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Creating a Modern Mexico City Through Medicine, Public Health, and Technology in the Porfiriato, 1887-1913 Jonathan Michael Weber

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Creating a Modern Mexico City Through Medicine, Public Health, and Technology in the Porfiriato, 1887-1913 Jonathan Michael Weber Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 Hustling the Old Mexico Aside: Creating a Modern Mexico City Through Medicine, Public Health, and Technology in the Porfiriato, 1887-1913 Jonathan Michael Weber Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES HUSTLING THE OLD MEXICO ASIDE: CREATING A MODERN MEXICO CITY THROUGH MEDICINE, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PORFIRIATO, 1887-1913 By JONATHAN MICHAEL WEBER A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2013 Jonathan Weber defended this dissertation on May 28, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Ronald E. Doel Professor Directing Dissertation Aline Kalbian University Representative Kristine C. Harper Committee Member Monica Rankin Committee Member Claudia Liebeskind Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing a dissertation is a wonderful but lonely exercise for the graduate student. However, I was lucky enough to have a supportive wife, family, friends, and mentors, both in Mexico and the United States, who made all the long hours bearable. My committee provided me with the intellectual foundation to realize what story it was that I wanted to tell and how best to get there. I owe an enormous amount of debt to Dr. Ronald E. Doel and Dr. Kristine C. Harper, who have helped me grow not only as a historian, but as a person and more importantly, a writer. I cannot say enough positive things about both Dr. Doel and Dr. Harper, and anyone who has had the opportunity to meet them and work with them instantly knows that they are both class-acts and great role models for their students. In particular, both have helped guide me to the finish line, never failing to provide detailed comments on my drafts that drastically improved the direction and quality of the dissertation. I am also grateful to my parents and in-laws here in the United States and my faux parents in Mexico City. My mom and dad (and my in-laws, Stacy and Vits) supported my decision to pursue a graduate degree and helped me out whenever and however I needed. To Héctor and Glafira, who welcomed me into their home in 2005 when I visited for the first time to conduct research for my master’s thesis and have continued to do so ever since. They treated me like another one of their children, and without their generosity and kindness, I would never have been able to finish the project. I must also thank Professor Monica Rankin for graciously taking me under her wing, inviting me to writing sessions alongside her and a handful of other well- established scholars. Monica has also been instrumental in helping me shape the narrative and pushing me to reexamine the archival evidence to determine how I wanted to tell the story of iii dead bodies and technology in the Porfiriato. Additionally, I want to thank Professors Elaine Carey, Linda Arnold, Claudia Agostoni, and Ana María Carrillo for helping me conduct research and providing guidance over the years while I was in Mexico City. Linda, in particular, is a great person and historian whose countless suggestions and unmatched knowledge of the archival holdings in Mexico City is a valuable resource for any young scholar and I cannot thank her enough. The staff of the Archivo General de la Nación (AGN), Archivo Histórico del Distrito Federal (AHDF), Archivo Histórico de la Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (AHSSA), and the Archivo Histórico de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (AHUNAM), thank you for your help in locating archival material (some in the official records catalog and some not), photography assistance, and overall kindness. Lastly, I want to thank my wife for her patience over the years. Since my master’s thesis, Kendra has stood by me, even when I wanted to quit several times. Truthfully, I do not know if I would have reached this point if she had not pushed me outside my comfort zone and taught me that if you really love something, you have to work at it. Thank you for believing in me, even when I did not. I love you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................1 Public Health and the Modern State: Reappraising the History of Modern Mexico ...............3 Public Health in Latin America: Incorporating Insights from the History of Medicine and the History of Science .............................................................................................................7 Mexico City during the Porfiriato: Illuminating the Challenges of Modernity .....................13 Chapter Summaries ...............................................................................................................19 Creating the Narrative: a Note on Sources ............................................................................21 CHAPTER TWO: FROM BARBARITY TO MODERNITY: PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE TRANSPORTATION OF THE DEAD IN PORFIRIAN MEXICO CITY ..................................23 The Hygienic Railroad ..........................................................................................................25 Railways and Corpse Deposits ..............................................................................................27 The Inconsistencies of Modernization ...................................................................................29 Public Health and National Identity ......................................................................................35 The Problem with Tangible Modernity .................................................................................37 From Slaughterhouse to Corpse Deposit ...............................................................................42 Corpse Deposits, Corpse Carriages, and Public Health ........................................................43 The Electric Tram ..................................................................................................................51 Public Health and the Electric Tram .....................................................................................52 Combining Tradition and Modernity .....................................................................................56 Completely Modern ...............................................................................................................57 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................60 CHAPTER THREE: ADVANCING MEDICAL SCIENCE, ONE INCISION AT A TIME: EDUARDO LICÉAGA AND THE CREATION OF MODERN MEDICAL EDUCATION AT THE NATIONAL SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, 1889-1910 ...........................................................63 An Extraordinary Tool ..........................................................................................................65 The Professional Anatomy Museum .....................................................................................69 Looking to France and Germany ...........................................................................................75 Limiting the Theoretical ........................................................................................................77 Modernizing Legal Medicine ................................................................................................80 Bones and Beriberi ................................................................................................................82 “The Best Textbook is the Cadaver” .....................................................................................84 Reducing the Length of Medical School ...............................................................................85 Eliminating Theoretical Lessons ...........................................................................................87 Science as the New Religion .................................................................................................90 v Conclusion .............................................................................................................................92 CHAPTER FOUR: A MODERN AND SENSIBLE DEATH: FUNERARY TECHNOLOGY, CLASS, AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN PORFIRIAN MEXICO CITY ..........................................95 Brief Background of Patents in Mexico ................................................................................97 Fashionable Coffins ...............................................................................................................98 Hermetic Coffins .................................................................................................................103 Burial Vaults ........................................................................................................................112 Topical Embalming .............................................................................................................115
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