Expression of a Coriander Desaturase Results in Petroselinic Acid

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Expression of a Coriander Desaturase Results in Petroselinic Acid Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 11184-11188, December 1992 Plant Biology Expression of a coriander desaturase results in petroselinic acid production in transgenic tobacco (fatty acid desaturatlon/tranhgenic exp sln/Umbelferae/unsaturated fatty acid) EDGAR B. CAHOON*, JOHN SHANKLINtt, AND JOHN B. OHLROGGE*§ *Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and tDepartment of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Communicated by Paul K. Stumpf, July 8, 1992 ABSTRACT Little is known about the metabolic origin of linic acid from [14C]acyl-ACPs, including (1-14C]18:0ACP (or petroselinic acid (18:1A'b), the principal fatty acid of the seed from [1-14C]18:0-CoA), has yet to be detected in seed extracts oil of most Umbelliferae, Aralaceae, and Garryaceae species. of the Umbelliferae species coriander and carrot (ref. 6 and To eam the possibility that petroselinic acid is the product unpublished data). Lack of a direct assay complicates any ofan acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase, Western blots attempt to characterize the biosynthetic pathway or to purify ofcoriander and other Umbeliferae seed extracts were probed the acyl-ACP desaturase believed to be involved in petrose- with antibodies agains the A9-stearoyl-ACP desaturase of linic acid synthesis. avocado. In these extracts, proteins of 39 and 36 kDa were As an alternative approach, we examined the possibility detected. Of these, only the 36-kDa peptide was specific to that the hypothetical acyl-ACP desaturase associated with tises which synthesize petroselinic acid. A cDNA encoding the petroselinic acid biosynthesis is antigenically related to 36-kDa peptide was isolated from a coriander endosperm A918:0-ACP desaturase. Using antibodies raised against the cDNA library, placed under control of the caulifower mosaic A918:0-ACP desaturase of avocado (11), we have isolated a virus 35S promoter, and Introduced into tobacco by Agroac- cDNA¶ encoding a mature peptide of w36 kDa which is terium lumefaciens-med transformation. Exssn of detected only in tissues that synthesize petroselinic acid. this cDNA in transgenic tobacco callus was accompanied by the Expression of this clone in tobacco, a species that lacks accumulation of petroselinic acid and A4-hexadecenoic acid, petroselinic acid, results in the accumulation ofthis fatty acid both of which were absent from control callus. These results and thus demonstrates that the 36-kDa peptide is a likely demonstrate the involvement of a 36-kDa putative acyl-ACP acyl-ACP desaturase which is sufficient for the production of desaturase in the biosynthetic pathway of petroselinic acid and petroselinic acid in transgenic plant tissue. the ability to produce fatty acids of unusual structure in transgenic plants by the expression of the gene for this desat- MATERIALS AND METHODS urase. Western Blot Analysis. Plant tissues were homogenized in Petroselinic acid (18:1A5Lis) is an unusual fatty acid that 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.2/2 mM phenylmethane- occurs primarily in seeds of Umbelliferae (or Apiaceae), sulfonyl fluoride/5 mM sodium metabisulfite/5 mM EDTA/5 Araliaceae, and Garryaceae species (1). This fatty acid com- mM isoascorbate (5 ml/g of fresh weight), passed through poses as much as 85% of the total fatty acid of Umbelliferae two layers of Miracloth (Calbiochem), and mixed with SDS/ seeds but is virtually absent from leaves and other tissues of PAGE sample buffer. these plants (1-3). The structure of petroselinic acid differs Protein extracts of transgenic tobacco calli were obtained from that of oleic acid (18:1A9cis), a common plant fatty acid, by homogenization of tissue in 2 ml of 0.7 M sucrose/0.5 M by the position of its double bond. Because of the unsatur- Tris/50 mM EDTA/0.1 M potassium chloride, pH 9.4, con- ation at carbon 6, petroselinic acid is of potential industrial taining 2% (vol/vol) 2-mercaptoethanol and 2 mM phenyl- significance. Through chemical cleavage at its double bond, methanesulfonyl fluoride added just prior to use. The ho- petroselinic acid can be used as a precursor of lauric acid mogenate was mixed thoroughly with 2 ml of phenol and (12:0), which is a component of detergents and surfactants, centrifuged at 3000 x g for 10 min. The upper, phenol phase and adipic acid (6:0 dicarboxylic), which is the monomeric was recovered, and proteins were precipitated with the component of nylon 66. addition of 10 ml of0.1 M ammonium acetate in methanol and The pathway for petroselinic acid biosynthesis has not overnight incubation at -20TC. The protein pellet obtained been previously determined. Monounsaturated fatty acids of following centrifugation was washed sequentially with meth- plants typically derive from the desaturation of C16 and C18 anolic ammonium acetate and acetone, then air-dried prior to saturated fatty acids bound to acyl carrier protein (ACP) or addition of SDS/PAGE sample buffer. to glycerolipids (4, 5). Our preliminary results from a variety Proteins of plant extracts were separated by SDS/PAGE of 14C labeling studies suggest that petroselinic acid is the (12) using 11% (wt/vol) acrylamide gels. Proteins were trans- product of an acyl-ACP desaturase (ref. 6 and unpublished ferred to nitrocellulose and probed with polyclonal, immu- data). The only such enzyme to have been identified in plants noaffinity-purified antibodies raised against the A918:0-ACP is the A9-stearoyl-ACP (A918:0-ACP) desaturase (EC desaturase of avocado as described (11, 13). 1.14.99.6), which catalyzes the conversion of 18:0-ACP to Isolation and Characterization of cDNA Clones. A cDNA 18:1M9-ACP (7-9). This reaction is readily assayable in tissue expression library was prepared using the AZAP II vector extracts of most plants using [14C]18:0-ACP and cofactors (Stratagene) and poly(A)+ RNA isolated from the endosperm including ferredoxin, NADPH, and ferredoxin-NADPH re- ductase (8, 10). However, the in vitro synthesis of petrose- Abbreviations: ACP, acyl carrier protein; 18:0-ACP, stearoyl-ACP. tPresent address: Biology Department, Brookhaven National Lab- oratory, Upton, NY 11973. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge §To whom reprint requests should be addressed. payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" 1The sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. GenBank data base (accession no. M93115). 11184 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 Plant Biology: Cahoon et aL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 11185 and embedded embryo of developing seed of coriander of I2 as described (21) except that derivatization was per- (Coriandrum sativum L.) mericarps. The coriander en- formed for 2 hr. Derivatized samples were analyzed by dosperm cDNA library was subjected to immunological GC-MS with a Hewlett-Packard 5890 GC coupled to a screening (14) with antibodies against A918:0-ACP desaturase Hewlett-Packard 5970A mass-selective detector (MSD) us- of avocado (11). Immunopositive clones were purified to ing a 15 m x 0.25 mm i.d. DB-17 column (J&W Scientific, homogeneity, and pBluescript SK(-) phagemid was excised Rancho Cordova, CA) with the oven temperature pro- as described (15). Nucleotide sequence was obtained for both grammed from 1850C to 2300C at 10'C/min. The MSD inlet strands of DNA by dideoxy chain termination using Seque- temperature was 280'C, and the ionizing potential ofthe MSD nase 2.0 (United States Biochemical). A full-length type II was 70 eV. clone was obtained by rescreening the coriander library with a DNA probe derived from a 394-base-pair (bp) Nco I restriction fragment of a partial type II cDNA (14). RESULTS Expression of cDNAs in Escherichia coli. The mature pep- Immunodetection of Two Putative Acyl-ACP Desaturases in tide (native protein minus plastid transit peptide)-encoding Umbelliferae Seed Extracts. A primary goal of our research regions of type I and type II cDNAs were inserted into the was to determine the metabolic origin of the cis-A6 double Nde I site of the pET3a E. coli expression vector (Novagen) bond of petroselinic acid, using seeds of the Umbelliferae (16), following engineering of terminal restriction sites by species coriander and carrot. In preliminary experiments (6), polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR primers for the type [1-14C]stearic acid (18:0) or [1-14C]palmitic acid (16:0) fed to I cDNA contained flanking Xba I and Nde I restriction sites endosperm slices of coriander and carrot was incorporated (5' primer, 5'-TGGTCTAGACATATGGCCTCTACTCTTG- into glycerolipids but not desaturated. However, crude ho- GCATC-3'; 3' primer, 5'-ACCTCTAGACATATGTACA- mogenates of coriander endosperm were capable of the de GACCACAATAAA-3'). Type II cDNA primers were de- novo synthesis of petroselinic acid from [2-14C]malonyl-CoA signed with flanking EcoRI and Nde I restriction sites (5' (6). The majority of the resulting [14C]petroselinic acid was primer, 5'-TAGGAATTCATATGGCTTCAACTCTTCAT- identified as free fatty acid, and a smaller portion of the 3'; 3' primer, 5'-ACCGAATTCATATGATGATCTGACG- recovered petroselinic acid was detected in the acyl-ACP 3'). PCR products were ligated into pBluescript KS(+) and pool. These results, therefore, suggested that petroselinic amplified in E. coli prior to insertion in the pET3a vector. acid derived from an acyl-ACP rather than a glycerolipid-type The pET3a-derived plasmids were introduced into E. coli desaturase. Despite this, we were unable to demonstrate the BL21 and grown under carbenicillin selection (16). Cells in vitro synthesis ofpetroselinic acid from [1-14C]stearoyl- or containing expression plasmids lacking insert or with insert [1-14C]palmitoyl-ACP with crude homogenates of coriander encoding type I or type II mature peptide were grown to an or carrot endosperm (unpublished data).
Recommended publications
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0155647 A1 Dubois (43) Pub
    US 2014O155647A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0155647 A1 Dubois (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 5, 2014 (54) METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF DIACIDS Publication Classification OR DESTERS FROMINATURAL FATTY ACDS AND/ORESTERS (51) Int. Cl. C07C 67/303 (2006.01) (71) Applicant: Arkema France, Colombes (FR) CD7C5L/36 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (72) Inventor: Jean-Luc Dubois, Millery (FR) CPC ............... C07C 67/303 (2013.01); C07C 51/36 (2013.01) (21) Appl. No.: 13/946,292 USPC ........................................... 560/190; 562/592 (57) ABSTRACT (22) Filed: Jul.19, 2013 Disclosed herein a process for the synthesis of diacids or diesters of general formula ROOC (CH)x-COOR, in O O which in represents an integer between 5 and 14 and R is either Related U.S. Application Data H or an alkyl radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, starting from (63) Continuation of application No. 12/664,182, filed on long-chain natural monounsaturated fatty acids or esters Apr. 21, 2010, now abandoned, filed as application No. comprising at least 10 adjacent carbonatoms per molecule, of PCT/FR2008/051038 on Jun. 11, 2008. formula CH (CH)n-CHR—CH2—CH=CH-(CH2)p- COOR, in which R represents Horan alkyl radical compris (30) Foreign Application Priority Data ing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R is either H or OH, and n and p, which are identical or different, are indices between 2 and Jun. 13, 2007 (FR) ....................................... O755733 11. US 2014/O 155647 A1 Jun. 5, 2014 METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF DACDS -continued OR DESTERS FROMINATURAL FATTY ACDS AND/ORESTERS 0001.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
    Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • Caraway As Important Medicinal Plants in Management of Diseases
    Natural Products and Bioprospecting https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-018-0190-x (012 3456789().,- volV)(0123456789().,-volV) REVIEW Caraway as Important Medicinal Plants in Management of Diseases Mohaddese Mahboubi1 Received: 2 August 2018 / Accepted: 19 October 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Carum carvi or caraway is traditionally used for treatment of indigestion, pneumonia, and as appetizer, galactagogue, and carminative. Essential oil, fixed oil and many other valuable extractive compounds with industrial applications are prepared from caraway. This review article has new deep research on caraway as medicinal plant. For preparing the manuscript, the information was extracted from accessible international databases (Google scholar, PubMed, Science direct, Springer, and Wiley), electronic resources and traditional books by key word of caraway or Carum carvi. The results of traditional studies exhibited that the galactagogue and carminative effects of caraway fruits are superior to other effects. Although, the traditional scholars used it as appetizer, while caraway was the main ingredient of anti-obesity drugs in traditional medicine, which has been confirmed in two modern clinical trials of human studies. Caraway oil in combination with peppermint oil or menthol is used for treatment of functional dyspepsia in clinical studies. Caraway oil topically on abdomen relieves the IBS symptoms in patient. Although, the use of caraway oil is not recommended in adults under 18 years due to insufficient data, but it can topically use as anti-colic and carminative agent in children or infants. The anti- aflatoxigenic, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of caraway oil along with its reputation as spice help the industries to use it as natural preservatives and antioxidant agents.
    [Show full text]
  • SOLUBILITIES CT FATTX ACIDS IX Ffi»SD
    SOLUBILITIES CT FATTX ACIDS IX f f i » S D OROAMIC SQLVKWT8 AT 209 W r B ITW M DISSERTATION Pr«i«at«d In Partial Polflllatnt of tho Rofolromato Per the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Gtradaate Seheel of the Ohio State University By- Dor la KolLhe B.So • 0 M»Se* It The Ohio State Baieerelty 1953 Approved hyt ACEHOVLEDGMEHT To Dr* J, B» Brown go my sincerest thank# for his helpful counsel and his constant smile of encouragement* 1 also wish to thank Dr* M* S. Bowman, who kindly consented to act as my co-adviser. I am grateful to the University for the fellowship which for the past three years has been granted to me from funds allocated by the Research Foundation for fundamental research* 11 A 16487 TABLE OP CONTENTS Fag* I* STATEMENT CEF PROBIEM 1 XI • HISTORICAL 2 A. Review of Methods for Separating Fatty AcI da and Their Compound* 2 B. Development of the Low Temperature Crystallization Technique 19 C. Review of Previous Work on Fatty A d d Solubilities 23 III. EXPERIMENTAL 38 A. Plan of Investigation 36 B. Preparation of Fatty Aolds 1^2 C. Analyses Used for Criteria of Purity 59 D. Purification of Solvents 62 E. Procedure for Measuring Solubilities 62 IV. SOLUBILITY DATA ?0 V. DISCUSSION 85 VI. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 100 SUMMARY 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101*. 111 INDEX TO TABLES P*g» 1. Fatty Aold Solubilities as Complied by Brown In 1941 29 2. Solubilities of the Saturated Acids 31 3* Solubilities of the Unsaturated Acids 32 4* Solubility Ratios of Fatty Acids Under Various Conditions 33 5» Typical Data of Singleton 34 6* Solubilities of Hoerr and Harwood for Oleic Acid 36 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Erysiphe Aucubae Sp. Nov., a New Powdery Mildew Species on Aucuba Japonica from Japan
    mycoscience 57 (2016) 251e254 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/myc Short communication Erysiphe aucubae sp. nov., a new powdery mildew species on Aucuba japonica from Japan Siska A.S. Siahaan, Susumu Takamatsu* Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, 514-8507, Japan article info abstract Article history: Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba), native to Japan, is an evergreen shrub distributed in the Received 3 February 2016 Japanese Archipelago and cultivated worldwide as an ornamental plant. A powdery mildew Received in revised form with Pseudoidium-type asexual morph commonly occurs on this species. Because of the 4 March 2016 absence of sexual morph (chasmothecia), the taxonomic identity of this fungus has been Accepted 6 March 2016 unclear for a long time. The new species Erysiphe aucubae is proposed for this fungus based Available online 4 April 2016 on molecular phylogenetic analyses and a detailed morphological description of the asexual morph. Keywords: © 2016 The Mycological Society of Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Erysiphaceae Garryaceae Molecular phylogeny Morphology Pseudoidium The genus Aucuba (Garryaceae) consists of species that are asexual morph and host plant, and thus should be re- evergreen shrubs distributed in the Himalayas, southern China examined. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and morpholog- and Japan. Aucuba japonica Thunb. (Japanese aucuba), native to ical observations revealed that this fungus is an undescribed Japan, is distributed at Miyagi prefecture and westward in the species belonging to the genus Erysiphe. Erysiphe aucubae S. main island, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Ryukyu islands of the Jap- Takam.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatty Acids, Trivial and Systematic Names
    FATTY ACIDS, TRIVIAL AND SYSTEMATIC NAMES Trivial Name Systematic Name Abbreviation Formic Acid Methanoic Acid Acetic Acid Ethanoic Acid Propionic Acid Propanoic Acid Butyric Acid Butanoic Acid 4:0 Valerianic Acid Pentanoic Acid 5:0 Caproic Acid Hexanoic Acid 6:0 Enanthic Acid Heptanoic Acid 7:0 Caprylic Acid Octanoic Acid 8:0 Pelargonic Acid Nonanoic Acid 9:0 Capric Acid Decanoic Acid 10:0 Obtusilic Acid 4-Decenoic Acid 10:1(n-6) Caproleic Acid 9-Decenoic Acid 10:1(n-1) Undecylic Acid Undecanoic Acid 11:0 Lauric Acid Dodecanoic Acid 12:0 Linderic Acid 4-Dodecenoic Acid 12:1(n-8) Denticetic Acid 5-Dodecenoic Acid 12:1(n-7) Lauroleic Acid 9-Dodecenoic Acid 12:1(n-3) Tridecylic Acid Tridecanoic Acid 13:0 Myristic Acid Tetradecanoic Acid 14:0 Tsuzuic Acid 4-Tetradecenoic Acid 14:1(n-10) Physeteric Acid 5-Tetradecenoic Acid 14:1(n-9) Myristoleic Acid 9-Tetradecenoic Acid 14:1(n-5) Pentadecylic Acid Pentadecanoic Acid 15:0 Palmitic Acid Hexadecanoic Acid 16:0 Gaidic acid 2-Hexadecenoic Acid 16:1(n-14) Sapienic Acid 6-Hexadecenoic Acid 16:1(n-10) Hypogeic Acid trans-7-Hexadecenoic Acid t16:1(n-9) cis-Hypogeic Acid 7-Hexadecenoic Acid 16:1(n-9) Palmitoleic Acid 9-Hexadecenoic Acid 16:1(n-7) Palmitelaidic Acid trans-9-Hexadecenoic Acid t16:1(n-7) Palmitvaccenic Acid 11-Hexadecenoic Acid 16:1(n-5) Margaric Acid Heptadecanoic Acid 17:0 Civetic Acid 8-Heptadecenoic Acid 17:1 Stearic Acid Octadecanoic Acid 18:0 Petroselinic Acid 6-Octadecenoic Acid 18:1(n-12) Oleic Acid 9-Octadecenoic Acid 18:1(n-9) Elaidic Acid trans-9-Octadecenoic acid t18:1(n-9)
    [Show full text]
  • Garrya Dougl. Ex Lindl.: Silktassel
    Garryaceae—Silktassel family G Garrya Dougl. ex Lindl. silktassel Wayne D. Shepperd Dr. Shepperd is a research silviculturist at the USDA Forest Service’s Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado Growth habit and occurrence. The genus Garrya— Flowering and fruiting. Flowers are dioecious. Both silktassel—consists of 14 New World species ranging from appear in axillary or terminal catkinlike racemes in the the Pacific Northwest to Panama (Dahling 1978). Only those spring (Reynolds and Alexander 1974); however male flow- in the United States and Mexico are considered here. Garrya ers are minute (Dahling 1978). Silktassels are well adapted is a highland genus occurring in chaparral and coniferous for wind pollination. Several species hybridize, most notably forests above lowland deserts, in semiarid regions, or in bearbrush with ashy silktassel and eggleaf silktassel with coastal or near-coastal conditions. Species may vary in size laurel-leaf silktassel (Dahling 1978; Mulligan and Nelson from low shrubs to trees (table 1). First discovered by David 1980). Douglas in the Pacific Northwest in 1826, Garrya was Silktassel fruits are persistent, 2-sided berries that named in honor of Nicholas Garry, the first secretary of the appear green and fleshy when young but become dry and Hudson Bay Company (Dahling 1978). Alternatively classi- brittle at maturity (Dahling 1978) (figures 1–3). The fruit is fied in Garryaceae and Cornaceae by various taxonomists, globose to ovoid and relatively uniform among the species the genus will be classified as Garryaceae in this manual, included here, averaging 7.2 mm long by 6.2 mm wide and after Dahling (1978) and Kartesz (1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Quantitation of Lipid C=C Location Isomers: a Shotgun Lipidomics Approach Enabled by Photochemical Reaction
    Identification and quantitation of lipid C=C location isomers: A shotgun lipidomics approach enabled by photochemical reaction Xiaoxiao Maa,b,1, Leelyn Chonga,b,1, Ran Tianb,c, Riyi Shib,c, Tony Y. Hud,e, Zheng Ouyanga,b,2, and Yu Xiaa,2 aDepartment of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; bWeldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; cDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; dDepartment of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; and eDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065 Edited by Richard N. Zare, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved January 29, 2016 (received for review November 25, 2015) The field of lipidomics has been significantly advanced by mass C=C bonds into functional groups [i.e., alkylthiolation (22) and spectrometric analysis. The distinction and quantitation of the methoxymercuration (23)] that are fragmentable during ionization unsaturated lipid isomers, however, remain a long-standing chal- or by low-energy CID. The methods based on this approach often lenge. In this study, we have developed an analytical tool for both require a relatively large amount of samples and additional chro- identification and quantitation of lipid C=C location isomers from matographic separation for analyzing complex samples. The sec- complex mixtures using online Paternò–Büchi reaction coupled with ond approach involves the use of different gas-phase dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The potential of this method methods other than lower-energy CID to induce fragmentations at has been demonstrated with an implementation into shotgun lipid or around the C=C bonds.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritionally Superior Fat for Food Compositions
    Europaisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office europeeneen des brevets EP 0 777 971 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) |nt Cl.e: A23D 9/00, A23L 1/30, 11.06.1997 Bulletin 1997/24 C1 1C 3/02, A21 D 2/16, A?3D 7/00 (21) Application number: 96308505.5 (22) Date of filing: 02.11.1996 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Krishnamurthy, Ramanathapur Gundachar BE CH DE DK ES FR GB IE IT LI NL PT SE Glenview, Illinois 60025 (US) • Huth, Peter Joseph (30) Priority: 07.12.1995 US 568140 Buffalo Grove, Illinois 60089 (US) (71) Applicant: KRAFT FOODS, INC. (74) Representative: Eyles, Christopher Thomas Northfield, Illinois 60093 (US) W.P. THOMPSON & CO. Celcon House (72) Inventors: 289-293 High Holborn • Blaurock, Allen Edward London WC1V 7HU (GB) Evanston, Illinois 60203 (US) (54) Nutritionally superior fat for food compositions (57) A nutritionally superior fat for food composi- is provided. The use of cis-AMUFA triglycerides pro- tions which comprises triglycerides containing cis- vides a fat composition which is low in saturated fats asymmetric monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-AMUFAs) and trans fatty acids with excellent textural properties and melting characteristics. < O) Is- Is- Is- o a. LU Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 0 777 971 A1 Description The present invention relates to edible solid fats which have low saturated fat content and are essentially free of trans fatty acids. More particularly, the edible solid fat comprises triglycerides containing one or more cis-asymmetric 5 monounsaturated fatty acids. Preferably, the edible solid fat comprises triglycerides containing three cis-asymmetric monounsaturated fatty acids.
    [Show full text]
  • OPINION of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety
    ANSES Opinion Request No. 2011-SA-0303 Maisons-Alfort, 6 January 2012 OPINION of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the initial assessment report by the Irish authorities concerning the placing on the market of the novel food ingredient coriander seed oil ANSES undertakes independent and pluralistic scientific expert assessments. ANSES primarily ensures environmental, occupational and food safety as well as assessing the potential health risks they may entail. It also contributes to the protection of the health and welfare of animals, the protection of plant health and the evaluation of the nutritional characteristics of food. It provides the competent authorities with all necessary information concerning these risks as well as the requisite expertise and scientific and technical support for drafting legislative and statutory provisions and implementing risk management strategies (Article L.1313-1 of the French Public Health Code). Its opinions are made public. 1. REVIEW OF THE REQUEST On 18 November 2011, the Directorate General for Competition, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Control requested that ANSES provide an opinion on the initial assessment report by the Irish authorities concerning the placing on the market of the novel food ingredient referred to by the applicant and in this Opinion as 'coriander seed oil', but which is in fact obtained from coriander fruits. 2. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE REQUEST This request falls within the scope of Regulation (EC) No 258//97 concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients (NI). The product applied for belongs to class 2.1, i.e. a complex NI from non- genetically modified sources which has a history of food use in the Community.
    [Show full text]