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2309 GREEN, Donald Edward, 1936- the IRRIGATION This dissertation has been y g 2309 microfilmed exactly as received GREEN, Donald Edward, 1936- THE IRRIGATION FRONTIER ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS: 1910-1960. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1969 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor, Michigan © DONALD EDWARD GREEN 1970 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE IRRIGATION FRONTIER ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS: 1910-1960 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY DONALD EDWARD GREEN Norman, Oklahoma 1969 THE IRRIGATION FRONTIER ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS; 1910-1960 APPROVED BY eSSERTATION COMMITTEE PREFACE The author is grateful to many individuals who were kind enough to furnish valuable assistance in my research and writing. The personnel of several archival collections were extremely helpful. Jack Haley of the Division of Manu­ scripts and Mrs. Alice Timmons of the Phillips Collection, both of the University of Oklahoma, opened their facili­ ties to this researcher. Mrs. Faye Bell Crain pointed me to several useful collections and works in the Panhandle- Plains Historical Museum at Canyon, Texas. Without the excellent help furnished by R. Sylvan Dunn, David B. Gracy, II, and Jimmy Ri Skrggs of the Southwest Collec­ tion, Texas Technological College, research for this work would have been far more difficult. Staffs in county clerk's offices of several of the Texas High Plains counties were also helpful in making their public records easily accessible and in furnishing work space. Among them were offices in Bailey, Deaf Smith, Floyd, Hale, Lubbock and Swisher Counties. Many persons also furnished valuable aid in making available private and company files, in supplying rare iii photographs, and in sharing technological knowledge with me. Among them were: John and Bill McDonald, McDonald Drilling Company, Amarillo, Texas; Jerry Thomas and George Seay, Layne and Bowler Pump Company, Men^his, Tennessee; Miss Winnie Karrh, Bill Carter, Wendell Green and other members of the Green family associated with the concern of Green Machinery Company, Plainview, Texas; Roland I. Cross, Agricultural Agent for the Santa Fe Railroad, Amarillo, Texas; Mrs. Mary Louise Loyd of the Bivins Memorial Library, Amarillo, Texas; and Mrs. Tom Suits, Petersburg, Texas. In addition, I must acknowledge my gratitude to several others who share my interest in the history of irrigation. The staff of the new Irrigation Age, includ­ ing Publisher Palmer Norton, Editor John Mette, and Business Manager Hoyt E. West, called my attention to certain materials and individuals long associated with irrigation on the Texas High Plains. Garry Nall of West Texas State University uncovered and made available to me helpful materials during the course of his own research on agricultural history of the Texas Panhandle. David B. Gracy, II, archivist of the Southwest Collection at Texas Technological College, not only shared with me knowledge of primary source materials relating to the early twentieth century history of the Texas High Plains, but also put at XV my disposal the Littlefield Lands Company Papers in his private possession. Finally, I an indebted to the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Donald J. Berthrong, Dr. Arrell M. Gibson, Dr. Richard S. Wells and Dr. Jonathan W. Spurgeon, for their suggestions. I am especially grateful to Dr. Gilbert C. Fite, chairman of my committee, whose encouragement, criticism and patience have been invaluable, TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ............................................. iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................. vii INTRODUCTION......................................... 1 Chapter I. THE BARRIER TO SETTLEMENT............ 6 II. THE WESTERN IRRIGATION MOVEMENT AND THE GREAT PLAINS.............................. 22 III. WATER RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS.................................... 4? IV. THE PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS OF EARLY IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE GREAT PLAINS.............................. 59 V. LAND SPECULATORS AND THE BEGINNINGS OF IRRIGATION ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS, 1900-1910.................................. 102 VI. THE LAND SPECULATOR AS A PROMOTER AND DEVELOPER OF IRRIGATION ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS, 1910-1920..................... 135 VII. EARLY FAILURE OF PUMP IRRIGATION, 1910-1920.................................. 169 VIII. THE REVIVAL OF IRRIGATION, 1930-1940. 195 IX. THE EXPANSION OF IRRIGATION, 1940-1960. 239 X. THE PROBLEM OF GROUND WATER CONSERVATION. 264 CONCLUSION............................................ 303 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 311 APPENDIX............................................... 342 vx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. MAP OF THE HIGH PLAINS SUBDIVISION OF THE GREAT PLAINS .............................. 5 2. MAP OF THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS.................. 21 3. A VERTICAL CENTRIFUGAL P U M P .................. 69 4. THE LAYNE "PIT-LESS" P U M P .................... 79 5. A VERTICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING PLANT ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS ..................... 93 6- "PIT-LESS" PUMP AND OIL-BURNING ENGINE. .. 94 7. "PIT-LESS" PUMP IN OPERATION.................. 95 8. REMAINS OF EARLY IRRIGATION PLANT ........... 99 9. "PROSPECTORS" ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS. 128 10. MAP OF THE "SHALLOW WATER BELT" ............. 156 11. EARLY GEAR-HEAD FOR IRRIGATION PUMPS......... 209 12. MODERN IRRIGATION PUMPING PLANT ............. 234 vxi INTRODUCTION Walter Prescott Webb, in his classic, The Great Plains, relates a humorous anecdote which illustrates the historical economic quandary of the region. A new settler observed of the Plains: "This would be a fine country if we just had water." A farmer who was retreating from the area in his eastward-bound wagon responded: "Yes, so would hell."^ Water has been the most important natural resource of the American West. Inhabitants of the arid and mountainous West ultimately harnessed their great rivers to supply irrigation water for their parched lands. But the Great Plainsman's "search for water," as Webb has referred to the quest, required water resources other than mighty surface streams. With the exception of the Arkansas, the Platte, and the upper Missouri, the Plains had no great rivers. And even the waters of those streams were, for the most part, appropriated by irrigators near the mountains of their origin leaving little irrigation water for their eastern neighbors. ^Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1931)i P* 320. 2 The scarcity of surface water which has so marked the Great Plains is even more characteristic of its sub- division--the Texas High Plains. Spaniards referred to this region which stretches into eastern New Mexico as the Llano Estacado and early travelers avoided the plateau be­ cause of the almost total absence of streams flowing across its surface. Consequently, settlers were forced to use pump technology to tap the vast ground water resources beneath its flat surface. The evolution from windmills which could deliver a few hundred gallons of water per day for livestock and human consumption to the modern high speed irrigation pump capable of spewing out 600 to 1000 gallons or more per minute took place over approximately half a century. Spurred on by periodic drouths and made possible by technological developments in pumps, power sources and well-drilling techniques, irrigation gradually emerged as economic conditions and the appearance of cash crops suit­ able to the unstable climate of the High Plains appeared on the scene. Moreover, national developments at one time contributed to retarding irrigation, but during a later period important factors on the national scene significantly aided the movement. Irrigation development on the Texas High Plains may be divided into two phases. In the first phase, dur­ ing the period 1910-1920, large-scale pump irrigation 3 plants first appeared in the region primarily through the efforts of urban speculators. But due to national and regional circumstances the movement was abortive. The second phase began about 1934 and continued into the 1960*3 , aided by a complex of favorable conditions. The irrigation frontier of the High Plains re­ sembled the mining frontier of the American West in at least two ways. First, like the miners' frontier which began in the West and worked its way back toward the East, the High Plains irrigation frontier adapted pump irrigation from its western neighbor, New Mexico. Second, eind more important. High Plainsmen looked upon ground water as a resource to be exploited rather than to be conserved. Like the westerner who viewed gold and silver as mineral commodities to be taken from the earth rather than to be replaced, the plainsman was primarily concerned with extracting his liquid wealth. The conscience of the plains irrigator was somewhat eased in his refusal to adhere to water con­ servation by a myth which had long been present among High Plainsmen--the myth of the "inexhaustible supply" of ground water. Henry Nash Smith pointed out in his Virgin Land that when settlers began moving into the Great Plains after the Civil War, the myth of the Great American Desert was supplanted by the "myth of the garden," a belief that the climate of the region was 2 becoming more humid. High Plainsmen in the twentieth century discarded the "myth of the garden" and embraced the myth of the "inexhaustible supply," a belief that ground water in the High Plains flowed underground from distant sources and could
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