DOCSLIB.ORG

Growth Increment Analysis of Archaeological

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Growth Increment Analysis of Archaeological GROWTH INCREMENT ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FRESHWATER MUSSELS FROM INTERIOR NORTHERN CALIFORNIA ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________ by Deanna M. Commons Spring 2010 GROWTH INCREMENT ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FRESHWATER MUSSELS FROM INTERIOR NORTHERN CALIFORNIA A Thesis by Deanna M. Commons Spring 2010 APPROVED BY THE INTERIM DEAN OF THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE, INTERNATIONAL, AND INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES: _________________________________ Mark J. Morlock, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: _________________________________ Frank E. Bayham, Ph.D., Chair _________________________________ David Ayers Eaton Jr., Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to Dr. Frank Bayham, my thesis committee chair, for his encouragement, patience, and guidance throughout this process. His early suggestions led me to develop this thesis, and his unending support and thoughtful insights helped me to produce this paper. Throughout my years in graduate school, I gained a tremendous wealth of information and important archaeological skills from his archaeology seminar on human behavioral ecology, lecture on cultural resource management, and zooarchaeology class. He has been a great friend and mentor, and I am forever indebted to his kindness. Secondly, I would like to thank Dr. David Eaton for reading the many chapter drafts and offering me valuable advice. His “outside” perspective greatly improved the quality of my thesis. I would like to thank Dr. James C. Chatters for taking the time to demonstrate his shell growth increment measurement method as well as providing me with a copy of his 1987 report. His technique has the potential to greatly benefit the archaeology community and I hope he receives the recognition he deserves for establishing a valuable alternative seasonality estimation method. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Eric Bartelink for his recommendations regarding my statistical analysis. In addition, my gratitude extends to Kevin Dalton and the Archaeology Laboratory for the many hours of use of the equipment. iii I would like to thank Dr. Greg White of Pacific Legacy for allowing me use the mussel specimens from the two rockshelters. I am grateful for all the opportunities he offered and the experience I gained working under his leadership. He provided me not only with a wealth of knowledge, but guidance and generosity. I especially would like to thank my husband Michael G. Commons and hydrologist Brian Rasmussen for all their time and effort put into collecting my mussel samples. If it was not for their eager willingness to trudge through the many creeks and rivers in northern California then my thesis would not have been made possible. In addition, I must thank Michael for his ending encouragement and support throughout this process as well as his cartographic contribution. Lastly, I would like to thank all my friends and family for their love and support throughout this process. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... iii List of Tables.............................................................................................................. vii List of Figures............................................................................................................. viii Abstract....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. Introduction: Problem Orientation and Rationale .................................... 1 The Potential Value and History of Chatters’ Increment Measurement Technique....................................................... 3 Research Design ........................................................................... 6 Thesis Organization...................................................................... 12 II. Seasonality Studies and an Overview of Shell Growth Increment Measurement Research............................................................................. 14 Definition and Estimation of Seasonality..................................... 15 Shell Growth Increment Measurement Research......................... 20 Chatters’ Increment Measurement Technique.............................. 29 Summary....................................................................................... 33 III. Two Freshwater Mussels and Seasonality of Northern California........... 34 Freshwater Mussels in Northern California ................................. 35 Environment ................................................................................. 41 Cultural Setting............................................................................. 42 Sentinel Bluff and Paynes Creek Rockshelters ............................ 44 Summary....................................................................................... 48 v CHAPTER PAGE IV. Assessment of Chatters’ Increment Measurement Technique ................. 49 Step 1: Obtaining a Control Sample of Margaritifera falcata and Collection Plan................................................... 50 Step 2: Application of Chatters’ Increment Measurement Technique to the Control Sample.......................................... 51 Step 3: Statistical Comparison of Growth Indices ....................... 53 Results Summary.......................................................................... 54 Summary....................................................................................... 56 V. Application of Chatters’ Increment Measurement Technique to Two Archaeological Collections of Freshwater Mussels..................... 58 Sample Selection and Approach................................................... 59 Results .......................................................................................... 63 Summary....................................................................................... 71 VI. Discussion................................................................................................. 74 Potential of CIMT......................................................................... 75 Problems with CIMT.................................................................... 76 Determination of Season of Habitation ........................................ 79 Summary....................................................................................... 82 VII. Conclusions .............................................................................................. 84 Project Statistics ........................................................................... 84 Further Research........................................................................... 85 References Cited......................................................................................................... 86 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Growth Index Data from Gonidea angulata Control Sample ................... 55 2. Mean Growth Index and Standard Deviation for Control Sample and Chatters’ Study.............................................................. 55 3. Valve Count and Total Shell Weight Data for Unit 1 from Sentinel Bluff Rockshelter................................................................ 61 4. Valve Count and Total Shell Weight Data for Unit 2 from Sentinel Bluff Rockshelter................................................................ 62 5. Valve Count and Total Shell Weight Data for the Back Wall Complex from Paynes Creek Rockshelter ........................................ 63 6. Left Valves Used from the Excavated Units from Sentinel Bluff and Paynes Creek Rockshelters............................................... 64 7. Valve Count Totals and Percent Used from Sentinel Bluff and Paynes Creek Rockshelters ........................................................ 65 8. Month of Death Death for Archaeological Margaritifera falcata Specimens from Unit 1 of Sentinel Bluff Rockshelter ......... 66 9. Month of Death Data for Archaeological Margaritifera falcata Specimens from Unit 2 of Sentinel Bluff Rockshelter ..................... 67 10. Month of Death Data for Archaeological Margaritifera falcata Specimens from the Back Wall Complex of Paynes Creek Rockshelter............................................................................. 70 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Inner and Outer Structure of the Left Valve of a Gonidea angulata Specimen............................................................................ 22 2. Annual Growth Lines at the Terminal End of the Resilial Tuberosity of a Gonidea angulata Specimen ................................... 31 3. Workstation for Applying Chatters’ Increment Measurement Technique.......................................................................................... 32 4. Taxonomic Classification of Two Northern California Freshwater Mussels: Margaritifera falcata and Gonidea angulata ............................................................................................ 35 5. Illustration of Margaritifera falcata Right Valve with Shell Features Identification ...................................................................... 37 6. Illustration of Gonidea angulata Left Valve with Shell Features Identification....................................................................................... 40
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Methods and Materials for Aquaculture Production of Sea Scallops (Placopecten Magellanicus)
    Methods and Materials for Aquaculture Production of Sea Scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) Dana L. Morse • Hugh S. Cowperthwaite • Nathaniel Perry • Melissa Britsch Contents Rationale and background. .1 Scallop biology . 1 Spat collection . 2 Nursery culture. 3 Growout. .4 Bottom cages . 4 Pearl nets. 5 Lantern nets. 5 Suspension cages . 6 Ear hanging. 6 Husbandry and fouling control. 7 Longline design and materials . 7 Moorings and mooring lines. 7 Longline (or backline) . 7 Tension buoys . 7 Marker buoys . 7 Compensation buoys . 8 Longline weights. 8 Site selection . 8 Economic considerations & recordkeeping . 8 Scallop products, biotoxins & public health . 8 Literature Cited. 9 Additional Reading. 9 Appendix I . 9 Example of an annual cash flow statement. 9 Acknowledgements . 9 Authors’ contact information Dana L. Morse Nathaniel Perry Maine Sea Grant and University of Maine Pine Point Oyster Company Cooperative Extension 10 Pine Ridge Road, Cape Elizabeth, ME 04107 193 Clark’s Cove Road, Walpole, ME 04573 [email protected] [email protected] Melissa Britsch Hugh S. Cowperthwaite University of Maine, Darling Marine Center Coastal Enterprises, Inc. 193 Clark’s Cove Road, Walpole, ME 04573 30 Federal Street, Brunswick, ME 04011 [email protected] [email protected] The University of Maine is an EEO/AA employer and does not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, transgender status, gender expression, national origin, citizenship status, age, disability, genetic information or veteran’s status in employment, education, and all other programs and activities. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Director of Equal Opportunity, 101 North Stevens Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5754, 207.581.1226, TTY 711 (Maine Relay System).
    [Show full text]
  • Early Ontogeny of Jurassic Bakevelliids and Their Bearing on Bivalve Evolution
    Early ontogeny of Jurassic bakevelliids and their bearing on bivalve evolution NIKOLAUS MALCHUS Malchus, N. 2004. Early ontogeny of Jurassic bakevelliids and their bearing on bivalve evolution. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (1): 85–110. Larval and earliest postlarval shells of Jurassic Bakevelliidae are described for the first time and some complementary data are given concerning larval shells of oysters and pinnids. Two new larval shell characters, a posterodorsal outlet and shell septum are described. The outlet is homologous to the posterodorsal notch of oysters and posterodorsal ridge of arcoids. It probably reflects the presence of the soft anatomical character post−anal tuft, which, among Pteriomorphia, was only known from oysters. A shell septum was so far only known from Cassianellidae, Lithiotidae, and the bakevelliid Kobayashites. A review of early ontogenetic shell characters strongly suggests a basal dichotomy within the Pterio− morphia separating taxa with opisthogyrate larval shells, such as most (or all?) Praecardioida, Pinnoida, Pterioida (Bakevelliidae, Cassianellidae, all living Pterioidea), and Ostreoida from all other groups. The Pinnidae appear to be closely related to the Pterioida, and the Bakevelliidae belong to the stem line of the Cassianellidae, Lithiotidae, Pterioidea, and Ostreoidea. The latter two superfamilies comprise a well constrained clade. These interpretations are con− sistent with recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on palaeontological and genetic (18S and 28S mtDNA) data. A more detailed phylogeny is hampered by the fact that many larval shell characters are rather ancient plesiomorphies. Key words: Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia, Bakevelliidae, larval shell, ontogeny, phylogeny. Nikolaus Malchus [[email protected]], Departamento de Geologia/Unitat Paleontologia, Universitat Autòno− ma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • TREATISE ONLINE Number 48
    TREATISE ONLINE Number 48 Part N, Revised, Volume 1, Chapter 31: Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia Joseph G. Carter, Peter J. Harries, Nikolaus Malchus, André F. Sartori, Laurie C. Anderson, Rüdiger Bieler, Arthur E. Bogan, Eugene V. Coan, John C. W. Cope, Simon M. Cragg, José R. García-March, Jørgen Hylleberg, Patricia Kelley, Karl Kleemann, Jiří Kříž, Christopher McRoberts, Paula M. Mikkelsen, John Pojeta, Jr., Peter W. Skelton, Ilya Tëmkin, Thomas Yancey, and Alexandra Zieritz 2012 Lawrence, Kansas, USA ISSN 2153-4012 (online) paleo.ku.edu/treatiseonline PART N, REVISED, VOLUME 1, CHAPTER 31: ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF THE BIVALVIA JOSEPH G. CARTER,1 PETER J. HARRIES,2 NIKOLAUS MALCHUS,3 ANDRÉ F. SARTORI,4 LAURIE C. ANDERSON,5 RÜDIGER BIELER,6 ARTHUR E. BOGAN,7 EUGENE V. COAN,8 JOHN C. W. COPE,9 SIMON M. CRAgg,10 JOSÉ R. GARCÍA-MARCH,11 JØRGEN HYLLEBERG,12 PATRICIA KELLEY,13 KARL KLEEMAnn,14 JIřÍ KřÍž,15 CHRISTOPHER MCROBERTS,16 PAULA M. MIKKELSEN,17 JOHN POJETA, JR.,18 PETER W. SKELTON,19 ILYA TËMKIN,20 THOMAS YAncEY,21 and ALEXANDRA ZIERITZ22 [1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA, [email protected]; 2University of South Florida, Tampa, USA, [email protected], [email protected]; 3Institut Català de Paleontologia (ICP), Catalunya, Spain, [email protected], [email protected]; 4Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 5South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, [email protected]; 6Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 7North
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Molluscan Shells: Contributions from Microscopic and Analytical Methods
    Micron 40 (2009) 669–690 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Micron journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/micron Review Studies on molluscan shells: Contributions from microscopic and analytical methods Silvia Maria de Paula, Marina Silveira * Instituto de Fı´sica, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, 05508-090 Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Molluscan shells have always attracted the interest of researchers, from biologists to physicists, from Received 25 April 2007 paleontologists to materials scientists. Much information is available at present, on the elaborate Received in revised form 7 May 2009 architecture of the shell, regarding the various Mollusc classes. The crystallographic characterization of Accepted 10 May 2009 the different shell layers, as well as their physical and chemical properties have been the subject of several investigations. In addition, many researches have addressed the characterization of the biological Keywords: component of the shell and the role it plays in the hard exoskeleton assembly, that is, the Mollusca biomineralization process. All these topics have seen great advances in the last two or three decades, Shell microstructures expanding our knowledge on the shell properties, in terms of structure, functions and composition. This Electron microscopy Infrared spectroscopy involved the use of a range of specialized and modern techniques, integrating microscopic methods with X-ray diffraction biochemistry, molecular biology procedures and spectroscopy. However, the factors governing synthesis Electron diffraction of a specific crystalline carbonate phase in any particular layer of the shell and the interplay between organic and inorganic components during the biomineral assembly are still not widely known. This present survey deals with microstructural aspects of molluscan shells, as disclosed through use of scanning electron microscopy and related analytical methods (microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and infrared spectroscopy).
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Estuarine and Inshore Bivalves of Virginia
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1968 Guide to Estuarine and Inshore Bivalves of Virginia Donna DeMoranville Turgeon College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Turgeon, Donna DeMoranville, "Guide to Estuarine and Inshore Bivalves of Virginia" (1968). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617402. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-yph4-y570 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GUIDE TO ESTUARINE AND INSHORE BIVALVES OF VIRGINIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts LIBRARY o f the VIRGINIA INSTITUTE Of MARINE. SCIENCE. By Donna DeMoranville Turgeon 1968 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts jfitw-f. /JJ'/ 4/7/A.J Donna DeMoranville Turgeon Approved, August 1968 Marvin L. Wass, Ph.D. P °tj - D . dvnd.AJlLJ*^' Jay D. Andrews, Ph.D. 'VL d. John L. Wood, Ph.D. William J. Hargi Kenneth L. Webb, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to her major professor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. the Ligament in the Lamellibranchia
    CHAPTER III THE LIGAMENT Paye Appearance and structure.. .................•........................ 48 the specimen shown in figure 17 the large, tri­ Chemical composition................................................ 56 angular space beyond the hinge permits wide Elastic properties _.... 59 Bibliography........................•..................... 63 excursions of the valves and their gaping may consequently be very broad. APPEARANCE AND STRUCTURE On the other hand, the narrow and crooked The significance of the ligament in the phylogeny beaks shown in figure 53 greatly restrict th e and classification of bivalves was a favored movement of the valves along the pivotal axis subject in malacological studies of the past regardless of the degree of relaxation of the muscle. century. Lengthy theoretical speculations about Small pebbles, pieces of broken shell, and other this structure are found in the papers of Bower­ foreign particles often found lodged between the bank (1844), Jackson (1890, 1891), Tullberg beaks may further limit the opening of the valves. (1881), Dall (1889, 1895), Reis (1902), Bieder­ The possibility that such purely mechanical mann (1902), Stempell (1900), and others. A obstructions can impede the movement of the review of the literature from the earlier years to valves should be kept in mind in evaluating the 1929 is adequately presented by Haas (1935). results of physiological tests in which the degree These investigations give little information, how­ of shell opening is recorded. The youngest part of the ligament is that which ever, concerning the microscopic structure, oriO'inb' chemical composition, and function of the liga- touches the inside of the valves; the oldest ment. The latter subjects receive attention in portion, which is usually dried, cracked, and the more recent works of Mitchell (1935) on the nonfunctional, faces the outside.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Scallops (Placopecten Magellanicus)
    Methods and Materials for Aquaculture Production of Sea Scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) Dana L. Morse • Hugh S. Cowperthwaite • Nathaniel Perry • Melissa Britsch Contents Rationale and background. .1 Scallop biology . 1 Spat collection . 2 Nursery culture. 3 Growout. .4 Bottom cages . 4 Pearl nets. 5 Lantern nets. 5 Suspension cages . 6 Ear hanging. 6 Husbandry and fouling control. 7 Longline design and materials . 7 Moorings and mooring lines. 7 Longline (or backline) . 7 Tension buoys . 7 Marker buoys . 7 Compensation buoys . 8 Longline weights. 8 Site selection . 8 Economic considerations & recordkeeping . 8 Scallop products, biotoxins & public health . 8 Literature Cited. 9 Additional Reading. 9 Appendix I . 9 Example of an annual cash flow statement. 9 Acknowledgements . 9 Authors’ contact information Dana L. Morse Nathaniel Perry Maine Sea Grant and University of Maine Pine Point Oyster Company Cooperative Extension 10 Pine Ridge Road, Cape Elizabeth, ME 04107 193 Clark’s Cove Road, Walpole, ME 04573 [email protected] [email protected] Melissa Britsch Hugh S. Cowperthwaite University of Maine, Darling Marine Center Coastal Enterprises, Inc. 193 Clark’s Cove Road, Walpole, ME 04573 30 Federal Street, Brunswick, ME 04011 [email protected] [email protected] The University of Maine is an EEO/AA employer and does not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, transgender status, gender expression, national origin, citizenship status, age, disability, genetic information or veteran’s status in employment, education, and all other programs and activities. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Director of Equal Opportunity, 101 North Stevens Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5754, 207.581.1226, TTY 711 (Maine Relay System).
    [Show full text]
  • Farming Bivalve Molluscs: Methods for Study and Development by D
    Advances in World Aquaculture, Volume 1 Managing Editor, Paul A. Sandifer Farming Bivalve Molluscs: Methods for Study and Development by D. B. Quayle Department of Fisheries and Oceans Fisheries Research Branch Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6 Canada and G. F. Newkirk Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 471 Canada Published by THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY in association with THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE The World Aquaculture Society 16 East Fraternity Lane Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Copyright 1989 by INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, The World Aquaculture Society, 16 E. Fraternity Lane, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and the International Development Research Centre, 250 Albert St., P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9. ; t" ary of Congress Catalog Number: 89-40570 tI"624529-0-4 t t lq 7 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following figures are reproduced with permission: Figures 1- 10, 12, 13, 17,20,22,23, 32, 35, 37, 42, 45, 48, 50 - 54, 62, 64, 72, 75, 86, and 87 from the Fisheries Board of Canada; Figures 11 and 21 from the United States Government Printing Office; Figure 15 from the Buckland Founda- tion; Figures 18, 19,24 - 28, 33, 34, 38, 41, 56, and 65 from the International Development Research Centre; Figures 29 and 30 from the Journal of Shellfish Research; and Figure 43 from Fritz (1982).
    [Show full text]
  • Bivalve Biology - Glossary
    Bivalve Biology - Glossary Compiled by: Dale Leavitt Roger Williams University Bristol, RI A Aberrant: (L ab = from; erro = wonder) deviating from the usual type of its group; abnormal; wandering; straying; different Accessory plate: An extra, small, horny plate over the hinge area or siphons. Adapical: Toward shell apex along axis or slightly oblique to it. Adductor: (L ad = to; ducere = to lead) A muscle that draws a structure towards the medial line. The major muscles (usually two in number) of the bivalves, which are used to close the shell. Adductor scar: A small, circular impression on the inside of the valve marking the attachment point of an adductor muscle. Annulated: Marked with rings. Annulation or Annular ring: A growth increment in a tubular shell marked by regular constrictions (e.g., caecum). Anterior: (L ante = before) situated in front, in lower animals relatively nearer the head; At or towards the front or head end of a shell. Anterior extremity or margin: Front or head end of animal or shell. In gastropod shells it is the front or head end of the animal, i.e. the opposite end of the apex of the shell; in bivalves the anterior margin is on the opposite side of the ligament, i.e. where the foot protrudes. Apex, Apexes or Apices: (L apex = the tip, summit) the tip of the spire of a gastropod and generally consists of the embryonic shell. First-formed tip of the shell. The beginning or summit of the shell. The beginning or summit or the gastropod spire. The top or earliest formed part of shell-tip of the protoconch in univalves-the umbos, beaks or prodissoconch in bivalves.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Study of Fossils (Plants and Animals)
    ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE GIFT OF Mrs. Winthrop Crane III DATE DUE IPPffl*^ HfflHHIfff IGOO APR i 3 IINTEO IN U.S.A. Cornell University Library QE 713.S55 An introduction to the study of fossils 3 1924 001 613 599 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 924001 61 3599 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSILS THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO - DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN &: CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSILS (PLANTS AND ANIMALS) BY HERVEY WOODBURN SHIMER, A.M., Ph.D. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF PALEONTOLOGY IN THE MASSA- CHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wefa gorfe THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1924 All rights reseinjed -713 Copyright, 1914, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1914. J. 8. Gushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Masa., U.S.A. MY WIFE COMRADE AND COLLABORATOR THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED PREFACE This little volume has grown out of a need experienced by the author during fifteen years of teaching paleontology. He has found that students come to the subject either with very little previous training in biology, or at best with a training which has not been along the lines that would definitely aid them in understanding fossils. Too often fossils are looked upon merely as bits of stone, differing only in form from the rocks in which they are embedded.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Common Tidal Marsh Invertebrates of the Northeastern
    - J Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium MASGP - 79 - 004 Guide to Common Tidal Marsh Invertebrates of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico by Richard W. Heard University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 and Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS 39564* Illustrations by Linda B. Lutz This work is a result of research sponsored in part by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Office of Sea Grant, under Grant Nos. 04-S-MOl-92, NA79AA-D-00049, and NASIAA-D-00050, by the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Gram Consortium, by the University of South Alabama, by the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, and by the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium. The U.S. Government is authorized to produce and distribute reprints for govern­ mental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon. • Present address. This Handbook is dedicated to WILL HOLMES friend and gentleman Copyright© 1982 by Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium and R. W. Heard All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without permission from the author. CONTENTS PREFACE . ....... .... ......... .... Family Mysidae. .. .. .. .. .. 27 Order Tanaidacea (Tanaids) . ..... .. 28 INTRODUCTION ........................ Family Paratanaidae.. .. .. .. 29 SALTMARSH INVERTEBRATES. .. .. .. 3 Family Apseudidae . .. .. .. .. 30 Order Cumacea. .. .. .. .. 30 Phylum Cnidaria (=Coelenterata) .. .. .. .. 3 Family Nannasticidae. .. .. 31 Class Anthozoa. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Order Isopoda (Isopods) . .. .. .. 32 Family Edwardsiidae . .. .. .. .. 3 Family Anthuridae (Anthurids) . .. 32 Phylum Annelida (Annelids) . .. .. .. .. .. 3 Family Sphaeromidae (Sphaeromids) 32 Class Oligochaeta (Oligochaetes). .. .. .. 3 Family Munnidae . .. .. .. .. 34 Class Hirudinea (Leeches) . .. .. .. 4 Family Asellidae . .. .. .. .. 34 Class Polychaeta (polychaetes).. .. .. .. .. 4 Family Bopyridae . .. .. .. .. 35 Family Nereidae (Nereids). .. .. .. .. 4 Order Amphipoda (Amphipods) . ... 36 Family Pilargiidae (pilargiids). .. .. .. .. 6 Family Hyalidae .
    [Show full text]
  • Bivalve Biology
    1/30/2020 BIVALVE BIOLOGY Matt Griffin Adapted from Dale Leavitt 2019 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA • Invertebrates – no backbone - Millions of years old • High diversity > 85,000 living species > 60,000 species in fossil record • Habitat - Te rre s t r i a l - Freshwater -Marine • Represents 23% of all named marine organisms PHYLUM MOLLUSCA • Bilaterally symmetrical • Majority have a hard shell - exp: Nudibranchs & Cephalopods • Three distinct areas - head area - visceral mass -mantle • Primarily herbivorous 1 1/30/2020 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Highly diverse - 7 classes Oyster drill Channel whelk Moon snail PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA CLASS: GASTROPODA • Spiral coiled shells – body can be withdrawn • Carnivorous – some predatory on bivalves PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA CLASS: CEPHALOPODA • Reduced shells - beak • Rival mammals in terms of complexity and function 2 1/30/2020 PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA CLASS: BIVALVIA • Two laterally compressed shells • Hinged together by elastic ligament and teeth • Head greatly reduced • Fleshy mantle encasing the visceral mass • Muscular foot • Loss of radula • Large gills used for feeding & respiration • Mostly sedentary BIVALVE • Lifestyles BIOLOGY • Anatomy • Growth • Respiration • Feeding and digestion • Nervous system • Circulatory system What do you need • Locomotion to know as a farmer? • Reproduction HABITAT - LIFESTYLES Epifaunal - Byssal attached (blue mussel) - Reclining (Giant clam) - Cemented (oyster) - Swimming (scallops) Semi-Infaunal - Byssally attached (ribbed mussel) Infaunal - Burrowing (quahog) - Boring (piddock) 3 1/30/2020 EPIFAUNAL
    [Show full text]