INDEX

References to illustrations appear in bold; Ammann & Whitney, engineers, 442, art commission, 279, 302–303 references to captions appear in italics. 445 art deco, 410 Anacostia River, 8 Arthur, Chester A., 353 A Anderson, Charles Frederick, New York Articles of Confederation, 3 Academy of Music, New York, 247 architect, 188, 189, 192, 194, 196, 329 artists Academy of Rome, 258 Anderson, Senator Joseph, 56, 57 foreign, 248, 250, 281, 302, 307 Academy of Science, Philadelphia, 287 Anderson, Joseph, architect/builder, 12 native-born, 258 Acker, Nicholas, stone cutter, 199 Andrei, Giovanni, sculptor Astor Library, New York, 247 acoustics arrival, 65 Auchincloss, Congressman James, 433, 435 commission on, 219, 258 column carving awnings, 360 House chamber dwarf, 119 Ayers, Congressman William, 440 extension, 287 exterior, 152 post-fire, 141–144, 180 House chamber, 71, 76 B in windowless rooms, 218 magnolia, 91 Bache, Alexander D., acoustical committee, Statuary Hall, 372 mantels, 131 219, 270, 277 Adam, Robert, architect, 126 salary, 106 Bacon, Francis H., Boston furniture maker, 396 Adams, Christopher, brick maker, 202, 213 sent to Italy, 105–106 Bacon, Henry, New York architect, 399 Adams, John, 42, 44, 45, 127 Andrews, Senator Charles O., 412, 413 Badger, Senator George E., 223 Adams, John Quincy, 128, 147, 156, 157, 165, Anthony, Senator Henry B., 352 Baird, John, Philadelphia marble merchant, 432 Antiquities of Athens, 71, 73, 120, 156 204, 331 Adams Building. See , , by Bartlett, baize, as door covering, 265 Adams Building 392–393, 393 bakeries, in Capitol, 313, 322 Adams Express Building, 201, 227, 276, 290 Apotheosis of , by Brumidi, Ball, Congressman Edward, 256, 257 air conditioning, 402–403 322–323, 328, 338, 340, 340, 431 , as potential capital, 5 Akers, Robert S., Capitol policeman, 367 aqueduct. See Washington Aqueduct Baltimore marble, 119, 299 Albert, Speaker Carl, 440, 448 Aquia Creek quarry, 25, 28, 32, 50, 53, 54, 64, Bank of , 51, 81 Albert, Colonel J. J., 189, 194 65, 106, 150, 151, 153 banks, offer to finance repairs, 100 alcohol. See workmen, alcohol and Aquia Creek sandstone. See sandstone Bannister, Turpin, historian/educator, 427 Allied Architects, 405, 406, 406 Archer, Warner & Miskey, Philadelphia Baptism of Pocahontas, by Chapman, 176 Allison, Senator William B., 351, 355 foundry, 272, 278 barber shop, 400, 418 Alston, Congressman Willis, 68 Barbour, Senator James, 109 aluminum, structural use of, 409 office of, 216 Barnes, Edward Larrabee. See Edward America, statue of title, 343, 377, 398 Larrabee Barnes/John M. Y. Lee & Partners by Crawford, 246, 261, 280, 314 history of, 401 Bartholdi Park, 409 by Persico, 157, 158 term of office, 459 Bartlett, Congressman Ichabod, 161 American Electric Light Company, 366 See also , , Bartlett, Paul Wayland, sculptor, 392–393 American Institute of Architects (AIA), 375, , George Stewart, George White, bathing rooms, 400 412, 420, 422–423, 427, 439, 440, 442, 447 Alan Hantman bathtubs, 360–361 Committee on National Capitol, 423 architect’s office, described, 128, 201 Baudin, Edmond, sculptor, 278, 278 founding of, 190 architects’ salary, 103, 128, 196 Bayard, Senator James, 305, 341 relations with Woods, 376, 377, 377, 399 Architectural Forum, opposes east front Beale, Robert, Senate sergeant at arms, 194 local chapters support east front extension, extension, 425 Beaux Arts 423, 426 Architectural Ironworks, New York foundry, architectural style, 388, 404 American order, 4. See also corn cob columns; 301, 333, 337 school of, 380 magnolia columns; tobacco columns arsenal, Greenleaf’s Point, 98 Beck, Senator James B., 351, 354 Ames, James T., metal caster, 308, 325, art Beeshekee, Chippewa chief, 250 331–332 Committee on the Library, 174 Bellinger, Congressman Joseph, 131 Ames foundry, 209 sectionalism, 253 bells, electric, 362

485 Belluschi, Pietro, architect/educator, 452 Brown, Senator Albert G., 235 east front extension and, 390–391 Bembe and Kimbel, furniture makers, 266, Brown, Arthur, San Francisco architect, 422 Lincoln Memorial and, 407 272 Brown, Glenn, architect/historian, 14, 368, Woods and, 387, 399 benches, in House chamber, 298, 308 376, 399 Cannon House Office Building, 382–383 Bennett, Parsons & Frost, Chicago architects, Brown, Justice Henry, 365 addition proposed, 405–406 409 Brown, Henry Kirke, sculptor, 252, 279, 302 description, 381 Bentley, Caleb, silversmith, 24, 99 Brown, J. Carter, museum director, 452 floor added, 396, 398 Benton, Thomas Hart, congressman and Brown, Robert, mason, 25, 170 named, 435 senator, 277 Brumidi, Constantino, artist, 228, 236, 248, 360 opened, 384 Berla, Julian, Washington architect, 424, 427 Agriculture Committee Room, 250, 251, preliminary design, 378–379, 379 Bethlehem Steel Company, 434 252, 259 Canova, Antonio, sculptor, 62 Beveridge, George, writer, 426 Apotheosis of Washington, 322–323 Capellano, Antonio, sculptor, 112, 162 bicentennial, 458–459 architectural features and, 267 capitals. See columns Bierstadt, Albert, artist, 279 art commission and, 302 Capitol Bigler, Senator William, 268, 277, 282 Calling of Cincinnatus from the Plow, authorized, 4 Billings, Dr. John, committee on ventilation, 250, 251, 252 burning, 98 362, 363 Clark portrait, 338 completed (1826), 159 bird control, 431 Cornwallis Sues for Cessation of cost (1893), 366 birds, as ornament, 278 Hostilities Under the Flag of Truce, 271, name derivation, 10 Bladensburg, battle of, 98 279, 415 site Blagden, George, master stone mason, 30, 75, House chamber ceiling, 263 preparation, 11 106, 131, 160, 237 Senate committee rooms selection, 8 brick domes, 116 Military Affairs, 282 size, 181, 356, 461 column shafts, 150 Naval Affairs, 260 See also Capitol extension; center building; hearths, 119, 132 staircases and, 278 dome; east front extension; north wing; recruits stone cutters, 130 wages, 252 south wing; terrace; west front restoration vaults, 130 Bryant, marble clerk, 219 Capitol campus, first step toward, 354 Blanchard, William, draftsman, 117 Buchanan, James, 253, 261, 282, 290, 302, 316 Capitol extension Blodgett’s Hotel, 99 Buckingham Palace, 189 cabinet departments and, 211, 213, 215, Bogardus & Hoppin, New York foundry, 209 Buffon, George-Louis, French naturalst, 14 316–318 Boggs, Congresswoman Lindy, 432 building lots, sale of, 10, 32 carpentry, 242 boilers, for extension, 245 Bulfinch, Charles, architect, 126, 143 chambers bomb shelter, 422, 423 accounts, 140 original intention, 195 Bomford, Lieutenant Colonel George, 115, background, 126, 127–128 relocation, 217–218, 220 130, 145 center building, 132, 135, 137, 137 acoustics in, 218 Bonnani, Pietro, ornamental painter, 132, 372 dismissed, 165–166 criticized, 222, 223, 225 Borah, Senator William, 401 dome designs, 145–146, 145 columns, exterior, 223, 224 Borglum, Gutzon, sculptor, 388, 392 House chamber acoustics and, 143 competition for, 185–193 Borland, Senator Solon, 203, 204, 209, 216, 222 landscaping, 161, 162–163 connecting corridors, 195, 320 Boston Properties, 457 lantern and, 130 cornerstone, 199–200 Botanic Garden, 317, 346, 353, 408, 409, 409, Latrobe designs and, 128 decorations 429 pediment sculpture, 157 authority in regard to, 280 Bowman, Captain Alexander H., engineer, 230 picture gallery and, 135 criticism, 269, 279–280, 307 Bradbury, Senator James W., 204 prolonging work, 162 defense, 270, 281 Bradley, Senator Stephen R., 85 rotunda and, 153 European architecture and, 218 Brainard, Owen, engineer, 381 salary, 128, 147 foundations, 202 Breckinridge, Vice President John C., 286, 307 statue of Washington and, 174 investigated, 203 Brent, Congressman Richard, 49 Thornton, views on, 133 Brevoort House, New York hotel, 247 west terrace and, 159, 160 reexamined, 217 brick Bulfinch, Hanna Apthorp, 158 glass, 244 cost, 129 burial costs, congressional, 252 gutters, 328 for extension, 202, 219–220 Burke, New York upholster, 180 , 240–241, 240, 259, 411 criticism of, 224 Burnham, Daniel, Chicago architect, 375, 407 heating and ventilating, 245, 291, 291 for iron dome, 236 Busby, C. A., English architect, 151 ventilation criticized, 225 kilns on , 30, 34 Butler, Congressman Benjamin, 361, 378 House chamber. See House chamber, ordered 1797, 34 Butler, Senator Pierce, 4 in the extension Brick Capitol, 107, 108, 115, 127, 132, 134, 140 Byington & Company, Washington brick lighting fixtures, 242 bricklayers makers, 213 machine shops, 244, 244 number of, 144 plumbing, 242 wages, 129 C porticoes, 320, 327, 328, 330, 338, 339 working on extension (1853), 219, 221 Cabin John bridge, 217 roof, 328 bricklaying cost (1797), 35 cabinet departments, relocated to Capitol Hill, covering, 244 Brick Market, Newport, 12, 21 100 structural weakness, 411 bridge, from terrace to Capitol, 161, 162, 163 Caldwell, Timothy, mason, 53 truss, 274 Bridgeport, Connecticut, 219 Calling of Cincinnatus from the Plow, by sculpture, 245 Bridges, Senator Henry Styles, 420, 423 Brumidi, 250, 251, 252 Senate chamber. See Senate chamber, Bridport, George, architect/painter, 69, 86, 87 Cameron, Simon, secretary of war, 311, Walter Briggs, Robert, engineer, 245, 291, 331, 364 315–316 Senate reception room, 294, 294, 294 Bright, Senator Jesse, 305 Campbell, Congressman John W., 162 skylights, 242 British fire, described, 98 Campbell, Congressman Lewis D., 234 stairways Brodhead, Senator Richard, 209, 210 Campbell & Coyle, lumber yard, 267 private, 267, 278, 292 bronze doors. See ; Thomas Campioli, Mario, assistant architect of the public, 238, 239 Crawford, bronze doors Capitol, 439, 447 symbol of unity, 257–258 bronze, formula, 308 Cannon, Congressman Clarence, 433 tile, 241 Brooklyn Bridge, 244 Cannon, Speaker Joseph G., 377, 377, 377 window and door casings, 242, 257 Brooks, Congressman James, 329 chairman of House Office Building Capitol grounds Brooks, Congressman Preston, 277 Commission, 379 architect placed in charge of, 342

486 Index enlargement Cartter, Congressman David K., 203 investigation of, 363–364 1872, 340–344 caryatids library building and, 353 1910–1940, 407, 407 extension, 221 marriage, 309 size in 1828, 162 Senate chamber portrait by Brumidi, 338 See also landscaping post-fire, 109, 116, 132 retirement, 369 Capitol Hill, property improvements, 341, 343 pre-fire, 90 Clark, Joseph, architect/builder, 12, 24 , 175, 378, 386, 386, 403, Casali, Federico, bronze caster, 250, 265 Clark, Senator Joseph, 424 429 Casey, Edward Pearce, 369 Clarke, Senator John H., 184 Capitol Preservation Commission, 459 Casey, Congressman Robert, 448 classical, stylistic influences of, 226, 347, 348, Capitol rooms, numbered Casey, Thomas Lincoln, 362 358 House Cass, Senator Lewis, 223, 257 Clay, Henry, 94, 97, 165, 174 H–109, 64 cast iron, advantages of, 226–227 Clements, A. N., sand merchant, 202 H–128, 259 Cate, Lieutenant T. J., 313 Clérisseau, Charles-Louis, architect, 12 H–142, 227 caucus rooms, 381, 383, 385 Cleveland, Grover, 354 H–153, 64, 75 Causici, Enrico, sculptor, 120, 132 Clinton, Vice President George, 87 H–212, 363 cement, 202, 203, 259 Clinton, William J., 445, 459, 460 H–213, 362 centennial ceremony, 364–366 cloakrooms, 266, 361, 373, 396 H–214, 363 center building clocks, 120, 121, 272, 449 H–328, 276 construction suspended, 26 Cluskey, Charles B., Washington architect, Senate cornerstone, 137 188, 337 SB–17, 178 furniture, 153 Coast and Geodetic Survey, 378 SB–18, 178 plans Cobb, F. H., engineer, 348 S–126, 242 Bulfinch, 129, 135, 136 Cobb, Howell, secretary of the treasury, 297 S–127, 259 early, 33, 36 Cobb, Congressman Thomas W., 141 S–143 & 144, Senate meeting in, 76 progress (1818), 137 Cockburn, Sir George, 98 S–145, 400 rooms, 153 Cocke, Congressman John, 160, 162 S–146 (with 146A), 305 western projection finished, 146 Cockrell, Samuel Pepys, architect, 51 Senate meeting in, 86 See also crypt; dome; Library of Congress; Coe, Theodore I., Carrère & Hastings associate Supreme Court meeting in, 89 portico; rotunda architect, 408 S–211, 368 centering, defined, 66 Collamer, Senator Jacob, 265 S–214, 437 central heating, 193 colonial revival, 432 S–215, 303 Central Park, New York, 343, 345 color schemes, 263, 284, 285, 302 S–216, 303 Ceracchi, Giuseppe, sculptor, 134 Columbian Exposition, 375 S–229, 368 cesspool, north wing, 40 Columbian Institute, 153 S–231, 173, 175 rails, 41 Columbian marble. See Potomac marble S–233, 132 Chambers, Sir William, architect/author, 20, Columbus Circle, 457 S–313, 267 83, 126, 152 Columbus Doors, by Rogers, 257, 278, 324, Capitoline Hill, Rome,10 chandeliers, 242, 257, 447 325, 325, 328, 360 Car of History, by Franzoni, 119–120, 120, broken, 322 column 121, 132 falling, 179 bases, post-fire chambers, 119 carpenters gas, 387 capitals hall, 28 and electric, 367 cost comparison, 105 trouble with, 34 president’s room, 287 extension vestibules, 238 number working (1821), 144 Senate chamber restoration, 450 iron, 58 carpentry Senate reception room, 294 Italian, cost of, 132 center building, 137 Statuary Hall, 451 sandstone exterior, 141 152 extension, 242 White House, 387 metal, 238 carpet Chandler, Congressman Joseph R., 194, 209, shafts Brussels, 284 224, 225, 268 marble committee rooms, 241 Chapawamsic Creek quarries. See sandstone cost, 301 library fire (1826) and, 158 Chapman, John, artist, 176 discontinued, 338 House chamber Chavez, Senator Dennis, 419 east front extension, 431–432 post-fire, 144, 180 cherubs, as ornament, 265, 278, 279 extension exterior, 223, 224, 267, 298 extension, 267 Chipman, Congressman Norton P., 343 imperfections, 320 Supreme Court chamber restoration, 449 cholera, 41 Italian, 267 tapestry, 286 Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, 70, 71, 103 Walter and monoliths, 290 Carrère, John M., New York architect, 380, Choragic Monument of Thrasyllus, 156 sandstone, 150–152 380, 380 cistern, 40, 53 removal, 428, 429 Carrère & Hastings, New York architects City Beautiful movement, 375, 415 columns Cannon Building addition, 405–406 Civil War iron east front extension and, 391, 421 Capitol Senate gallery, 133, 164 House chamber reconstruction, 393–394 hospital in, 320–321 dome, 230, 231, 231, 236–237, 237 imitation stone and, 389–390 illumination, 333 Latrobe office buildings and, 380–381 sanitary conditions, 314 corn, 88, 88, 98, 102 Russell Building addition, 407–408, 408 troop occupation, 312, 313, 313–314 dwarf, 117, 119 sculptors and, 392 Washington, conditions in, 313, 314 Thornton critique, 143 Senate chamber reconstruction, 401–403 Clair, Dr. Miles, engineer, 438 Egyptian, 85, 109 Carrier Engineering Corporation, 402 Clapham, Samuel, quarry owner, 110, 111, 131 House chamber Carroll, Senator Charles, 5 Clark, Senator Daniel, 298, 304 post-fire, 103, 105, 110, 113, 114, 121, Carroll, Daniel, of Duddington, 11, 13 Clark, Edward, architect of the Capitol, 319 129 Carroll, Daniel, of Rock Creek, commissioner appointment, 338 pre-fire, 52, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, of the federal city, 7, 27 apprenticeship 201 70, 72, 89 Carshore, Andrew Mayfield, amateur background, 338 House vestibule, 73, 74, 98, 102 architect, 15 committee on ventilation, 362 magnolia, 90, 91 Carstairs, Thomas, Philadelphia builder, 23 employing landscape architect and, 345 Senate chamber Carstens, Emmerich, decorative painter, 247, enlarging grounds and, 341, 343 post-fire, 119 360 historian, 366 pre-fire, 90

Index 487 Supreme Court chamber, 54, 98, 113 403, 412 Court of Claims, 242, 332 tobacco, 113, 113, 368, 389 Committee on Public Works (Senate), 424, 452 courtyards, western, 159, 160 Walter Committee on Public Works and filled, 444, 444, 445 exterior order, 299 Transportation (House), 442 Cox, Allyn, New York artist, 431 tobacco, 240, 240–241 Committee on Rules and Accommodations Crabb, Congressman Jeremiah, 33 vestibules, 319 (House), 272 Craige, Congressman Burton, 277 wooden, 40, 41, 44, 68, 77, 79, 82 Committee on Rules (Senate), 401 Cranch, William, commissioner of the federal Commission for the Extension and Completion Committee on Territories (House), 259, 422 city, 44, 123 of the Capitol, 391, 440 Committee on Ventilation (Special), 329, 331 Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, 236, 245 Commission on Art and Antiquities (Senate), Committee on Ways and Means, 234, 236, 406 art commission, 281, 302 448 House meets in room of, 412 bronze doors, 248, 248, 249, 257 Commission on Fine Arts, 404, 414, 422, 452 early meeting room, 432 Progress of Civilization, 246, 259, 280, 314 Commission on Public Buildings, 101, 112 committee rooms criticized, 280 “commissioner of dead horses,” 112 former library space and, 388 installed, 327 commissioner of public buildings, 112, 147, Latrobe period, 75 statue of America, 314 196, 292, 342–343. See also Samuel Lane, north wing and, 109, 109 , 253–255, 254, 255, 292, Joseph Elgar, Charles Douglas, William Olmsted terrace and, 354–355, 358–359 308, 322, 325, 326–327 Easby, Benjamin B. French scarcity of, 77, 181 conservation of, 458–459, 459 commissioners of the federal city Senate seated in, 76, 89 statues of Justice and History, 325 first board (1791–1794), 7–8 “squint-eyed,” 64 Crawford, Mrs. Thomas, 331 authorized, 7 Supreme Court seated in, 77, 89 Crayon, The, New York art journal, 222, 233, financial troubles, 28, 32, 47 rotunda and, 133, 135 263 Hallet and, 21, 22, 23, 26 temporary building for, 130 Cret, Paul, Philadelphia architect, 414 L’Enfant and, 11 competitions, architectural Crisp, Speaker Charles Frederick, 365 Thornton design evaluated, 22 architects’ dislike of, Crocker Brothers & Company, copper See also competition, 1792 Latrobe, 67–68 suppliers, 244 second board (1794–1802), 27 Upjohn, 192 Crutchett’s lantern, 178–180 abolished, 47 extension, 185–193 crypt, 138, 163, 390 Adams appointees, 44 Library of Congress, 352 Cuddy, John, ironworker, 323 building piecemeal, 28 1792, 11–18, 21 Culberson, Senator Charles, 399 expenditures, 28 Compromise of 1850, 184, 185 Cullon, William, clerk of the House, 266, 267 financial requirements, 33 Condict, Congressman Lewis, 114, 115 Cummins, Reverend George D., 271 Hadfield and, 29, 30–32, 34, 37–38 cone, north wing lantern, 130, 131 Custis, George Washington Parke, 171 loans to, 29, 37 conference of July 1793, 23 Cutler, Congressman Manasseh, 46 Committee on Additional Accommodations for conference plan, 23, 26, 39, 52, 55 the Library (Joint Select), 353 conference room, 13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 26, 36, D Committee on Agriculture (House), 250, 250, 36, 53–54 Daggett, Senator David, 131 256, 259, 279 Conflict of Daniel Boone and the Indians, Dalton, Tristram, commissioner of the federal Committee on Appropriations by Causici, 163 city, 44 House, 344, 377, 377, 386, 421, 433, 442, Conger, Congressman Omar D., 360 Davis, Alexander Jackson, New York architect, 447, 448 , Philadelphia, 7, 13 172 Legislative Appropriations Subcommittee, Conkling, Senator Roscoe, 358, 364 Davis, Gideon, Georgetown merchant,162 439, 442 Connally, Senator Tom, 411 Davis, Jefferson, 184, 185, 211, 223, 260, 261, Senate, 260, 352, 355, 402, 423, 447 connecting corridors, initial idea for, 195 282 Legislative Appropriations Subcommittee, Connolly, John F., quarry owner, 290, 299 art commission, 280 419, 439, 440, 441, 442 Consolidated Engineering Company, Baltimore background, 216 Committee on Arrangements (Senate), 285 contractor, 414 chamber relocation, 303, 305 Committee on Atomic Energy (Joint), 466, 466 Constantine, Thomas, New York cabinetmaker, Committee on Claims, 74 449 columns, 298 Committee on the District of Columbia continental trench, construction shortcut, criticized, 318, 364 House, 100, 176 26, 29 decorations Senate, 368, 375, 420 Coombe, Griffith, merchant, 75, 162 authority, 280 Committee on Expenditures in the War Copeland, Senator Royal S., 401, 402 House chamber colors, 265 Department (House), 300 copper, for extension roof, 244 sculpture, 245 Committee on Expenditures on Public coppersmiths, 144 extension and, 191, 192–193, 215 Buildings (House), 114, 115, 129, 130 Copyright Act of 1870, 349 liberty cap and, 246, 253, 254 Committee on Finance (Senate), 317, 402 Corcoran Gallery of Art, 376 photograph of, 216 Committee on the Library corn, as ornament, 238, 279, 319 Walter and, 224, 268, 304 and works of art, 174 corn cob columns, 88, 88, 98, 102 Davis, Shadrach, clerk of the works, 106, 112, House, 157, 158, 392, 393, 396 Cornelius & Baker, Philadelphia metal 122 Joint, 132, 252, 258, 280, 333, 353 workers, 238, 242, 287, 450 Davis, Solomon, quarry overseer, 131 Senate, 174, 206, 392 cornerstone Dawes, Senator Henry L., 353, 358 Committee on Military Affairs center building, 137 Dawson, Congressman John, 49 House, 382 east front extension, 429–430 Dawson, Senator William C., 230 Senate, 216, 260, 282 extension, 199–200 day’s pay, 107, 202 Committee on Naval Affairs (Senate), 259, 260 first ceremony, 24–25 Dearborn, Congressman Henry, 33, 97, 171, 174 Committee on the Organization, Conduct, and Russell Building, 374 Declaration of Independence, by Trumbull, Expenditures in the Executive Department cornices, 35, 40, 77 134, 155 (Senate), 376 Cornwallis Sues for Cessation of Hostilities decorations, 269, 279–280, 307 Committee on Public Buildings Under the Flag of Truce, by Brumidi, 271, DeCourcy & Noell, glass importers, 244 House, 131, 132, 141, 144, 171, 180, 185, 279, 415 deer, as ornament, 278, 278 191, 192, 193, 205, 222, 229, 256, 276, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, 176, 203, 204, Delahanty, John, mason, 25 318, 338, 341, 346, 403, 413 213, 224, 230 De Lamano & Company, New York decorative subcommittee on ventilation and Corps of Topographical Engineers, U. S. Army, painters, 210 acoustics, 361 180, 181, 185, 189, 203, 312 Denham, Zephaniah, extension clerk, 201, Senate, 184, 187, 191, 192, 203, 205, 207, Cosway, Maria, 23, 51 219, 276, 314, 319 298, 305, 317, 341, 343, 350, 354, 355, 358, cotton, as ornament, 241, 248 desks and chairs. See furniture

488 Index DeWitt, Poor & Shelton, architectural firm, 293 F 422, 438, 447, 454, 454, 455 drinking fountains, 242 Fairfax, Ferdinando, 95 DeWitt, Roscoe, Dallas architect, 422, 434 dry dock, at Navy Yard, 50–51 Fame and Peace Crowning Washington, by Diamond, James, architect, 16 Dumeste, J. A., Corps of Engineers, 176 Capellano, 158, 162, 426, 428 Dick, Dr. E. C., 24 Durand, John, editor, 222 Fanciulli, Francesco, Marine band conductor, Dickerson, Senator Mahlon, 132, 153 Dwight, Congressman Henry, 163 365 Diocletian’s portico, 150 Dyer, William, Washington builder, 46 fancy piece, by Hallet, 17, 18, 19 Dirksen Senate Office Building, 418–419, 418, fans, 291, 292 420, 451 E electric, 361 Discovery of America, by Persico, 158, 245, eagle, as ornament, 278 steam powered, 245 426 Eagle, figure of Utica, 272 Discovery of the by De Soto, by by Franzoni, 59, 65 Farnsworth, Congressman John, 360 Powell, 176 Thornton’s critique, 81 federal city. See Washington, D. C. District of Columbia by Valaperti, 120 , New York City, 4, 13, 19, 44, 158 improvements in, 342 Easby, William, rigger and commissioner of fence, 112, 162, 341 named, 10 public buildings, 174, 196, 216 Fessenden, Senator William Pitt, 317, 341 residents as political orphans, 101 library fire, 206, 207 Few, Senator William, 5 See also seat of government, Washington, D. C. Walter, 211–212 Fillmore, Millard, 185 Dobie, Samuel, architect/builder, 15 east front extension authority to select architect, 185, 187 Dobson, John, stonecutter, 28, 30 cornerstone, 429–430 decides on wings, 195 Doe Hazelton Company, furniture makers, 266 first proposed, 328 political judgment, 196 dome interest in, 369, 377, 390–391 visits Crawford, 255 general on Olmsted plan, 347 fire engine, 158, 159, 160 prestige of, 18 portico demolition, 428, 429 fireplaces, in Capitol extension, 193 Washington’s desire for, 17–18 progress, 430–433 fireproofing, and iron, 207 Bulfinch, 145–146, 145 Walter fires comparative expense, 146 1865 design, 332 gas explosion, 368 eyesore, 229 1874 design, 353 Library of Congress fire hazard, 206, 225 east plaza, parking, 423, 456, 459 1826, 157–158 height reduction, 193 Eastern Branch. See Anacostia River 1851, 206 removal, 233 Edison Company for Isolated Lighting, 366 Meigs’ office, 259 Latrobe, 91, 145 Edmands, Congressman John Wiley, 229 of 1814, 98 Thornton, 21, 145 Edmunds, Senator George F., 353 prevention of, 158, 176 Walter, 225 Edward Larrabee Barnes/John M. Y. Lee & sawmill, 292 authorization, 230 Partners, 457 firewood, stored in cellars, 158, 159 brackets, 236 First Street addition, Russell Building, 381 Eggers, Otto, New York architect, 418 brickwork, 236, 259 fish ponds. See reservoirs Eggers & Higgins, New York architectural firm, canopy, 323 Fitzgerald, J. F., Company, Boston 418, 451 Civil War and, 315 construction company, 430, 438 Egyptian library, Latrobe, 85, 85, 114 columns, 236–237, 237 floors, cleaning of, 360 Eisenhower, Dwight, 419, 429 completed, 340 Floyd, John B., secretary of war, 261 electric call buttons, 373 cost, 233, 235, 236 appoints Franklin, 297 electric lighting, 356, 359, 360, 364 criticized, 233 background, 264 fixtures, 387 design granite columns and, 267 House wing, 366–367 adjustments, 230, 231, 232 Italian marble and, 298 Senate wing, 366 initial, 226, 227 leaves cabinet, 309 terrace, 359, 366 revisions, 255, 288–289, 288, 289 photograph of, 264 electricity, production of, 386 economic revitalization, effects on, 229 folding room, 379 elevators, 360 foundation, 233 Foot, Senator Solomon, 317, 318, 320, 328 Elgar, Joseph, commissioner of public illumination, 398 Ford, Gerald, 438 buildings, 146 Interior Department and, 316–318 Forsyth, Senator John, 174 interior design, 232–233, 289 aqueduct, 176 Fort Pickens, 312 melting, 368 dismisses Bulfinch, 165 Fosberg, G. W., artist, 360 painting, 321–322, 388 monolithic column shafts, 150–151 fountain, 348, 348, 351, 357, 352, 356 livestock damage to, 321 sculpture for east portico, 157 fountain, drinking, 178 statue for, 253–255, 254, 255, 325–327 Ellender, Senator Allen J., 419 Fowler, Charles, New York foundry owner, symbol of national unity, 257–258 Ellicott, Andrew, surveyor, 8, 10 225, 312, 337 raising of, 353 Elliott, William P., Washington architect, 189, dome contract, 298 replica, 391 192, 194 library extension, 333, 334 weight, 235 embargo, 70, 86, 89 Fox & Company, predecessor to Janes, Beebe domes, over the wings, 115 Embarkation of the Pilgrims, by Weir, 176 & Company, 209 Thornton’s critique, 143 Emory, Amos, architect, 427 frames, rotunda paintings, 155 Doolittle, Senator James, 298, 304 Emory, Matthew, granite merchant, 202, 293 Franklin, Benjamin, statue of, by Powers, 258 doorkeepers’ residences, 92 energy conservation, 451 Franklin, Captain William B., engineer, 293, doors, 37, 242, 243 Ensign, William L., acting architect of the 294, 297, 299, 312 Doric order, pre-fire House chamber, 58, 59 Capitol, 460 dome contract, 301 Douglas, Charles, commissioner of public entablature, 20, 119 Senate chamber relocation, 303–304 buildings, 179, 180 Eppes, Congressman John Wayles, 74, 76 Franzoni, Carlo, sculptor, 112, 132 Douglas, Senator Stephen A., 185, 252, 257, Erechtheion, Athens, 401 Car of History, 119, 121 275, 298, 341 Esty, Alexander, Boston architect, 353 figures of Justice and Young America, 120, Douglass, Frederick, Jr., 349 Everett, Edward, congressman, senator, and 449 Downing, Andrew Jackson, 204 secretary of state, 157, 158, 162, 163, 245, Franzoni, Giuseppe, sculptor, 59, 65, 105 draftsmen, working for Walter, 268 246 allegorical figures, 71, 72 drapery Ewbank, Thomas, Patent Office commissioner, corn columns, 88 for paintings, 154, 164 204 statue of Liberty, 71, 72 for Senate, 94 executive apartment. See president’s room Freedom, by Crawford, 253–255, 254, 255 Drinkard, William R, acting secretary of war, extension. See Capitol extension arrival, 292

Index 489 casting of, 308, 322 Gibson, J. & J. H., Philadelphia ornamental foundations, 31 conservation of, 458–459, 459 glass makers, 245, 263 Hamilton, Alexander, secretary of the headdress criticized, 326–327 Gilbert, Cass, New York architect, 403–405, treasury, 5, 45 installation and celebration, 325–327 404, 404 Hamlin, Talbot, biographer, 154 patina, 325 gilding, in Library of Congress, 210 Hammitt Desk Company, 266 prompts revision to dome design, 288–289 Gilman, Ephraim, gilder, 155 Hantman, Alan M., architect of the Capitol, 460 freestone, 25. See also sandstone Gilmer, Congressman John A., 277 Harbaugh, Leonard, carpenter, 38, 106, 122 French, Benjamin Brown Gimbel Brothers, New York merchants, 382 Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Lawson, Capitol illumination, 333 Girard College, 190, 190, 194, 209, 226 Philadelphia architects, 414, 422, 433 commissioner, 217 Givan, Alexander, architect/builder, 12 Harbeson, John, Philadelphia architect, 422, cornerstone ceremony, 200 glass 426 disbursing officer, 319 English, 69, 70 Hardison, Fred L., Dallas architect, 422, 434 House chamber, opinion of, 269, 271 German, 66, 69 Harkness, John C., sworn measurer, 219, 295 removed from extension office, 323 hammered, 431 Harlan, James, secretary of the interior, 334, resuming work during war, 316 north wing, 38, 40, 41 337, 342 sculpture installation, 245 plate, 244 Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now ), secession, opinion of, 309 gneiss, foundation stone, 202 110 Senate chamber, opinion of, 286 Goldsborough, Congressman Charles, 100 Harris, Congressnman Morrison, 307 Statuary Hall and, 330 Gothic style, 358 Harrison, Peter, architect, 12 support for Andrew Johnson, 342 Grain Market, Paris. See Halle au Bled Harry, Phillip, architect, 189, 192 French, Benjamin B., Jr., 337 granite Hart Senate Office Building, 451–453, 452, 453 fresco, technique described, 250, 252 extension, 202, 219 Hartnet, John, mason, 110, 111, 117, 129, 131 Fromentin, Senator Eligius, 100 exterior column shafts, 267, 291 Haskell, Douglas, editor, 425 funds spent grounds, 356 Hastings, Thomas, New York architect, 380, account of (up to)1794, 28 Post Office extension, 293 380, 380, 381, 399, 403 grape, as ornament, 238, 265 Hayden, Senator Carl, 447 account of (up to)1802, 47 Grecian architecture, Latrobe’s taste for, 68 Haydock, stone cutter, 107 account of 1815–1817, 114 Greek revival, 226 Hayes, Rutherford, 353 account of 1815–1818, 129 Greenleaf, Morris, and Nicholson, real estate Hayward & Bartlett, Baltimore ironworkers, 333 account of 1817, 129 syndicate, 28 health account of 1828, 164 Greenough, Horatio, sculptor air conditioning effects on, 402 furnace, hot air, 259 endorses Lee marble, 205 Capitol effects on, 184–185, 287, 305 furniture, 130, 266, 303 statue of Washington, 171, 174–175, 175 ventilation effects on, 329, 363, 364 desks and chairs criticism, 174, 246 Healy, George P. A., artist, 316 House chamber, 265–266, 266, 298, 308, relocation, 189 hearths, 41 396 Rescue, 158, 245, 246 heating and ventilating, 193, 245, 291, 291 Senate chamber, 286, 499 Greenwood, Congressman Alfred, 229 former library space, 371 House Gregg, Andrew, congressman and senator, 68, Post Office extension, 292–293 Latrobe, 68 86 rotunda, 154 Walter, 265–266 Gros, Antoine Jean, French artist, 340 See also House chamber, in the extension; Woods, 396 Grosvenor, Congressman Thomas P., 100 Senate chamber, Walter; ventilation House committee rooms, 371 grotto. See summerhouse Hechinger Engineering Corporation, 408 members’ retiring room, 362 grounds. See Capitol grounds Heebner, Charles, marble merchant, 277 Senate, 87 gutta-percha, 242 Henderson, stone carver, 112 Supreme Court, 90 gutters Hennings, Senator Thomas C., 453 extension, 328 Henry, Chick, Washington plasterer, 371 G north wing, 38, 41, 53, 76 Henry, Joseph, secretary of the Smithsonian Gage, Warner & Whitney, tool supplier, 243 snow melting, 361 Institution, 194, 270, 331 Gallatin, Albert, secretary of the treasury, 47 acoustics committee, 219 galleries, 266, 285, 396 H marble commission, 204 Galt, Alexander, sculptor, 250 Hadfield, George, architect, 51, 72, 406 reprimanded by Meigs, 258 Galway, James, painter, 321 background, 29 ventilation committee, 362 garages, 422, 423, 433, 434 cabinet offices, 38 Henry, William Wirt, orator, 365 Gardnier, Samuel, inventor, 366 dismissed, 38 Hepburn, Congressman William, 376, 379 Garfield, James A., 344, 361 modifications proposed, 30–32, 31 Hibbard, Congressman Harry, 229 Garnett, Congressman, Muscoe, 281 restoration cost estimate, 100 Higgins, Daniel Paul, New York architect, 418 Garnsey, Elmer, artist, 388 Senate chamber and, 43 Hill, Samuel, Boston engraver, 10 gas hail, damage from, 266 Hints on Public Architecture, 182 explosion, 366–368, 367 hair, for plaster, 40 historic preservation, 425–426, 439, 441, 445, leaks, 364 Hale, Senator Eugene, 354, 355 451 lighting, 178–180, 218, 285 Hale, Senator John P., 303, 305 Hoban, James, architect/builder, 122, 141 chandeliers, 275, 287, 294 Hall, J. P., 356 ignores bad workmanship, 27 exterior fixtures, 356 hall of columns, 240–241, 240, 259, 411 Latrobe and, 65, 93 House chamber, 265 Hall of the People. See rotunda north wing construction, 38 sconces, 270, 270 Halle au Bled, 63, 63, 64, 70 “oven” and, 45 pipes, 242 Jefferson’s admiration for, 23, 56, 67 President’s House structural problems, 179 skylights, Latrobe’s objections to, 63 repairs, 101, 102 gate houses, 159, 161, 163, 164 Halleck, Congressman Charles, 420 south portico, 153 Genius of America, by Persico, 157, 158, Hallet, Etienne (Stephen), architect Senate chamber and, 43 162, 428 background, 17 surveyor of public buildings, 23 George Washington Resigning his competition prize, 21 Hoffman, Congressman Clare E., 433 Commission, by Trumbull, 155 designs Holland, John Joseph, decorative painter, 69 George Washington University, 153 courtyard, 26, 36, 39 Hollings, Senator Ernest, 441 Georgia Marble Company, 426, 428 fancy piece, 17, 18, 19 Holt, Joseph, secretary of war, 310 Georgian architecture, 13, 19, 21 final competition, 21, 22 Hoover, Andrew, lime merchant, 202 Georgian revival, 405 employment, 23, 26 Hope, by Persico, 157, 158 Gerry, Vice President Elbridge, 108 evaluation of Thornton’s design, 22 hospital, 27, 321

490 Index Houdon, Jean-Antoine, sculptor, 171 Rayburn Building (1965) Latrobe and, 61, 76, 87, 94 House chamber House pediment, sculpture for, 391, 392–393 L’Enfant and, 8, 11 in Brick Capitol, 143 Houston, Sam, congressman and senator library, 110, 132 in the extension fights library fire, 158 Maison Carrée, 13 acoustics, 270–271, 287 investigates extension office, 211–213 “oven,” 45 artwork, 302 criticizes sculpture, 280 panel lights, 67, 70 carpentry, 267 Howard, Senator Jacob, 342 President’s House, design for, 15 ceiling, 263, 264 Howe, Senator Timothy, 352, 353 public speaking, 54 cotton ornaments, 247 Howland, Dr. Richard, National Trust reputation, 70 temporary supports, 412 president, 425, 426 Residence Act, 5, 6 clock, 272 Huddleston, Senator Walter D., 441 retirement, 86 color scheme, 302 Humphreys, General A. A., 343 rotunda and, 134 criticism, 271, 281 Hunter, Senator Robert M. T., 184, 194, 207, Senate chamber doors, 265, 265 209, 257 arrangement of, 41 fly doors, 265, 266 Huxtable, Ada Louise, critic, 424 raising of, 77 floor replacements, 361, 372, 373 south wing furniture, 265–266, 298, 308, 396, 396 I approves changes, 58 gallery seats, 266 Iardella, Francisco, sculptor, 112, 113, 113 construction pace, 53 heating and ventilating, 245, 271, 272 ice, 361 statues of air-conditioning, 402 immigrants, prejudice against, 248 by David d’Angers, 50 hospital, 321 inaugurals, location of, 165 by Powers, 258 lighting, 265 industrialization, 243, 243 Virginia capitol, 12, 12, 13 electric, 367 Inge, Henry, cabinetmaker and ironmonger, 75 Jenckes, Congressman Thomas A., 361 plans, 198, 220 Ingersoll, Congressman Charles, 101 Jenkins Hill, 8, 11 reconstruction, 411–415 Inman, Henry, artist, 176 jet d’eau, 285 proposed, 381, 393–396 insects, as ornament, 265 Johnson, Andrew, 193, 334, 338 relocation, 217–218 iron Johnson, Congressman James, 140 sections, 199, 221 beams, 148 Johnson, Lady Bird, 448 skylight, 263, 264 ceilings Johnson, Lyndon B., 421 Speaker’s rostrum, 268 hall of columns, 240 Johnson, Senator Robert W., 222, 223, 305, 306 television coverage, 415 library, 208, 209 Johnson, Thomas, commissioner of the federal voting, electronic, 415 Speaker’s office, 269, 269 city, 8, 13, 27 in Library of Congress, 45, 61 staircases, 307 Johnston, Senator Josiah S., 157 in the “oven,” 45–46, 46, 54, 55, 60, 122 columns, Senate gallery, 164 Johnston, Senator Samuel, 5 in the south wing dome. See dome, Walter Jones, John, guard, 206 post-fire fireproof construction, 207 Jones, Walter, Latrobe’s lawyer, 94 acoustics, 141–144 pipes, 176 Joyce, Mr., stone carver, 147 alterations (1832), 180 railings Judiciary Square, 89, 353, 404 carpet, 180 to protect artwork, 135, 162 Jupiter, Stator, temple of, 62, 152 ceiling, 132, 210 terrace, 162 Justice chandelier, 179 library, 159 by Carlo Franzoni, 120, 449 colonnade, Thornton critique, 143 reinforcement, 130 by Persico, 157, 158 columns, 103, 105, 110, 113, 114, 121, 129 roof, south wing, 68 Justice and History, figures by Crawford, 325 bases, 119 window and door casings, 242 capitals, 105 Isherwood, Robert, Washington merchant, 152 K design, 103–105 Iverson, Senator Alfred, 304 Kearney, John, plaster contractor, 40 dome, 115 Izard, Senator Ralph, 4, 5 Kennedy, Senator Anthony, 298, 305 furnishings, 130 Kennedy, John, 432, 445, 445 lantern, 104 J Kensett, John F., artist, 302 marble, 132 Jackson, Andrew, 156, 165, 166 Kerr, Congressman Michael C., 361 religious services in, 144 Jackson, Congressman John G., 68 Key, Francis Scott, lawyer, 94, 95 sculpture, 120 Jacobs, Congressman Andrew, 440 Kidder, Dr. J. H., 363 venders in, 329, 330 Jacobsen, Hugh Newell, Washington architect, King, James, Washington architect, 189 windows, 180 445 King, John Crookshanks, sculptor, 432 See also Statuary Hall jail, Alexandria, 166 King, Senator Rufus, 5, 109, 110 pre-fire James Madison Memorial, 453–454, 454 Kinyoun, Dr. J. J., 363 acoustics, 71, 72 James Madison Memorial Building. See Library Kirtland, Charles, New York foundry owner, 337 ceiling decoration, 69 of Congress, Madison Building Know-Nothing party, 248 columns, 52, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, Janes, Beebe & Company (later Janes, Fowler, Kreps & Smith, New York gilders, 180 70, 72, 89 Kirtland & Co.), New York foundry colonnade, 57, 57, 102 iron dome L description, 72 contract, 298, 301 labor problems destroyed, 98 skin, 287 carpenters, 34 Hallet plan wartime construction, 315 grounds, 348 criticism, 52 work force, 302 masons, 30 description, 55–56 ceilings, 307 stone cutters, 130, 159–160 variations on, 52, 56 Library of Congress, 209, 333 stone workers strike, 330 raising of, 56 Janes, Adrian, foundry owner, 337 laborers press reviews, 71 Jarvis, Congressman Leonard, 171 number working, 144 sculpture, 71, 72 Jefferson, Thomas wages, 129 House chamber vestibule (small House American taste and, 13–14, 50 See also workmen rotunda), 59, 73, 74, 98, 390 antique architectural models and, 13, 17, 18 ladies retiring room, 267 House of Commons, Dublin, 55 Capitol plan, 14 Lafayette, Marquis de, portrait by Scheffer, House of Commons, London, 225, 363 competition, 13, 17, 19 176, 271 House Office Building Commission, 379, 433 conference, 23 Lafayette Square, landscape tied to Capitol, 346 House office buildings. See Cannon Building corn cob capital, 88, 113 La Follette, Senator Robert, 417 (1908), Longworth Building (1933), Halle au Bled, 23, 56, 63, 67 Lambdin, James R., artist, 302

Index 491 Landing of Columbus, by Vanderlyn, 176 Law, John, lawyer, 94 lightning rods, 40 Landing of the Pilgrims, by Causici, 163 law library, 173, 305, 306 lime, 103, 202, 217 landscaping Lawrie, Lee, sculptor, 410 lime house, 28 Bulfinch, 161, 162–163 lead, 38, 53, 68, 69 limestone, Indiana, 381, 443, 445 Olmsted, 345–348, 356, 358 Lear, Tobias, 27, 44 Lincoln, Abraham, 298, 307, 308 Lane, Samuel, commissioner of public Leckie, Robert, quarrier, 119 and dome construction, 315 buildings, 112 Lee, John M. Y. See Edward Larrabee Lincoln Memorial, by Burnham, 407 accounts overdrawn, 140 Barnes/John M. Y. Lee & Partners Litchfield, Electus D., New York architect, 399 Bulfinch appointment, 127 Lee, Richard Bland, commissioner, 6, 101, 112 Lloyd, Senator James, 85, 127 confidence in Latrobe, 122–123 Lee, William, 125, 126 loan, from Congress, 37 death, 146 Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, 417, 436 loan guarantee, 32–34 mantels and, 120 L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, engineer congressional reaction, 33 Lansburgh, Julius, Company, Washington building plans and, 11 lenders, 35 merchants, 382 city plan and, 6, 10 funds, 35 lantern dismissed, 11 Logan, Senator George, 79 Crutchett’s, 178–180 Federal Hall and, 4, 158 Logan, Vail & Company, New York merchants, House chamber, post-fire, 104 silhouette by DeHart, 8 243 Jefferson and, 69, 76 statue of Washington and, 170 Lombardy poplars, 161 north wing, 111, 116, 130 orders house demolished, 11 London, size compared with Washington, D. C., 10 lath, 40, 76 L’Enfant plan, 9, 9 Long’s Tavern, 89, 107, 108 Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, architect/engineer buildings on, 11 Longworth House Office Building, 405–407, accounts overdrawn, 74 described, 8 406, 435 ancient architecture, 69 Lenox, Peter, carpenter, 46, 122, 128 Look, magazine, 425 artistic talents, 126 Lenthall, John, clerk of the works, 53, 64, 71, 83 Louis XVI, portrait of, 44 background, 51 Les Invalides, Paris, 185, 226 Lovejoy, Congressman Owen, 279 columns Leutze, Emanuel, artist, 247, 315–316, 319 Lovering, William, Washington builder, 37, 46 corn, 88, 88, 98, 102 Levy, Uriah P., naval officer, 50 lumber, 202 magnolia, 90, 91 Lewis, Congressman Joseph, 69, 74, 100, 101 Lynn, David, architect of the Capitol tobacco, 113, 113 Lewis, Congressman David J., 446 architect’s office history, 401 congressional standing, 93, 125 Liberty, by Giuseppe Franzoni, 59, 71, 72 background, 399 cost estimates Thornton’s critique, 81 old Senate and old Supreme Court faulty, 76 Liberty, proposed statue of, 189 chambers, 446 for finishing Capitol, 86 Liberty and the Eagle, by Causici, 120, 132 photograph of, 399 for restoration, 115 liberty cap retirement, 419 dome on statue of America by Crawford, 246, 261 succeeds Woods, 399–400 central 91, 145, 151 on statue of Freedom by Crawford, 253, 254, Lyon, Congressman Caleb, 228 wings, 116, 117 255, 255 employment Library of Congress M appointed, 50 general Machen, Thomas, stonemason, 75 city surveyor, 107 established, 41 Maclay, Senator William, 4 position discontinued, 94 Jefferson sale, 110, 132 Macnichol & Sons, painting contractor, 388 rehired, 103 moves out of Capitol, 369 Macomb, Captain John N., Corps of resigned, 123 Adams Building, 408, 410, 410 Topographical Engineers, 312, 314 Grecian architecture and, 68, 105 Capitol Macon, Speaker Nathaniel, 68 Hallet-Thornton design and, 52, 67 north wing, 43, 44 Madison, Dolley, 127, 182 Hoban and, 65 Egyptian design, 85, 85 Madison, James, 101 jailed, 123 House meets in, 45, 61 flees capital, 99 Jefferson removed from north wing plan, 109 House chamber revisions and, 105 confidence and, 61 west center building Revolutionary War paintings and, 134 relationship with, 87, 94 Bulfinch room, 149 Residence Act and, 4, 6 taste of, 70 fires, 157–158, 206 uninterested in Capitol, 115 Lenthall and, 71 proposed location of House chamber, Madison Building. See Library of Congress, library, Egyptian, 85, 85, 85, 114 144, 180 Madison Memorial Building marble exploration, 106, 110 shelving capacity, 147 Madison Memorial. See James Madison Memorial portico, east, 91, 150, 151 space shortage, 181 magnolia, as ornament, 319 portrait by Peale, 51 stoves, 148 magnolia columns, 90, 91 President’s House and, 65 west central portico, 148 Magruder, Thomas C., 319, 323 Private Letter, 67–68 Walter rooms Mahon, Congressman George, 448 rotunda niches, 153–154 construction, 209–211 maintenance, 359–361 sandstone and, 140 decorative painting, 210 Maison Carrée, Nimes, France, 12, 14 sculpture, exterior, 120 enlargement proposed, 349, 350, 350 Maitland, James and John, masons, 25 skylights extension of, 332–333, 334, 337, 338 Mall, 8, 9, 21 dislike for, 53 flooring from, 139 focus of McMillan Commission, 375 Halle au Bled, 63 influence on cast-iron dome, 227, 229 landscape united with Capitol, 346 panel lights, 63, 64, 66–67 reviews, 222 railroads on, 344 Thornton skylight, 222 Mallory, Senator Stephen, 306 feud, 53, 56, 60, 80–82 reconstructed space, 370 Malone, Dumas, biographer, 54 libel suit, 82, 94–95 construction, 369–371 Maltby House, first Senate office building, 378, room shapes, 56 decoration, 388 381 vaulting north wing, 82 furniture, 371 Mann, Congressman James R., 386, 398 vindication, 372 Jefferson Building Mansfield, Senator Mike, 432, 447, 448, 450 Vindication of His Professional Skill, 130 background, 344, 353, 369 Manship, Paul, New York sculptor, 428, 436 Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, Jr., 235 interiors compared with Capitol, 388 mantels, 41, 71, 74, 129, 131, 140 Latrobe, Henry Sellon Boneval, 89, 123 rare book room addition, 408 cost of, 120 Latrobe, John Hazelhurst Boneval, 177 Madison Memorial Building, 454, 455, 455 missing, 322 Latrobe, Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst, 101–102, lighters, cigar, 361 stored in tomb, 313 123 lighting fixtures, 242 maple leaves, as ornament, 238

492 Index marble McComb, John, New York architect, 119, 120, Senate plan, 192–193, 192, 193 exploration, 110 126 House chamber alterations, 180 extension, 218 McCormack, Speaker John, 435, 438 marble building, Washington’s first, 204 exterior window frames, 257 McFarlan, A. B., foreman of south wing photograph of, 188 first building in Washington faced with, 204 plasterers, 250 Walter’s job, desire for, 216–217 floors McIntire, Samuel, craftsman/architect, 17, 17 Washington, George from Library of Congress, 139 McIntosh, stone carver, 112 statue of, 174 House corridors, 411 McKim, Charles, New York architect, 375, 376, tomb of, 171 Statuary Hall, 330 377, 380 water supply, 177 vestibule, 319, 319 McKim, Mead & White, New York architects, Mills, Theophilus, sculptor, 392 verd antique, 131, 239 380, 390, 415 Miner, Congressman Charles, 160 See also column shafts, marble; marble McKnight, Congressman Robert, 318, 327 Mitchell, Congressman James, 163 quarries McMillan, Senator James, 375 Mitchell, Congressman Samuel L., 49, 54 Marble Falls, Texas, 429 McMillan Commission, 375, 376, 377, 379, 381, Moberly, Charles E., artist, 360 marble quarries 404, 408, 409 models Baltimore, 119, 299 McMullen, Congressman Fayette, 209 Capitol as designed imperfections, 320 McNair, Congressman John, 203, 211 by Bulfinch, 147 Colorado, 433 Meade, Simeon, carpenter, 75 by Latrobe, 92, 151 Connecticut, 131 Meehan, John S., librarian of Congress, 206, by Thornton, 37 Georgia, 410, 426, 428, 211, 222 center building, 135 Italy, 238, 239, 283, 290 Meigs, Louisa Rogers, 252, 270 east front extension, 391 capitals, cost of, 132 Meigs, Montgomery C., engineer extension and new dome, 235 exterior column shafts, political support, acoustics, 273 Monroe, James 298 Anderson and, 329 dome and, 145 Maryland, 106, 205, 290 appointed supervising engineer, 215 inaugural, 115 , 204, 205, 290 art and artists New England tour, 127 route to Washington, 219 encouragement of, 281 quarry trip, 117 New York, 119, 131, 205, 299 search for sculptors, 245 urges speed, 115, 121 Philadelphia, 119, 132 background, 217 Moore, Henry D., Pennsylvania treasurer, 311, Potomac, 106, 110, 111, 117, 119 books, ideas from, 247 316 Tennessee, 238, 239, 239, 303, 438 column shafts, monolithic, 290 morocco, as upholstery, 265, 266, 266 , 239, 299, 358, 381, 370, 426, 428, control, lost of, 317–318 Morrill, Justin, congressman and senator 433 credit and recognition, 228, 247, 258, 267, background, 344 Virginia, 106 272, 274, 275, 282–283 criticizes planting, 358 marble room, 303, 303, 401 as an architect, 272 enlarging grounds, 343–344 Marie Antoinette, portrait of, 44 dome library building, 353 marine band, 365 contract, 301, 312 Olmsted and, 346 marine barracks, Pensacola, 283 cost estimate, 227 photograph of, 344 Marine Corps, 349 raising, 353 Statuary Hall, 329–330 Capitol police and, 349 unaware of revisions, 289 terrace guarding stone cutters, 130 See also dome, Walter funding, 350–352, 354 library fire and, 206 farewell, 294–295 windows, 355 marshal, Supreme Court, 368 Franklin and, 310 Morris, Senator Robert, 6 Marshall, Congressman Humphrey, 279, 281 glass industry, 244 Morse, Samuel F. B., artist/inventor, 176 Marshall, John, congressman and chief justice, Olmsted terrace, 350 Mosaic Tile Company, 371 170 photograph of, 217 Moyamensing Prison, Philadelphia, 242 bust by Powers, 258 plan revision, 219 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, presidential aide statue by Story, 352 Post Office extension, 230 and senator, 440 Marshall, Thomas W., structural engineer, 411 quarry visits, 259, 283 Mullett, Alfred B., Washington architect, 353 Marshall Building. See Thurgood Marshall salary, 275 Munroe, Professor Charles, explosives expert, Federal Judiciary Building snakes, 250 368 Martin, James, blacksmith,164 stonework evaluation, 237–238 Munroe, Thomas, superintendent of the city of Martin, Congressman Joe, 419, 424 Walter Washington, 49, 76, 99, 112, 131 Marvin, Congressman Dudley, 163 dismissal, 310–312 Murray & Hazlehurst, boiler manufacturers, Maryland donation, 28 drawings, 283 245 Mason, J. L., engineer, 203 relations with, 224, 228, 287 Mason, General John, 101 titles, 289–290 N masons work routine, 237 Nason & Dodge, heating and ventilating number working, 144 work stopped, 314 contractors, 245, 272, 292, 293 recruitment, 25 members’ retiring room, 362, 363, 395 National Arboretum, 429 trouble with, 30 Mexican War, 181–182 National Bureau of Standards, 430 See also stone cutters Michler, General Nathaniel, 343 National Historic Preservation Act, 439 Masons, 24, 199 Milford, Connecticut, 131 National Park Service, 429 Massachusetts, soldiers from, 313, 313, 313 military superintendence, 222, 223, 256, 257 National Press Club, 426–427 Massachusetts statehouse, 126, 145, 148 Millard, Thomas, New York carver, 180 naval hospital, Norfolk, 166 Master Plan for Future Development of the Miller, Senator Stephen, 174 Navy Yard, 151, 180 Capitol Grounds, 455–456, 456 Miller & Coates, New York tile importers and dry dock, 50–51 Maynard, Congressman Horace, 344 installers, 241 marble tests, 205 Mazzei, Phillip, 62, 65 Mills, Clark, sculptor and bronze caster, 245, sails from, 340 McArthur, James, Philadelphia architect, 190 307–308, 322 Neihaus, Charles, sculptor, 392 McBeath, & Sons, contractors, 428 Mills, Robert, Washington architect, 101, 169 Nelson’s Column, model of scaffold, 233 McCall, Congressman Samuel, 392, 393–396 background, 188 neoclassical revival, 401, 404, 406, 407 McCleland, Thomas, Virginia architect, 192 Crutchett’s lantern and, 179 neoclassicism, 12, 19, 21, 51, 126 McCloskey, Matthew H., Philadelphia death, 230 New York, as potential capital, 5 contractor, 435 drinking fountain, 178, 358 New York Times, 424, 442 McCloskey & Company, Philadelphia extension proposals, 182, 184, 189, 189 Newsham & Company, Baltimore foundry, 274 contractors, 434, 435 premium awarded, 192 Newsweek, 442

Index 493 Nicholas, Congressman John, 33 P Polk, James K., 171, 179, 181, 183 Nixon, Richard, 421, 440 Page, Russell, landscape architect, 429 Polk, Senator Trusten, 305 Noland’s Ferry, Maryland, 110, 117 paint Pompeii, 259, 260 north wing dome, 388 Poole & Hunt, Baltimore foundry, 236 post-fire outside walls, 140 Poor, Alfred, New York architect, 422, 434 committee rooms, 109 removed from interior stonework, 388, 389 Pope, John Russell, New York architect, 418 dome removal, 193 painters, wages, 322 porter’s lodges. See gate houses gas explosion, 368 Palladio, Andrea, 20, 62 portico lantern, 111, 116, 130 Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, 252 Diocletian, 150 principal stair, relocated, 113 panel lights, 63, 64, 66–67, 104 east central column shafts, 150–152 progress reports, 107, 113, 131 panics, financial, 144, 147, 190 construction, 153, 156–157 restoration, cost of, 115 Pantheon, Rome, 14, 19, 21, 22, 132, 144, 146, demolition, 428, 428, 429 roof, 129, 371, 371, 372 152, 155 Panthéon, Paris, 226, 228, 289, 340 design, 147, 150 staircases, 129 papier mâché, 247, 263, 264 historical significance, 420 pre-fire, 42, 43, 44 parade, stone cutters, 152 Latrobe, 91, 150, 151 committee rooms, scarcity of, 77 Parker, Myron, D. C. commissioner, 365 reproduction, 431–432 conditions assessed, 77 Parry, Henry, tile layer, 331 sculpture, 157 cost, compared with south wing, 74, 86 Parsons, William E., Chicago architect, 407 step replacement, 397 elevations, mismatched, 53 Parthenon, Athens, 246 Thornton, 19, 21, 150, 151 interior finishes, 40–41 Partridge, John A., engineer, 348 House, 327, 328, 338, 339 doors and windows, 37 passageways north, south, and west; proposal to eliminate, glass, 38, 40 between north wing and “oven,” 54 320 plaster, 40, 41 between north and south wings, 87 Senate, 320, 327, 327 woodwork, 41 between House extension and south wing, 271 west central, 148, 148 materials, inferior, 82 Patent Office, 99, 188, 409 braces, 438 roof extension, 204, 215, 334, 338 Latrobe, 92 cistern, 53 pavement, 356 restoration, 445 covering, 35 paving, in corridors, 163 structural problems, 437 gutters, 38, 41, 53, 76 Peace, by Persico, 158, 426, 428 Thornton, 36 leaks, 49, Peace Protecting Genius, by Bartlett, 393 Post Office, 188 new, 76 Peale, Charles Willson, 51, 65, 175 extension, 230, 318, 334 structural problems, 52, 76 Peale, Rembrandt, 175–176, 279, 437, 450 first marble building in Washington, 204 workmanship, 54 Pearce, Senator James A., 206, 229, 257, 277, heating and ventilating, 292–293 reconstruction 304, 305 Potomac marble, 106, 110, 111, 117, 119, 128, 131, 140 corn columns, 88, 88, 98, 102 pebble marble. See Potomac marble Potomac River 3, 5, 6, 7 funds, 79, 80 pediment sculpture central, 157, 158, 162, 428, 428 Potomack company, 7, 8, 27, 44 plans, 78, 78, 79, 79 House, 391, 392–393, 393 Potts, Senator Richard, 27 progress report, 84 Senate, 246, 259, 280, 314 Powell, William R., artist, 176 stairs, 83 pediments, added to east porticoes, 218 power plant. See Capitol power plant vaulting, 82 Pei, I. M., New York architect, 452 Powers, Hiram, sculptor, 245, 246, 248, 258 See also Senate chamber, Latrobe; Supreme Pelz, Paul, Washington architect, 369 Praeger, Kavanaugh & Waterbury, New York Court chamber penitentiary, Washington, D. C., by Bulfinch, engineers, 439 166 Pratt, Senator Thomas J., 230 O Penn’s Treaty with the Indians, by Gevelot, Pratt, Congressman Zadock, 180 O’Neale, William, stone contractor, 29 163 Preservation of Captain John Smith by O’Neill, Speaker Thomas P., 440 Pennington, Speaker William, 298 Pocahontas, by Capellano, 163 oak, for floors, 411 , 9 President’s House Odd Fellows, 199 Pension Building, Washington, D. C., 217, 404 conversion Oertel, Johannes, artist, 263 perch, stone measurement defined, 25 for Congress, 33, 56 office story, south wing, 57, 58, 75 Periphery and Historic Transition District, 457 for Supreme Court, 36 Olin, Congressman Gideon, 68 Persico, Luigi, sculptor, 219 demolition proposal, 33 Olmsted, Frederick Law, landscape architect Discovery of America, 158, 245, 426 hearths for, 119 background, 345 Genius of America, 157, 158, 162, 428, 428 Jefferson and, 15 criticized, 352 statues of War and Peace, 158, 426 landscape united with Capitol, 346 fees and wages, 346, 348, 355 Philadelphia never-ending work on, 160 photograph of, 345 as potential capital, 5 reconstruction, 415 preserving views, 345–346 temporary capital, 6 sandstone for, 140 resignation, 354 size compared with Washington, D. C., 10 president’s room, 18, 39, 287, 303, 304 summerhouse, 356–358, 358 Pierce, Franklin, 211, 213, 219, 261 press gallery Pierson & Wilson, Washington architects, 410 House, 367, 395 terrace pilasters, 20, 153 Senate, 401 funded, 354 pine, northern white, 28, 38 Private Letter, by Latrobe, 67–68, 81 library and, 349–354 Piper, Joseph, stone merchant, 202 privies, 41, 52, 56, 159, 160, 162, 178. See proposed, 347, 347 pipes, iron, 176 also water closets windows, 355–356 planters, by Olmsted, 348 Procter, J. R., 376 trees, removal of, 348 plants, stolen, 358 Progress of Civilization, by Crawford, 246, Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 375 plaster, 40, 54, 132 259, 280, 280, 314, 327 Orr, Douglas, Connecticut architect, 438 plasterers wages, 40, 248 Propylaea, Athens, 92 Orr, Speaker James L., 287 Platt, Congressman James H., 346 Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 348 Otis, Senator Harrison Gray, 126 plaza, east, 347 Provost & Winter, marble contractor, 204, 237, Ould, Robert, district attorney, 341 Plumbe, John, photographer, 183 238, 257, 266, 276, 300, 301 “oven,” temporary House chamber, 45–46, 46, plumbing, 242, 371 Proxmire, Senator William, 448 54, 55, 60, 122 Poindexter, Senator George, 174 Pugh, Senator George, 305 Overstreet, Congressman Jesse, 376 police, 348, 349, 349 Purcell, Redmont, carpenter, 37 Owen, Robert Dale, congressman/author,182 police protection, 358 Purdy, John, lumber merchant, 202

494 Index Purves, Edmund R., AIA executive director, rooms, shaped like musical instruments, 56 sanitary conditions, Civil War, 314 423 Roosevelt, Congressman Robert B., 344 Saxbe, Senator William, 440 Purviance, Nicholas & Co., English merchants, Roosevelt, Theodore, Sr., glass importer, 244 Sayer-Mann Electric Company, 366 120 Ross, General Robert, 98 Schafer, George, cement merchant, 202 Putnam, Israel, painting of, 251, 279 rotunda Scheffer, Ary, artist, 176 Capitol Schenck, Congressman Robert, 330 Q artwork proposed, 302 Schoenborn, August, draftsman, 201, 226, 335, quarry. See marble quarries; sandstone Bulfinch, 154, 156 373, 378, 388 Quay, Senator Matthew, 376 description, 153 School of Surgery, Paris, 55, 89 Queen, John, mason, 112 committee rooms and, 133, 135 Schott’s Alley, 418 conversion into reading room, 353 Schrag, Philip, draftsman, 283 R early designs for, 26, 118, 133, 134 Schuyler, Senator Philip, 5 Rabaut, Congressman Louis C., 411 events in, 165, 333 Schumann, F., advisory committee on railings floor ventilation, 362 library, 159 opening, 163, 164, 171, 233 Schwengel, Congressman Fred, 427 Senate visitor gallery, 164 disk, 389 sconces, 242 terrace, 162 heating, 154, 155, 161, 163, 320 Scott, Gustavus, commissioner of the federal to protect artwork, 135, 162 hospital, 320 city, 27, 44 west walk, 165 improvements, 369, 373 Scott, Pamela, historian, 18 Rakemann, Joseph, artist, 360, 388 proposed, 388, 388 sculptors Raleigh, Michael, ironworker, 210 niches, 153–154 desired temperament, 62 Ramée, J. J., architect, 101 sculpture, 163 wages, 62 Randolph, Congressman John, 68, 69, 71, 75, size, 153 seat of government 140 walls, 146 location of, 3–7 Randolph, Senator Jennings, 452 painting, 153, 163 moved westward, 203, 342, 343 rats, control of, 387 paint removal, 388, 389 relocation threat, 99, 101 Rayburn, Speaker Sam, 421, 421, 421 Walter period expansion, 232, 236 See also District of Columbia, Washington, D. C. east front extension, 426–427 temporary roof, 233 Seaton, William, editor, 131 House chamber remodeling, 413 office buildings, 381 sectionalism, and art, 253 House office building, 433 Russell Building, 384 Sedgwick, Congressman Theodore, 33 Rayburn House Office Building, 433–437, 436 Rotunda, University of Virginia, 14 Seely, Samuel, lime merchant, 202 recess, 74 Royal Bavarian Foundry, Munich, 308, 324 Senate construction, 66 Ruins of Palmyra, 150 seated in committee room, 76, 86 funding, 64 “rumpus room,” 446 seated in library, 86, 87 Latrobe’s term, 52 Rush, William, sculptor, 41 Senate chamber plan approved, 58 Russell Senate Office Building, 381, 384, Hadfield-Hoban room, 40, 43, 44 Reed, J. M., foundry owner, 301 384–385, 451 ceiling problems, 76, 77 Rehnquist, Chief Justice William H., 457 C Street improvements, 407–408 heating, 55 religious services, 144 First Street addition, 407–408, 408 plaster failure, 54 Rescue, by Greenough, 158, 245, 246, 426 raising of, 77 reservoirs, 177 S wooden columns, 77 Residence Act, 6, 27 Sage, Congressman Russell, 235 Latrobe, post-fire room restaurant, 178 Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, sculptor, 375 caryatids, 109, 116 rhythons, 436 Saint Isaac, Cathedral of, St. Petersburg, 226 column bases, 119 Rice, John, Philadelphia marble merchant, Saint Paul, Cathedral of, London, 185, 189, 226 columns, dwarf, 117, 119 204, 205, 211, 267, 268, 274, 276, 290, 311 Saint Peter, Cathedral of, Rome, 226 Thornton’s critique, 143 Rice & Baird, Philadelphia marble contractor, salaries and wages dome, 115 204, 205, 211, 213, 223, 267, 277, 282, 290, bricklayers, 129 enlargement, 108–109 298–299, 300 Bulfinch, 128 entablature, 119 Richardson, Henry Hobson, Boston architect, clerk, 201 furnishings, cost of, 130 355, 357 day, disadvantages of, 107, 202 galleries, 133, 164 Richardson, Congressman James D., 379 laborers, 129 marble for, 131, 140 Richardson & Burgess, Washington Latrobe, 103 pre-fire and post-fire chambers contractors, 390 Meigs, 275 compared, 132 Rinehart, William, sculptor, 272 Olmsted, 348 restoration, 445, 449–450 Ringgold, Tench, commissioner, 101, 102, 107 painters, 322 Supreme Court using, 305, 306, 306 Rivardi, John Jacob Ulrich, 20, 21 sculptors, 129 Latrobe, pre-fire room Roberts, Ralph, clerk of the House, 432 stone workers, 129, 330 destroyed, 98 Robinson, Senator Joseph T., 446 superintendent, 202 opened, 89 rococo style, 226, 238, 413 Walter, 196 vaulting, 83 Roe, Cornelius McDermott, stone contractor, Woods, 376 Walter room 25, 30 sand, 202 air-conditioning, 402–403 Roebling, John A., wire rope supplier, 244 sandstone artwork proposal, 302 Rogers, Isaiah, Boston architect, 175 Aquia Creek quarry, 25 carpet, 284 Rogers, J. H., electrician, 366 Chapawamsic Creek quarry, 28, 107 ceiling supports, 412, 412 Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, 249, 278 columns shafts, 150–152 color scheme, 284 art commission and, 281, 302 Connecticut, 106 criticized, 302 Columbus Doors, 257, 278, 324, 325, 325, cost, 129 description, 286 328, 360 compared with Potomac marble, 111 electric lighting, 367 Romanesque, stylistic influence, 347, 348, 356 defects in, 140, 204, 328, 425, 437 gallery seats, 285 roofs delivery of, 153 heating and ventilating, criticized, 305 extension, 328, 411 north wing plan north wing, 35, 38, 79, 83, 129, 143, 371, first set, 30 original, 197 371, 372 progress, 35 revised, 217–218, 220 south wing, 64, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 94, repairs using, 103 reconstruction, 412–415 129, 371 rotunda, 141 proposals for, 303–304, 304, 401–403, rooms, numbered. See Capitol rooms, numbered west front restoration, 443, 445 401

Index 495 vice president’s desk, 283, 283 carpentry, 64 Stratton, Congressman Samuel S., 439 wartime conditions, 313–314 completion estimates, 49, 61 Strickland, George, artist/architect, 170 windows for, 364 behind schedule 61, 65–66 Strickland, William, Philadelphia architect, 180, Senate Office Building Commission, 381, 418, construction progress, 54–55, 61, 64, 67, 72 181, 190 419, 420, 451, 452 cost, compared with north wing, 74, 86 Strieby, George, artist, 360 Senate office buildings. See Russell Building floors, 64 Strong, Samuel, superintendent, 201, 213, 337 (1909), Dirksen Building (1958), Hart foundations demolished, 53, 61 burnings in effigy, 211 Building (1982) furniture, 68 Stuart, Alexander H. H., secretary of the Senate Parks Commission. See McMillan Hallet plan, criticism of, 52 interior, 196 Commission office story, 57, 58, 75 Stuart, David, commissioner of the federal Senate reception room, 294, 294, 294 roof, 66, 68 city, 8, 24, 27 Senate vestibule, doors, 242 See also House chamber, in south wing Stuart, Gilbert, artist, 27, 176, 206 Senators’ retiring room (marble room), 303, Spanish-American war, 368 Stubbins, Hugh, Cambridge architect, 452 303, 401 Speaker’s lobby, 362 subway, 423, 433 Seneca stone, 162 Speaker’s room, 41, 269, 270, 432 Sullivan, Francis P., Washington architect, 408, Sengstack, Mr., ornamental painter, 180 location of, 173, 269, 269, 270, 362, 432 412, 413 Seward, Senator William, 257, 284 Speaker’s rostrum, 268, 271 Sully, Thomas, artist, 176, 279 Sewell-Belmont House, 451 spittoons, 267, 303 summerhouse, by Olmsted, 356–358, 358 Shelton, Jesse M., engineer, 422, 434 Spofford, Ainsworth, librarian of Congress, Sumner, Senator Charles, 277 Shepley, Henry, Boston architect, 422 352, 353 superintendent of the Capitol Shiver & Brothers, power tool suppliers, 244 Sprague, Senator William, 364 title established, 377 sidewalks, between Capitol and President’s stables, 159, 160, 161 title restored to “architect,” 398 House, 41 staff, congressional, 417, 451 superintendent of the city of Washington, 49, Simmons, Senator Furnifold M., 399 staircases 112 Sims, Congressman Thetus, 387 extension Supreme Court skylights private, 267, 278, 292 Capitol extension and, 197 broken by hail, 266 public, 238–240, 239 meeting places, 89 chambers, 242 north wing, 83, 113 new building for, 344, 403–405, 405 House chamber, 263 south wing, 57,163, 166 occupies former Senate chamber, 305–306, Latrobe’s opinion of, 53 Stanford, Allen G., Atlanta engineer, 434 306 Stanford, Congressman Richard, 74 Library of Congress, 222 relocation, 455–456 Stanton, Edwin, secretary of war, 317 Meigs’ opinion of, 218 room for, 77 Stanton, Congressman Richard H., 74, 185, temporary roof, 233 Supreme Court chamber, 114, 448, 449 193, 202, 222, 229, 252 slaves ceiling collapse, 83, 84 Statuary Hall, 344, 372, 451 at the quarry, 25, 129 furniture, 90 ceiling, 371–372, 372, 373, 388 depictions in art, 252, 279 restoration, 423, 445, 449 created, 329–330 earnings, 28 sculpture, 119, 120 floor, 330, 331, 338 firewood for, 35 vaulting, 82, 83, 84, 89, 113 model food for, 28, 34 Surrender of Burgoyne, by Trumbull, 155, 164 for caucus rooms, 381 slave emancipation, depicted in art, 392 Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, by for proposed House chamber, 394, 394, 396 Slight, Pringle, master carpenter, 169, 176, 222, Trumbull, 155 for proposed Senate chamber, 401 233, 241, 242, 266 surveyor of public buildings, 23, 50, 74 overcrowded, 410 Slum’s Row, 418 surveyor of the Capitol, 103 redecoration, 388 Small, Jacob, architect/builder, 117 Suter, John, innkeeper, 24, 25 steam engines Small, William, draftsman, 117 Swanke, Albert, New York architect, 422, 426, for dome construction, 233 small House rotunda. See House chamber 434 for fans, 245, 292 vestibule Swanwick, Congressman John, 33 for machine shop, 244 small Senate rotunda, 79, 111, 367, 367, 389 productivity and, 243 Swift, General Joseph, 115, 130, 145 Smeaton, John, engineer, 51 steam heat, 359, 360 Swift, Congressman Zephaniah, 33 Smith, Senator Alexander, 424 Stennis, Senator John, 445 Symington, Thomas and Joseph, Baltimore Smith, Caleb, secretary of the interior, 318, 320, Stephens, Congressman John H., 391 marble merchants, 147 322 Stephenson, Clotworthy, sash maker, 37 Smith, Frederick A., engineer, 203 Stevenson, Congressman James S., 159 T Smith, Congressman Jeremiah, 32, 33 Stewart, J. George, architect of the Capitol, 419, Taft, Senator Robert, Jr., 440 Smith, John A., farmer, 177 420, 420, 424, 434 Taft, William Howard, 403–405 Smith, Senator Samuel, 86 Stewart, Colonel William, Baltimore quarrier, Taft Memorial, 438 Smith, Samuel Harrison, newspaper editor, 71, 98 131, 151 Tanner, James, 399 Smithmeyer, John, Washington architect, 353, Stone, Horatio, sculptor, 228, 279, 318 Tawney, Congressman James A., 386 354, 368, 369 stone Taylor, Congressman George, 276, 280 Smithmeyer & Pelz, Washington architects, cutters Taylor, Congressman John, 229 352, 369 number, 144 Taylor, Congressman John W., 153, 163 , 175 parade, 152 Taylor, Zachary, 181, 183, 185 Smoot, Senator Reed, 402 recruitment, 65–66 terrace snakes, as ornament, 265, 278 strike, 130, 159–160 Bulfinch, 159, 160, 236 Sollers, Congressman August, 229 wages, 107, 129, 330 connected to Capitol, 161, 162, 163 Somerset House, 13, 83 cutting cost, 28 extension heating plant and, 245 Sonnemann, Ottmar, engineer, 230, 233 exterior cleaning, 107 paving, 162 Soufflot, Jacques-Germain, architect, 226 foundation, cost, 29 Olmsted, 355, 355, 356 south wing imitation, 389–390 area covered, 356 post-fire interior paint removal, 388, 389 authorization delayed, 349 repairs, 107, 113, 115, 131 Storming of Stoney Point, by Brumidi, 282 committee rooms, 354–355, 358–359 roof, 129 stoves first suggested, 347 dome removal, 193 coal, 259 funding, 350–352, 354 replacement, 371 Library of Congress, 45, 148, 148 sidewalk lights, 359 pre-fire rotunda, 154, 155, 161, 163, 360 step replacement, 392 adapted for cabinet officers, 36 Senate gallery, 35 structural condition and restoration, 445 appropriations, 50, 62, 64, 68–69, 75–76 under Senate chamber, 55 windows, 355–356

496 Index Texas, Maryland, 290 Architecture, 152 Walker, George, recruits Scottish masons, 25 See also Baltimore marble Trowbridge, Congressman Rowland E., 322 Walker, Congressman Joseph H., 363 Texas Front, 421 Trumbull, John, artist, 121 Walker, Ralph, New York architect, 427 Thackara, James, Philadelphia engraver, 9, 10 Bulfinch picture gallery and, 135 Wallace, Congressman Daniel, 202 thistle, as ornament, 240, 240 Hadfield introduction, 29 Wallace, McHarg, Roberts & Todd, Thomas, Charles F., head machinist, 324 on L’Enfant’s Capitol design, 11 Philadelphia architects and planners, 455 Thomas, Ernest and Henri, New York on Thornton-Rivardi collaboration, 20 Wallack, marshal of D. C., 199 ornament makers, 247, 248 Revolutionary War series, 134–135, 155 Waller & Morton, shipper, 150 Thomas, Henry F., & Company, Baltimore, restoration, 163–164 Walter, Thomas U., architect heating contractor, 292, 293 rotunda staircases, 138 Anderson and, 329 Thompson, Launt, sculptor, 392 Trumbull, Senator Lyman, 341, 364 annual reports of Thompson, Congressman Philip R., 61, 67 Tucker, Congressman Henry St. George, 129 1863, 328 Thompson & Brothers, plumbing contractors, tunnels, 433 1864, 331–332 242 to office buildings, 378 background, 190 Thompson & Lichtner, engineers, 437–438 railroad, 379 Clark and, 373 Thornton, Maria, 44 Turner, Judge George, amateur architect, 17, 19 color scheme opinion, 269 Thornton, William, amateur architect Turner, Moll, 60, 95 competition of 1850–1851 background, 27 Tyler, John, 174, 316 entries, 190, 193 Bulfinch trips to Washington, 194–195 criticism of, 142–143 U Davis, assaults from, 304 visited by, 133 Underwood, Senator Joseph R., 20 dome, 225 commissioner, 27 Underwood, Senator Oscar, 399 first design, 226, 227 competition prize, 21, 27 Union Station, 379, 407 revisions, 255 dome design, 145 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. See Corps of 1874 designs for enlargements, 353 equestrian statue placement, 133, 170 Engineers Franklin and, 297–298 floor plan and, 36, 39 U. S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. Houston committee, 213 Hadfield’s modifications and, 31–32 See Corps of Topographical Engineers Library of Congress Hallet’s critique, 22 U. S. Botanic Garden. See Botanic Garden competition, 352, 353 House chamber U. S. News and World Report, 442 iron room for, 207, 209–211 acoustics, 142 Upjohn, Richard, New York architect, 190, 192 Lincoln assassination, 333 elliptical plan, 105 Usher, John P., secretary of interior, 323, 327, marble commission, 204 Latrobe 333 Meigs and feud, 53, 56, 60, 80–82 architectural drawings, 293 libel suit, 82, 94–95 V attempted dismissal, 310–312 Private Letter, 81–82 Valaperti, Giuseppe, sculptor, 112, 120 censured by, 287 mausoleum proposal, 134, 170 Vallance, John, Philadelphia engraver, 9, 10 design control, 267 north wing interiors, 40 Van Cortland, Congressman Peter, 68 early relations with, 224 Patent Office and, 99 Van Devanter, Willis, Supreme Court justice, 403 refutes claim as architect, 273 portrait by Stuart, 27 Vanderlyn, John, artist, 176 titles, 289–290 Rivardi and, 20, 21 Van Ness, John, commissioner, 93, 101, 102, Mills foundry, 322 sculpture, east portico, 157 112, 123 monolithic shafts and, 291 Thorvaldsen, Bertel, sculptor, 65 Varnum, Congressman Joseph, 33 Olmsted terrace, 350 Throop, J. V. N., 199 Vaux, Calvert, New York architect, 345, 348 photograph of, 190 Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building, venders, in old House chamber, 329, 330 resignation, 334–335 457, 458 ventilation salary, 196 Thurman, Senator Allen, 351 House chamber secession and, 308 Tidal Basin, 404 criticized, 225, 361–364 Statuary Hall, 330–331 Tiffany & Company, 358 improvements to, 361, 362–363 tile investigations, 363–364 Walter, William B., Philadelphia glass acoustical, 415, 446 mechanical, 218, 220 merchant, 244 encaustic, 241, 360, 371 Senate chamber Wanamaker, John, Company, 382 French floor, 64 criticized, 225, 305, 364 War, by Persico, 158, 426, 428 rubber, 411 improvements, 364 Ward, John Quincy Adams, sculptor, 392 Tingey, Commodore Thomas, 98 ice to cool, 361 Warnecke, John Carl, New York architect, 451, tobacco columns towers, 364 452 Latrobe,113, 113 See also heating and ventilation Warner, Cyrus W., New York architect, 188 Walter, 238, 240–241, 240, 319 ventilators, 362 wash basins, 242 tomb, Washington, 170, 171, 172, 313 Vermont Marble Company, 428 Washington, Bushrod, 175 Tompkins, Charles H., Company, construction Vernet, Horace, artist, 258 Washington, George contractor, 430, 455 Vest, Senator George G., 355 capital and Toombs, Senator Robert, 304 vice president city plan, 9 Toronto, Canada, 97 desk, 283, 283 promotes Potomac capital, 5 Tortola scheme, 19, 20 office, 173, 175, 303, 401, 437, 437 removal of government, 42 Totten, General Joseph G., marble Vincenti, Francis, sculptor, 238, 250 Capitol and commission, 204 Vinson, Congressman Carl, 433, 434 competition and, 17 tourists, number of, 457 violence, 277 completion of, 34 Tower of the Winds, Athens, 58, 62, 73, 147, 178 Virginia donation, 28 cornerstone, 24 towers, ventilation, 364 visitor center, 456, 459 piecemeal construction, 28–29 Towson, Thomas, Baltimore quarrier, 119, 131, Vitruvius Britannicus, 20 progress of, 27 150 Vodges, Frank W., St. Louis architect, 188 revisions proposed, 26, 32 Train, Congressman Charles Russell, 318 Von Eckardt, Wolf, critic, 452 Thornton design, 19 Traquair, James, Philadelphia marble Voorhees, Senator Daniel W., 352, 366 tomb in, 170, 171 merchant, 90 portraits of Traquair, Thomas, Philadelphia marble W by Peale, 175–176, 437, 450 merchant, 119, 131 wages. See salaries and wages by Vanderlyn, 176, 271 treasury building, 188, 230 Walker, C. Howard, Boston architect, 348, 356, Potomack Company, 7 Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil 357 row houses destroyed, 99

Index 497 statues of Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Wirt, William, attorney general, 147 by Greenough, 171, 174–175, 175 Way, by Leutze, 316, 319 Wise, Congressman Henry, 222 criticism, 246 wharf, 25, 29 Wisedell, Thomas, New York architect, 348, relocation proposed, 189 White, Alexander, commissioner of the federal 349 equestrian, 8, 133, 170, 171 city, 6, 27 Witherill, Dr. Charles M., physicist, 331 Washington, Congressman George Corbin, 176 White, George M., architect of the Capitol Witte, Congressman William H., 268, 271, 274, Washington, John A., 171 appointment, 440 276 Washington, Martha, 170 bicentennial, 458–459, 458 Wood, Congressman Fernando, 360 Washington Aqueduct, 215, 225, 235, 283, 285 Hart Senate Office Building, 451–453, 452, Wood, John, photographer, 258, 260 Washington at Valley Forge, by Brumidi, 282 453 Wood, Congressman Silas, 144 Washington, D. C. master plan, 454–457, 456 Woods, Elliott, architect of the Capitol, 368 authorized, 4 restorations, 445, 448–459, 459 acting architect, 369 livestock in, 321 retirement, 459–460 AIA membership, 398–399 named, 10 Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary appointment, 376–377 size, 10 Building, 457, 458 bonus, 386–387 Walter’s opinion of, 329 visitor center, 459 death, 399 wartime conditions, 313, 314 White House. See President’s House east front extension, 390–391 See also District of Columbia, seat of White Sulfur Springs, Virginia (now West photograph of, 378 government Virginia), 291–292 office building designs, 378–379, 379 , Washington, D. C., Whittlesly, Congressman Elisha, 159, 171 Woods, Congressman John, 163 188, 200, 344 Wickliffe, Congressman Charles Anderson, Woods, Robert, author, 150 Washington Post, 441–442 159, 162, 163 workmanship, poor, 26, 29 Washington Star, 426, 442 Wiggington’s Island, 45 workmen water, brought to Capitol, 176–178 Wiley, Allen, bricklayer, 35 account of water closets, 46, 242, 360. See also privies Will, George, journalist, 441 1816, 112 Watterston, George, librarian of Congress, 157 Willard, Simon, Boston clockmaker, 449 1817, 122 Webster, Daniel, 100, 158, 174 Willard, Solomon, model maker, 135 1821, 144 connecting corridors, originator of, 195 Williams, Congressman David R., 74, 77, 78 alcohol and, 40, 152, 324 extension cornerstone, 200 Williams, Elisha Owens, 27 petition Congress, 202 Weir, Robert, artist, 176 Williams, Wheeler, sculptor, 438 wages of, 129 Wendell, Cornelius, brick supplier, 221 Williams, William, Philadelphia builder, 23 See also laborers Wenderoth, Oscar, architect, 381 Williamson, Collen, head of stone department, Wright, Senator Robert, 56 West, Clement, architect/clerk, 199, 323 25, 27, 30 Wyatt, James, architect, 29 West, George, artist, 259 Wilson, Henry, senator and vice president, Wyeth, Nathan, Washington architect, 408 west front, 179, 391, 392 282, 437 west front extension, 347, 353, 437–442, 441 Wilson, Woodrow, 54, 394–395 X Y Z west front restoration, 439, 442, 443, 443, 445 Winder, General William H., 98 yellow fever, 41–42 Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing windows, 37, 242 Yorktown, battle of, 258 Company, 367 Winter, Ezra, artist, 412 Young, Ammi B., Boston architect, 194 West Point, 230, 258, 302 Wintersmith, Charles, amateur architect, 16 zinc, French, 285, 399

498 Index