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Roadside Erosion Control and Management Studies

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Roadside Erosion Control and Management Studies Roadside Erosion Control and Management Studies FINAL REPORT 2005-2008 State of California CTSW-RT-08-067-01-1 Department of Transportation May 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Detailed erosion control and vegetation results have been documented previously for seven primary experiments and three secondary experiments. Based on statistical analyses of water quality and vegetation response variables, the following patterns are evident. Soil Reapplied topsoil from a highway environment typically contains quantities and densities of seed sufficient to produce 70 percent vegetation cover or more within the first growing season. Additional seed may not be necessary to provide rapid cover post-disturbance. However, soils obtained from coastal and interior valley locations typically contain high quantities of alien annual grasses and forbs (some considered noxious) that do not necessarily produce sufficient biomass near the soil surface where the most protection from raindrop splash and surface flow is needed to prevent sediment transport. Compost Type.—Fine-textured biosolids and plant materials alone or mixed with the type of fine-textured wood fiber typically applied as a hydromulch performed better overall for erosion control and seedling germination than did immature Manure Compost or immature Municipal Compost that included more coarse woody pieces. Application Method.—Topical applications of Compost or Compost+Fiber performed better on fine-textured soils than Incorporated applications regardless of Compost source type (Commercial, Manure, or Municipal). Function.—A 2 inch layer of compost significantly reduced germination and cover produced by naturalized alien species, and significantly increased germination of seeded species. Physical Erosion Control Treatments Jute Netting.—Jute application over Compost seems to be the best EC treatment over all soil types tested considering combined effects on runoff, sediment concentration, and vegetation production. Jute applied without Compost also performed well in plant cover production. Crimped Straw.—Crimped Straw performed best with grass from either an existing seedbank or from the District 5 native mix. Bonded Fiber Matrix.—BFM provided the best water quality overall, and best legume cover. However, BFM negatively affected grass germination and cover from both native and naturalized species. CTSW-RT-08-067-01-1: Roadside Erosion Control and Management Study 3 Year Summary Report 2005-2008 California Department of Transportation ES-1 May 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Fertilizer (N:P:K 16:16:16) The addition of fertilizer generally produced more plant cover; however, more naturalized alien annual grasses than native species emerged from the seed mix. The use of the commercial fertilizer increased erosion due to decreased ground cover. Vegetation Water Consistency.—The frequency and consistency of rainfall greater than 0.25 in. every 3 to 5 days is more important than total annual rainfall input for production of diverse and stratified vegetation that provides both soil surface coverage and aerial plant cover. Lifeform Grasses.—Native perennial California Brome (Bromus carinatus) and native annual Small Fescue (Festuca/Vulpia microstachys complex) are the most consistent producers of rapid, dense cover from seedlings. Both are best seeded over a compost layer 1 to 2 inches deep. BFM negatively affects grass cover from both native and naturalized species. Perennial Forbs.—Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is an excellent sediment filter because of the fine, mat-like foliage at the soil surface. Shrubs.—Seedlings of common California shrubs listed below germinated best in test boxes when seed was applied over topical compost/fiber layers using a light (1000-1500lbs/ac) fiber application to carry the seed. Topical Compost treatments applied over the Sandy Clay Loam soil resulted in very high average densities of over 10 shrub seedlings per 100 cm2 (over 90 seedlings per square foot) for Golden Yarrow (Eriophyllum confertiflorum) and California Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum). Artemisia californica California Sagebrush Baccharis pilularis Coyote Brush Eriogonum California fasciculatum Buckwheat Eriophyllum Golden Yarrow confertiflorum Lotus scoparius Deer Lotus CTSW-RT-08-067-01-1: Roadside Erosion Control and Management Study 3 Year Summary Report 2005-2008 California Department of Transportation ES-2 May 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Installation Method Hydroseeding.—The most-important factor in hydroseeding is the depth of seed burial. It is important to note seed species which are intolerant of burial, such as Achillea millefolium. An ideal seedbed for these species is a compost layer 1 to 2 inches deep which suppresses undesirable species and increases water infiltration and retention. Plug-planting.—Plug-planting produces more cover of the planted material, but may cause more surface disturbance, and more sediment, than hydroseeding during installation. It is unclear if the disturbance created during installation diminishes with time. Flats.—Flats at the top and toe of a slope, with jute netting and seed over compost, resulted in nearly no sediment loss at all (0.2g) after simulation of a 50-year storm event. Flats effectively preclude seed germination in the soil below, and effectively resist weed invasion from adjacent areas. Ornamental Vegetation under Rainfall Simulation In primarily urban settings, Caltrans has landscaped significant roadside areas with ground cover and low growing vegetation. The most notably used vegetation is South African "Iceplant", Carpobrotus spp., but Caltrans has also utilized cultivars including, but not limited to: Acacia, Baccharis, Hedera. Lampranthus, Lantana, Myoporum, and Rosmarinus. The plants vary in both lifeform and architecture. Together these factors determine density and size of shoots which collectively form the vegetation cover on the soil surface where it is most effective at filtering runoff and improving water quality. Ground cover strip length.—Length of ground cover strip alone, whether 10%, 20%, or 100% of total box length, was not significant due to the relatively short two-meter slope run available in the soil test boxes. All ground cover strips performed significantly better compared to bare soil. Ground cover vegetation toe strip with jute netting upslope.—Boxes with a 20% vegetative toe slopes and 80% jute netting averaged a 92% reduction in total runoff. Average total runoff from all 100% vegetation boxes exhibited a 98.6% reduction in runoff. Ground cover vegetation compared to jute netting.—Over a short slope run, jute netting provides nearly the same soil surface protection as ground cover vegetation. Boxes with 100% jute netting over bare soil were equivalent to boxes with 20% or 100% vegetative ground cover. Comparison among common cultivars used by Caltrans.—All of the ground cover cultivars tested at either 20% cover with 80% jute netting upslope, or 100% ground cover vegetation, were effective in reducing total runoff and total sediment by more than 90% compared to bare soil. No significant differences were observed among cultivars tested. However, observations indicate plant architecture may determine effectiveness of vegetation in filtering runoff and sediment. Plants with prostrate branches and many leaves at the soil surface may provide greater filtration than plants with arching branches that leave areas of soil uncovered and vulnerable to overland flow. CTSW-RT-08-067-01-1: Roadside Erosion Control and Management Study 3 Year Summary Report 2005-2008 California Department of Transportation ES-3 May 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Ornamental Vegetation under Overland Flow Overland flow erosion occurs on many roadsides, potentially transporting toxic heavy metals and other contaminants. In general, heavy metals have a high affinity for soil particles. When the soil erodes, these metals are transported to other locations. Accordingly, the best strategy for preventing this transport of heavy metals is erosion control. Established vegetation provides the best overland flow erosion control, but only when it has cover greater than 70 %. In this study, all vegetation boxes yielded no runoff because root channels allowed the water to infiltrate faster than it was loaded on the box. CTSW-RT-08-067-01-1: Roadside Erosion Control and Management Study 3 Year Summary Report 2005-2008 California Department of Transportation ES-4 May 2008 INTRODUCTION Caltrans, in cooperation with the Sacramento State University Office of Water Programs and the Earth and Soil Sciences Department of Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, and as part of the Storm Water Program, conducts ongoing research that includes the Roadside Erosion Control and Maintenance Study (as the Vegetation Establishment and Maintenance Study from 2000 to 2005). This effort is intended to improve vegetation establishment and water quality along California roadways to comply with the Clean Water Act. In general, this study seeks to: • Measure the effectiveness of a hydroseeded plant species in controlling runoff under varying rainfall regimes and hydroseed application methods; • Identify and select plant species for hydroseeding that demonstrate initially fast growth and long-term erosion control under a variety of rainfall regimes; • Characterize how various rainfall regimes affect seed germination and plant establishment; • Characterize how various hydroseeding techniques affect seed germination and plant establishment; • Compare the effects of plugs, flats (sod strips), and
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