DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of an Anti-Pinch System for Passenger Vehicles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of an Anti-Pinch System for Passenger Vehicles Development of an Anti-Pinch System for Passenger Vehicles A Product Development Project at Volvo Cars Master’s thesis in Product Development MARCUS BOHLIN GUNJAN NAGPAL Department of Industrial and Materials Science CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 www.chalmers.se MASTER’S THESIS 2020 Development of an Anti-Pinch System for Passenger Vehicles An Anti-Pinch System that can replace multiple such systems used today, while also meeting legal safety regulations. In collaboration with Volvo Car Corporation. Marcus Bohlin Gunjan Nagpal Department of Industrial and Materials Science Division of Product Development CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 iii Development of an Anti-Pinch System for Passenger Vehicles An Anti-Pinch System that can replace multiple such systems used today, while also meeting legal safety regulations. In collaboration with Volvo Car Corporation. MARCUS BOHLIN GUNJAN NAGPAL © MARCUS BOHLIN, GUNJAN NAGPAL, 2020. Supervisor: Egoi Sanchez Basualdo, Volvo Car Corporation, Interior Lights and Functional Parts Examiner: Dr. Erik Hulthén, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Industrial and Materials Science Master’s Thesis 2020 Department of Industrial and Materials Science Division of Product Development Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Telephone +46 31 772 1000 Cover: A lineup of Volvo Cars. © Volvo Car Corporation Printed by Chalmers Reproservice Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 v Development of an Anti-Pinch System for Passenger Vehicles An Anti-Pinch System that can replace multiple such systems used today, while also meeting legal safety regulations. In collaboration with Volvo Car Corporation. A Product Development Project at Volvo Cars MARCUS BOHLIN GUNJAN NAGPAL Department of Industrial and Materials Science Chalmers University of Technology Abstract Products are becoming increasingly complex and so is every vehicle on the road. Passenger car manufacturers are adding more customer-oriented comfort features at every price segment in order to differentiate themselves from the competition. A lot of these features make use of automating the movement of various parts such as sunroof panels, seats and tailgates. Automation through motorized components needs to be accompanied by systems that can act as safeguards to prevent human injury due to this automation process. This thesis aims to lay the groundwork thereby equipping Volvo Cars with the knowledge to develop a consolidated anti-pinch system that could potentially be used in several different automotive components. Different approaches for detecting pinch situations across industries and environments were evaluated. Two principally different approaches were chosen for further development, the first using hall sensors and the second leveraging ripple counting. A fundamental requirement for the developed concepts was conforming with legal regulations, namely the US regulation FMVSS No. 118 and the UN regulation ECE-R21-01. Taking an approach of early prototyping and testing, the concepts were continuously being tested along with their development. After going through prototyping and testing, three different recommendations were made for Volvo Cars based on different timescales. A concept that meets legal testing requirements was suggested for implementation in 1-2 years, whereas other concepts that would require more developmental effort were suggested for timescales of 3-4 years and 7+ years. With an in- house system at their disposal, Volvo will have greater control over the functionality and safety of their anti-pinch systems, while also enabling cost savings. Keywords: Automotive, Mechatronics, Passenger Safety, Anti-Pinch System, Hall Sensors, Sensorless Motor Control, Product Development vii Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to our supervisor and examiner from Chalmers, Dr. Erik Hulthén, Associate Professor at Chalmers University of Technology, for his guidance throughout the project. We would also like to thank our supervisor from Volvo, Egoi Sanchez Basualdo, System Architect Interior Lights at Volvo Cars, for his support and constant motivation. We are also grateful for the irreplaceable help and guidance received from David Johansson, Analysis Engineer at Volvo Cars, in the Strength and Endurance laboratory, and from Patrick Bobink, Hardware Designer DCU in Steering Wheel and Seat Electronics. We would also like to thank our colleagues at Chalmers Technical University and Volvo Cars, especially interior light team and the HIL Laboratory. Finally, we would like to thank all the people who were involved in the progress made during this thesis work for their contributions. Marcus Bohlin and Gunjan Nagpal, Gothenburg, June 2020 ix Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Description .................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Aim .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 3 1.5 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 3 2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Planning ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Research and Technology Study ................................................................................. 5 2.3 Customer Needs Study ................................................................................................ 6 2.4 Concept Development ................................................................................................. 6 2.5 Prototyping .................................................................................................................. 6 2.6 Prototype Testing ........................................................................................................ 6 2.7 Concept Evaluation ..................................................................................................... 7 3 Risk Management ............................................................................................................... 9 4 Customer Needs Analysis ................................................................................................. 13 4.1 Interview Structure .................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Interview Summary ................................................................................................... 13 4.3 Observation Structure ................................................................................................ 17 4.4 Observation Summary ............................................................................................... 17 4.5 Legal Requirements................................................................................................... 17 4.6 Customer Needs List ................................................................................................. 19 4.7 Metrics for User Requirements ................................................................................. 20 5 Technology Study ............................................................................................................. 23 5.1 Driving Systems ........................................................................................................ 23 5.2 Electrical Drive ......................................................................................................... 24 5.3 Sensors for Detecting Pinch Situations ..................................................................... 25 5.4 Signal Filtering .......................................................................................................... 30 5.5 Communication Protocols ......................................................................................... 33 6 Concept Generation .......................................................................................................... 35 6.1 Identification of sub-functions .................................................................................. 35 6.2 Morphological matrix ................................................................................................ 35 6.3 Generated Concepts................................................................................................... 38 6.4 Concept Elimination .................................................................................................. 39 6.5 Concepts Proceeding from the Elimination Matrix................................................... 40 7 Prototyping ....................................................................................................................... 45 7.1 Early Prototyping Quick & Dirty .............................................................................. 45 7.2 Prototyping Concept 1 ..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cennik MY'18 Marzec 2017
    S60 V60 Cennik MY’18 Marzec 2017 VOLVO S60 | V60 1 Spis treści Silnik 5 Bezpieczeństwo 7 Komfort 9 Funkcjonalność 10 Nadwozie 10 Sensus 11 Wnętrze 12 Wyposażenie dodatkowe 13 Lakiery 14 Dane techniczne 15 VOLVO S60 | V60 3 4 Cennik MY ‘17 | Marzec 2016 Silnik S60 Polestar Silnik (litr/KM) Skrzynia biegów Cena w zł z VAT automatyczna POLESTAR 2.0/367 288 000 Geartonic, 8 biegów V60 Polestar Silnik (litr/KM) Skrzynia biegów Cena w zł z VAT automatyczna POLESTAR 2.0/367 292 300 Geartonic, 8 biegów VOLVO S60 | V60 5 Wyposażenie standardowe 6 Cennik MY ‘17 | Marzec 2016 Bezpieczeństwo • CITY SAFETY - laserowy czujnik ograniczający ryzyko kolizji (działa do 50 km/h) • 6 poduszek powietrznych: dla kierowcy i pasażera, dwie poduszki boczne (dwukomorowe), kurtyny powietrzne (IC) • Autoalarm Volvo Guard z czujnikiem przechyłu oraz ruchu • DSTC (DYNAMIC STABILITY AND TRACTION CONTROL) - układ kontroli stabilności dynamicznej kontroli trakcji • SIPS (SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION SYSTEM) system zabezpieczeń przed skutkami uderzeń bocznych • WHIPS (WHIPLASH PROTECTION SEATING SYSTEM) system zabezpieczeń przed urazami kręgosłupa szyjnego • ABS (ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM) z elektronicznym układem rozdziału sił hamowania (EBD – Electronic Brake Distribution) • CTC (CORNER TRACKING CONTROL) - kontrola trakcji w zakręcie • Oświetlenie asekuracyjne Home Safe • Sygnalizacja niezapiętych pasów bezpieczeństwa dla wszystkich miejsc • EBA (EMERGENCY BRAKE ASSISTANCE) - układ wspomagania nagłego hamowania • EBL (EMERGENCY BRAKE LIGHTS) - ostrzeganie innych użytkowników
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicle Market Status - Update Manufacturer Commitments to Future Electric Mobility in the U.S
    Electric Vehicle Market Status - Update Manufacturer Commitments to Future Electric Mobility in the U.S. and Worldwide September 2020 Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Drivers of Global Electric Vehicle Growth – Global Goals to Phase out Internal Combustion Engines ..... 6 Policy Drivers of U.S. Electric Vehicle Growth ........................................................................................... 8 Manufacturer Commitments ....................................................................................................................... 10 Job Creation ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Charging Network Investments .................................................................................................................. 15 Commercial Fleet Electrification Commitments ........................................................................................ 17 Sales Forecast.............................................................................................................................................. 19 Battery Pack Cost Projections and EV Price Parity ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom to Move in a Personal, Sustainable and Safe Way
    VOLVO CAR GROUP ANNUAL REPORT 2020 Freedom to move in a personal, sustainable and safe way TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW 4 2020 Highlights 6 CEO Comment 8 Our Strenghts 10 The Volvo Car Group 12 Our Strategic Affiliates THE WORLD AROUND US 16 Consumer Trends 18 Technology Shift OUR STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK 22 Our Purpose 24 Strategic Framework HOW WE CREATE VALUE 28 Our Stakeholders 30 Our People and Culture 32 Product Creation 38 Industrial Operations 42 Commercial Operations MANAGEMENT REPORT 47 Board of Directors Report 52 Enterprise Risk Management 55 Corporate Governance Report FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 60 Contents Financial Report 61 Consolidated Financial Statements 67 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 110 Parent Company Financial Statements 112 Notes to the Parent Company Financial Statements 118 Auditor’s Report 120 Board of Directors 122 Executive Management Team Freedom to move SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION 124 Sustainability Management and Governance 129 Performance 2020 PERSONAL SUSTAINABLE SAFE 139 Sustainability Scorecard 144 GRI Index Cars used to be the symbol for personal freedom. Owning a car meant that you had the We commit to developing We commit to the highest We commit to pioneering 146 TCFD Index means to be independently mobile – that you owned not just a vehicle, but choice as and building the most per- standard of sustainability the safest, most intelligent 147 Auditor's Limited Assurance Report on sonal solutions in mobility: in mobility to protect technology solutions in Sustainability well. Nothing of that has changed, but the world we live in has. The earth, our cities and to make life less compli- the world we share.
    [Show full text]
  • Ci Council Agenda Item Meeting of May 5, 2020
    Ci Council Agenda Item Meeting of May 5, 2020 TO: The Honorable Mayor and Members of the City Council FROM: Monte K. Falls, P.E. - City Manager {V\~l,.bO ,i.,.;:;., 1' f;t-t(~~ DATE: April 23, 2020 SUBJECT: Water and Sewer Department Service Truck Replacements - $75,000.00 REQUESTED BY: City Manager/Water and Sewer Director The following is requested as it relates to the above-referenced agenda item: X Request Council review and approval based on the attached supporting documentation. No action required. (Information only) DEPARTMENTAL CORRESPONDENCE WATER AND SEWER DEPARTMENT To: Monte K. Falls, P.E., City Manager From: Robert J. Bolton, P.E., Director "- Date: April 15, 2020 RE: Service Truck Replacements, $75,000.00 Recommendation: !II Place this item on the City Council's Agenda for May 5, 2020; • Approve purchase of two (2) service trucks to replace existing service trucks in the Lift Station Division that was not budgeted in FY 19/20. This request is for approval in amount not-to-exceed $75,000.00. Funding: Costs will be charged to fund 423.9010.536.616050. A line item budget transfer has been prepared to transfer funds from account 423.9010.536.673161 (Gravity Sewer Rehabilitation). Background: The Water and Sewer Department has two trucks Nos. 9804 and 9805 that are in disrepair and need to be replaced. No. 9804 is a 2006 truck with a bad engine. No. 9805 is a 2008 truck with a rusted out body. Both of these trucks are in the lift Station Division and are used to lift pumps out of the lift stations for repair via a crane that is mounted to the truck body.
    [Show full text]
  • BRZ ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAM Section Code Page INTRODUCTION
    BRZ ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAM Section Code Page INTRODUCTION............................... A .... 2 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL.................. B .... 3 TROUBLESHOOTING ......................... C .... 12 ABBREVIATIONS . D .... 17 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS...... E .... 18 RELAY LOCATIONS........................... F .... 20 ELECTRICAL WIRING ROUTING.............. G .... 38 SYSTEM CIRCUITS ............................ H .... 50 GROUND POINT ............................... I .... 370 POWER SOURCE (Current Flow Chart) . J .... 378 CONNECTOR LIST............................ K .... 388 1 BRZ (G4400BE) M PP 2 BRZ (G4400BE) 3 BRZ (G4400BE) M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 4 BRZ (G4400BE) M 5 BRZ (G4400BE) 6 BRZ (G4400BE) PP PP PP PP PP 7 BRZ (G4400BE) M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 8 BRZ (G4400BE) PP M
    [Show full text]
  • SCCA® National Solo® Rules
    SCCA® National Solo® Rules 2021 EDITION Sports Car Club of America® Solo® Department 6620 SE Dwight St. Topeka, KS 66619 (800) 770-2055 (785) 232-7228 Fax www.scca.com Copyright 2021 by the Sports Car Club of America, Inc®. All rights re- served. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Forty-eighth printing, January, 2021. Published by: Sports Car Club of America, Inc.® 6620 SE Dwight St. Topeka, KS 66619 www.scca.com 1-800-770-2055 (785) 357-7222 The SCCA® National Solo® Rules may be downloaded from the SCCA® website at www.scca.com. Published in the United States of America. This book is the property of: Name _____________________________________________ Address ____________________________________________ City/State/Zip ________________________________________ Region _____________________________________________ Member # __________________________________________ SCCA Welcoming Environment Statement The Mission of the SCCA is to fuel a safe, fun and excit- ing motorsports experience for auto enthusiasts. Our Vision is to be the preferred motorsports community in the U.S., built on fun, shared passion and access to an exhilarating motorsports experience. In all its activities, the SCCA seeks to foster an atmosphere that encourages living the Values of the SCCA: Excellence – The Spirit of a Competitor Service – The Heart of a Volunteer Passion – The Attitude of an Enthusiast Team – The Art of Working Together Experience – The Act of Wowing our Community Stewardship – The Mindset of an Owner To that end, the SCCA strives to ensure that ALL partici- pants in its events and activities enjoy a welcoming en- vironment.
    [Show full text]
  • Glasses, Window System & Mirrors
    BODY A B SECTION GW GLASSES, WINDOW SYSTEM & MIRRORS C D CONTENTS E SERVICE INFORMATION ............................ 3 CONSULT-III Function (BCM) .................................30 F Power Window Auto Operation Initialization ............31 PRECAUTIONS ................................................... 3 Trouble Diagnosis Symptom Chart ..........................31 Precaution for Supplemental Restraint System BCM Power Supply and Ground Circuit Inspection G (SRS) "AIR BAG" and "SEAT BELT PRE-TEN- ....32 SIONER" ...................................................................3 Main Power Window and Door Lock/Unlock Precaution Necessary for Steering Wheel Rota- Switch Power Supply and Ground Circuit Inspec- H tion After Battery Disconnect .....................................3 tion ...........................................................................32 Precaution for Procedure without Cowl Top Cover...... 4 Front Power Window Motor LH Circuit Inspection.... 33 Handling for Adhesive and Primer ............................4 Front Power Window RH Circuit Inspection (Pow- er Window and Door Lock/Unlock Switch RH Op- GW PREPARATION ................................................... 5 eration) ....................................................................34 Commercial Service Tool ..........................................5 Front Power Window Motor RH Circuit Inspection.... 34 SQUEAK AND RATTLE TROUBLE DIAG- Encoder Circuit Inspection .......................................36 J Door Switch Check ..................................................38
    [Show full text]
  • Nissan Security+Plus Extended Protection Plans
    EXTENDED PROTECTION PLANS Enjoy peace of mind with superior benefits and protection Protect your Investment 0% Consumer Financing Plan Available Each year, more and more sophisticated No Qualification — Convenient Terms 1 3 5 technology is built into vehicles to improve their 2 4 R safety, performance, comfort and value. These same innovations help to increase the vehicle’s reliability. However, if something does go wrong, Factory-trained Technicians & Advanced the necessary repairs can be more complex and Diagnostic Equipment Maximize Your costly than they were 5 or 10 years ago. Nissan’s Safety and Reliability 1 3 5 2 4 R 1 3 5 2 4 R 1 3 5 Average Repair2 4 R Estimates* 1 3 5 2 4 R Air Conditioning Power Window $915 Motor Engine $378 Alternator $6,328 $689 Timing Chain $1,041 1 3 5 2 4 R 1 3 5 2 4 R 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 2 4 R Fuel Pump 2 4 R 2 4 R Transmission $607 Brake Caliper Rack & Pinion Control Arm Starter $3,325 $455 $1,272 $478 $401 *Image is for illustration purposes only. Repair costs are based on the 2017 Rogue. • Protect essential vehicle systems • Superior parts and service designed beyond your factory warranty — up exclusively for your Nissan to 8 years and 120,000 miles • Choose Gold Preferred for the • Convenient and economical ultimate in peace-of-mind coverage that guards against the protection for your new or rising cost of repairs pre-owned Nissan Why Security+Plus? For 30 years, we’ve provided Service You Can Trust - comprehensive, factory-backed coverage for Nissan Owners and repairs at any authorized Nissan dealership nationwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Body Builder's Drawings and Supporting Data
    BODY BUILDER’S DRAWINGS AND SUPPORTING DATA LIT. No. HMT07M006-A SEP. 2007 INTRODUCTION This book has been designed to provide information for body and equipment manufacturers who mount their products on FK, FM chassis. We believe that all the detailed information which is essential for that purpose is contained in this book, but if you require any additional data or information, please contact : MITSUBISHI FUSO TRUCK OF AMERICA, INC. 2015 Center Square Road, Logan Township, NJ 08085 (Phone : (856) 467-4500) The specifications and descriptions contained in this book are based on the latest product information at the time of publication, but since the design of Mitsubishi-Fuso truck is continuously being improved, we must reserve the right to discontinue or change at any time without prior notice. COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS The federal government has established Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for various categories of motor vehicles and motor Vehicle equipment under the provisions of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. The Act imposes important legal responsibilities on manufacturers, dealers, body builders and others engaged in the marketing of motor vehicles and motor vehicles equipment. Vehicles manufactured by Mitsubishi FUSO Truck & Bus Corporation (MFTBC) for the subsequent installation of commercical bodies are classified as incomplete vehicles. These vehicles fully comply with certain applicable Motor Vehicles Safety Standards, and partially (or do not) comply with others. They cannot be certified fully because certain components which are required for certification are not furnished. Under present federal regulations, vehicles completed from these units are required to meet all applicable standards in effect on the date of manufacture of the incomplete vehicles, the date of final completion, or date between those two dates, as determined by their final configuration.
    [Show full text]
  • Polestar 2 — Manual TP Xxxxx (English), at 2007, MY21, Polestar © 2018-2020 Start
    Polestar 2 — Manual TP xxxxx (English), AT 2007, MY21, Polestar © 2018-2020 Start This car is the meeting point of design, technol- ogy and innovation. Every aspect is designed to offer unparalleled performance. Please read the Manual, in order to both opti- mise your experience with the Polestar 2, and to learn everything you need to know about it. Manuals and other instructions can be found on the Polestar Support Site (support.polestar.com) and via the Polestar app. Table of contents 7 Manual information You can find information here on where to find and read the Manual, how to navigate in the Manual in the centre display and how to read the Manual. 13 Your Polestar You will find information here on how to create and register a Polestar ID, installation of acces- sories, how to view the car's identification num- ber (VIN), etc. 27 Safety You will find information here on the various safety systems that your car is equipped with, such as airbags, the Whiplash Protection Sys- tem (WHIPS), child restraint systems, etc. and how you can activate and deactivate the pas- senger airbags. 67 Displays and voice control You will find information here on the car's instru- ments and controls, the driver display (with meters and indicator and warning symbols, etc.), the centre display (operation, navigation and symbols, etc.) and voice control and how to use it. 127 Lighting You will find information here on the car's inte- rior and external lighting and its lighting control. 145 Windows, glass and mirrors You will find information here on the car's win- dows, window mechanisms, rearview mirrors, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Car Wars 2020-2023 the Rise (And Fall) of the Crossover?
    The US Automotive Product Pipeline Car Wars 2020-2023 The Rise (and Fall) of the Crossover? Equity | 10 May 2019 Car Wars thesis and investment relevance Car Wars is an annual proprietary study that assesses the relative strength of each automaker’s product pipeline in the US. The purpose is to quantify industry product trends, and then relate our findings to investment decisions. Our thesis is fairly straightforward: we believe replacement rate drives showroom age, which drives market United States Autos/Car Manufacturers share, which drives profits and stock prices. OEMs with the highest replacement rate and youngest showroom age have generally gained share from model years 2004-19. John Murphy, CFA Research Analyst Ten key findings of our study MLPF&S +1 646 855 2025 1. Product activity remains reasonably robust across the industry, but the ramp into a [email protected] softening market will likely drive overcrowding and profit pressure. Aileen Smith Research Analyst 2. New vehicle introductions are 70% CUVs and Light Trucks, and just 24% Small and MLPF&S Mid/Large Cars. The material CUV overweight (45%) will likely pressure the +1 646 743 2007 [email protected] segment’s profitability to the low of passenger cars, and/or will leave dealers with a Yarden Amsalem dearth of entry level product to offer, further increasing an emphasis on used cars. Research Analyst MLPF&S 3. Product cadence overall continues to converge, making the market increasingly [email protected] competitive, which should drive incremental profit pressure across the value chain. Gwen Yucong Shi 4.
    [Show full text]
  • A U.S. Consumer's Guide to Electric Vehicle Charging
    CONSUMER GUIDE TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES JUNE 2021 11570437 WHY BUY AN ELECTRIC CAR? Electric vehicles (EVs) are fun to drive, safe, comfortable, and convenient to refuel. They also cost less to operate per mile and produce no tailpipe emissions. Today’s electric cars do everything a gas car can do—and more. Most are high-performing vehicles with silent, instant torque, superb handling, and the latest technology and safety features. Most can travel 200–250 miles on a charge; many can go farther. Most EV drivers prefer to charge at home for its convenience and savings. A growing national network of public charging sites enables more consumers—even those who can’t plug in at home—to consider purchasing an EV. Because EVs are powered by electricity instead of gasoline, they shift our energy reliance to domestic sources while also reducing emissions. Cutting vehicle emissions is especially critical in communities adjacent to heavily trafficked roadways. As local power generation grows cleaner, every electric car charged on that grid gets cleaner too—and the broader public health and climate benefits increase. Electrifying light-duty transport would reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 17% relative to 2018 levels. EV 101 This guide highlights the two types of electric vehicles that plug into the grid to recharge their batteries. They are battery-electric (or all-electric) vehicles and plug-in hybrids. All-electric vehicles are powered solely Plug-in hybrids pair an electric motor by an electric motor and battery. They and battery with an internal-combustion burn no gasoline or diesel fuel, so they engine.
    [Show full text]