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The Relative Positions of Those in Charge of the Capitol Extension Is

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The Relative Positions of Those in Charge of the Capitol Extension Is THE WORK OF THOMAS U. WALTER, ARCHITECT The relative positions of those in charge of the Capitol extension occurred. When a new Administration (James Buchanan’s) came into is worthy of attention. Jefferson Davis, as chairman of the Committee office and John B. Floyd was made Secretary of War, the conflict on Public Buildings, first adopted the plans which were prepared by between the two in authority on the building became more bitter.32 In Robert Mills, using such features as the committee thought desirable in January, 1858, the controversy reached such a stage that the question the drawings secured by the competition of September, 1850 [Plates as to who should have charge of the drawings was submitted to the Sec- 141 to 148].31 President Fillmore fortunately took advantage of the retary of War. On October 4, 1858, Meigs obtained an order from the power vested in him by the act authorizing the Capitol extension, and Secretary directing Walter to give Captain Meigs “all drawings neces- appointed Thomas U. Walter Architect, and adopted the plans and ele- sary to carry on the building under your [his] charge.” In answer to this vations which Walter had prepared [Plates 151 to 166]. letter the Architect wrote to the Secretary saying: “I have reason to Judging from the repeated requests made by the Senate that the believe that the drawings you allude to in your order are such as are President should give them information as to the progress of the work, now required for the prosecution of the public work....This I under- as well as requests for information as to the arrangements of the plan stand to be the intention of your order, and this I am not only willing which he proposed, the Senate was not satisfied with the action of the but anxious to comply with. But you will observe that Captain Meigs President. When President Fillmore retired from office one of the first does not limit his demands to these drawings. He calls upon me to steps taken by the new Executive, Franklin Pierce, was to again place deliver to his office, first, all the drawings connected with the Capitol the extensions of the building in charge of Jefferson Davis, who was extension that were made by me, and in my office, from the beginning Secretary of War. Mr. Davis detailed Capt. M. C. Meigs to look after the of the work; second, all the original drawings of the post-office and work of superintendence and finance, with the title of Engineer in Dome; third, all the drawings of all the public works made since he has Charge. Mr. Walter and Captain Meigs at first worked together amica- been in charge of them. These three items cover every line made for the bly in their different departments. Captain Meigs adopted designs for Capitol extension and Dome....The Architect’s office is unquestion- the heating and ventilating apparatus, and attended to all matters of ably the place for all the drawings which are not actually in the hands business and supervision. He was also the prime mover in altering the of the workmen....His allusion to my designs having been made under general arrangement of the interior, as he advocated the placing of the his directions plainly manifest the spirit that has given us all our trou- Halls of Congress in the center of each wing. Walter approved of this ble and hinders the prosecution of the public work....I am exceed- change and made all the plans and designs necessary to adapt the inte- ingly weary of the constant annoyances to which I am subjected by him rior of the building to the new plan. Jefferson Davis, as long as he was and the difficulties he is constantly throwing in the way of the proper Secretary of War, upheld Captain Meigs whenever a conflict of authority 32 For a discussion of the Meigs-Walter controversy, see Allen, History of the Dome of 31 Senator Jefferson Davis was a member of the Committee on Public Buildings in the United States Capitol, 36–41; Russell F. Weigley, Quartermaster General of the Union 1850–51, but was not its chairman. He was an influential figure in the development of the Army (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959); and “Journals” (transcribed by Capitol because he chaired the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, which had oversight William Mohr for the United States Bicentennial Commission), Montgomery C. Meigs of the activities of army engineers. Papers, Manuscript Division, LC. 371 THE WORK OF THOMAS U. WALTER, ARCHITECT discharge of my duties....If it is your desire that Captain Meigs shall Secretary of War, and one written by Davis at his request, January 23, control the architecture of the public works, of which I am Architect, 1858, to John B. Floyd. These letters state how Captain Meigs had been and you will so inform me, I will retire from them without a moment’s put in charge of the work, “with full authority to make all needful delay; but if you wish the control of the architecture to rest with the changes in the administration of the work; he was informed that upon Architect, and will issue such orders as will prevent any further inter- him would rest the responsibility of a proper and economical execution ference with my professional rights, I will cheerfully continue to give of the buildings....Upon the great scientific problems (ventilation and my individual time and attention to these works as I have been doing acoustics) involved in the principal objects of the extension it will be for the last seven years....If Captain Meigs is to have the control of the found that Captain Meigs was put in consultation with Professor Bache architecture, I shall take pleasure in retiring.” 33 The location of the and Professor Henry.” Mr. Davis says: “Even in matters of architectural Architect’s office was changed from time to time as the work in the style, a reference to the accompanying photographs will show how Capitol progressed. After Captain Meigs’s appointment it was first important will have been the modifications of the original design.” He located in a room adjoining the one occupied by him in the south wing, does not say that Captain Meigs made these important changes in archi- then moved to the floor above, then to the north wing. Each move car- tectural design, and the drawings made and approved before Meigs’s ried the Architect and Engineer farther apart. Captain Meigs says: “Being appointment [Plates 151 to 168], when compared with those of the exe- so far removed, I saw less of him and the draftsmen, and he [Walter] cuted building [Plates 171 to 185], will show the changes. Captain began to feel more independent.” Finally Captain Meigs rented a house Meigs says, in the letter above quoted: “When the drawings are restored on A street north, and moved his office, at the same time directing Mr. and the disobedient and rebellious assistant dismissed, there will be no Walter to transfer his offices to the same building, but instead of fol- further difficulty.” He continues to complain of the impossibility of lowing these orders Mr. Walter moved his office, together with the doing the work without all of the original drawings.34 drawings, into the attic story of the center building. This occurred in He calls attention to the fact that on September 16, 1858, he January, 1858, and Captain Meigs, in a letter to the Secretary, accused appealed to the President and was reproved by the Secretary for his act Mr. Walter of having abstracted the drawings from his (Meigs’s) office. of official discourtesy. Captain Meigs says: “I am worn out with this dis- In another letter, August 23, 1859, to Acting Secretary of War William tasteful work....My subordinate has been allowed to set my authority at R. Drinkard, Meigs says: “I used the word abstracted advisedly. A defiance and to interfere in all ways most mortifying and injurious to harsher one would have been just, but respect for the Department pre- me.” The above letter was answered by Mr. Walter in a communication vented its use.” In this letter Captain Meigs gives a review of his con- to the Secretary of War August 30, 1859. In this letter Walter calls atten- nection with the work, quoting letters from Jefferson Davis, when tion to the fact that his appointment as Architect approved by act of Con- gress September, 1850, had never been revoked, and that he performed the duties of an architect from that period, and “I have continued to be 33 Brown’s source for the quotations was “Papers Relating to the Heating and Appara- tus of the Capitol Extension,” in Message of the President of the United States (Washington: George Bowman, printer, 1860), 115–117; 160–180. 34 Ibid., 162–180. 372 THE WORK OF THOMAS U. WALTER, ARCHITECT the Architect, and the only Architect, of the work to this day.” He such flagrant insubordination and containing language both disre- quotes many letters and reports from Captain Meigs in proof of his spectful and insulting to his superiors is reprehensible in the highest accepting the fact until about the time the open controversy arose. degree.” After this correspondence one would naturally expect Captain August 30, 1859, Captain Meigs again called the Department’s attention Meigs to be relieved of further duty. He wrote the following letter to to Mr. Walter’s delinquencies and asked for an order to obtain posses- President James Buchanan November 1, 1859: sion of the drawings.
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