Beliefs and Attitudes in Judo Coaching Revision
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-theses Beliefs and Attitudes in Judo Coaching: Toward a New Model of Coaching Malcolm D. Collins A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Revision submitted August 3rd 2009 Original submission: October 30th 2008 This work or any part thereof has not previously been presented in any form to the University or to any other body whether for the purpose of assessment, publication or for any other purpose (unless previously indicated). Save for any express acknowledgement, references and / or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and no other person. The right of Malcolm Desmond Collins to be identified as the author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss77 and 78 of Copyright and Patents Act 1988. At this date copyright is owned by the author. Signature…………………………… Date………………………………… University of Wolverhampton Beliefs and Attitudes in Judo Coaching: Toward a New Model of Coaching Malcolm D. Collins Revision submitted August 3rd 2009 Original submission: October 30th 2008 1 Acknowledgements The following thesis is the most important research project that I have worked on to date, and I would never have completed this research without the support from the judo coaches and players from the British Judo Association and also the students who I have had the pleasure to work with in the School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure at the University of Wolverhampton. I would like to extend my personal appreciation and thanks to my research supervisor, Professor Andrew Lane, who has helped me to set and plan my research and ensured that I stayed on track throughout my study. I would also like to thank Dr Tracey Devonport and Kevin Davies for their help in the revision. I would also like to extend my gratitude and love to my wife Joan, for all the understanding and support that she has given me and my sincere thanks to other family and friends who have supported and motivated me throughout my academic and sporting life. I would like to dedicate this thesis to the British Judo Association 2 Abstract The purpose of this research programme was to propose a new structure for judo coaching. Judo coaching predominantly uses traditional methods emphasising progression through belts rather than success in competition as the measure of achievement. The research programme examined this issue in four stages involving seven studies. Stage 1 involved a qualitative examination of five elite coaches on what constitutes an effective coach, leading to the initial development of a 39-item judo coaching scale. Given the importance of demonstrating measures are valid, stage 2 investigated the validity of the scale among judo players and coaches. Factor analytic studies on data from 260 (130 coaches and 130 players) yielded a 7-factor solution; 1) Coaching is about winning, 2) Attitudes to coaching at different levels, 3) Attitudes to judo structure, 4) Relationships with players, 5) Presentational issues, 6) Technical knowledge link to coach level, and 7) Coach-player interactions. Multisample confirmatory factor analysis found support for the invariance of the model between coaches and players, thereby showing that relationships are consistent between different groups. Stage 3 used a multi-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Responses to the judo coaching scale indicated perceptions of coach effectiveness vary as a function of being a player or a coach, and by level of participation (elite-v-non-elite). Qualitative results emphasise the importance of emotional control, an aspect not focused on in the interviews completed in stage 1. Stage 4 of the research investigated relationships between judo coaching scale scores and emotional intelligence. The study also investigated levels of emotional intelligence between elite and club coaches. High emotional intelligence is associated is proposed to be indicative of being able to manage the emotional states of other people and so should be a desirable quality in coaches. Results show significant relationship between judo coaching scale score and emotional intelligence factors, with further analysis showing that elite coaches reported higher emotional intelligence scores than club coaches. Based on the findings from the studies completed above, a revised judo coaching structure is presented. An elite structure should be based on players having specific performance targets including technical and tactical skills, psychological, and physiological, aligning judo more closely with the structure used in other Olympic sports. Coaches should also be given targets related to developing emotional control among players and instilling players with a self-belief to attain performance targets related to the above. Effective integration and usage of such personnel is required including developing and inculcating sport science knowledge into the practice of elite coaches, and then modifying this knowledge for use in the club system. It is hoped that findings from this research stimulates discussion, and action in the British Judo Association to revise the current system, which could lead to better judo coaching, better players, and ultimately enhanced Olympic success at London 2012. Key words: Coaching, elite performance, measurement, relationships, confidence. 3 Acknowledgements 2 Abstract 3 Definition of Terms 7 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 1.0 Introduction 10 1.1 Aims of the research 19 1.2 Hypothesis 20 1.3 Statement of the issue under investigation: Nature of Judo 20 1.4 The role of the judo coach 23 1.5 What is effective coaching? 30 1.6. Player’s auxiliary training 37 1.7 Conclusion 40 Chapter 2: Literature Review 41 2.0 Overview 42 2.1 Self-efficacy theory and research 43 2.2 Self-efficacy and performance relationships 43 2.3 Sources of self-efficacy 47 2.4 Developing self-efficacy 51 2.5 Self-efficacy and coaching 53 2.6 Conclusion to the literature review 64 Chapter 3: Study 1: What is effective judo coaching? Development of the Judo Coaching Scale 66 3.1 Aims of the investigation: 67 3.2 Method 67 3.3 Qualitative methods 68 3.4 Focus groups 70 3.5 Participants and procedure 71 3.6 Results of Focus Groups: Specific questions that were developed 73 3.7 Face-to-face interviews 76 3.8 Interviews 79 3.9 Analysis 81 3.10 Results and discussion 81 3.11 Development of a questionnaire 86 3.12 Conclusion 94 Chapter 4: Study 2 – Factorial validity of the Judo Coaching Scale among coaches 95 4.1 Introduction 96 4.2 Participants and procedure 96 4.3 Procedure 96 4.4 Data analysis 97 4.5 Results 99 4.6 Discussion 106 Chapter 5: Study 3: Extended Qualitative Exploration of what Coaches think Creates an Effective Coach 112 5.0 Introduction 113 5.1 Results 113 4 5.2 Theme 1. Relationships 114 5.3 Theme 2: knowledge 116 5.4 Theme 3: Personal qualities 118 5.5 Theme 4: experience 119 5.6 Theme 5: coach motivation 121 5.6 Conclusion 121 Chapter 6: Study 4: Factorial validity of the Judo Coaching Scale among Judo Players 125 6.0 Introduction 126 6.1 Participants and procedure 126 6.2 Factor analysis and comparisons between level of ability 126 6.3 Discussion 128 6.4 Discussion of results in relation to traditional structure 130 Chapter 7: Study 5: Players perceptions of an effective judo coach 133 7.0 Introduction 134 7.2 Comments from club judo players 134 7.3 Comments from elite judo players 136 7.4 Theme 1. Relationships between player and coach 136 7.5 Theme 2. Emotions 138 7.6 Theme 3. Knowledge 140 7.7 Theme 4. Experience 141 7.8 Theme 5. Relationships 142 7.9 Theme 6. Motivation 143 7.10 Conclusion 146 Chapter 8: Study 6: Coach-Player Comparison 148 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Elite club players and coaches 150 8.3 Attitudes to coaching levels 151 8.4 Attitudes to judo structure 151 8.5 Technical knowledge linked to coach level 152 8.6 Conclusion 152 Chapter 9: Study 7: Emotional Intelligence and Beliefs on Judo Coaching 155 9.1 Introduction 156 9.2 Emotional intelligence abilities 156 9.3 Why should judo coaches be interested in emotional intelligence? 157 4.3 Method: Emotional intelligence scale 160 9.4 Discussion 166 9.5 Conclusion 169 Chapter 10 Development of a new structure of judo coaching (model) 171 10.1 Proposed theoretical model and operational model for judo coaching 186 10.3 Important monitoring issues 203 Chapter 11 Conclusion 205 Chapter 12. References 208 5 List of Table and Figures Tables Table1. Introduction to a judo lesson……………………………………………..25 Table 2. Information of initial five coaches………………………………………61 Table 3. Judo coaching questionnaire…………………………………………….70 Table 4. Descriptive statistics for judo coaching…………………………………85 Table 5. Rotated factor analysis of the judo coaching scale………………….......87 Table 6. Relationship between judo coaching factors……………………………90 Table 7. A Comparison of the judo coaching scores by level of ability……........112 Table 8. Descriptive statistics between elite and club players and coaches….. .132 Table 9. Relationship between club coaching and emotional intelligence among coaches………………………………………………………...142 Table 10. Relationship between judo coaching and emotional intelligence……..146 Figures Figure 1. Schematic representation of a research program………………………...8 Figure 2. Outline of the BRITISH JUDO ASSOCIATION belt system……………………......................................................................................12 Figure 3. Coach questionnaire judo coaches perception of effective coaching…..78 Figure 4. Significant interaction effects for the difference between elite and club players…………………………………………………………………...134 Figure 5 Differences in emotional intelligence by level of coach………………...143 Figure 6 A Self-efficacy model…………………………………………………...172 Figure 7.