate molasses on his drug store on Main Street "\vhere there was a potatoes. He saved his money, girls didn't interest glass jar or two of sticky pink and yellow candy him except as dancing partners and he never on the counter and back of it several rows of drank anything stronger than beer. He even had dusty, unjacketed books. a surname, which was Mahoney. The ideal hired "Here you are, Toad," he would say, tossing hand, but he didn't last. One Saturday night in­ me a quarter, "get candy or anything you like." stead of riding off to a dance, he hanged himself We both knew what it would be. It would be in the barn. A search of his room revealed noth­ one of those dusty, unjacketed books behind the ing but a few work clothes, an amethyst rosary counter. In this way I acquired books like "Cor­ with half the beads missing, a razor and a bank inne," "Eugenie Grandet," "The Confessions of book showing a balance of $214.80. an Opium Eater," and "Jane Eyre." This last my There was Phil who carried a photograph of mother disapproved of. She hid it behind her his mother in the hip pocket of his overalls and wedding dress in a far corner of her closet, where spent his evenings with the dictionary. A real I discovered it and then proceeded to read it sur­ IVIr. Malaprop. "Obsidian as a mule," he would reptitiously while she was busy with her chores comment apropos of Ben, a balky old plough horse in the kitchen. As for "The Confessions of an we had, "and let me tell you," he warned of Herb, Opium Eater," my father's eyebrows went up another hired hand, "that feller's a ratscallion if when I showed it to him. I ever saw one." And Phil was right. Herb got "What's the matter?" I asked anxiously, one of the neighbor girls into trouble and ab­ "Shouldn't I have bought it?" sconded with the egg money my mother had "Oh, I don't think it'll do you any harm, but," cached in a sugar bowl on a top shelf of the and his eyes twinkled, "that's one I'd hide from pantry. her if I were you." There was Andrew Holmquist, the only one of the lot who hadn't turned up as a hobo. He came ', Y FATHER was a Republican. He died before fronl Norway and was interested in the scientific M Roosevelt came to power but I know how he production of Dakota hard wheat. He was taci­ would have reacted to the enslaving paternalism turn, didn't mind being snowbound because it re­ of the New Deal. Every facet of it would have minded him of the long, sunless winters in N01"­ outraged his sense of independence-even his way, admired my father (they seemed to com­ sense of honesty. Destroying food to keep prices mune without words) and disliked children, a up would have seemed criminal in his eyes. This thing we children respected him for because he was partly because of the French in him. He never made no attempt to conceal it. He wound up as an wasted anything. But it would have been the instructor in the State Agricultural College. threat to his independence which would have Then there were the Indians. They didn't care really worried him. He worked hard for what he for life on the reservation and would frequently got and it was his. He asked nothing of anyone. run away to revisit their old haunts, one of which He could take care of himself and his family and was our farm. One afternoon while my mother when old age came he could take care of that, too. was at work in the kitchen, she looked up and He died before that but he had already wangled saw an Indian standing at the window. He stood enough from those stubborn acres to educate his there staring until my father returned from the children, build the kind of house my mother fields, while she co"\vered in a chair. It was then wanted and spend the winters in less snowbound she began urging my father to leave the country. places. One winter he and my mother went to By that time, however, he couldn't have left even Cuba and I still have an amusing letter he wrote if he had wanted to. Everything he possessed was while sitting at a cafe table in Havana. tied up in those flat fields and that endless grass. I didn't appreciate him until I returned from We were land poor. Europe in 1939 after living there nine years. I had been living in Greece, where in spite of the E CHILDREN didn't worry. We played about language I had immediately felt at home. I had W the barnyard-a vast expanse of gumbo hil­ no sooner set foot on that arid, iridescent soil locked with manure-chased tumblewe~ds over than the pioneer in me became recrudescent. the long colorless grass, rode broncos barehack Making a living was a struggle there, too. Not and fished for bullheads in the slow green water only that; freedom is a fetish with the Greeks.

MARCH 10, 1952 363 They work hard for what they get but it is theirs to do as they like with. Athens stays where it belongs. Back in America I looked around. Something had happened to the people during my absence. Roosevelt, the Brain Trust, and the radio were ERE, in the person of Jack [John Stewart] doing their thinking for them and there was H Service, we have an able, conscientious and always the family car to take them out of them­ -I say again, as I've already said many times be­ selves at sixty miles an hour. No more rainy days fore-a demonstrably loyal foreign service officer. either. Roosevelt was taking care of those, too...... But now, as a result of Senator McCarthy's The pioneer spirit had vanished along with the resuscitation of these dead, discredited, disproven pioneers themselves. The young man who had the charges against him, Mr. Service finds his char­ urge to face new horizons was taking it out in acter once more called into question, his name writing poetry or painting pictures that nobody once more blazoned in headlines of the whole but an eccentric like himself was interested in, country's press, and his brilliant career as a dip­ or he was taking to the air where he soon dis­ lomat once more interrupted so that he can be de­ covered that freedom even up there is merely il­ fended, and can defend himself, against such lusory and that it's no place to be if the idea is baseless allegations all over again. Meanwhile, being a law unto yourself. There was no place to however, the personnel arrangements of which go any more, but-and this gave me pause­ his nevv assignment to India was an important would there be a rush for it if another frontier part are completely disrupted ... and vital dip­ materialized? Making a frontier bloom in spite lomatic operations in this highly strategic area of hell and no water takes time, and the average are being interrupted and impaired. young man today isn't interested in anything but JOHN E. PEURIFOY, Deputy Under Secretary of quick results and all modern conveniences plus State, statement to United Press, March 16, 1950 television while getting them. The pioneer was dead. But was he? Could a spirit like that be The tragedy of the Administration is that so few throttled? ... Americans understand what it is up to.... It was then my father resurrected himself and Mr. Truman has made all the necessary decisions I saw him as he really was-a vital part of the with great and simple courage; but he has lacked foundation on which this country was built. It the gift of illuminating them so that the people had gone soft at the top but the foundation was as a whole could understand their necessity. all right because he was all right. For this coun­ RICHARD H. ROVEREand ARTHUR SCHLESINGER, try wasn't founded on hysteria or on the costly JR., "The General and the President," 1951 and disastrous experiments of a handful of crack­ pots. Furthermore its basic strength is not due In none of the three countries [Germany, France entirely to the spectacular exploits of a Washing­ and Italy] is the tax authority held in anything ton, the statesmanship of a Jefferson and the like the, same respect as the Bureau of Internal constructive humanity of a Lincoln. It is also due, Revenue in the. United States. and this is perhaps the real secret of its strength, J. K. GALBRAITH in the Re­ to the vision, courage and industry of that vast porter, D,ecember 12, 1950 number of nameless but not lesser men known as pioneers, of whom my father was one. The ruling circles of England and France rudely declined Germany's peace proposals and the at­ tempts of the Soviet Union to attain the earliest termination of the war. Washington Varieties STALIN in Pravda, quoted by the New York Times, November 30, 1939 The mink is the only animal that can bite after being skinned. Whose Friends?

The road to success in Washington has a five-per­ Mr. Vishinsky ... was in a very pleasant mood cent toll gate. and we talked back and forth across the table. ... For many of our Soviet friends I think the Governmental scandals have become such stand­ interpreters are merely a refuge. ard practice that they are now issued in triplicate. ELEANOR ROOSEVELT, "My D,ay," November 27, 1951

No use talking. You have to hand it to the British. The Freeman invites contributions to this column, and will pay $2 for each quotation published. If an item is sent in by At least, the State Department does. more than one person, the one from whom it is first received will be paid. To facilitate verification, the sender should give the title of the periodical or book from which the item is Dean Acheson has the manner and appearance of taken, with the exact date if the source is a periodical and the publication year and page number if it is a book. a statesman. This proves the old saw about judg­ Quotations should be brief. They can not be returned or ing a book by its cover. TOM K. CORLESS acknowledged. THE EDIT01lS

364 the FR:EEMAN Study in Planned Futility

By GE,ORGE ,CREEL

Mr. George Creel, who here depicts the costly Babel All this, while the Voice of America's gallant euphemistically known as the "Voice of Am,erica," Ten Thousand were spending a quarter of a bil­ has a special right to criticize it; for he headed lion "to stimulate among free nations the build­ President Wilson's Committee on Public Informa­ ing of the unified strength necessary to deter tion during World War I. In a recent letter he aggression and secure peace." Nevertheless a lo­ writes us that his Committee "issued all govern­ cust swarm of VOA heads went before Congress ment information to the press; handled the volun­ last spring and asked for $115,000,000, plus a tary censorship; supervised the cable censorship; supplemental appropriation of $97,500,000, with worked for unity at home by war expositions, which to carryon from June 30, 1951 to June 30, posters, Four Minute Men and motion pictures; 1952. They were supremely confident, too, for the had our offices in every neutral country (and won House committee before which they appeared had them to our side),. had our people in England, a Democratic majority, and was chaired by John France and Italy to buck them up; and put over J. Rooney, a stout Administration supporter. the ,propaganda that broke through the Iron Cur­ A tragic miscalculation, for not only did Demo­ tain of the Central Powers. The cost of all this for crats vie with Republicans in condemning VOA's the full two years of war was exactly $4,912,553. inefficiencies, but in the chorus of criticism Abou And Congress and the press never stopped hound­ Ben Rooney led all the rest. At one stage in the ing me for my extravagance." 0 tempora, 0 mores! merciless inquiry, Edward W. Barrett, Supreme Pontiff of the Voice (now retiring), burst forth: CLUTTER of Washington agencies spent We have a terrifically short time in which to in­ half a billion on propaganda between Pearl fluence the minds of millions of nlen to prevent A Harbor and V-J Day, yet victory found the war ... In order to get the job done that may save hundreds of thousands, we have to sacrifice world position of the United States so precarious some efficiency to get it done with speed. that it was decided to continue the courtship of other peoples on a larger and even more lavish "That," rasped Mr. Rooney, scale. As a result Administration midwives is exactly what you said a year ago. The Com­ brought forth the International Information and mittee understands just as well as you the neces­ sity for a strong Voice of America, and has all Educational Activities, and called it the Voice of along. The questions are these: Is the thing being Amer\'i;a (VOA). done sensibly? Are we getting our money's worth? Naturally enough the first task of the new or­ High-sounding statements of noble purpose do not ganization, as a State Department adjunct, was enter into the picture at all. to save war workers from the ignominy of pri­ After he had listened to hours of double talk, vate employment. Never was a bureaucratic ob­ "abracadabra" became Mr. Rooney's favorite ligation discharged more faithfully, for along word. Mr. Clevenger of Ohio, equally disgusted, with top levels of the Office of Strategic Services, declared that the whole VOA business had gone the Offic~ of War Information was taken over al­ "into the realm of the fantastic," and that ""ve most entirely. VOA now has 10,615 on its payroll, are just shouting a storm of words into the air and plans to add 3000 more. without evidence that it has done any good." Mr. A creditable record if viewed bureaucratically, Stefan of Nebraska stated that the Voice ""vas but not so good when it is remembered that the "making us the laughing stock of the world." Administration's trumpeted purpose in creating At the end of exhaustive hearings the Commit­ the Voice of America was to "contain communism" tee rawhided the VOA for "lack of proper plan­ ,and "build up resistance to Soviet tyranny and im­ ning, poor management and avoidable delays," perialism." Here is the score on that: At the war's and reported that it was "very much disappointed end only Poland and the Baltic States had been in accomplishments and progress to date." The enslaved by Russia; today Bulgaria, Rumania, requested appropriation of $115,000,000 was cut Hungary, Czechoslovakia, China and Yugoslavia to $85,000,000, and the supplemental reduced from are ruled by Red dictators, all recognizing Stalin's $97,500,000 to $9,533,939-a denial of $117,966,06l. overlordship with the sole exception of Tito. The VOA spokesnlen, highly indignant, ap­ Other victories that must be chalked up to the pealed to the Senate Committee on Appropria­ Kremlin's credit are the "police action" in Korea tions. But the Senators screamed louder than the that has cost the United States so appallingly in Representatives, and only White House pressure blood and billions, the Moscow-directed uprisings kept them from cutting the $85,000,000 down to in Malaya, Burma and Indo-China, and the Iran­ $63,000,000. ian an~ Egyptian "powder kegs." What did most to raise the blood pressure of

MARCH 10, 1952 365 the House and Senate committees was an Alice in for analysis of 500 letters from France, Germany, Blunderland sense of unreality that marked the Italy and Spain "to determine psychological hearings from first to last. A confusion of ac­ characteristics and economic levels as revealed by tivity with progress; tangents instead of straight­ the writers"; Harvard ·University, $11,500 for aways; the substitution of government gobbledy­ study of references to VOA in Soviet press and gook for plain English, and above all, enthusiasms radio; University of Chicago, $15,000 for "com­ followed by apathy and disinterest. parative evaluation of broadcasts to Germany by Back in the summer of 1950, for instance, some VOA, the British Broadcasting Company and genius in VOA conceived the idea of distributing Moscow." free radio-receiver sets in certain selected coun­ Other projects, with payments not revealed, tries so as to increase the size of the Voice's au­ were these: Gallup's American Institute of Public dience. Congress was urgently requested to rush Opinion, study to ascertain how many Swedes an appropriation of $3,000,000 for the purchase and Norwegians listened to VOA programs in of 200,000 sets at $15 apiece. The money was English; New York University, making content granted in July; yet bids were not asked until analyses of VOA output; Dr. Herta Herzog, ap­ December, and then it was discovered that no praisal of the language and delivery characteris­ American manufacturer could deliver before the tics of broadcasts to eight European countries. summer of 1951. In another tizzy of urgency, 2750 Along with an appropriation of $1,312,100 for sets were ordered from an English firm at $35 radio evaluation, and $175,000 for surveys by each, but none was delivered until February 1951, "private contractors in selected areas," Mr. Bar­ and then only five hundred. When this story was rett pleaded for $2,219,500 with which to make told to the Congressional committees, the mem­ the following studies in 22 countries: bers listened grimly and then ordered "that no 1. Key target audiences' attitudes on sub- part of the funds appropriated shall be used for jects of major concern $ 630,000 the purchase of radio sets for free distribution." 2. To determine best media for psycho­ It was also in the summer of 1950 that VOA logical warfare themes to target heads begged $7,000,000 with which to buy a audiences ...... 242,000 3. Content analysis of nledia output to building in New York, declaring that any delay insure conformity to policy guidance 42,500 might imperil the country's peace and safety. 4. Basic research on the influence of Congress refused to be rushed, and further in­ country population groups to assure quiry developed that a 31-story building in a good that the target groups are the right location could be had for three million dollars. ones to reach 135,000 5. Ultimate program inlpact on selected The money was voted, and the Voices were grate­ audiences ...... 1,000,000 ful to the point of tears. However, a reexamina­ 6. To determine extent and degree of tion of the building disclosed that it provided not knowledge of Eng'lish among target 250,000 square feet, but only a miserable 200,000, audiences in 18 countries 170,000 so the purchase was called off. The next move Was it possible, demanded the Congressmen, was an attempt to take over the Furniture Mart, that after five years the VOA experts were still a mammoth building in which a business of one­ in doubt about what to do and how to do it? And half billion is done annually; but the frantic out­ if so, why couldn't some of the evaluation be done cry of the industry ended that. Deciding to accept by the heads of the 209 missions in 84 countries? the status of tenants, the VOA took space here Or by the Central Intelligence Agency, the am­ and there, and at the time of the March hearings bassadors and consuls, or even the VOA execu­ had spent $600,000 on rent. After pointing out tives who spent most of their time racing from that this money could have been saved had the one country to another? Mr. Rooney made sharp 31-story structure been accepted, Mr. Rooney bit mention of "WPA projects," and Mr. Stefan de­ off this question: "Are all of your operations as clared that the entire evaluation business was loose and negligent as this?" "geared primarily to get more money and more men." The "How Am I Doing?" Program Where fireworks really began, however, was when the Voice's top-flighters told of their propa­ An extreme of irritation likewise marked in­ ganda approach to the Soviet Union and the Iron quiry into the "evaluation" program of the Voice; Curtain countries. In their opening statement for on top of millions already spent, additional they gave four million as an estimate of the num­ millions were being asked. These were some of ber of listening sets in Russia. When committee the expenditures: International Public Opinion members brought out that other estimates ran all Research, conducted by Elmer Wilson and Elmo the way from one to nine million, and that the Roper, $41,775 for interviewing from 100 to 185 United Nations proceeded on a guess of 1,500,000, people about VOA broadcasts in five European Mr. Barrett broke down and admitted that "in the countries; Columbia University, $225,000 for case of the Soviet Union we have to do an awful "comparative sociology on communications be­ lot of putting together of very fragmentary in­ havior study"; Dr. Herta Herzog, Motivational formation to get any kind of clear picture." Research Director for an advertising firm, $7000 Turning to Asia, Foy Kohler, chief of the In-

366 thA F'REEMAN t'ternational Broadcasting Division, made the flat States and ... it is not the foreign policy of the :statement that there were one million radio sets United- States, at the moment, to stir up rebel­ }in China, "of which 200,000 are equipped for lions." About all that could be done in the way :short wave reception." of inciting revolt, he indicated, was to remind When Dean Rusk, then Assistant Secretary of captive peoples of "their own glorious traditions." State for Far Eastern Affairs, was asked about the probable number of receiver sets in China, he A Waste of Printed Words answered; "I would not put it at more than 60,000 in the entire country." In the same breath he in­ Well, asked the Committee, what about printed sisted that VOA's propaganda efforts were "be­ matter? Are you making any better record there ginning to show considerable results in China." than with the spoken word? The VOA spokesmen Pressed for proof, he produced a set of regula­ thought they were, and cited the monthly maga­ tions put out by the Chinese Reds "to keep down zine Amerika. Back in 1945 or thereabout, Averill rebellion and unrest." Under bombardment he Harriman had induced Stalin to take 50,000 copies was compelled to admit that nothing in them re­ of this publication for sale on the newsstands of ferred even remotely to the VOA broadcasts. his country. Was Stalin still keeping his bargain? Contradictions were the order of the day. Mr. No, not exactly. Under pressure a Mr. Dunning Barrett was happy to testify that VOA broadcasts admitted that some 28,000 were being returned were getting into Russia "at least 20 per cent each month. Whether the remaining 22,000 were clear to Moscow, and around 60 to 80 per cent in being sold or scrapped he could not say. outlying districts." But Mr. Kohler:, asked about And were we still printing the full 50,000? Oh, the Ukraine, answered: "We have had no figure yes, and about 8000 more. And what did we do of Hstbelners as is usual in the case of the Soviet with them? We distributed them as "prestige pub­ Union." (IJtalicrsadded.) lications" in Iran, Greece, Germany and other While the hearing room still echoed to insist­ countries where there were Russian groups. And ence that the Soviet Union was being penetrated what was the cost to the. American taxpayer? by VOA broadcasts, witnesses came forward with Around $600,000 a year. Then why wasn't it a mournful reports of Moscow's success in block­ sound idea to stop publication? ing these broadcasts. George Herrick, Chief of Oh, no! [declared Mr. Barrett]. We feell that the the Facilities Branch of the International Broad­ very fact that the Soviet Government is afraid

MARCH 10, 1952 367 of Modern Art; four pages of Justice W. O. Doug­ It is one of our musical prestige pictures that we las's life story; and nine pages devoted to the' make to prove that America is not without arts third installment of John Hersey's novel, "The and a love of music, ... and that we are not un­ cultured boors and gangsters. Wall." After a proper interval for recovery, the em­ Hurrying to remove a plainly unfavorable im­ purpled Committee turned to the pamphlet de­ pression, he proudly recited six films embodying signed" to inform all foreign listeners of VOA's "major policy statements": United Nations Aids progress, schedules and frequencies, and circu­ the Republic of Korea ; President Truman Reports lated by the millions for free. A twenty-page job on Korea; President Truman's Speech in San in four colors, on the most expensive paper as Francisco; President Truman Addresses the ahvays, and with thirteen of its pages given over United Nations; Secretary Acheson Reports on to these pieces of "ace propaganda": a view of New Communist Threat to World Peace; Presi­ the Schuykill River; photographs and life story dent Truman Addresses Congress. Seeing that the of General Marshall, "the greatest living Ameri­ brows of the Congressmen were still""" beetled, Mr. can"; two pages about stamp clubs; a biographi­ Edwards hastily made mention of other films that cal sketch of Thomas Eakins, American painter; he seemed to feel might be more appealing. two pages on "How Congressmen Report to the After touching on;i~ctures built around Dr. People"; "Letters from Listeners," all effusive; Ralph Bunche, Edith Sampson (a member of the and as the high note, a glowing illustrated biog­ American delegation to the United Nations) and raphy of J 0 Stafford, singer of hit tunes, along General Eisenhower, he took up "In Defense of with the offer of a free photograph onYequest. Peace," a four-reel major picture on "Communist By unanimous vote the Committee ordered Mr. obstructionist tactics since the end of the last Barrett to cut out the color, the expensive paper, war, including their action in the United Nations, the boosts of Administration favorites and popu­ including the Berlin blockade and our institution lar songsters, and confine the pamphlet to sched­ of the air lift, and taking the story up to the ules and frequencies. Korean aggression." This did not go so well with Charity compels the drawing of a veil over the Committee, for everything played up in the what happened when the Committee came to con­ film had constituted a humiliating loss of face for sideration of a choice propaganda bit entitled the United States. "Eight Great Americans." Even Democratic mem­ Then, as always in moments of stress, Mr. Bar­ bers waxed green"about the gills as they read the rett took over. Brushing the past aside, he urged names : Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Senator Con­ the Committee to judge the Voice by the "changes nally, Speaker Sam Rayburn, Vice President in program emphasis." One by one, he solemnly Barkley, Harry S. Truman, Dean Acheson-but intoned them: why go on when even Mr. Rooney couldn't? For­ tunately, inquiry developed that the pamphlet was Much more emphasis on building up an affirma­ so bad that it had to be junked. tive desire to cooperate with the United States; much more emphasis on developing a spirit of unity, guts and determination; a great deal more What's Wrong With These Pictures? emphasis in building up a will to resist com­ munism; a great deal more emphasis on building Breathing hard but still indomitable, the Com­ up behind the Iron Curtain the psychological mittee next examined Herbert Edwards, Chief of obstacles to further Communist aggression. the Division of International Motion Pictures, de­ "Do you mean to say," demanded Mr. Rooney, manding justification of a request for $13,074,035. "that the four items you mention have not been Mr. Edwards obliged with the statement that his component parts of the program of the Voice of films had these objectives: America?" To make basic democratic concepts more meaning.· Although insisting that they had been com­ ful; to show free labor and free enterprise as ponent parts, Mr. Barrett finally admitted that complementary parts of an expanding economy; "the original concept put primary emphasis on to alert people to the dangers of Communist ag­ gression, and to prove that the people of the building up understanding between the peoples United States are tenacious in their democratic of the United States and other peoples." faith, seriously concerned with their international Five years and a. half-billion spent on selling responsibilities, possessed of the enlightenment the "American way of life" to Poles, Czechoslo­ and economic strength required for the tasks before them. vaks and other peoples who bought democracy from us back in the days of Woodrow Wilson! Unfortunately, much of the effect of this rhe­ Boasts of our automobiles, deep freezes and torical display was lost when Mr. Stefan began to tractors slushed down on wretched millions who ask about a two-reel picture costing $60,000, remember Yalta and Potsdam and wait to hear called "The Tanglewood Story." Mr. Edwards ad­ whether we mean to wipe out the shame of our mitted that it was a picturization of a concert betrayals! And this the one answer, tucked away given by Koussevitsky and the Boston Symphony between a hillbilly song and a Truman classic; at a summer festival in the Berkshires, and justi­ "It is not the foreign policy of the United States fied it with this explanation: to stir up rebellions!"

368 the FREE~N Indonesia's Little Iu-emlin

By EDWARD HUNT'E,R

Indonesia's recognition of Communist China has public. The Chinese Communist publications-and brought to her capital a Red Embassy that is a the broadcasts from Peiping and Moscow, which center of the Soviet conspiracy. are clearly heard in Indonesia-leave no doubt about the Kremlin's objective. Like the Philip­ pines and Korea, Indonesia must be harassed and JAKARTA sabotaged and kept in political and economic dis­ T THIS writing the largest billboard in the order until it "voluntarily" takes its place in the big Chinese section of Jakarta, capital of Soviet satellite ring. A. the youthful nation of Indonesia, advertises a film called "The White-Haired Daughter." It OU HAVE only to go into the Chinese Communist covers the first-floor windows of a large Chinese YEmbassy to find this line personified in Am­ bookshop called Nan Sing Co. (Southern Star). A bassador Wang Jen-hsu. Under the name of Pak short way off, on one of Jakarta's main boule­ Bahrein (Papa Bahrein), he wrote virulently vards, is a group of Chinese temple structures, on Communist pamphlets and books published sev­ well-kept grounds. Close by is a primary school eral years ago in Sumatra and distributed through­ for Chinese children, and a number of other Chi­ out Indonesia. At a time vvhen the blossoming In­ nese bookshops. donesian Republic needed all the sympathy and Perhaps I should not have been surprised to energy it could arouse, he preached its overthrow discover that many Chinese, and most of the In­ as a "betrayal" of the peasants and workers. donesian officials, have no idea t)J.at "The White­ At Medan, a Communist hot spot in Sumatra, Haired Daughter" is Communist China's most Wang edited a Red ne,vspaper, though his profes­ elaborate propaganda film. The heroine is the sion was ostensibly that of school teacher. The pretty daughter of a tenant farmer, who is forced Dutch deported him in 1948 on the charge that he to sell her to an avaricious landlord because he had no immigration papers, and he was returned can't pay his rent. She has to serve opium to the to China by way of lIong Kong. Indonesian offi­ landlord's cruel wife, and is raped by his son. cials say that when they approved a man named When her boy friend tries to protest, he is beaten Wang as Ambassador from Red China, after fol­ up and chased out of town. lowing Britain's persuasive example in recogniz­ The girl becomes a white-haired, ghostly figure ing the Communist regime, they never suspected who haunts a mountain temple to obtain food for that Peiping would have the gall to palm off this herself and her nameless child. But her boy agitator and agent on them. The truth about friend, now a Red Army officer, returns with the Wang's dual personality was discovered when the "Liberation Army" to save her village. Hearing writings of Pak Behrein, though obviously out­ of the "demon" living in a cave, he goes to find dated, began to have a curious new vogue. out the truth of the matter, for he no longer be­ The Ambassador's wife, whom he acquired in lieves in demons now that the Reds have "lib­ Red China, is an English-speaking Shanghai girl, erated" his mind. He shoots at the fleeing form, a graduate of St. John's University. Wang took pursues her into the cave-and discovers that she her along on his first visits to high Indonesian is the girl he once loved. Everybody lives happily officials-as a translator, he said, though it was ever after, waving the red flag. later discovered that he spoke Indonesian well. In the big bookshop and the smaller ones near­ At times, when a discussion or negotiation came by, propaganda is not disguised as entertainment. to the point, Mrs. Wang would stop translating, Their shelves and counters are crammed exclu­ but continue the conversation herself. A typical sively with Communist books, pamphlets and instance occurred at an informal dinner attended magazines, whose main theme is that Uncle Sam, by the then Prime Minister Natsir. The proposal the hated villain of the world, will be destroyed of the Asian-Arab bloc concerning a truce in the by the far-seeing Mao Tse-tung under Stalin's Korean war was being debated in the United Na­ paternal guidance. tions. Natsir discussed this with Wang, through The primary school is Communist-teachers, Mrs. Wang as translator. She soon stopped telling textbooks and curriculum. So are at least 80 per her husband what was being said, and for fifteen cent of the thousands of Chinese schools in Indo­ minutes laid down her government's line herself. nesia. In front of the impressive temple buildings It is actually she and another Communist Party a big five-starred red flag waves, for they house stalwart-Consul General Ho Ying-who control the Chinese Communist Embassy. the Embassy, observers say. Wang primarily rep­ These are the outward evidences of the fifth resents the continuity of the propaganda effort. column that threatens the nascent Indonesian Re- Ho Ying, usually more violent in his speeches, is

MARCH 10, 1952 369 a shrewd fellow. Some say he is the top man. the good-natured Indonesian to break completely The Red Chinese Embassy, center of a con­ with those who, like himself, fought the Dutch spiratorial network covering Indonesia, has a rulers. staff of about sixty, entirely Chinese. Encouraged It is true that Communist henchmen and agents by their success in infiltrating Wang back into were rounded up in a nation-wide series of raids Indonesia, the Embassy at first informed the In­ on August 16, and some of the Chinese Reds most donesian Foreign Office of new additions to the powerful in finance and in Parliament were ar­ staff only after they had arrived. But when a liner rested. President Soekarno recently spoke strong anchored at Jakarta's port with 16 grim-faced words, significant enough for the Information young Communist workers waiting to debark, all Ministry to distribl)te an English text. Obviously technically assigned to the Red Embassy, the In­ referring to the Chinese, he said: donesian Government said no, and the 16 were I should l,ike to address myself toa group of for­ shipped back to Hong Kong. Whether they will eigners. Some of these always propagate commu­ stay there is another matter. Wang's example nism and incite to social revolution. They are not shows that they may yet appear on Indonesian aware of the fact that, if a social revolution starts soil, in one guise or another. here, such a revolution will immediately become a radal revolution, and their own countrymen will be the first victims. ... They are playing with HE EMBASSY Isltaff does not appear rut ordinary fire which, if it spreads, will burn to ashes the Tfunctions, but it frequently arranges very bodies of their own countrymen in this country. small and always unpublicized private parties. At There has been no noticeable effect on the Red such gatherings the Embassy makes contacts Embassy. But the Chinese Communists have never ranging from wealthy businessmen and educators shown thelTIselves concerned over the livelihood in the Chinese community to henchmen from the and security of Chinese non-Communists. shadowy underworld. During the war some of The recognition of Red China, which makes In­ these henchmen worked in Indonesia for the Wang donesia's problem of internal security almost in­ Ching-wei puppet regime of Nanking, helping the capable of solution, was forced as Russia's price Japanese to consolidate their control. After V-J not to veto Indonesia's admission into the United Day they flopped over into the Kuomintang camp. Nations. Whether the price will prove too high Their corruption and high-handed rascality was only time-and Indonesia's growing alertness­ responsible in no small measure for the discredit­ will reveal. ing of Chiang Kai-shek among the Chinese in In­ donesia. Now they are collaborating with Mao. They engage in everything from the illegal smuggling of opium and gold-widely credited A Stalinist Lexicon with paying for Communist underground activi­ ties in Indonesia-to putting pressure on Chinese Excerpts from the 1951 edition of the schools and other institutions to follow the Pei­ Soviet Dictionary of Foreign Words: ping line. "After all," the argument runs, "Indo­ nesia has recognized Red China, the same as Boy SCOUT: A member of a bourgeois children's Britain, so you had better get on the bandwagon organization having a military-political character before it is too late, if you know what is good for in capitalist countries. you." DEMOCRACY: A political structure in which power One member of the Embassy staff who does get belongs to the people. The Soviet Socialist democ­ around publicly is a religious attache-the only racy is a new higher type of democracy, with such in any diplomatic mission in Indonesia. He power actually in the hands of the people. ... attends a different mosque daily, wearing a Mos­ Bourgeois democracy is a form of class suprem­ lem fez and a pious look. In a country with such acy, the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie over the a large Mohammedan population, this subtle prop­ proletariat and the. working masses. aganda is effective. IDEALISM: A reactionary and anti-scientific trend The Chinese Communists collaborate with the in philosophy which falsely states the idea that Dutch Communist Party, the father of communism consciousness and spirit are primary in nature, in Indonesia; with the remnants of the Dutch life and matter are secondary.... During all the die-hards, who would collaborate with the devil if history of philosophy [it] appears as the ideology that would undermine the Indonesian Republic; of· reactionary classes. and with other anti-Jakarta guerrilla elements. MISSIONARY: An advance agent of the imperialist Though communism is no problem in the regular usurpers. Indonesian armed forces, difficulties are met with TRADE UNIONS : Trade union leaders are primarily the groups organized as private armies of politi­ opportunists and adherents of class collaboration cal parties or factions during the revolution, when with the bourgeoisie. all had a simple, single project-to oust the WALL STREET: A synonym for the plundering im~ Dutch. The government is not blind to this situa­ perialistic interests of the American .financial tion, but is caught in a web created by past asso­ oligarchy. ciations, confused economics and the hesitancy of Compiled by TRAWICK BOUSCAREN

370 the FREEMAN After Capitalism, What?

By GEOIRGE, WINDER

A, B'ritish economist contends that the dreams of have shown the most disinterested benevolence, the Socialists can not be realized, and that the de­ it can not be denied that, under capitalism, most struction of the free market system would be fol­ men work for an end chosen by themselves, and lowed by the emergence of a new dark age. that this end is often the advancement of their own interest or that of their families, although this may be combined with more altruistic aims. HE MARXIST dislikes those social and eco­ Although Christianity tries to modify capital­ nomic forces that are responsible for human ism, and to persuade men to high motives, capi­ T unhappiness. For that matter, so do we all. talism .has never tried to destroy selfishness, but The economic and social system predominating on the contrary makes use of it, diverting it into in the free world, although greatly undermined channels where it will serve society. It does all it by many forms of State control alien to its fun­ can to see that brutal aggression or fraudulent damental theory, is still usually called capitalism, cunning shall prove unprofitable, and that nobody though where it is found in its pUl"er form it is shall receive material benefits without handing better named free enterprise. Sometimes it is over property or services in return. The only hon­ called Christian Civilization. est means of obtaining material advantages under Capitalism has failed to cure poverty, misfor­ capitalism is persuasion. And the simplest means tune and sin; therefore the Marxist hates capi­ of persuading another to part with the goods or talism, and more often than not carries over his services one desires is to offer goods or services hate from the system to its leaders, whom he calls in return. To enable this system to develop, capi­ the wicked and exploiting capitalists. Without talism has evolved the free market and the price visualizing very clearly \vhat he will establish in system. its place, he is determined to destroy capitalism Pure capitalism-never yet attained-would be and all that it stands for. a society in which all production and trade were Now there can be no doubt that although they governed by the free market, uninfluenced by may greatly exaggerate their charge, the Marxists monopolies, controls, tariffs, quotas, protection, and other Socialists are right when they say that preferences, or State favoritism to any section of capitalism has failed to cure a great many of the the community. ills which afflict mankind. Perfection seems hard to come by. Are they right, therefore, in seeking APITALISM'S greatest achievement is that it has to destroy a system so imperfect? C taken primitive, savage and uncultured man, The answer seems to depend entirely on what and diverted his selfish energies from war, plun­ system can be set up in its place. Is there another der, and food-gathering into production and system waiting to supersede capitalism, which trade. That is the all-important advance that hu­ the world can adopt without difficulty? The So­ manity, under capitalism, has achieved. Destroy cialist believes there is. the right to work for one's selfish ends and for To throw over capitalism and adopt a socialist the benefit of one's family within the framework form of society may be a risk, but, to the Social­ of law that generations of experience has built ist, it is a risk we should definitely take. up, and you have destroyed capitalism. The less daring members of the community, The Socialist, looking at our tamed and com­ however, hesitate to follow the Socialist in such paratively law-abiding culture, takes the great an enterprise. They wonder if capitalism should achievement of capitalism for granted, and con­ not be credited with what it has done rather than centrates only on what it has not accomplished. condemned for what it has failed to accomplish; He frequently compares capitalism with the and they are satisfied with slow but fairly suc­ tooth-and-claw struggle in the jungle, without cessful efforts to reform the system rather than realizing that it is precisely this form of struggle destroy it. that capitalism, at least in times of peace, has So that we may be able to understand the es­ succeeded in repressing. He gives capitalism no sential nature of the society the Socialists wish credit for the great moral advance it has achieved to destroy, it would be as well here to consider in persuading man to confine the pursuit of his what is, perhaps, the chief characteristic of capi­ selfish interests within channels which serve talism and one for which it is often condemned. mankind; he blames it for the fact that selfish­ That is, its reliance on selfishness as the great ness still exists. He would eradicate the motive motive-power which makes nearly its whole pro­ of self-interest, and replace it by the desire to ductive system work. work for the general good. But it is evident that, Notwithstanding the fact that many capitalists if new incentives are to replace the old selfish

MARCH 1O~ 1952 371 motives, then man will respond to them only if human nature, the Socialists are willing to de­ his whole moral nature is changed. stroy capitalism, in the firm belief that it will be If the socialist revolution is to succeed, then it follo'wed by a superior system. But is there any must be accompanied by a moral revolution of justification for this optimism? Can the nationali­ the most complete and all-embracing kind. zation of the means of production, transport and The Christian also desires a moral revolution exchange-for that is all socialism can be sure which would cause men to work for the common of accomplishing-bring about the moral revolu­ good rather than their own selfish ends, but he tion necessary to make the new system work? differs completely from the Socialist in the means Is the belief that common ownership can effect he ~ould use to attain his purpose. He would this moral revolution a noble dream, or is it an persuade the individual to work for the common idle fancy arising from frustration and an un­ good of his own free will, whereas socialism; by willingness to face reality? destroying individual property rights, seeks to From two quarters we are given a very definite make it· extremely difficult for him to do anything answer to this question. The first is the Christian other than serve the community as those who Church, and the second is modern science. Both control the economic system shall direct. agree that the nature of man can be changed, but they also agree that it is a very painful and HE MARXIST believes that once the means of slow process. Tproduction, transport and exchange are held The Christian doctrine of original sin com­ in common, this economic revolution would be pletely repudiates the optimistic idealism of the followed by a moral revolution in which Inankind Socialist. It sees man as naturally selfish, acquisi­ would throw over its age-old selfish instincts, and tive, uncooperative, aggressive and dangerous willingly devote its energies to the interests of until he has been saved by the grace of God. He the State. must be taught by patient care and divine guid­ The ordinary Socialist, while he does not agree ance to do good, and to cooperate with his fellows with the Marxist belief that morals are the prod­ in society. uct. of economic conditions, is so disappointed with the civilization which capitalism, modified ow THIS Christian doctrine may be nearly two by Christianity, has so far created that he is will­ N thousand years old, but surely it is confirmed, ing to go ahead with plans for the State estab­ although in very different terms, by the modern lishment of common ownership, feelin'g that, at science of anthropology. This scientific study of the very least, it is an interesting experiment the development of man finds him gathered to­ that ought to be tried. gether in groups, in which such peace and co­ Although Socialist experiments in Russia and operation as he possesses is the result of slowly­ eastern Europe have not, it is now generally ad­ acquired rules, taboos and tribal discipline. The mitted, come up to expectations, the Socialists struggle of the individual for his own selfish feel that the peoples of the older Western democ­ ends proceeds in every society. It is only the racies are more advanced culturally, and there­ strength of the acquired social bond that pre­ fore capable of realizing the ideal conceptions of vents him from getting his own way by force and socialism. It is assumed that the natural benevo­ murder. To murder the stranger outside the lence and moderation of the Englishman and the bounds of his own particular group is always American, coupled with their longer history of permissible in the food-gathering stage of society. democracy, will enable them to avoid the excesses Each tribe holds every other tribe as an enemy. of Russia, and safely establish socialism without Probably the Dyak headhunter is a survival of too much danger to existing moral standards. this stage of evolution. Some even go so far as to believe that all will Orderly social existence is not a natural phe­ be well under socialism because of the innate nomenon. There are a thousand different forms decency of man. Relieve man from the bonds of of social culture, each slowly developed and each capitalism which have corrupted him, and he will having its tribal laws and taboos to hold chaos at stand forth in all his pristine nobility. Mr. bay. It may be that some of these taboos have Clement Attlee appears to be one of these optim­ lost their usefulness. Some may have arisen ists. He once said: purely from superstition, and may never have had Less and less are we depending on the incentives any real usefulness. But without strict laws and of individual profit. The more, then, we must de­ taboos, primitive cultures soon break up. velop, especially in the younger generation, the Morals are attributes of the individual, but incentive of service to others, and of service to they are also essential to society because they the community. constitute a set of rules which people must obey If this is not an expression of .complete trust if they are to live peacefully together. Sometimes in the natural disinterestedness of man, it is only when a primitive culture meets with modern qualified by the thought that some development civilization it can accept a new set of rules with of that spirit, easily within the competence of its intellect, but the will and the emotions can not State education to achieve, is alone necessary. keep pace, and decadence sets in. The history of Because of their faith in the adaptability of colonization over the last two hundred years

372 the FREEMAN gives us many instances of cultures which thoug11 a tyranny exercised by a bureaucracy with the enlightened by contact with modern civilization, minds of gangsters. have also been destroyed, leaving behind them All countries that have completely nationalized nothing but a decadent, dying race. The cultures the means of production, transport and exchange of the Zulu and the American Red Indian are are ruled today by amoral gangsters. This is no examples of this. coincidence. It is the result of the inevitable Our modern Western culture-call it capitalism failure of the socialist experiments those coun­ or Christian civilization, what you will-required tries have undergone. generations of human development to establish. Where a culture is destroyed by revolution, A new culture can not be imposed upon us by nothing better ever takes its place. At the best, some M~ster Mind of the intelligentsia. Man can the revolution can eliminate only a few abuses; not change his civilization as he changes his coat. and after a period of bloodshed and slaughter He must be conditioned to his culture by ages of the old system reasserts itself, as after the French experience. Cultures can be established only by Revolution. When, however, the old culture fails evolutionary processes, and not by advice, educa­ to be quickly reestablished, a dark age inter­ tion, precept, force, or revolution. venes, until the lessons of civilization are slowly learned all over again. This was the case after E ARE all too often told that Britain and the Roman Empire fell. W America can hand their democratic systems The civilization we have painfully built up is over lock, stock and barrel to people having no like a tiny raft in a vast sea of barbarism. It took tradition of democratic development. The pre­ generation after generation of experience to es­ mature attempt to establish democracy results in tablish the moral code that lashes that raft to­ the complete destruction of human freedom .in gether and enables men to rest even momentarily the culture concerned. This is why Nazism was from enmity and war. Socialism, when it destroys established in Germany, fascism in Italy, and the old economic system and establishes a system communism in Russia. in which it is obligatory to labor for the common India is attempting to establish the Western good, can not possibly produce the moral revolu­ system of democracy. Many of her leaders un­ tion necessary to make the system work. All that doubtedly understand and approve democracy, it will do is to destroy the moral standards we but can they exercise the restraint this form of already have. government demands? Man is born and exists in original sin until he Stalin is accused of "betraying" socialism, but is saved by the grace of God; or-to express the if so, his betrayal arose inevitably. Collectivism same truth in another way-he is a barbarian, took the form that it has always taken in the knowing nothing of peace and the rights of others, past. The tyranny and cruelty now commonplace until he has been slowly conditioned to a culture. in eastern Europe are not accidental. They do not Cultures must develop and improve slowly; revo­ arise because socialism has been unnecessarily lutions destroy them. "betrayed." They do not arise directly even from To destroy an established culture is to revert socialism itself. They are the inevitable result of to barbarism, so that we can say with assurance that moral collapse which always follows the de­ that when capitalism is destroyed a new dark age struction of a culture. must necessarily begin. Judging by such experi­ The one thing we can be certain of in the great ments as we can already observe, the gangster Socialist experiment is that, if allowed to con­ will be on top. tinue, it will destroy capitalist morality and leave in its place a moral vacuum. When men can no longer work for their own selfish ends, within that framework of law which capitalism has taken centuries to establish, they will not willingly In Lieu of Comment work for the common good. Unless chaos and starvation are to follow, it is necessary, when Tell me that I must go selfish incentives no longer apply, to devise other when loves survives its time; means to make men work. teach me the instinct of the melting snow. The more the self-interest of capitalism is de­ stroyed, the more such means as blatant propa­ Give me the impulse to be free ganda, national chauvinism, direction of labor, when reason masters you secret police, cruelty and force are required, and and tosses me. the more it becomes necessary to divide the popu­ lation into masters and slaves. So when we pass the hour of grace, Selfishness, released from the channels into suffer me to go which capitalism has confined it, bursts forth all succinctly: turn your face. the more dangerously because collectivism con­ centrates unlimited power in the hands of a few. I'll know. And government, if it i~ to avoid chaos, requires RALPH DE TOLEDANO

MARCH 10, 1952 373 have been entitled: "Democrats for Ike." If there From Our Readers were any leading Republicans there, they were carefully kept out of sight. None was introduced. Praise From Kathleen Norris None spoke. Apparently none was there. New York City C. A. I cut so many things out of the (entirely indis­ pensable) Freeman that it might be simpler to carry the entire file along when making speeches Mr. Wallace E;xplains Further for the Republican campaign. I would not ask for more space in the Freeman It has been a delight from the first issue. except for the fact that Mrs. Widener in your is­ Palo Alto, California KATHLEEN NORRIS sue of February 11 asks whether I looked on American Communists as patriotic Americans in Two Generals:A Parallel 1944. What I said to Chiang Kai-shek in 1944 was When I was in Tokyo in early March 1948, just that American Communists were doing everything after General MacArthur had declared his will­ they could to help win the war against Japan and ingness to accept the Republican nomination for Germany and therefore I could not understand the Presidency, myoId friend, Ray Richards of why the Chinese Communists should not be fol­ the Hearst press, phoned me. He asked me for an lowing the same line as the American Commu­ interview supporting MacArthur for President. I nists in their war effort. Of course the American told him nobody cared whom I supported, but any­ Communists were supporting the war effort be­ way I was not for MacArthur. This shocked him, cause of their interest in Russia rather than be­ so I explained that I had no idea where IVlacAr­ cause of their interest in the USA. All this is thur stood on any of the issues that divided the spelled out in a telegram to Senator Knowland country. I suggested that if the General should sent on June 5, 1951, which he introduced into resign and come home, and in a series of speeches the record and which the New York Times pub­ tell what he stood for, maybe I would be for him lished on June 6. 100 per cent. Budenz said on October 5, 1951 that the Com­ General MacArthur did not do so. General munists in 1944 had no objections to replacing Eisenhower is now in the MacArthur position of Stilwell with Wedemeyer. What I said off the 1948. record on October 5 was that only a Communist New York City ALFRED KOHLBERG could know that. No patriotic American, unless he were an FBI agent in a high-up Communist cell, could possibly keep continuously up-tO-date Democrats for Ike? on just where the Communists stood with regard I attended the Eisenhower Rally at Madison to two American generals in 1944. In November Square Garden, February 8, 11 :30 P.M. to 1 :00 of 1944 the Conlmunists were calling Stilwell A.M. At 11 :30 there were about six or eight their "favorite general." So far as I know the thousand people in the Garden. By 12 :30 the American Communists never conferred that title crowd had increased to twelve or thirteen thou­ on General Wedemeyer. sand. Mrs. Widener on page 178 of the Free1nan says Tex McCrary was master of ceremonies. The that our real enemy in 1944 was Russia, and that entire meeting was conducted by him and other anyone high up in government who did not have show people. There were no political speeches. the 1944 Budenz knowledge of communism was Not a word about the issues. Practically nothing culpable. For my part I am proud to have done about the Republican Party. Nothing against the what I did to carry out the defeat of the enemies Democratic Party, except a few odd words. Of authorized by the U. S. Senate, namely Germany, the hundreds of placards carried around, only Japan and their satellites. I am proud of my trip one had an elephant on it. The only other ele­ to China, my part in building up supplies in the phant in the place was a tinseled one, not recog­ Ever Normal Granary, of my part in bringing nizable at a short distance. about the trade of cotton for rubber in 1939, and Tex McCrary told the crowd that there were in stimulating imports for the war effort. eighteen thousand people there, and at least an­ Whatever may be the dispute today as to the other eighteen thousand outside in an overflow Communist line in 1944 there can be no doubt in meeting. This fooled nobody, because there were 1952 that the Communists in all countries in the at least five to eight thousand empty seats. When world (except momentarily Yugoslavia) are doing I went out I inquired of the cops, and there had their best to destroy American capitalism and to been no overflow meeting. At no time was the this end are prepared to use force, sabotage, es­ Garden full. pionage and intrigue to the utmost. The dispute The entertainers, for the most part, seemed to comes today as to the best way of meeting the be pretty much those who had been for Roosevelt challenge, especially in countries like India which in 1944, and the prominence of Oklahoma and are in .danger of following in the footsteps of particularly Texas among the delegations present China. made one wonder whether the rally should not South Salem, N ew York HENRY A. WALLACE

374 the FREE~N Manners, Arts and Morals

Notes on the Entertainme,nt Industries

By WILLIAM S. SOHLAMM

NE essential element of the theater that to suffering. And, perfectly able to take a hint, consistently escapes criticism is the audi­ they never laughed again till the final curtain. O ence. The customer, by no means always No mistake is possible: substantial parts of right in even less complex market areas, remains the Broadway audience are currently below the of course the final judge of a cultural product standard of sensitivity required to perceive any­ only in the sense that he is·free to buy or to re­ thing more complex than a gag. For them, theater ject the merchandise. But in a thoughtless exten­ equals "entertainment," and "entertainment" sion of this truism, most of our critics seem to equals boffs. In exchange for $4.80 per seat they have granted the public a dispensation from er­ expect, with the almost disarming innocence of ror, and even misconduct, the assumption appar­ some very low forms of life, to have their ribs ently being that solvency to the tune of $9.60 for tickled. Yet they are not really evil, these people. a pair of tickets carries with it the mysterious Left to itself, their perception runs the gamut gift of sane judgment. Even more grotesquely, from boff to crack to yak. A patient in the mental the public is officially considered to be in a state ward snores in his miserable sleep-a boffo An~ of special grace- born, as it were, with original other says "damn you"-a crack. Some one men­ virtue and, if ever erring at all, not really re­ tions "psychiatry"-a gag. Some one mentions a sponsible. Left to its own instincts, or so the girl friend-a yak. Around 9 :30 P.M. I felt the; critical doctrine of this "democratic" day seems distinct desire to escape those frightening crea­ to assume, the audience sides with the true and tures around me and seek the relief of belonging the beautiful. among the deranged on the stage. This I find an outrageously wrong doctrine, on Now it could be said, of course, that our enter­ philosophical grounds as well as in actual ob­ tainment industries are to be blamed for this servation. For instance, I am compelled to report atrophy of sensibilities; and there is considerable that the audience of "The Shrike" (a shocker truth in such an apology. Our "mass media" are which, by comparison with the offerings of an indeed calculated to evoke, again and again, the indescribably sterile Broadway season, has some most primitive reflexes; and with an incessant dramatic merits) scared me considerably more diet of calculated jolts man can doubtless be con­ than did the frightening events on the stage. ditioned to subhuman response. This department In the play (by Joseph Kramm) a drifter, so vvill certainly not be suspected of overlooking that ineffectual that he could not even commit suicide pernicious effect of debased commercialism. But successfully, goes through the subsequent ordeal there is also, I want to believe, man's immortal of detainment in the mental ward of "City Hos­ soul, for ever capable of salvation! What, if not pital." Whether Mr. Kramm intended to admonish the constant appeal to that superior nature of us never to botch a suicide, or whether he wanted man, is the function of criticism? And how can to rake the muck of bureaucratized psychiatry, is criticism fulfil its function, if it does not, from not quite clear. But his message, if any, is of time to time, take a brutish audience by its ears? little importance in either case. The crux of the matter, at least to me, was the behavior of the HE AUDIENCE of Mr. S. N. B,ehrm,an'is "Ja;ne" audience. T had another kind of fun. When the curtain Confronted, rather hauntingly, with wretched rose over the unpopulated stage, the props got a men detained in a mental institution, the audience big hand; and throughout the evening, no ap­ had a helluva time. The constant laughter that plause was more legitimate. Mr. Behrman has washed against the stage was, I assure you, not never really pretended to be in any business other the half-hysterical giggling which quite often than that of interior decoration-the business of releases an otherwise unbearable tension. Nor covering empty spaces with pretty things. That was it the derisive laughter of an audience which, he did again. Settings, actresses, manners and rightly or wrongly, wishes to inform the author several epigrams in "Jane" are quite pretty. how ludicrously he has failed. This, I swear, was There is no play. clearly the response of Manhattan Calibans who, Yet the audience seemed happy all evening be­ well into the second act, honestly thought they cause, I suspect, it was flattered by IVlr. Behr­ had bought tickets for a funny show. Not until man's assumption that it was what they call ita Mr. Jose Ferrer let real tears roll down his civilized audience." By this, so far as I can make trembling cheeks did these people realize that the it out, is meant an audience which has to be occasion called for some compassionate response shown only the bedroom door to anticipate the

MARCH 10, 1952 375 rest, is contented with cattiness where other au­ Howard St. John (In an impersonation of Lord diences might insist on murder, and can in gen­ Beaverbrook) handled their lines-which is all eral subsist a whole evening on a diet of cocktail they have to handle-quite wittily, while Mr. canapes. The trick of pleasing an audience with Basil Rathbone (impersonating Maugham) makes playless theater works on the principle of those one realize again what deadening influence Oscar promotion letters which assure you that you have Wilde's style of dialogue has had on English act­ been suggested as that rare person who would ing. enjoy this or that product of rare quality. There is of course room in the theater for com­ In the case under discussion, Mr~ Behrman petent interior decorators-provided there are chose to decorate/the Cinderella room on Broad­ also authentic playwrights around. In an era of way which had stqod empty since last season. theatrical vitality, writers of Mr. Behrman's tal­ But, though he was clearly in the public domain, ent, precisely because they do not pretend to lit­ he decided to share the credit for the dramatic erary ambitions, can sometimes provide virtuosos material he did not have with W. Somerset 'with the props for a magnificent tour-de-force: Maugham. "Jane" is merely a conglomeration of Eleanora Duse and Sarah Bernhardt reached more or less amusing remarks that could be made their zeniths in completely worthless plays. But by, about and to a rich widow from Liverpool Miss Best is not in the same class. And, even who, in the bloom of middle age, enchants Lon­ worse, "Jane" succeeds on Broadway on its own don's wicked society with her wholesome inno­ merits. So atrociously bad is this season that Mr. cence. Why the intelligent Mr. Behrman could not Behrman's perfumed concoction stands out as think this up all by himself remains a riddle for relatively the most pleasant American play of the me. Miss Edna Best (in the title role) and Mr. year!

, u Legend For Our Times

At the lich-gate he lies "There is one last crusade, Blackness upon his eyes. Safe though the Sepulchre: Gorget and plastron show There is one last crusade It was no sluggard blow That you must wage for me­ Brought this brave knight so low. Make the victorious Ora pro nobis. Worthy of victory!"

Back from the Holy Land, Golden the dawnlight now, Chastened by victory, Golden the knightly· brow, Found he on every hand Golden the certainty. Dragons he'd vowed to slay "Come all ye people!" When he had sailed away. Golden voice, golden words, Calling the people. Greed,sloth, and gluttony, Godlessness, vanity, "Mark ye the words I speak, Jostled to welcome him, Hear ye the end we seek." Back from Jerusalem. Bells from a steeple: Folly and lechery, Golden bells, singing bells, Heedlessness, infamy, High in a steeple. Filled up the cup and cried: "Drink to oblivion." "I preach the last crusade: Gather ye near me. Stared he awhile, and then These are God's very words: Turned on his heel again, Hearken and hear me. As if from strangers. These are his golden words: Hear and draw near me." Here in the nave he knelt, Prayed through the night and felt, At the lich-gate he lies, Under his fingers, Blackness upon his eyes. Steel that had served him well, Gorget and plastron show Pressed by the infidel; It was no sluggard blow Knelt through the night and prayed, Brought this brave knight so low. Greeted the dawn with prayer. Ora pro nobis. Then God his answer "made: BEN RAY REDMAN A REVIEWER'S NOTEBOOK

By JOHN CHAMBERLAIN

We sent a book a few weeks ago to Whittaker equally impossible. And a Jesus of Nazareth Chambers for review. It was the story of a Euro­ would be strangled at his first suggestion that pean Communist who had been dragged through Caesar is not God. the great Moscow purge trials of the mid-thirties and had somehow lived to tell the tale. "I can't Whittaker Chambers is right when he implies review this," said Mr. Chambers. "The poor fellow that our anti-Communist literature, so ubiquitous has suffered horribly, but he hasn't learned any­ at the moment, is all too often the product of thing from his experiences. He's still a socialist." those who think that socialism might have been better if Lenin had lived, or if Trotsky had de­ The full implication of Mr. Chambers's attitude feated Stalin. (Such people still think the British should be readily apparent to those who have read Labor Party can pull the job off.) But every so the first two installments in the Saturday Evening often an anti-Communist or an anti-totalitarian Post of his own story of the Hiss Case. Unlike writer catches a glimpse of what Mr. Chambers most ex-Communists, Whittaker Chambers is not is talking about. Robert Ardrey, in an excellent merely a witness against the malignant view of novel called "The Brotherhood of Fear" (Random life that is behind Marxism. He is a witness for House, $3), stands as a witness for something as the fundamentally religious view of life that re­ well as against. Mr. Ardrey's book got very little gards the human being as a sacred entity. The attention from the routineers of our literary mar­ human being must not be involuntarily subjected ketplace, but that should not keep it from making to experiments decreed by politicians, or even by a its way. A superbly imaginative tale, "The Brother­ democratic majority. Mr. Chambers's story, which hood of Fear" highlights all that is real about is that of a brave man who has had a religious human nature without ever once succumbing to conversion, or an illumination, or an experience the trappings of "realism." It is set in the middle that has disclosed to him the operations of of the sea in a mythical part of the world, al­ Natural Law (it doesn't really matter what you though an obviously Mediterranean climate call it), will certainly mark a turning point in the bathes the island dependency of Mr. Ardrey's literary treatment of the problem of communism. mythical totalitarian State. By isolating his char­ But it will have failed of its mark if it does not acters, and by joining the symbolic to the "real" substantially help to produce a regeneration of in them, Mr. Ardrey gains prodigious dramatic the beliefs that underlie the whole structure of impact. As an Erich Maria Remarque character Western society. says in "Spark of Life" (Appleton-Century-Crofts, $3.75), "Feeling does not grow stronger through Mr. Chambers's experiellce proves that one man numbers. It can never count beyond one. One­ who is willing to stand his ground on truth can but that's enough if one feels it." This truth is defeat a million. But the truth must involve a exemplified by Mr. Ardrey, who deals with his complete repudiation of socialism, which is the characters one and two at a time. spirit that denies in the name of a materialist hierarchy. The creative (or, if you like, the di­ "The Brotherhood of Fear" makes the point that vine) in man must have scope, the way must be in a "planned" State everyone is ruled by terror free for spontaneity to carry individuals where of the one above him. The individual fears the they would voluntarily go, either as individuals member of the Secret Police who is set to watch or as voluntary adherents to a group. The notion him, but the member of the Secret Police is also that man's future can be planned collectively, caught up in a chain of fear that permeates to­ with the State serving as the con1pulsory plan­ talitarian society from bottom to top. The hunter ning agent, seals the creative and the spontane­ must either catch his prey or become the prey of ous founts that lie deep in human nature. It closes others. This means that every man in totalitarian the future to the benefits of inventiveness, of society must be infallible-or else. It is usually energy, of elegance, of amusing diversion, of ad­ "or else." venture, of expression and of success in anyone of the seven arts and the manifold theoretical Certainly it is "or else" in Mr. Ardrey's fable. sciences. It is not only that a Henry Ford would Konnr, who is the perfect policeman because he have no chance under socialism. A Shakespeare, lacks the ability to question directives, has the a Josiah Willard Gibbs or a Max Planck would be trail-sniffing expertise of a bloodhound, the tenac-

MARCH 10, 1952 377 ity of a limpet, and the singleness of view of a against the totalitarian disease of our benighted horse in double-size blinders. He pursues his century. quarry, Willy Bryo, to the great port of D---, only to discover that Willy has escaped by I have been reading "Championship Figure Skat­ freighter to sea. Since disgrace (and the labor ing," by Gustave Lussi and Maurice Richards camp or worse) must await him if he fails to (Barnes, $3.75), and finding some political as bring Willy back to land, Konnr puts out in a well as athletic nourishment in it. Like all great fishing vessel, the Maria Voltin, and overhauls teachers of sport, Gus Lussi knows that there is Willy. But a storm overwhelms the Voltin, and only one right way to carry through a sequence Konnr and Willy are cast up on the beach of an of human motions (though minor adjustments can island inhabited by shepherds. Willy escapes into be made for minor personal differences in ana­ the interior before Konnr recovers consciousness tomical structure). Lussi is. one of those inspired -and "The Brotherhood of Fear" becomes the madmen of the teaching profession who insist on story of what happens to human quarry and seeing latent perfection in every pupil (William huntsman under the disturbing influence of a Chase, who teaches skating in Brooklyn, is an­ pastoral society that still maintains a latent be­ other). But the point I want to make here is that lief in God, in freedom, in the inviolability of the Newbold Morris, who has just taken on the job of family, and in the wisdom imparted by a visiting routing corruption from political Washington, is :Englishman who long ago has taught the Elder a figure skater who has applied much of Lussi's (of the island to read Shakespeare and the Old and tenacity to the perfection of his own skating :New Testaments. steps. If he can only see the relevance of the pas­ sionate figure skater's application of technique to It would be unfair to divulge the outcome of "The the problem at hand, he can not fail in his job in :Brotherhood of Fear." But, in a much different Washington. The thing to watch is whether Mr. 'way, it makes all the points about human nature Morris has a unified view of his own life, or that Whittaker Chambers is making in his Satur­ whether he keeps skating and the conduct of pub­ ,day Evening Post series. In one phase of the ar­ lic affairs in two different compartments of his gument the matter comes down to this: can a hu­ mind. man being be fully human if he must depend for life on the order of his identification papers? When Konnr, the policeman, loses his papers, it is "the approximate loss of identity itself." Long DEAN ACHES10N'S REC'ORD ago, .in "The Death Ship," B. Traven, that mys­ The Pattern of Responsibility, edited by McGeorge terious novelist of Mexico, made a similar obser­ Bundy from the Record of Secretary of State vation about a sailor who had lost his passport. Dean Acheson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $4.00 For Americans, the lesson should be heeded be­ fore it is too late. Won't someone please start a It is time the critics of Dean Acheson made cer­ movement to tear up all documents that tend to tain concessions to his admirers. Because as long reduce the human being to the status of a num­ as they don't, the Big Issues of Acheson's record ber on a card? will be beclouded by outraged affirmations of cer­ tain skills of Acheson which are undeniable. So Erich Remarque is a witness for the religious let it stand out indisputably that none of us ques­ view of the individual in his story of a Nazi con­ tions a) the occasional splendor of Acheson's centration camp, "Spark of Life." But this novel, rhetoric, b) the eloquence or the abundance of although it has its moments of tremendous power, his periodic indictments of communism, c) his falls into the error of trying to make the reader mastery of parliamentary technique, d) the effec­ feel for thousands, not one or two. True, Remar­ tiveness of his dialectic, and perhaps even e) the que always comes back to individuals; he tries nobility of his intentions. We insist, only, that he not to count beyond one in his specific paragraphs be recognized for what he is despite it all: a and page-length vignettes. But the over-all canvas monumental and tragic f8.ilure as Secretary of is too broad, and the plotting of "Spark of Life," State. which ignores the vistas of the pre-Hitlerian past The world abounds in intelligent and articulate and the post-Hitlerian future, makes it impossible men, and opposition to communism is a very low for the author to plumb the specific character of common denominator among them. In the circum­ Prisoner 509, or Bucher, or Lebenthal, or Lewin­ stances, one of our great national problems is not sky. These men have suppressed their memories so much to select statesmen with these attributes, and curtailed their dreams. They live for the mo­ which is an easy enough task, but to unearth a ment, and into the momentary future. That is man who is not only bright, clever and democratic, what a concentration camp does to one, and Re­ but also effective and perspicacious and adjustable; marque does not spare reiteration in making the and no volume or volumes by McGeorge Bundy point. But when humanity must diminish itself in or anyone .. else .can hope to deflect from the order to live, the novelist becomes diminished, shoulders of Dean Acheson major responsibility, too. That is another horror to be chalked up after Truman, for the 'woeful, abysmal failure

378 the F~EEMAN of the free world to counter the Communist population, toa cringing and uncertain defense menace. of a little over one-half of the globe. ' Yet Bundy is very aggressive about all this. He Such a framework for judging Acheson would states in his preface that "on almost every big unquestionably strike Mr. Bundy as founded upon issue [Acheson] has been at once right, energetic a hoary cliche-discounting, as it is predictable and skillful." He then catalogues, primarily by that he would, the fact that more often than not quoting at enervating length from Mr. Acheson's a statement becomes a cliche because of its nag­ public statements, the standard list of postwar ging and persistent identification with the truth. Administration counter-measures to Soviet im­ And the truth is that under Acheson, who fas­ perialism. They are, briefly, the stand of the tidiously prepared the way by sacrificing hun.. United States in the United Nations on the evacu­ dreds of millions of free men to the reign of the ation of Soviet troops from Iran; the promulga­ hammer and sickle, we now. face the Communists tion of the Truman Doctrine for Greece; the Mar­ at point-blank range. shall Plan; the Berlin airlift; the North Atlantic Although it would seem sufficient totally to dis­ Treaty; the Korean War. Many of these programs count Acheson as a moral man of reliable judg­ took place before the appointment of Acheson in ment by citing his defense as recently as a year January of 1949, yet he is identified with most of ago of the Yalta treaty, it is reasonable to be pa­ them because he gave them his support first as tient and observe Acheson's record, so enthusias­ Under Secretary of State and then as a private tically presented by Bundy, in a few specific and lawyer. crucial instances: Now, each of these "anti-Communist" measures, with an exception or two, is controversial at least 1. China. Bundy makes a great deal of the cost to the extent that the question arise.s whether it of saving Chira, and not very much of the fact was best exploited, or most shrewdly designed, or that the expenditure of money has never seriously most carefully selected from among alternative depressed Truman or Acheson, and that China measures to enhance the strategic position of the received less aid than Greece. But Greece and free world as against the Soviet Union. For ex­ China are different, Acheson repeated~y states. ample, was the airlift the most fruitful means of Quite true; but they have a decisive similarity in countering brazen Russian aggression in Berlin? that the integrity of both is vital to the United Was the administration or the constitution of the States, and both are targets of Soviet imperialism. Marshall Plan as effective as it might have been? But the 80th Congress voted less money for China Has our behavior in Korea been intelligent, and than the President requested, Bundy retorts. has it worked maximum damage, militarily, eco­ True, but neither the President nor the Secretary nomically, politically and psychologically, to the of State (and they are the makers of foreign pol­ Soviet TJnion? icy) put the situation to Congress as realistically as it was their obligation to have done. Neither It was foredestined, of course, that the United dramatized the impending tragedy in China as States would eventually take some measures to they were both in a position to do; neither made hinder the march of communism. A government a serious issue of the niggardliness of the appro­ that refused to adopt an anti-Communist foreign priation that was forthcoming; nor was the ap­ policy, however adulterated, would have had propriated money delivered to China vV'ith the dis­ about as much popular support as the Progressive patch that was so urgent in 1948. (See Freda Party rallied in 1948. So it must be kept in mind Utley's "The China Story.") that something was bound to be done. The ques­ And that isn't all: thousands of words have tion then becomes, did Acheson do the minimum, flowed out of Acheson's mouth to the effect that the maximum, or something in between? It is this he has always been anxious to convince the Chi­ that Mr. Bundy simply doesn't talk about. nese people that the American Government would Notwithstanding, time and time and time again not interfere with domestic Chinese problems. I Mr. Bundy refers to what he calls "central ideas," sublnit that the Chinese people were anxious for "central positions," "central problems," "central quite contrary affirmations, affirmations that the questions"; but he never harnesses the vast data i\..merican people would indeed interfere in China at his disposal in any such sensible way as to to preserve the outlines of the Open Door Policy, examine the central issue of Acheson's career as and to guard China against national serfdom to a policy-maker. If he had, the reader 'would have povver hostile to civilization itself. I submit that been confronted by two naked facts from which such assurances were precisely and urgently to launch his analysis: a) Acheson is identified called for, and that the absence of them con­ as the supporter and the formulator of American tributed far more substantially to the disintegra­ foreign policy from 1945 to the present, and b) tion of the Nationalist arlnies than any inade­ over the same period (and to the tune of a de­ quacies of Chiang's Administration. After all, na­ spoiled treasury, a hundred thousand casualties, tional pride, which it was the alleged purpose of and fancy rhetoric) the free world, led by the Mr. Acheson to salvage by his preposterous os­ tJnited States, traversed a very long path-fronl trichism, did not prevent the puppet armies of easy dominance over nine-tenths of the world's Mao Tse-tung from overrunning China, and their

MARCH 10, 1952 379 dependence on a foreign power was no secret to Not because he can depend upon a detached post­ anyone except American intellectuals. humous tribunal to vindicate Dean Acheson, but 2. Loyalty and security in the State Department. because he can list far more formidable future Bundy passes over unconscionably the wealth of allies to take up his mantle when he puts it down. incriminating material amassed by the McCarran He will be able to count on an emerging American Committee, and satisfies himself on occasion after class: the domesticators of history, for whom the occasion by relying upon such categorical (and job of canonizing Acheson will be routine-to be palpably false) pronouncements of Acheson as squeezed in somewhere between exalting Frank­ that "there are no disloyal men in the State De­ lin Roosevelt and Harry Truman. partment," or words to that effect. An example of WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY, JR. Bundy's Tydings-like technique: The Far Eastern Survey (an official publication of the Institute of Pacific Relations) did not toe the Communist Party line, as Alfred Kohlberg insisted in 1944 ROME A,NDJ AME'RICA that it did. For proof of it, see the fact that the IPR voted in 1947 by 1163 to 66 that it did not! The Age of Constantine the Great, by Jacob 3. The Firing of General MacArthur. Thils con­ Burckhardt. Translated by Moses Hadas. New troversy is treated with appalling legerdemain. York: Pantheon. $5.00 MacArthur's analyses and recommendations (with This beautiful study of three hundred years of which this writer does not happen to agree) are Roman history, veiled in moral ironies, should make oversimplified to the point of travesty. the reader think a great deal about America. Our There are other examples of the lengths Bundy colonial lawgivers had the rude hardihood of a has had to go to make a case for Mr. Acheson. Romulus and Remus, and the early 17th century Since even the most contrived presentation and New Englanders founded tree-shaded white frame the most artful rhetorical flourishes are inade­ villages as chaste as Alba, the white wooden vil­ quate to sidestep the ineffable conclusion we must lage built by Aeneas and celebrated by Virgil. Rome draw about our foreign policy in the light of our had its fables, gods, bucolic commonwealth, and situation today as opposed to our situation six poetry, before it deteriorated and fell into the de­ years ago, much of Bundy's case rests on the pre­ baucheries of an Agrippina, mother of Nero, which mise that, things being as they are, we are better required the powers of a Tacitus to pen. The la­ off than we would have been without Acheson. ment of the poet, Propertius, who tells us about We are certainly better off than we would have the rustic porkers that rooted in the dirt streets been had we, let us say, invited Andrei Gromyko and on the hills of Rome, is about the same as to superintend our foreign policy. For this, I sup­ Sherwood Anderson's verbal pining for the old pose, we should be in some measure grateful to Populist and handicraft Ohio towns. Mr. Acheson as also to Mr. Bundy for bringing it The difference between ,the Roman and the Arp.er­ to mind. But some of us don't feel that one-step­ ican empire is that we are now adopting the licen­ above-pro-communism is good enough; and for tious habits of a Poppaea, or a Commodus, or a that reason we ask, again and insistently, 'why it Domitian, without having first acquired stable cus­ is that, since our product, freedom, is supposed toms, deities, or a civilization. And we are about to be more marketable than the Soviet Union's, to become a soldier nation without any real knowl­ and why, since we started off in undisputed con­ edge of Europe, Africa, or the Orient, the marches trol of all the elements necessary to successful in which we are committed to fight. salesmanship, the people of the world are buying The problem confronting Marcus Aurelius, Sev­ slavery? If it is true that we are as well off as we erus, Diocletian, was how to control the Praetorian could be in the circumstances, then it must be guard without emasculating the empire. The guard true that malicious little gremlins, infatuated assassinated as well as appointed the rulers, most with Marxism, are in the saddle, capriciously of whom were Thracian shepherds, stupid· giants manipulating our destiny. from Gaul, muleteers from the Danube· provinces, Mr. Bundy has done a man's job in the defense fierce Goths from outpost regions. These proleta­ of his idol. Unfortunately, a man's job is not rian Caesars, very able soldiers, cruelly taxed the enough to assuage the feelings of a people ,vho serfs and impoverished the urban plebs. The mal­ after four years of bloody sacrifices were allowed adies of aging Rome were revolutions, assassina­ only a short respite before being called upon tion, barrenness, and taxes. Prices had grown so anew to subsidize the fateful errors of our lead­ disreputable and burdensome, and speculation in ers. The ominous importance of this dull, mis­ foods so wanton, by the time of Diocletian that that leading, improvised book is found not in what it emperor felt he had to impose maximum prices on says, but in what it symbolizes, for Mr. Bundy several hundreds of things, including grain, ordi­ states in his preface that he ·will "take a chance nary table food, livestock, clothes. Soldiers were with history and bet that Mr. Acheson will be robbed of their pay by a single purchase, and it listed fifty years from now among the best of our cost a peasant almost two and a half days' wages American Secretaries of State." for a pair of shoes. Mutton and lamb were prohib­ The odds, as a matter of fact, are with him. itive, and Falernian wine, hymned by the Latin poets, was not for the peasant, or even for the lower see that we are on our way to the rigid social order urban classes who lived in the wealthiest city in of a Diocletian. And we may not have the saving the world. 1lick to get a Christian renascence. Livy said that the downfall of Rome was brought EDWARD DAHLBERG about by insolence; rudeness "vas so great in his time that the lord of historians wrote that a blush was a mark of noble lineage. Gibbon wrote that the disintegration of the family household was the MORE ON THE CHAPLIN MYT'H cause of Rome's decay. Emperors without offspring were a sign of a sterile populace. We know that The Little Fellow: The Life and Work of Charles the vilest boudoir acts of the feminine Caligula Spencer Chaplin, by Peter Cotes and Thelma were imitated by the people. Anyone who reads St. Niklaus. New York: Philosophical Library. $3.75 Augustine's diatribes against the lascivious deities This book is a restatement of the Chaplin legend of the hinge and the door, or Lucian's mockery of and the expression of a Chaplin cult which undoubt­ homosexual Zeus, can see what was occurring in edly ranks as one of the minor absurdities of our Rome. age. The "little fellow" is portrayed as a transcen­ dent genius. "What is the fame of Gandhi com­ Along with debauchery came national apathy, pared with him who has shaken the world as only that is, human indifference to the sorrows or penu­ the figure of Christ has done before him?" It is ry or debts of others. In Burckhardt's account it only fair to add that this question is an extract was Severus, the first representative of a thorough from a statement written by Emil Ludwig, the military rule, who raised his pitilessness to a prin­ biographer; but the authors seem to quote it with ciple. What Severus failed to consider was that his approval. For they narrate the comedian's life in son, the monster Caracalla, otherwise without filial such a manner as to evoke the image of a deified obedience, might pay the most perverse homage to Chaplin. They depict him as a rare figure, lonely what was ruthless in his father. Caracalla had and isolated, who, misunderst00d by the world, suf­ made so many attempts on the life of his father fers endlessly from the pangs of genius as he tire­ that Severus was said to have whispered to the lessly creates his immortal masterpieces. young man, "Do not let them see you kill me." lVlore objective students, however, have found but After Caracalla came the depraved Heliogabalus, little evidence to support this picture. Chaplin has who, Suetonius said, had not revealed his greedy, actually been neither lonely nor isolated nor mis­ cormorant gut until he ascended the throne. Helio­ understood by the world. He has, on the contrary, gabalus surrounded himself with dancers, athletes, received nlore than his share of recognition. Nor jugglers, barbers, and actors. It was Plato who do the residents of Hollywood know him as a her­ warned the Athenians against the rule of actors mit. He plays tennis, dances, visits night clubs, and entertainers, which we in some real measure and attends political rallies. He has married several have in America today. The late Roosevelt often times and sired a number of children. He has called varlets of the screen and stage to his table, friends and business associates and has surrounded which reminds us of Domitian, who gathered himself with a host of sycophants. He enjoys the around him jugglers and dwarfs, and who relieved distinction of having been named the father of an Roman economy by abating the price of the eunuch! illegitimate child. Undoubtedly Chaplin has had Diocletian's reign is a sort of historical curio. periods of loneliness and unhappiness when he felt This emperor avoided Rome, repairing to a trans­ himself isolated from the world; but this is hardly A.driatic city, just as Hitler sought seclusion in an an unusual experience. He also suffered from a Alpine hamlet. Like l-litler he believed in omens warped childhood, which apparently affected him to and had many soothsayers around him. Like Cara­ such an extent that he has been unable to adjust calla, who built magnificent ~aths, now the litter to wealth and fame even as millions of others have of marble and stones in neglected vineyards and been unable to adjust to poverty and obscurity. ravaged graveyards, Diocletian had almost a morbid "The Little Fellow," however, is not only a highly passion for building. He modeled his reign upon :~dealized portrait of Chaplin but also a critical that of the virtuous Marcus Aurelius but he taxed study of his works. Unfortunately the authors are the people implacably. Peasants in his time, renting completely lacking in judgment, discrimination and land, were tithed horribly for crops and huts. As a sense of proportion. Chaplin, they maintain, Ratzel has written, "in the beginning was the "stands with Shakespeare and [they add somewhat ground-rent," and it was at its most onerous in anti-climactically] with Dickens." I regard the as­ Diocletian's day. sertion that Chaplin "stands with Shakespeare" as America has produced no annalist to be placed the most foolish critical pronouncement since John alongside Livy, Suetonius, Gibbon or Jacob Burck­ O'Hara startled the world by proclaiming Ernest hardt. What is conspicuous in Parkman, Prescott Hemingway· the most important author of all the and the Spanish discoverer-chroniclers is not intel­ authors since 1616 or thereabouts. Comparison of lectual faculty, but energy. But the shape of our Chaplin with Dickens, of course, sounds more present is an invitation to a moralist on Burck­ reasonable, although I myself entertain grave hardt's model. It does not take much perception to doubts as to its validity; but I would not interpose

MARCH 10, 1952 381 these doubts as an objection to the book itself since I do not expect every writer to agree with me and AN "A" FOR EFFORT \vould never condemn a book for a mere difference The Giant, by Feike Feikema. New York: Double­ in opinion. But the thesis that Chaplin "stands day. $3.95 with Shakespeare" can't be taken seriously. "The Little Fellow" also contains one other ma­ We are pretty generous-minded here in America, jor error. The authors credit Chaplin with having and to almost any ambitious enterprise, under­ established the basis of film art. "Of the pioneers taken with real seriousness, we are apt to award in America," they assert, "he was the first true at least an A for effort. That, however, is about creator in the new medium; and the only one to all one can fairly concede to Feike Feikema, apply, from the beginning, film technique to film whose new novel, "The Giant," completes the craft.... he was the creator of his art, and in­ lumbering trilogy to which he has given the title, vented the form it took." Now it is recognized by "World's Wanderer." As, at long last, one takes almost all directors, critics and film historians, and leave of Thurs Wraldson, the author's gigantic even set forth in some of the books which the au­ hero, it becomes clear by how wide a margin Mr. thors claim to have consulted in their bibliography, Feikema has missed, and how greatly he has been that this was actually the achievement of the late overrated-at least in my opinion-by critics D. W. Griffith. Chaplin's technique as a film-maker, oversusceptible to his crude power and drive and in fact, was largely derived from Griffith; and yet his high-sounding but very windy rhapsodizing. the authors mention Griffith only in passing as Like its predecessors, "The Primitive" and "The having been a friend and business associate of Brother," "The Giant" was obviously written at Chaplin and do not even know how to spell the name white heat and with the most portentous kind of of the father of film art correctly. The name is Grif­ sincerity, but it remains a blundering failure of fith-not Griffiths! a book, grandiloquent, inflated, and for the most Exactly why a cult dedicated to the glorification partcrucifyingly dull. of Chaplin arose is a mystery. There is much truth In "The Giant," Thurs returns from New York, as well as irreverent wit in Professor Theodore which he so hated, to his native Middle West, and Huff's remark that it sprang originally from a sin­ there resumes his struggle to orient himself to gular belief that Charlie Chaplin was the only be­ life and to find an outlet for his latent creative­ gotten son of Karl Marx. For left-wing commenta­ ness. In the course of that struggle, he locates tors have often interpreted the figure of the little _ his unknown father, marries fairly satisfactorily, tramp as a symbol of the proletariat, the establish­ and in the end turns back to his music, as he ment of whose dictatorship would presumably lead should long ago have done-becoming a success­ to the millennium. "The Little Fellow" is probably ful composer. As well, he establishes a close in­ the most elaborate statement of the Chaplin myth timacy with an atomic scientist, Bruce Farrewell, yet published. For this reason the book, in spite who is ultimately responsible for his deliberately of its errors of fact and interpretation, is not symbolic death. Symbolism, incidentally, under­ wholly devoid of importance. lies and overweights this whole turgid story, and HARRY FELDMAN the reader is expected to view Thurs not only as a prototype of the deeply creative artist, but as a symbol of mankind and his destiny in the coming RELIABLE- 'OtUTLIN,E atomic age. In a discursive, frequently brash, but on the The World in Crisis, by J. Salwyn Schapiro. New ,vhole interesting postscript, the author explains York: McGraw-Hill. $5.00 what he was trying to accomplish in this "rume," as he prefers to call his trilogy, and also frankly Professor Schapiro's 400-page survey of social, eco­ admits that "World's Wanderer" is largely his nomic and political forces in our century is a well­ own story-a fact which only the stupidest reader balanced and neatly done job. Despite brief refer­ could have failed to guess anyway! Many of his ences to China and India, it does not deal with the ideas are provocative-particularly when he is whole world but almost exclusively with the more discussing the novel and the role of autobiog­ material aspects of the Western nations. Within raphy-but the pity of it is that he is so unable the sphere of·Western civilization, it emphasizes to put them into practice, and to write the kind particular issues,such as planned economy, po­ of book he dreams of writing. For all his capacity litical and social democracy, nationalism, imperial­ to feel, for all his dynamism, Mr. Feikema lacks ism and totalihtrianism. Special chapters are dedi­ the technical equipment of a really good novelist, cated to 'Germany, Russia, America, and the pros­ and he also lacks taste, humor, discipline, and a pects for a united world. For straight information, sense of proportion. He is often grotesque and a good history book is preferred; for stimulating rather offensive when I am sure he does not mean reading, something less stereotyped is desired; as a to be. His experiments with language are invari­ reliable outline for minds of the Freshman level ably unfortunate.JIe.is as confused as his hero the present volume is acceptable. once was, and like Thurs needs to channel his FELIX WITTMER energies. EDITH H. WALrrON

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A,ccording to reports ,from· Washington the Wa,ge Stabilization Board is prepared to recommend the union shop-requiring ,compulsory union mem:bership-in an -effort to settle disputes in steel and other industries. If this recomimendation is accepted, compulsory union mem'bership will be forced throughout virtually every industry.

This will take place and .freedom will lose by default because ? arti·culate labor groups led by some irresponsible labor leaders WHY • are using every m,eans at their disposal to "sell" complete unionization and· make it impossi1ble for an individual to decide for hi'mselLwhether or not he will belong to a union. While this group 'Works fev,erishly, those who are aware of the dangers inherent in so much centralized power fail to take any action to prevent this abrogation of individual freedom.

READ. .. and read carefully the reprint of Joseph H. Ball's article, "THE UNION DRIVE FOR P,OWER," from the FR:E,EMAN of February II. If, after reading this penetrat,ing and startling article, you believe Government should not order a union shop ...

YOU CAN TELL YOUR GOVERNMENT SO-by:

1. Wiring, writing, or sending a postcard to 3. Wiring, writing, or sending a postcard to: your Congressman and your two Senators. (Ask "Industry Members, them to protest to the Wage tStabilization Board.) Wage Stabilization Board, Federal Social Security Building South, 2. Wiring, writing, or sending a postcard to: W,ashington, D. C." "Public Members, W age Stabilization Board, Federal Social Security Building South, 4. Telling your neighbors and associates what you Washington, D. C." are doing and seeing if they will do the same.

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ORDER RE,PRINTS OF "THE UNION DRIVE 1'00 copies $'5.00 FOR POWER," TO ACQUAINT OTHERS 1000 copies $40.00 WITH THE DANGERS FACING INDIVIDUAL 10,000. copies $250.00 FREEDOM. 100,000 copies $'1,500.00 --·-e--- For further light on this vital subject, read Single copy .10 cents Donald Richberg's "Free Men vs. The Union 12 co:pies $1.00 Closed Shop", a FREEMAN supplement which 100 copies $8.00 has sold over 300,000 copies to date. Larger Quantities .07 per copy theFREEMAN • 240 Madison Avenue, New York 16, New York