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Els Territoris Del Negoci Elèctric: El Model De

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Els Territoris Del Negoci Elèctric: El Model De Les hidroelèctriques i la transformació del paisatge LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON Berenguer Gangolells Alseda Universitat de Lleida Enginyer de camins, canals i ports TREMP – 11 de juliol de 2015 LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON ÍNDEX 1. Presentació de F.S. Pearson 2. La infraestructura hidroelèctrica 3. El model de Pearson d’implantació d’empreses hidroelèctriques 4. L’articulació dels operadors del negoci elèctric 5. L’arribada de la hidroelectricitat a Catalunya en el context global 6. Causes del canvi de cicle cap a la hidroelectricitat a Catalunya 7. Les diferents estratègies empresarials i l’oferta d’energia 8. La urbanització al servei de l’electricitat LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 1. FREDERICK STARK PEARSON . Nascut al 1861 a Lowell, Massachusetts, EEUU . Mort al 1915 a l’enfonsament del Lusitania amb 54 anys . Empresari i enginyer elèctric, que va crear un model d’electrificació territorial basat en la hidroelectricitat . Emmarcat en una època de grans descobriments elèctrics LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 1. FREDERICK STARK PEARSON Empreses on Pearson va col·laborar o va fundar al continent americà . Desenvolupa tota la seva carrera per tot el continent americà menys Dominion Iron and Steel Company (1899) Dominion Coal Company Limited (1893) Toronto and Niagara Power Company (1903) Halifax Electric Tramway Company (1895) Somerville Electric Light Company (1887) Woburn Electric Light Company (1889) a l’última etapa a Catalunya West End Street Railway Company (1899) Metropolitan Street Railway (1894) Rock Island Syndicate (1910) Mexico North-Western Railway Company (1909) Medina Valley Irrigation Company (1911) . Promou bàsicament empreses Havana Electric Railway Company (1899) Mexican Light and Power Company, Ltd (1902) Jamaica Light and Power Company (1897) hidroelèctriques o relacionades Mexico Tramways (1906) directament amb l’electricitat com els tramvies Port of Para (1906) Bahia Tramway, Light and Power Company (1905) Brazil Railway Company (1906) Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light and Power Company, Ltd (1904) Sao Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company, Ltd (1899) Brazilian Traction Light and Power Company (1912) Font: Elaboració pròpia LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 1. FREDERICK STARK PEARSON EMPRESES PROMOGUDES PER PEARSON 1887 Somerville Electric Light Company 1889 Enginyer en cap de la West End Street Railway of Boston 1893 Dominion Coal Company 1894 Enginyer en cap de la Metropolitan Street Car Company in New York 1895 Halifax Electric Tramways Company 1897 Jamaica Light and Power Company 1899 Dominion Iron and Steel Company 1899 São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company 1902 Mexican Light and Power Company 1904 Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light and Power Company 1906 Mexico Tramways Company 1906 Brazil Railway Company 1909 Mexico North Western Railway 1911 Medina Valley Irrigation Company 1911 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 2. LA INFRAESTRUCTURA HIDROELÈCTRICA LA TECNOLOGIA UTILITZADA Les fases de la hidroelectricitat: la termoelectricitat a gran escala Generació Transport Distribució i Subministrament LA PRODUCCIÓ Entorns rurals TRANSPORT EL CONSUM LA HIDROELECTRICITAT LA HIDROELECTRICITAT Entorns urbans i LES DUES VESSANTS DE VESSANTS DUES LES industrials LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 2. LA INFRAESTRUCTURA HIDROELÈCTRICA LA GENERACIÓ . Termoelectricitat: cremar carbó que s’ha d’importar i conseqüentment capacitat de generació limitada. Hidroelectricitat: proporcional al cabal i al desnivell d’aigua . Les formes de crear desnivells artificials d’aigua: Grans preses al curs del riu Llargs canals de derivació de pendent mínima . En qualsevol cas les preses són imprescindibles a Catalunya per regular el cabal . La millor solució: l’aprofitament integral de llargs trams de riu amb la millor de les dues solucions a tram, i amb regulació per embassaments en diversos punts LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 2. LA INFRAESTRUCTURA HIDROELÈCTRICA LA GENERACIÓ CANAL DE PENDENT MÍNIMA GRAN PRESA LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 2. LA INFRAESTRUCTURA HIDROELÈCTRICA LA GENERACIÓ. Els dos reptes de les preses: resistència i permeabilitat PRESA DE TERRES PRESA DE FORMIGÓ . Per a valls amples i preses de no molta altura . Per a congostos i preses de gran altura . Necessiten molt àrid: construcció amb . Necessiten molt formigó: mètodes d’extracció i transport d’àrid a gran escala . nous coneixements per minimitzar la quantitat de ciment Mètode hidràulic . Fàbrica de formigó a peu d’obra LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 2. LA INFRAESTRUCTURA HIDROELÈCTRICA EL TRANSPORT. El repte: minimitzar pèrdues . Pèrdues d’energia per escalfament proporcionals a la distància transportada i inversament proporcionals a la tensió utilitzada. Minimitzar les pèrdues amb la màxima tensió i la línia més recta fins als centres de consum. Perquè radial a Barcelona? Concentrava la meitat del consum energètic de Catalunya. LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 2. LA INFRAESTRUCTURA HIDROELÈCTRICA LA DISTRIBUCIÓ I SUBMINISTRAMENT. El repte: màxima cobertura mínimes pèrdues . Optimitzar la mínima cobertura territorial amb el màxim consum: servei als mercats amb una densitat de consum més alta: Xarxa densa, cobrint el territori amb la menor longitud . Paradoxa: Com es fomenta la competència entre empreses i per tant es garanteixen preus mínims si cadascuna d’elles ha de construir la pròpia xarxa de transport i distribució? LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 3. EL MODEL DE PEARSON D’IMPLANTACIÓ D’EMPRESES HIDROELÈCTRIQUES EMPRESES PROMOGUDES PER PEARSON 1887 Somerville Electric Light Company 1889 Enginyer en cap de la West End Street Railway of Boston 1893 Dominion Coal Company 1894 Enginyer en cap de la Metropolitan Street Car Company in New York 1895 Halifax Electric Tramways Company 1897 Jamaica Light and Power Company 1899 Dominion Iron and Steel Company 1899 São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company 1902 Mexican Light and Power Company 1904 Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light and Power Company 1906 Mexico Tramways Company 1906 Brazil Railway Company 1909 Mexico North Western Railway 1911 Medina Valley Irrigation Company 1911 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 3. EL MODEL DE PEARSON D’IMPLANTACIÓ D’EMPRESES HIDROELÈCTRIQUES ETAPES DE PEARSON EN LA CONFORMACIÓ DEL MODEL D’IMPLANTACIÓ DE XARXES ELÈCTRIQUES . 1a etapa (1887 – 1899): Precedents en articulació d’operadors de xarxes energètiques . 2a etapa (1899 – 1904): La ciutat com a negoci elèctric . 3a etapa (1906 – 1912): De la ciutat al territori com a negoci . 4a etapa (1911 – 1915): De la ciutat al territori com a negoci elèctric LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 3. EL MODEL DE PEARSON D’IMPLANTACIÓ D’EMPRESES HIDROELÈCTRIQUES 1. Precedents en articulació d’operadors de xarxes energètiques (1887- 1899) Enllumenat de Somerville i electrificació dels tramvies de Kingston, electrificació i explotació dels tramvies de Boston i Nova York, el negoci de les fonts energètiques amb la Dominion Coal Company, combinació de la font energètica amb els consumidors Halifax Light Power i Dominion and Iron Steel Company 2. La ciutat com a negoci elèctric: empreses que combinen l’electricitat amb els tramvies en àmbits urbans (1899-1904) Sao Paulo Tramways, Light and Power Company, Mexico Light and Power Company, Rio de Janeiro Tramways, Light and Power Comany 3. De la ciutat al territori com a negoci: empreses ferroviàries, irrigadores i elèctriques (1906-1912) Monopolis ferroviaris (Brasil-Bolivia-Chile, EEUU, Chihuahua (Mèxic)), desenvolupaments agrícoles (Medina i San Antonio (Texas)), i monopoli elèctric (Brasil) 4. De la ciutat al territori com a negoci elèctric: l’aplicació d’un model de xarxes territorial (1911- 1915) Barcelona Traction, Light and Power LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 3. EL MODEL DE PEARSON D’IMPLANTACIÓ D’EMPRESES HIDROELÈCTRIQUES 1a etapa (1887 - 1899): PRECEDENTS EN ARTICULACIÓ D’OPERADORS DE XARXES ENERGÈTIQUES Coneix els diferents actors implicats en el negoci energètic Central hidroelèctrica de Kingston, Jamaica, al 1897 . Enllumenat de Somerville i Woburn, EEUU (1887) . Electrifica i opera la xarxa de tramvies de Boston i Nova York (1889, 1894) . Electrifica amb hidroelectricitat la xarxa de tramvies de Kingston, Jamaica (1897) Font: www.jpsco.com LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 3. EL MODEL DE PEARSON D’IMPLANTACIÓ D’EMPRESES HIDROELÈCTRIQUES 1a etapa (1887 - 1899): PRECEDENTS EN ARTICULACIÓ D’OPERADORS DE XARXES ENERGÈTIQUES Mines de carbó de la Dominion Coal Company Línies de ferrocarril per a l’exportació del carbó . Dominion Coal Company (1893), uneix totes les mines de carbó de cap Breton a Nova Escòcia, Canadà, i adquireix totes les línies SYDNEY de ferrocarril per a l’exportació . Crea consumidors energètics per col·locar el carbó electrificant els tramvies de Halifax (Canadà, 1895) i creant una empresa d’acer SYDNEY a Sydney (Canadà, 1899) NOVA ESCÒCIA, CANADÀ . Deixa de ser únicament consultor i inverteix per primera vegada en les empreses 315 km HALIFAX Esquema territorial de la Dominion Coal Font: Elaboració pròpia Company a Nova Escòcia, Canadà al 1983 LES EMPRESES ELÈCTRIQUES DE PEARSON 3. EL MODEL DE PEARSON D’IMPLANTACIÓ D’EMPRESES HIDROELÈCTRIQUES 2a etapa (1889 - 1904): LA CIUTAT COM A NEGOCI ELÈCTRIC . Articula grans xarxes elèctriques basades en la hidroelectricitat a Sao Paulo (1899), Ciutat de Mèxic (1902) i Rio de Janeiro (1904) . Estableix grans ciutats amb un ràpid creixement urbà i industrial i amb un incipient sistema
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