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in PartialFulfillment the Degreein Doctor Requirements of the of for of HUNGARIAN JEWISH INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSES DISCOURSES INTELLECTUAL JEWISH HUNGARIAN BETWEEN ASSIMILATION AND CATASTROPHE CATASTROPHE AND ASSIMILATION BETWEEN Presented to the Faculties of the CentralUniversityFaculties of Presented European the to IN THE SHADOW OF NAZISM NAZISM OF SHADOW IN THE Supervisor of Dissertation of Supervisor Budapest, Hungary 2010 Budapest, A DISSERTATION Ferenc Laczó History in

Philosophy

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previously written or published by unless otherwisepreviously or person any published noted. other written

o aeil acpe fr n ohr ere i ay te insti other any in degrees other any for accepted materials no declare hereby I Author. the of permission written the without Fur made. copies such any of part be must page This librarian. Deta University. European Central the of Library the at lodged instructions the with accordance in only made be may part, in or Copi Author. the with exclusively rests text this of Copyright COPYRIGHT NOTICE COPYRIGHT NOTICE

es by any process, either in full in either process, any by es that this dissertation contains dissertation this that ther copies may not be made made be not may copies ther the from obtained be may ils given by the Author and and Author the by given tution and no materials materials no and tution

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National Széchényi LibrarySzéchényi National a relevant historical segment ofa these relevant historical i relevant segment morepublic broadly pl foc up ended I other. each to them political connect to ultimately, and, compare and conceptions cultural various historical memory, divergent of study to communities want me made empathy of lack a also prob such Experiencing misunderstanding. and miscommunication of forms a charged politically seem pu often they and Admittedly, controversies. scholarly contemporary understand to desire the by triggered i This discourses. intellectual Jewish Hungarian and Hungarian modern ae iial bnftd rm h hlfles f librarians, of helpfulness the from benefited similarly have use and sound me given have who Zimmermann Susan and Hall Karl and else, le recommendation with me helped have who Riedl Matthias and Kontler I University, European Central the of History of Department dedicat his with Europe Central East in historians intellectual source a as served has who Trencsényi, Balázs to grateful very course the over mature dissertation this as well as thinking my pr research comparative international, an in participate to me He focus. my sharpen and aims my rethink seriously to had I when even t slower progressing was work my when even me in confident remained supervisor my all, above thank, to like would ITherefore, exception. benevolence. much and influences many of result the is most dissertation many through perseverance and patience requires dissertation ée Bnsk (at Bencsik Péter o atclry ige u (n tit lhbtcl re a order alphabetical strict (in out single particularly to doctoral fellow my of many of support friendly the on count always im and ideas my clarify me helped thus and project dissertation Hungarian in articles my publish and edit to agreed generously hs israin rw u o m lnsadn itrs i te histor the in interest longstanding my of out grew dissertation This vn huh opeig h eprcl eerh n h sae neede scale the on research empirical the completing though Even Aetas , áo Er (at Egry Gábor ), and at the the at and Acknowledgements Metropolitan Ervin Szabó Library Szabó Ervin Metropolitan Múltunk ad tia oá (at Novák Attila and ) nd with the danger in mind of of mind in danger the with nd ion and broad horizons. At the the At horizons. broad and ion of inspiration for many young many for inspiration of oject which enabled me to let let to me enabled which oject of some additional years. I am am Iyears. additional some of mostly those working at the the at working those mostly that drew on elements of this of elements on drew that ol lk t tak László thank to like would nd are hindered by various various by hindered are nd prove my writing. I could could I writing. my prove ssues. ssues. student and I would like like would I and student Viktor Karády, who has who Karády, Viktor using on what I see as see I what on using ly lonely hours, any any hours, lonely ly narratives, different different narratives, gradually was nterest Mine is certainly no no certainly is Mine blic exchanges and and exchanges blic , both in Budapest. in both , tters, besides much much besides tters, atforms, to try to to try to atforms, also kindly asked asked kindly also a epce and expected han lems and often often and lems Szombat ful advice. I advice. ful d for a a for d ) have have ) of y

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point). I am extremely grateful to my parents, grandmother, my grandmother, parents, my to grateful extremely am I point). like to thank Máté Rigó and Tamás particular in at thank Scheibner studied and CE Máté to like both Rigó (who Vladim pe Hungarian my Among Lóránd, Zubak. Marko and Zászkaliczky Márton Zsófia Stráner, Kármán, Mari Gábor mine) Iacob, of Bogdan colleagues Gabrijelčič, important similarly some forgetting IItshape. Vera particular dedicate that to in to wouldlike is work. this see to enough patient being and years these all me with up

this project grow into its final final its into grow project this siblings and Vera for putting putting for Vera and siblings a Falina, Luka Lisjak Lisjak Luka Falina, a ir Petrović, Katalin Katalin Petrović, ir ers, I would also also would I ers, U at some U at some

CEU eTD Collection (1936-1943) Journal Jewish Culture Lib and TheHistoricalModels Changes. of Hungarian Chapter VI the PresentA History of Chapter V Jewry Roles the of Historicity,On and Values Chapter IV Collective IdentityDiscourses of Chapter III The Chapter II Platforms (1939-1944)Political Narratives Ararát Yearbooks Crisis. The and of Chapter VII Introduction I. I. I. I. I. IV. III. II. I. III. II. II. II. IV. III. II. III. II.

IMIT YearbooksIMIT

Jewish Values of Historicity andJewish the Question ...... 108 IdentityHungarian Jewish Options ...... 64 IMIT ofThe Basic Characteristics ...... 38 The and Aims Subject, Scope of the Dissertation ...... 1 Introduction ...... 218 Various of the Age Descriptions ...... 160 Germany and Nazism in IMIT IMIT in Germany...... Nazism and 200 Palestine ZionismDiscourse and on ...... 177 ContributionsJewish ...... 138 Traditions and the Jewish Scholarly Position ...... 88 the Mirror in The of of the Aims Yearbooks Self-Interpretations ...... 55 IMIT the Horthy in Era ...... 46 of theAims Analysis ...... 43 Question HistoryModern Jewish Hungarian Jewish and the ...... 22 The Intellectual Challenge of History...... Jewish 13 Conclusion Conclusion ...... 259 TheHistorical Reflection Changes of ...... 244 CultureModels of Jewish ...... 227

...... 218

...... 1 (1929-1943). Aims, Characteristics, Story ...... 160 ...... 64 Table of TableContents of ...... 108 ...... 38 anon ...... 263

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I. IV. III. II.

Introduction ...... 263 Fragments of Historical Narratives...... Fragments Historical of 305 and for Plans theAssessments Future Situation of the Current ...... 290 A Plan Contested ...... 270 ...... 314 ...... 324

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ra sget f h Hnain eih nelcul lt wo mi who elite intellectual Jewish Hungarian the of segment broad zalt Mga Ioam Társulat Irodalmi Magyar Izraelita detailed and balanced summary presentation of their main contents main their of presentation summary balanced and detailed a intellectual a it level, descriptive the on goals: Jewish main two sets dissertation Hungarian of documents studied hardly and known Catr I ad the and VI) (Chapter ugra Jewish.Hungarian V), the journal journal the V), betwee volumes extensive fifteen of series new its released organs, printed Jewish explicitly and important centrally three compre and detailed features dissertation the concretely, More 1940s. catastrop and assimilation between time the period, historical 1 Hungarian were (Chapter killed Jews VII). t when 1944 of year catastrophic the until out broke War World Second oe n t teey itnus hmef rm Jewish from himself distinguish thereby to and Pole somewhat cumbersome, I consider its analytical impo itsanalytical consider I cumbersome, somewhat labeled be also might (who Jews Hungarian Hungarian Pol Polish a himself called who Krajewski Stanisław ugra Jw i mat o ml ta te wr bot were they that imply to meant is Jews Hungarian W (Kraków: Jew Polish Polish a of Reflections Jews. ee a aotn te sfl i a frt hearing first at if useful, the adopting am I Here hs israin fes sre f ikd ae tde o the on studies case linked of series a offers dissertation This I. Drawing on close reading of these rich and diverse, though still relatively l still though and diverse, rich reading these closeDrawing of on Libanon

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politics and history, are all highly complex and deserve separa deserve and complex highly all are history, and politics ie ne aayi wl b rglry oe ad lutae o c on illustrated and noted regularly be will analysis under time relativel the in changes discursive important and etc.) crisis, of culture of models various options, identity multiple exploring (through s Je inner rich of picture a and that means this practice, In manner. sensitive historically a in questions controversial rather discussions. discussions. necessary, where providing, sources, primary three these in dealt analysis thorough a to myself restrict will I thesis, this In nepee. hs fv tpc, hc cud e ral lbld i labeled broadly be c could which least topics, at five or These interpreted. whole, as community Jewish the of crisis the for almost narratives historical alternative least, not but last and, t in particularly ideas, political Jewish Hungarian of spectrum ar specificities Jewish about made claims and culture Jewish concep competing Third, explored. are 1938) after forms severe more (that Hungary in discrimination legal of years the in transformed w the and Jewry of relations external and differences internal i various Second, identity. Hungarian) and (Jewish dual of with formulations discourses identity collective Jewish Hungarian of evolution include, chapters later of course the in addressed be shall that publis extended three these in reflected were they as history in questions important of number a of discussion critical a offers n te wrs te he ga o ti suy s o ics tee com these discuss to is study this of goal chief the words, other In of the ways in which they were were they which in ways the of hed sources. The research topics topics research The sources. hed wish pluralism shall be painted painted be shall pluralism wish all of which aimed to account account to aimed which of all he age of exclusion is mapped is exclusion of age he y short, but dramatic period of of period dramatic but y short, te analyses in their own right. right. own their in analyses te udr cuiy Fut, the Fourth, scrutiny. under e ays they were increasingly increasingly were they ays nrt eape. hs a Thus, examples. oncrete modern Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian modern first, the specificities and and specificities the first, dentity, relations, culture, culture, relations, dentity, tre t tk mr and more take to started ynchronically pluralistic pluralistic ynchronically ran set o i are it of aspects ertain references to broader broader to references , differing narratives narratives differing , fcs n various on focus a tions or models of of models or tions nterpretations of of nterpretations plex and plex 2 CEU eTD Collection

ao rls n ainl oeet ad ol possess flo been has could cults literary of study The elsewhere. and movements national in roles major date. to phenomena these of thos period) postwar the for (particularly and hand an Mord Der csendőrkerületbe Kapitel. letzte Das (szegedi) Gerlach, Christian V. az 1944-ben Zsidósors Karsai, László 1994), Alapítvány, Auschwitz Magyar my study, I ought to explain what this study is this what explain to I ought my study, sound publications by now.by publications sound gene have which of both anti-Semitism, Hungarian of question looming the nor it, to led what nor 1944, of Holocaust Hungarian the study neither I more rarely) between them. (which, debates explicit and disagreements implicit identify emphatically simply: more (or hermeneutically authors Jewish aim my trends, main and positions central of explanation selective all-encom seemingly a offering of instead Thus, authors). their of conc or preferences cultural agendas, political choices, identity such not or (whether traditions discursive single on focus a strong too essentialization of forms all avoids that emerge to ought Shoah the intellectua Jewish Hungarian of presentation colorful and dynamic 2 3 b Nationalism Religion, Hungary. Christian of Defense to eszmetörténet need Politikai other Magyarországon. the Gondolat, zsidókérdés on (Budapest: 2007) Argumentum, Magyarországon (Budapest: utáni háború a A Szita, Szabolcs 1981), Press, University Columbia dissertation. ab is fiction of analysis the works: significant some completed Hungarian radical right-wing and anti-Semitic “dire anti-Semitic and right-wing radical Hungarian cont this in relevant are but focuses, broader have Studies of East Central European intellectuals oft intellectuals European Central East of Studies Politics The Braham, L. Randolph of works the Here 3 ehp ms ipraty I o o aaye o ald o-eih J non-Jewish called so analyze not do I importantly, most Perhaps aig oe te etaiy f icrnc hfs n snhoi dive synchronic and shifts diachronic of centrality the noted Having

2 Nor do I venture into literary history where others have alrea have others where history literary into venture I do Nor urishing in Hungary for some decades now with autho with now decades some for Hungary in urishing e of András Kovács, A másik szeme. Zsidók és antisz és Zsidók szeme. másik A Kovács, András of e ext too. The extended Chapter VIII of Gyurgyák’s wo Gyurgyák’s of VIII Chapter extended The too. ext en focus on literary authors. They have undoubtedly have They authors. literary on focus en ctions and movements” is the most detailed empirica detailed most the is movements” and ctions den ungarischen Juden (Stuttgart: DVA, 2004) on the on 2004) DVA, (Stuttgart: Juden ungarischen den , and Antisemitism, 1890–1944 (Ithaca: Cornell UP, UP, Cornell (Ithaca: 1890–1944 Antisemitism, and , Bdps: srs 20) n Pu A Hnbik In Hanebrink, A. Paul and 2001) Osiris, (Budapest: sdk lötts Bdpse, 9414 (Budapest 1944-1945 Budapesten, üldöztetése zsidók Holokauszt (Budapest: Pannonica, 2001), Judit Molná Judit 2001), Pannonica, (Budapest: Holokauszt of Genocide – The Holocaust in Hungary (New York: York: (New Hungary in Holocaust The – Genocide of not n (Budapest: Cserépfalvi, 1995) and Götz Aly and and Aly Götz and 1995) Cserépfalvi, (Budapest: n lvl f yblcpltcl aia rrl match rarely capital symbolic-political of level a mnind Te ok b Jns yryk A Gyurgyák, János by works The mentioned. e in order to better clarify my specific focus. focus. myclarifybetter specific to order in 2008) and Éva Standeisky, Antiszemitizmusok Antiszemitizmusok Standeisky, Éva and 2008) ditdy to pae much place took admittedly, eptions of history on the part part the on history of eptions , but not uncritically) and to to and uncritically) not but , et rm h pgs f this of pages the from sent l discourses just prior to to prior just discourses l passing, but necessarily necessarily but passing, and the potential trap of of trap potential the and s ahr o approach to rather is focuses directly imply imply directly focuses do I directly address address directly I do rated a pool of pool a rated w, .. a i.e. ews, rsity to to rsity played played rs such such rs emiták emiták l study study l 3 2006) 2006) rk on on rk one one dy dy ed ed r, :

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re bt nomtv wr Gog Lctem Lukács Lichtheim, George work informative but brief below. intellectual canons in the vein of intellectual his intellectual of vein the in canons intellectual 2 Lang, Peter (Oxford: States United the to Germany (mostly Jewish) intellectual emigration, see Lee Co Lee see emigration, intellectual Jewish) (mostly aua sinit, f io Fak Dul Eie T Exile. Double Frank, Tibor of scientists, natural Princeto (Princeton: 1919-1933 Austria, and Germany attention. On György (or Georg) Lukács alone there there alone Lukács Georg) (or György On attention. eso i hs ie t hv pae a ao rl, w role, major a played have to times his in version Pelle, conside Pelle 2001). János Intézet, Század 2003). XX. (Budapest: Osiris, (Budapest: Oszkár Jászi of Hungarian intellectual history than the ones who shall be in the in be shall who ones the than history intellectual Hungarian of mains in included often more are and known better much be to happen authors aás e., z rdli utsktts kézikönyve kultuszkutatás irodalmi Az (ed.), Takáts ee on hita, u i woe ae h question the case whose in but Christian, born were Halás Mikó, R Krisztina and Ferencz, 2005), Osiris, Győző (Budapest: 1973), Akadémiai, (Budapest: Antal su, e i priua te eet bt diametrica but recent, the particular in see issue, substantial part of Jewish intellectuals, partsubstantial of Jewish nfiitd ih r ipy o priiaig n eih Hungaria Jewish in initiatives. participating not simply or with all but unaffiliated left, the of men and liberals as qualified be to ought 6 5 4 monogra Ungvári’s Tamás of focus the topics, Jewish Taká József and Margócsy István Dávidházi, Péter as concerns. and hopes plans, and ideas their makers, opinion and scholars persecute and discriminated legally increasingly the of discourse little still a address to want I therefore and canon this enrich within Jewry at large, but also (more narrowly) wit narrowly) (more also but large, at Jewry within recogniz By Jewish. “essentially” as even or still” Christian as them raised and converted grandparents this instance, the descriptive and the normative le thenormative and descriptive the thisinstance, rdlm éfrárl Bdps: rzgs Rabbiképz scholars. literary Országos pr many that add to ought (Budapest: I 1997). Kutatócsoportja, létformáiról Törö irodalom Petra collection: relevant still but older, an in Hungarian and French) of Clara Royer. On the com the On Royer. Clara of French) and Hungarian in n (t h epne f elcig h pltcl and i are political form literary and the literature Jewish Hungarian neglecting of expense the (at one Such intellectuals have received ample attention a attention ample received have intellectuals Such maint and created arguably initiatives these Thus, incl could category the defined, broadly most When 6 Mc rte ta rngtaig oe f h dtis f uh ca such of details the of some renegotiating than rather Much 5 They are not subjects of this dissertation, even though admittedly admittedly though even dissertation, this of subjects not are They 4 some of whom were conservative and many wereconservative whom and some of whom of tory, please see my next subchapter. mysubchapter. next see please tory, vels ought to be strictly separated. strictly separated. be to ought vels ing this fact, one does not necessary consider it a it consider necessary not does one fact, this ing l opsd nepeain o Ozá Jsi György Jászi. Oszkár of interpretations opposed lly (d) A aá é a aáot Tpegsk magya a Töprengések határolt. a és határ A (ed.), k hin Hungarian Jewry. Jewry. Hungarian hin n the center of the recent dissertation (about to b to (about dissertation recent the of center the n nd some excellent treatments too. See György Poszle György See too. treatments excellent some nd ngdon, Exile and Social Thought. Hungarian Intellec Hungarian Thought. Social and Exile ngdon, e irto o HnainJws Poesoas Thro Professionals Hungarian-Jewish of Migration he s, but who were nevertheless often identified as “s as identified often nevertheless were who but s, actitioners of intellectual history in Hungary happ Hungary in history intellectual of actitioners ie a uclue nt ny ihn ugra cultu Hungarian within only not subculture, a ained oil itrcl set o te oi) Te quest The topic). the of aspects historical social 009). For some ideas on recent negotiations of Hung of negotiations recent on ideas some For 009). z Gábor (Budapest: Balassi, 1995). There are those are There 1995). Balassi, (Budapest: Gábor z ude converts and even some individuals whose parent whose individuals some even and converts ude rs the personal “Jewish question” of Jászi and its and Jászi of question” “Jewish personal the rs plex question of Hungarian-Jewish literature, there literature, Hungarian-Jewish of question plex are many books even in international languages. See languages. international in even books many are of their Jewishness is nevertheless a significant significant a nevertheless is Jewishness their of Bdps: iáa, 03. n pcfcly Hungari specifically On 2003). Kijárat, (Budapest: ph on the “Jewish question” is almost entirely a li a entirely almost is question” “Jewish the on ph n UP, 1991). See also the new work, dealing more wi more dealing work, new the also See 1991). UP, n áz Ozá: ltaz, sm é krötnt ess kortörténeti és eszme Életrajzi, Oszkár: Jászi s ulsig motn wrs n hs en Se Jó See, vein. this in works important publishing ts Lno: otn / oln, 90. n h Hungaria the On 1970). Collins, / Fontana (London: ie ivn eivd h mte hrl mrtd much merited hardly matter the believed Litván hile dói ils lt é klézt: rtki életraj kritikai költészete: és élete Miklós adnóti ő Intézet Yahalom Zsidó Művelődéstörténeti Művelődéstörténeti Zsidó Yahalom Intézet ő nw ae: h intellectual the area: known d Jewish Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian Jewish d of whom were completely completely were whom of focus of the explorations the of focus Jws intellectual Jewish n Some of them might them of Some os m am i to is aims my nons, tream canons tream several such such several cceptable. In cceptable. e published published e omehow omehow en to be to en Litván, Litván, r, Szerb Szerb r, tuals in in tuals is also also is r-zsidó r-zsidó o of ion public public public public 4 terary terary arian arian e or re

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preordained and, what is more, it seemed like it might be avoide be might it like seemed it more, is what and, preordained qualified as enemies of their own state? In short, the dissertati the short, In deed state? own their and of enemies as word qualified in were and Nazism of shadow the in act to had they when reacted and wrote intellectuals Jewish committed how of discussion empirical a through scholarship Jewish Hungarian in gap major authors remembered little relatively several of memory the particular in marginalized be to continued has arguably scholars Jewish of memory the and missing still are thought Jewish Hungarian sever on studies in-depth locall Consequently, obstacles. projects serious constitute research such for funding receive to opportunities histor Jewish Hungarian modern study to backing institutional strong accomplishments scholarly respectable of deal good a and issues themes communist-ruled Hungary. in did while, a for least at and cases some in as (or, not could they decades for these live to continued to them of some and contributors years war the the survived of many that noted be to ought It them. of Second World War. World Second of catastrophe Jewish Hungarian the but worst, the feared have 8 t and attachments national Hungarian emphasizing of a 1942 in traces discursive unmistakable left Jewry 7 israin Jze TrciTote pse aa i away passed Turóczi-Trostler József dissertation: Jewish subjects were largely tabooed in the public in thepublic weretabooed largely subjects Jewish Scheibe Sándor while 71, at 1984 in Hahn István 88, at 1972 in Zsoldos Jenő 67, at 1970 in Benoschofsky continent. continent. To mention only some of these authors whose names whose authors these of some only mention To and Holocaust ongoing the both shown, be shall As n pt o sgiiat mrvmns n h cniin o studyin of conditions the in improvements significant of spite In 7 There is no doubt that these horrible experiences left deep s deep left experiences horrible these that doubt no is There

8

realm) remain to be written. written. be to remain realm) nd 1943. The latter arguably primarily through a ne a through primarily arguably latter The 1943. nd r died in 1985 at 72. Their postwar stories (when e (when stories postwar Their 72. at 1985 in died r 76, Imre Keszi in 1974 at 64, Aladár Komlós in 198 in Komlós Aladár 64, at 1974 in Keszi Imre 76, n 1962 at 74, Fülöp Grünwald in 1964 at 77, Imre Imre 77, at 1964 in Grünwald Fülöp 74, at 1962 n he positive exceptionality of Hungary in an anti-Se an in Hungary of exceptionality positive he the simultaneous hoping for the survival of Hungari of survival the for hoping simultaneous the and writings will often reappear in the course of t of course the in reappear often will writings and and thereby fill an obvious and obvious an fill thereby and on aims to be the study of the the of study the be to aims on ly rich and analytically sound sound analytically and rich ly . This study hopes to revive revive to hopes study This . d until the last stages of the the of stages last the until d not want to) address Jewish Jewish address to) want not 1944 was certainly not not certainly was 1944 since 1989, the lack of of lack the 1989, since to changes in Hungary Hungary in changes to y have remained to to remained have y al crucial aspects of of aspects crucial al afterwards – even if even – afterwards y and rather scarce scarce rather and y three publications publications three Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian increasingly increasingly cars on all on cars g Jewish Jewish g xplicitly xplicitly w wave wave w 5 mitic 0 at 0 his his an an CEU eTD Collection

lrlt ad iest o esetvs nenl o er. A Jewry. to internal perspectives of diversity and plurality ieaim O te te hn, t peaec i te oiia, s political, the in prevalence its hand, other the On liberalism. assimi growing and conservative increasingly an of of dominance the fortified contract “social the s of as frame well the as in Europe accomplishments Central East the of nations surrounding Hunga towards the towards expressed powerfully more much assimilationism, xenly moe) rss f ugra ntoa identification national (largely Hungarian of the crisis to imposed) externally factors: major two to due was flourishing this mid-1930s the in initiatives simultaneous of dozens in culminating 1930s, Je Hungarian time, same the At catastrophe. unprecedented w Jews Hungarian for developments negative severe increasingly m brought time of period short this known, well is As Society. the of r series yearbook IMIT new the of launching the with Depression uninfluencedwayspossi (or react them theyas to to aim did as them remainby ongoi drastic the perceive they did how tasks, cultural and scholarly they did what are vein this in questions relevant The catastrophe. teleology historical any of projection the avoid to aiming call, rat and broadly I that situation cultural and political historical, Jewish Hungarian Jewish leading how is perspective this from What view. of point intellectual Jewish the from 1940s early and 1930s The decade and a half under analysis starts at the beginning beginning the at starts analysis under half a and decade The wish printed culture thrived in the in thrived culture printed wish gal, h ielg o Jewish of ideology the rguably, her unassumingly decided to to decided unassumingly her intellectuals interpreted their their interpreted intellectuals cholarly and artistic realms realms artistic and cholarly bten siiain and assimilation between , fe 11 ad o h rich the to and 1919 after define as their most urgent most their as define ight upon the refoundation refoundation the upon ight though not exclusively exclusively not though ih liaey e t an to led ultimately hich ly anachronistic form of of form anachronistic ly and legitimated lation” ng changes and in what in and changes ng n uepce and unexpected any matters, above all, all, above matters, in ain than nation rian . In broad terms, broad In . ome spectacular spectacular ome ble)? ble)? of the Great Great the of 6 CEU eTD Collection

periodicals being released in 1936 (not all of whic of all (not 1936 in released being periodicals wise it often seemed to offer comparatively little. comparatively offer to seemed often it wise primarily in place taken have might acculturation national (i.e. Hungar in Jews for activities of frame important an been have specific quiescen of levels highly high the for responsible ways also was nationalism some in thus, and Jewish mainstream This leae lre emns f h yugr eeain fo te Jewi the from generations younger the of segments large alienated emn n pbihd n zgd ewe 15 ad 186 and 1858 between Szeged in published and German 9 split) (internally the specifically cultural production was of Jewish Hungarian relative Jews of size the to compared times, Dualist eyes of those actively involved in it. In terms of of terms In it. in involved actively those of eyes 10 Encyclopedia which also offers contrasts and compar and contrasts offers also which Encyclopedia David Hundert (chief ed.), The YIVO Encyclopedia of Encyclopedia YIVO The ed.), (chief Hundert David the mainstream, some organs were re-launched and many newly es newly many and re-launched were organs some mainstream, the perspect alternative many presented organs Established differences. revealed also elite intellectual Jewish Hungarian Jewish The various dis subcultures. into Hungarian splintered open among negotiation Jews was There searching. soul of forms intense more much to led country new of reception alongside Hungary, in brought period inter-war f itra áyi “ mga zió at előzménye sajtó zsidó magyar 1930s. the of half second the in appeared only here “A in established was IMIT noted, already As emerged. trial. libel blood Tiszaeszlár the of thebeginning Bányai, o by followed not was initiative pathbreaking Lőw’s Viktória http://www.hebraisztika.hu/attachments/00000125.pdf of Hungarianizatio propagated occasionally ironically, h Scn Wrd a (n pt o Jze Ptis em Patai’s József of spite (in War World Second the rele first was (it Monarchy Dual the of time the in Monarchy saw relatively few Hungarian Jewish initia Jewish Hungarian few relatively saw Monarchy MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1993), 216. 1993), Kutatócsoport, Judaisztikai MTA hí zsidó Magyar Scheiber, Sándor See earlier. years h hg lvl f ugra Jws assimilationism Jewish Hungarian of level high The The level of Jewish cultural activities in Hungary in activities cultural Jewish of level The The fundamental challenges and often drastic changes for the worse the for changes drastic often and challenges fundamental The

This was the time when Egyenlőség and Magyar Zsidó Magyar and Egyenlőség when time the was This ased as an almanac in 1911) and continued until the until continued and 1911) in almanac an as ased journals, Ben Chananja, edited by Leopold Lőw, writ Lőw, Leopold by edited Chananja, Ben journals, Another notable publication, Múlt és Jövő began ap began Jövő és Múlt publication, notable Another n at times, it was not published in Hungarian. See See Hungarian. in published not was it times, at n h were in Hungarian), compared to the mere twelve t twelve mere the to compared Hungarian), in were h ther ventures until the early 1880s or, more precis more or, 1880s early the until ventures ther rlapok és folyóiratok bibliográfiája 1847-1992 (Bud 1847-1992 bibliográfiája folyóiratok és rlapok left much to be desired, also (or rather especiall rather (or also desired, be to much left the 1890s, while the other two organs under conside under organs two other the while 1890s, the isons with other eastern European countries. See Ge See countries. European eastern other with isons Ls acss Jn 9 21. fe te compromise, the After 2010. 19, Jan accesss: Last . Jews in Eastern Europe (New Haven: Yale UP, 2008). UP, Yale (NewHaven: Europe in Eastern Jews tives: Sándor Scheiber lists fifty-three Hungarian Hungarian fifty-three lists Scheiber Sándor tives: s poiet hm i te eety eesd YIVO released recently the in theme prominent a is gain o h Ysu) Oeal hwvr te Dual the however, Overall, Yishuv). the to igration ws h frt f t kn, u atog i rather it although but kind, its of first the was 7 10 As many have already remarked, in the in remarked, already have many As ives and competed to (re)define to competed and ives y in terms of group belonging belonging group of terms in y Jewish settings) but content- but settings) Jewish omnt, h lvl of level the community, ce. Their Jewishness might Jewishness Their ce. signs of marked inner inner marked of signs tablished at this time. In time. this at tablished é kzee” At kezdetei”. és i h omnt s such.as community sh rns rm usd the outside from trends ly small. small. ly a new and relatively relatively and new a form of Hungarian Hungarian of form course of that the that the study study the ely, after after ely, years of of years y) in the in y) Szemle Szemle pearing pearing Jewish Jewish 7 ten in in ten ration ration apest: apest: rshon rshon hirty hirty

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rtn t lv o a iln of island an on live to pretend though could, but events watershed the to close frighteningly stand both Hungarian Jews were close observers of the unfolding German Jewis German unfolding the of observers close were Jews Hungarian hy ee lo n oe as at f h lre Gra cultur German larger the of part ways some in also were they identifi national Hungarian pronounced rather their that is research, internat the of context the in elite, intellectual Jewish Hungarian Another 1944. early even or 1943 late until publications recurrent their maintai still could Jews Hungarian Jewry, European of genocide the chap final the as came 1944 of Holocaust Hungarian the and years war all-encom not but severe was oppression Hungarian Since account. into the in side Axis the on fighting was Hungary that fact the when is and extent its in unique is phenomenon This years. war the into long hr, n h ms svr mmn o cii, aiu Hnain eih c contesting life.renegotiating contours of some and basic of Jewish the most Jewish Hungarian various crisis, of moment severe most the in short, aselne, ehebzeugn Te German-Jewi The = Lu Edition (Bremen: Interrelations Representations, Wechselbeziehungen Deutsch-j Darstellungen, (eds.), Nagel Michael and Lappin Eleonora with the Nazi Nazi the with relevance new entirely acquired attachments and connections German goes It attention. scholarly little very received date intriguing to which an – widely more much also norm the was bilingualism of kind fondness particular showed elite intellectual this of members e Kti Del De üice rse m rte Re 1997). Gruyter, De (Berlin: Dritten im Presse jüdische Die Diehl, Katrin see 12 11 n motn wr (f w vlms ws eety re recently was volumes) two (of work important An On the German Jewish press under the Nazis, Katrin Nazis, the under press Jewish German the On Machtergreifung It should be emphasized here that Hungarian Jewish materials Jewish Hungarian that here emphasized be should It

of early 1933 and the ensuing persecution of German Jews.German of persecution ensuing the and 1933 early of relative miere, 2008). 2008). miere, aey Wehr hy oe t srie the survive to hoped they Whether safety. ich. Zwischen Selbstbehauptung und Fremdbestimmung Fremdbestimmung und Selbstbehauptung Zwischen ich. Diehl has published an important scholarly monogra scholarly important an published has Diehl üdische Presse und jüdische Geschichte: Dokumente, Dokumente, Geschichte: jüdische und Presse üdische leased on the history of the German Jewish press. press. Jewish German the of history the on leased sh Press and Jewish History: Documents, Documents, History: Jewish and Press sh without saying that such strong strong such that saying without o ti clua aflain a affiliation, cultural this for Second World War is taken is War World Second l sphere.al oa rlvne f this of relevance ional ain notwithstanding, cation n some, if only few of of few only if some, n h tragedy, who could who tragedy, h notable feature of the the of feature notable ter of the Judeocide, the of ter all the more unusual more the all passing even in the the in even passing and tragic coloring coloring tragic and onceptions were were onceptions 11 decreasingly so, so, decreasingly hl certain While were released released were phenomenon phenomenon 8 ph, ph, 12

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partly published documents that reflect that partly historical process. this documents published ln and plans periodical in Hungarian (though it also published m published also it (though in Hungarian periodical published in Magyar Zsidó Szemle between 1927 and 1 and 1927 between Szemle Zsidó Magyar in published Jerusalem in Hungarian under the supervision of Mic of thesupervision under Hungarian in Jerusalem Kőbányai János version, (post-1988) itsofrevived (Buda 1881–1931 évtizedei, Egyenlőség Az emberöltő: Jövő, a secular cultural Zionist venture was alread was venture Zionist cultural secular a Jövő, eih coal discourse, scholarly Jewish ugra ctsrpe f 94 Hnain es i lae ay tl unde still many leave did Jews Hungarian 1944, of catastrophe Hungarian t be could both sometimes (and news worsening and terrible of face onslaught all-European ultimately and anti-Jewish unprecedented századfordulón” in Századok, 2005/6., pp. 1335–1369 pp. 2005/6., Századok, in századfordulón” eety ulse eprcl tde. e, o inst for See, studies. empirical published this of recently heydays earlier the On consideration. under poli The Jövő. exclude have would és which 1938, in appearing stopped Múlt and Egyenlőség are elsewhere 13 Szemle was started in 1884 and served as an officia an as served and 1884 in started was Szemle 15 14 jüdisc polnischsprachigen der 2004). Ruprecht, Spiegel im Nation und areas. represe their being one main the mind, in criteria several with current series that was started in 2004, Magyar Zsi Magyar 2004, in started was that series current three main sections of Magyar Zsidó Szemle were tit were Szemle Zsidó Magyar of sections main three 1930, (in contributions most far by made Blau Lajos and Hevesi Ferenc Guttmann, Mihály Lőwinger, Sámuel a significant highly a in resulting yearbooks, IMIT publi wider for interest less of thus and technical ma yearbooks) IMIT the of favor in (and it studying its issues also included “Homiletics”, “Pedagogy”, “Pedagogy”, “Homiletics”, included also itsissues 1930s the from Weisz, Miksa by also once Friedman, Bü Sándor Blau, Lajos Ballagi, (Ernő yearbooks IMIT zme a sihl sotr hn h II yearbooks IMIT the than shorter slightly was Szemle Sámuel Komlós, We Adolf Weisz, Pál Vidor, Pál Takács, Pál Ottó Szemere, Kohlbach, Bertalan Kiss, Arnold Guttman Mihály Guttmann, Henrik Groszmann, Zsigmond (as in 1938) and 516 pages (as in 1931) at this tim this at 1931) in (as pages 516 and 1938) in (as 4322 pages, with much more variation as issues of t of issues as variation more much with pages, 4322 n lentv t te MT erok wud ae be have would yearbooks IMIT the to alternative An e but included been have could that journals Other int Jewish Polish the on perspective similar a For 14 The Ararát MT yearbooksIMIT I have chosen the three case studies from among a number of possibl of number a among from studies case three the chosen have I f oiia ies hsoia nraie (sal o crise of (usually narratives historical ideas, political of

15

ee cif ou o etbihd misra Hungarian mainstream established, of forum chief a were Libanon f pt-ae nihs clua cnetosad new and conceptions cultural insights, up-to-date of cs. At the same time, many of its contributors also contributors manyits of time, same At the cs. mount of overlapping content. I counted 25 authors 25 counted I content. overlapping of mount y the subject of an extensive recent study by the c the by study recent extensive an of subject the y who wrote a dissertation about it at the Hebrew Uni Hebrew the at it about dissertation a wrote who “Sources” and “Chronics”. “Chronics”. and “Sources” dó Szemle released a total of 65 volumes. I decided I volumes. 65 of total a released Szemle dó aterials in Hebrew and occasionally German). Magyar German). occasionally and inHebrew aterials he individual volumes could amount to anything betw anything to amount could volumes heindividual lly organ of the Rabbinical Seminary after 1927. Pr 1927. after Seminary Rabbinical the of organ lly ance, Miklós Konrád, “A neológ zsidóság útkeresése útkeresése zsidóság neológ “A Konrád, Miklós ance, hael K. Silber. Silber. K. hael e. It was edited by Lajos Blau, Simon Hevesi and Dé and Hevesi Simon Blau, Lajos by edited was It e. led “Society”, “Scholarship” and “Literature”, but “Literature”, and “Scholarship” “Society”, led one). than more made else one no while 22, made he er-war, see Katrin Steffen, Jüdische Polonitaet. Et Polonitaet. Jüdische Steffen, Katrin see er-war, iea bt ihy obtv ogn ils ord h Konrád Miklós organ combative highly but liberal inly for the reason that its discussions tended to to tended discussions its that reason the for inly d the final and the most tension-ridden years of th years of tension-ridden most the and final the d rtheimer, Salamon Widder, Ernő Winkler). Magyar Zsi Magyar Winkler). Ernő Widder, Salamon rtheimer, chler, Imre Csetényi, Dénes Friedman, Izidor Goldbe Izidor Friedman, Dénes Csetényi, Imre chler, . See also the important memoirs of Lajos Szabolcsi Lajos of memoirs important the also See . i ws eesd ewe 12 ad 91 n altogeth on 1941 and 1927 between released was it : Simon Hevesi served as chief editor and was helped helped was and editor chief as served Hevesi Simon te dd o qie i te oprsn r ee stud were or comparison the fit quite not did ither pest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1993). Múlt é Múlt 1993). Kutatócsoport, Judaisztikai MTA pest: 941 and appear in the main text of my chapters on t on chapters my of text main the in appear and 941 e Pes, 9813 (ötne: adnoc & Vandenhoeck (Göttingen: 1918-1939 Presse, hen Henrik Guttmann. In the volumes of 1927 and 1932 and 1927 of volumes the In Guttmann. Henrik tically central organ of Neolog Jewry, Egyenlőség, Egyenlőség, Jewry, Neolog of organ central tically en Magyar Zsidó Szemle, a crucial Jewish studies studies Jewish crucial a Szemle, Zsidó Magyar en Krausz, Ernő Munkácsi, Sándor Scheiber, Samu Samu Scheiber, Sándor Munkácsi, Ernő Krausz, n, István Hahn, Bernát Heller, Ármin Kecskeméti, Kecskeméti, Ármin Heller, Bernát Hahn, István n, 13

ttv ntr i different in nature ntative or grew to despair in the in despair to grew or e ae pir o the to prior case) he rstudied, though though rstudied, s) and literary literary and s) appear in the appear e options options e hief editor editor hief versity of of versity who both both who ior to its to ior be more be e period period e some of of some against hicitaet hicitaet een 84 84 een Zsidó Zsidó 9 , Két Két , The The rger, nes nes ied ied dó dó by by he he as as er er a a s s CEU eTD Collection

IMIT yearbooksIMIT before the onslaught of increasingly stricter and more encompas more and stricter increasingly of onslaught the before programmatic articles. Its contents also reflected historical reflected also contents Its articles. programmatic a a rcos e proia ofrn rfetos n eih c Jewish on reflections offering periodical new precious a was eiee wt te i o peetn ad ouaiig coal to scholarly popularizing and presenting p of aim hundred the several with delivered of audiences by attended were turn their in (which mai consist yearbooks fifteen These Society). Literary Hungarian chapters, was the annual publication of the of publication annual the was c chapters, four of body main the constitute articles scholarly 200 than more f ndph nomto aot ugra Jws shlrhp n h inter- the in scholarship Jewish Hungarian about information in-depth of a it makes which 1943, until appear to continued and 1929 in series new its generaoftopics on and topics Jewish Hungarian on articles: of to ourto knowledge discourses. of interwar Hungarian Jewish e fresh offers three ofin-depth study these the dealt elsewhere, with of some while Finally, publication. of reliability and evenness term in comparable most the still were three these cases, differs materials source original of length the Although crisis. shifts discoursive the trace to me allowing thus here, consideration less or more cover periodicals three all Moreover, compositions. eea at-eih a ws dpe i Hnay ie mr se more (i.e. Hungary in adopted was law anti-Jewish general estab was regime Nazi the after years three appearing Gy Jewish the of teachers by edited was journal the Initially, The focused on Jewish historical and cultural themes, featuring mainl featuring themes, cultural and historical Jewish on focused MT yearbooks IMIT ( MT évkönyvek IMIT Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat Irodalmi Magyar Izraelita in original), whose 5 000 pages and and pages 000 5 whose original), in lished but still shortly before the first first the before shortly still but lished s of volume, as well as in terms of of terms in as well as volume, of s developments in revealing ways. ways. revealing in developments l Jewish concern. IMIT concern.started Jewish l the other journals have been been have journals other the nsu i Ps ad began and Pest in mnasium sing discrimination. discrimination. sing ee hn h specifically the than vere between the three chosen chosen three the between mpirical evidence, adding evidence, adding mpirical nly of lecture transcripts transcripts lecture of nly the entire period under under period entire the towards the peak of the the of peak the towards pics and findings. The The findings. and pics onsecutive empirical empirical onsecutive ulture and several several and ulture veritable treasury treasury veritable ol) ht were that eople) a pro, also period, war (the Israelite (the y two kinds ykinds two Libanon 10 10

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Ararát Ararát the Jewish Museum in the 1940s, 1940s, the in Museum Jewish the the as continue could it Since 1920). of clauses numerus education-related discrimination against Jews was already in place. place. in already was Jews against discrimination charitable purposes. It was even published, one last time, f time, last one published, even was It purposes. charitable Wom Israelite of Association the of help the with War World Second discourse on Jewish Jewish on discourse intellectual couragethe of prime and Hungarian examples Jewish resistanc overview of the ways in which the publishers and authors ofand which the publishers overview in the ways of chapter introductory This scrutiny. under period the in yearbooks the the published which association the of profile the describe a devote I IMIT, of case the In sources. the of contents specific ac in vary chapters individual the of themes the study, the through run t lo nlzs h cif om f plgtc icus, namely discourse, apologetic i present the of history the scrutinizes V Chapter of contributions. form chief the analyzes also It abstrac rather the thematic clust through and historicity specificities, central values unpack to aims Jewry”, of Roles and Values titled IV, Chapter position. scholarly Jewish dominant the of contours at also It traditions. Jewish modern main of evaluation the and options ex discourses identity collective on study a is III Chapter cont dealing the with chapters empirical three followed is by intentions, was series of yearbooks that first appeared when the general general the when appeared first that yearbooks of series was features a number of intriguing Jewish literary and politic and literary Jewish intriguing of number a features hl te ie an hms f h aayi (h Jws Hungari Jewish (the analysis the of themes main five the While identity , relations Libanon , culture was released all the way until the end of 1943. 1943. of end the until way the all released was , politics Ararát and was released during the years of the of years the during released was ploring Hungarian Jewish identity identity Jewish Hungarian ploring yearbooks and narrate the story of of story the narrate and yearbooks or the catastrophic year of 1944. 1944. of year catastrophic the or IMIT IMIT history n the discourse of this central this of discourse the n ering of the relevant articles. articles. relevant of the ering al pieces, making it one of of one it making pieces, al understood its position and position its understood n introductory chapter to to chapter introductory n ) are the red threads that that threads red the are ) , which also presents an an presents also which , dsore n Jewish on discourse t ents of the yearbooks. ents of the the one on Jewish Jewish on one the tempts to reveal the reveal to tempts “On the Historicity, Historicity, the “On en of Pest and for for and Pest of en e in these years. e these in cordance with the the with cordance official organ of of organ official Hungarian legal legal Hungarian an Jewish Jewish an 11 11 CEU eTD Collection

yearbooks eih esetvs s t rnprs hog ti rte unique rather this through transpires it as perspectives chan Jewish historical tremendous and time of impact the explore to second, Je text-based this of ideas foundational of diversity the for account mode various of formulations the understand to first, are, chapter this keycharacteristics the present first I IMIT, with introduced of European Jewry. ultim and, War World Second the Nazism, might, and culture German of the and Palestine in developments of discussions: concrete more two addres also is present the of history The evolution. their tracing descriptions various comparing scholarship, Jewish Hungarian of forum directions of inquiry. directions of inquiry. empirica six the of findings the together brings and summarizes F crisis. contemporary the of origins the tracing them of most divergent and platforms political-ideological various the to dedicated histor literary its develop and and literature Jewish Hungarian of plans and ideas contested but elaborate the of analysis an with significant shifts that are worthy attention. significant detailed are that shifts of , which show only more gradual changes of content, of changes gradual more only show which , h sbet f hpe V i te journal the is VI Chapter of subject The Chapter VII is reserved for the discussion of the of discussion the for reserved is VII Chapter Libanon of this source. The main aims of of aims main The source. this of inally, the concluding chapter concluding the inally, l chapters and suggests future suggests and chapters l Ararát yearbooksArarát Libanon y. The rest of the chapter is is chapter the of rest The y. sed through the examples of examples the through sed Aladár Komlós to define to Komlós Aladár . Following the structure structure the Following . ore Ulk the Unlike source. ls of Jewish culture and culture Jewish of ls Zionist movement and movement Zionist historical narratives, narratives, historical ih uclue and, subculture wish reveals some highly some reveals ately, the genocide genocide the ately, ges on Hungarian Hungarian on ges of the present and and present the of , and begins and , 12 12 IMIT CEU eTD Collection

eid l te a utl 99 te icsin n ugra Jws topic Jewish Hungarian on discussion the 1989, until way the all period ulctos n ugra Jws tee wt simila with themes Jewish Hungarian on publications 98 21)a wl a te oprtv wrs y Chr by works comparative the as well (2011),as 1968 Emp and Nation Between Esau and Jacob Hacohen, Haim 200 Re UP, Princeton Myers, (Princeton: N. Thought David German-Jewish and 1996) Press, University York ige u te olcin f nihfl rils by O and Socialism National articles with Confrontations Jewish insightful of collection the out single could be of particular interest for the Hungarian c Hungarian the for interest particular of be could civmns a wl a te ra ta sil ean o be to remain still that Jewi areas the Hungarian as well of as achievements, revival recent the highlight to is subchapter approa historical intellectual my contextualise to order in theme, de me let Hungar the surrounding developments recent of dissertation, sketch historiographical the of structure chapter and relevance ugra Jws hsoy ws iia. ot teps o drs t address to attempts Most minimal. was history, Jewish Hungarian t with do to much has This right. own its in problem a as out stands potent some of neglect Relative scholarship. in gaps notable some a understudied previously this exploring works novel of number the in surge Studies and Protestant Theology in Wilhelmine Germa Wilhelmine in Theology Protestant and Studies Haskalah and German Religious Thought (London: Vall (London: Thought Religious German and Haskalah as ahistory whole. the modern in period nuanced Hungar understanding of more contribute a to could source base, explored engag meticulously approach, historical intellectual the which in Finall together. developments two bring these to efforts nature my of and scholarship historical intellectual local of contours general 16 h gp i Hnain coasi o ti tpc st topic this on scholarship Hungarian in gaps The Having briefly introduced the theme, aims and sources, as well the as theme, andHaving the aims potenti as sources, introduced briefly s oe, otmoay ugra Jws hsoigah i mre by marked is historiography Jewish Hungarian contemporary noted, As II.

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ontext (although the list is by no means exhaustive means no by is list the (although ontext tvn shem Clue n Ctsrpe Gra a German Catastrophe: and Culture Aschheim, Steven ther Crises (London and New York: Macmillan and New and Macmillan York: New and (London Crises ther n ot seily f e opr itleta histo intellectual compare we if especially out and r works on German Jewish topics. Among works that that works Among topics. Jewish German on works r ny (Leiden: Brill, 2005) and David Sorkin, The Berl The Sorkin, David and 2005) Brill, (Leiden: ny entine Mitchell, 2000). 2000). Mitchell, entine sin is, hlegn Clna Dsore Jewis Discourse: Colonial Challenging Wiese, istian 3). See also the forthcoming monograph of Malachi Malachi of monograph forthcoming the also See 3). ire: The Central European Jewish Intelligentsia, 17 Intelligentsia, Jewish European Central The ire: itn Hsoy Hsoiim n Is icnet in Discontents Its and Historicism History. sisting explored. explains the relatively novel novel relatively the explains h Te i o ti brief this of aim The ch. he fact that in the postwar postwar the in that fact he n te ih n under- and rich the ing vote some pages to a a to pages some vote al futu approaches fruitful ially y, it suggests some ways y, ways some suggests it sh historiography, its its historiography, sh 16 t lo ulns the outlines also It ian Jewish historical Jewish ian his vital aspect of of aspect vital his rea, but also by by also but rea, s, including including s, ian Jewish ian Jewish ), I would would I ), 13 13 rical rical 81- a a nd al in h

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placed over this topic. It included articles by aut by articles included It topic. this over placed ewe Hnain ad es Hs ok a republish was work His Jews. and Hungarians between war, just before the establishment of the communist the of theestablishment before just war, 1980). The latter was originally published in insta in published originally was latter The 1980). f me ez, lsu (uaet Séioam, 196 Szépirodalmi, (Budapest: Elysium Keszi, Imre of motn wrs eln wt te Holocaust, the with dealing works important the regime. See Róbert Simon “A zsidókérdés utolsó utolsó zsidókérdés “A Simon Róbert publication See regime. the its after month Rób 1989, in socialism of end a the after immediately within banned was and received relatively little attention. little relatively received al Kertész, Imre of works the in instance for as literature, rea the to relegated were consciousness national and history Hungarian the Tamizdat volumes of Hungarian emigrants in Pari emigrants Hungarian of volumes theTamizdat 1981). Press, University subst included which 1974) Szépirodalmi, (Budapest: 17 general in history Jewish Hanák Semitism, Sz György them among attention, merit publications of handful a only scholarly of terms In Hungary. in than Germany in appreciated more 1985 without completing the work (the manuscript wa manuscript work(the the without completing 1985 23 22 21 20 19 18 appearing scholarly after 1989. realm the Hungarian in nrdcin Se ao Vntae, mga zsidós 1986). Vállalat, Könyvértékesítő (Budapest: magyar A Venetianer, Lajos See introduction. 192 early the from version Venetienar;s Lajos since Sándor passed Scheiber with as happened, never agreement which centuries, an of part was which 1526, in 1989). Szakkollégium, Sza Gábor Fűzfa, Balázs in kapcsán” betiltása könyv B the challenge directly to first the was book This László Gonda, A zsidóság Magyarországon, 1526-1945 Magyarországon, zsidóság A Gonda, László The Magyaror utáni 1945 az Zsidóság (ed.), Kende – Péter Genocide of Politics The Braham, L. Randolph Zsidókér (ed.), Simon Róbert and Miszlevitz Ferenc anti asszimiláció, Zsidókérdés, Hanák (ed.), Péter M (Budapest: nyomában Egy előítélet Száraz, György Szépirodalmi (Budapest: Sorstalanság Kertész, Imre 19 as well as Ferenc Miszlevitz and Róbert Simon.Róbert and Miszlevitz Ferenc as well as 18 s el s fw ore ulctos sc a te collect the as such publications, source few a as well as 23

ee rte ad ulse otie ugr, n ol started only and Hungary, outside published and written were 17 Kertész’ own writings were, and continue to be, much be, to continue and were, writings own Kertész’ hors such as Lev Trotsky and Isaac Deutscher, among Deutscher, Isaac and Trotsky Lev as such hors llments in the journal Haladás in the immediate yea immediate the in Haladás journal the in llments dictatorship. dictatorship. szemitizmus (Budapest: Gondolat, 1984). 1984). Gondolat, (Budapest: szemitizmus ert Simon describes this case of censorship as exem as censorship of case this describes Simon ert lhvk om o te eih usin ad h tabo the and question, Jewish the on dogma olshevik bó (eds.), A zsidókérdésről (Szombathely: Németh Lá Németh (Szombathely: zsidókérdésről A (eds.), bó s. s. ear the as well as documentation, historical antial 0s, which emphasized the “millennium of common fate common of “millennium the emphasized which 0s, this of first the was monograph This 1985. in away s later finalized by Anikó Prepuk). Gonda’s account Gonda’s Prepuk). Anikó by finalized later s félévszázadának kelet-közép-európai elágazásairól – elágazásairól kelet-közép-európai félévszázadának dés Kelet- és Közép-Európában (Budapest: ELTE, 1985 ELTE, (Budapest: Közép-Európában és Kelet- dés szágon (Párizs: Magyar Füzetek, 1984). This was one was This 1984). Füzetek, Magyar (Párizs: szágon g ötnt a ofgaátl vlgáoú kitörés világháború a honfoglalástól a története ág ) n Bl Zot Kln kfe (uaet Magvető (Budapest: koffer Kilenc Zsolt, Béla and 3) agvető, 1976). 1976). agvető, , 1975). See also Mária Ember;s novel Hajtűkanyar Hajtűkanyar novel Ember;s Mária also See 1975). , 21 Scheiber who was supposed to write on the earlier earlier the on write to supposed was who Scheiber in December 1985. In his account of this epoch epoch this of account his In 1985. December in (Budapest: Századvég, 1992). Gonda passed away in in away passed Gonda 1992). Századvég, (Budapest: h pswr eid itself period postwar the d n 96 wtot h oiia frwr and foreword original the without 1986, in ed Holocaust in Hungary (New York: Columbia Columbia York: (New Hungary in Holocaust 20 Throughout this period, the most the period, this Throughout huh vn n hs om they form this in even though works prior to 1989, to prior works os dtd y Péter by edited ions áraz’s study of anti- of study áraz’s lm of art, especially art, of lm 22 r Hungarian or rs after the the after rs ly novels novels ly plary of of plary others, others, 14 14 starts starts kind kind Egy Egy szló szló it o éig éig of of ). ” ” , , CEU eTD Collection

jelenseg kérdései a rendszerváltás utáni Budapesten utáni rendszerváltás a kérdései jelenseg post-Communist Eastern Europe (Budapest: CEU Press, CEU (Budapest: Europe Eastern post-Communist Ministry of Defence Publishing House, 2002). See al See 2002). House, Publishing Defence of Ministry Psychology (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, Press, University State Wayne (Detroit: Psychology Ungvári, Csalódások kora. A „zsidókérdés” Magyarors „zsidókérdés” A kora. Csalódások Ungvári, Múl (Budapest: reneszánsz Van-e zsidó Papp, Richárd appear. and Culture (Tel Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, The Nahum The Hatefutsoth, Beth Aviv: (Tel Culture and 1998). Jövő, Vilmos 1999). Jövő, és Múlt (Budapest: világkultúra history, social in studies scholarly specialized more gazdaságtörténete a 19-20. században: tanulmányok ( tanulmányok században: 19-20. a gazdaságtörténete Horvá Pál and Sohár Anikó Lendvai, L. Ferenc 1989). Péter and Trencsényi Balázs Antohi, Sorin in 1990s” trad a Visszatérők Vincze, Zsófia Kata by conducted 24 community, Jewish substantial a 8815 (uaet Blsi id, 08. eua D Yehuda 2008). Kiadó, Balassi (Budapest: 1868-1950 31 30 Prepuk, th Anikó Israel, In in 1997). Csokonai, (Debrecen: story Században regional the narrated Prepuk 29 zsidók A (eds.), Szabó Gábor and Fűzfa Balázs 1990. 28 27 26 25 Replika-kör, 2000). Kinga Frojimovics, Szétszakadt Szétszakadt Frojimovics, Kinga 2000). Replika-kör, (18 egyenlőtlenségek társadalmi és Zsidóság Karády, 1999 Mandátum, Új (Budapest: politikája kirekesztés Natio and Jews Exclusion: and Inclusion of Politics T (ed.), Szalai Anna by edited and authors multiple different from Hungary in question Jewish the of history controversial house publishing the by mostly classics re the later and publications Jewish contemporary of revival the ugra te atr ok perd s ea ák, M Ránki, Vera as appeared work latter the Hungarian (Budapest: MTA Filozófiai Intézete, 1990). 1990). Intézete, Filozófiai MTA (Budapest: 1989.” (pp co most the of one became anti-Semitism on research Anti-Semitism” on Debates Historiographical the itr aáy Zióá, ogrsds asszimiláci polgárosodás, Zsidóság, Karády, Viktor Poli Magyarországon. zsidókérdés A Gyurgyák, János (Budape zsidóság Magyarság, published Fejtő Ferenc past recent the with dealing collections first The ( fejlődése és lényege zsidóság A Goldziher, Ignác the “Fine-tuning Apor, Péter and Trencsényi Balázs qu (actually alleged the of explorations Empirical Monuments, Budapest: Jewish al., et Komoróczy Géza 28 hy nldd ok ofrn gnrl narratives, general offering works included They Especially in Budapest, in Especially

25 the situation changed dramatically after 1989. after dramatically changed situation the 24 which unlike most other cities of the region still has still region the of cities other most unlike which Múlt és Jövőés Múlt nalism in Hungary (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1999 Meier, and Holmes York: (New Hungary nalismin to be released within Hungary were published in 19 in published were Hungary within released be to . (Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2009) and, somewhat earli somewhat and, 2009) L’Harmattan, (Budapest: . 1996). 1996). he Land of Hagar. The Jews of Hungary: History, Soc History, Hungary: of Jews The Hagar. of Land he Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatóközpont, 2006). 2006). Kutatóközpont, Judaisztikai MTA Budapest: ). ntested and vivid fields of social research in Hung in research social of fields vivid and ntested ícióhoz. Elszakadás a zsidó hagyománytól és a báál báál a és hagyománytól zsidó a Elszakadás ícióhoz. so Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: History, Cul History, Hungary: of Jews The Patai, Raphael so Bacher, Szentírás és zsidó tudomány (Budapest: Múl (Budapest: tudomány zsidó és Szentírás Bacher, r perdteilsrtdsnhtcvlm, writ volume, synthetic illustrated the appeared ere t és Jövő, 2005). 2005). Jövő, és t 67-1945): történeti-szociológiai tanulmányok (Budap tanulmányok történeti-szociológiai 67-1945): Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora and the Israe the and Diaspora Jewish the of Museum Goldman pr es) artvs non: itrcl Studies Historical Unbound: Narratives (eds.) Apor zági története (Budapest: Scolar, 2010). Vera Ránki Vera 2010). Scolar, (Budapest: története zági t mds) eih eiiu rvvl n uaet we Budapest in revival religious Jewish modest) ite . aumno (uaet Ceéfli 19) Vikto 1997). Cserépfalvi, (Budapest: Tanulmányok ó. uaet Ml é Jv, 00. ao Ba, sdk é Zsidók Blau, Lajos 2000). Jövő, és Múlt Budapest: érdésről (Szombathely: Németh László Szakkollégium, László Németh (Szombathely: érdésről ötnlm Zió als iáyao Magyarországon irányzatok vallási Zsidó történelem. oyhnc at Hnain itrcl rtn i t in Writing Historical Hungarian Past: Polyphonic 4-0. t trs ih h cam ht Te histori “The that claim the with starts It .46-50). 2007). Subchapter 9 is devoted to “Jewish History History “Jewish to devoted is 9 Subchapter 2007). Rites, History (Budapest: CEU Press, 1999). 1999). Press, CEU (Budapest: History Rites, Zióá Kzp é KltErpbn 19.-20. a Kelet-Európában és Közép- Zsidóság A h es) Ht vie a aa zióá éeée, I életében, zsidóság hazai a évtized Hét (eds.), th agyarok – Zsidók – Nacionalizmus. A befogadás és és befogadás A Nacionalizmus. – Zsidók – agyarok st: MTA Történettudományi Intézete, 2000). Anikó Anikó 2000). Intézete, Történettudományi MTA st: ia ezeötnt Bdps: srs 20) Tamás 2001), Osiris, (Budapest: eszmetörténet tikai on, A magyarországi zsidóság társadalom- és és társadalom- zsidóság magyarországi A on, , 31 27 oorps ih einl r local or regional with monographs new historical studies soon began to began soon studies historical new 29 eea mngah o the on monographs several publication of some modern some of publication ons f views, of points 26 Next to Next ary after after ary 15 15 89 and and 89 ten by by ten er, by by er, tsuvá tsuvá , The The , ture, ture, ).In iety iety t és és t and and est: est: -II. -II. cal cal in in he he 30 re re li s s r

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Nineteenth-Century Central European Jewry (Hanover, Jewry European Central Nineteenth-Century 2006). Press, CEU (Budapest: 1729-1878 Nobility, Pesti Kalligram, 2004). Éva Kovács, Felemás asszimi Felemás Kovács, Éva 2004). Kalligram, Pesti Ta and Strba Sándor See others. among Banat, region such innovations. ser have historians few though methods, and theories novel some of as more of scholarship international of amount immense the of reception focuses but with broader agendas,focuses broader with but Zsidó Tanács (Budapest: Minerva, 1990). 1990). Minerva, (Budapest: Tanács Zsidó Mária see Budapest, of Council Jewish the On 2000). János 2003). Osiris, (Budapest: 1686-ig kezdetektől (Budapest: VázsonyiVilmos Tőkéczki, László 2006). felekezeti és Honszeretet (ed.), Frank Tibor 2007). Ja 2008). Kiadó, Napvilág (Budapest: Magyarországán Ac and Tradition Crossroads: the at Jews (Bucha Lupovitch, Nowadays to Beginning the from Banat of Jews Intéze Kisebbségkutató Fórum (Dunaszerdahely: 1938) 32 go enquiry.beyond of the this scope well anti-Semiti and HungarianHolocaust the on scholarship of expansion an groups, 36 35 34 33 Trencsé in noted As prominence. to catapulted being subfields new dramati most the Perhaps profession. the of personnel in continuities notwit shift, generational broad a by accompanied historiography, aknvid, 03. áo Gái Rltv történel Relatív mintés emlékezet tapasztalat a múlt: elveszíthető Gyáni, Gábor 2003). Tankönyvkiadó, 2002). L’Harmattan, (Budapest: Történészdiskurzusok 37 199 Press, Center Wilson Woodrow D.C.: (Washington, Géza Komoróczy et al. (eds.), Héber kútforrások Ma kútforrások Héber (eds.), al. et Komoróczy Géza nemzet magyar-zsidó A – Ede Horn Miskolczy, Ambrus Középosz hátországban. a Lövészárkok Bihari, Péter Illiberal and Professions Liberal Kovács, M. Mária Érs of cities the on released been have works Such ee h cletos f áo Gái rvd te mo the provide Gyáni Gábor of collections the Here 33 events hs eet om n eih itrcl tde cicdd ih growing with coincided studies historical Jewish in boom recent This 34 37 , individuals,, These recent changes brought a sea-change to the landscape of Hung of thesea-change landscape to a changes brought recent These

35 as well as important source editions.source important as well as 32 more specific studies of societal organizations and social of societal organizations more studies specific történelem (Budapest: Nyitott Könyvműhely, 2010). 2010). Könyvműhely, Nyitott (Budapest: történelem hűség. Wahrmann Mór 1831-1892 (Budapest: Argumentu (Budapest: 1831-1892 Mór Wahrmann hűség. Kőbányai (ed.), Zsidó reformkor (Budapest: Múlt és Múlt (Budapest: reformkor Zsidó (ed.), Kőbányai XX. Század Intézet, 2005). 2005). Intézet, Század XX. Politics: Hungary from the Habsburgs to the Holoca the to Habsburgs the from Hungary Politics: ekújvár / Nové Zámky, Kassa/Košice or Miskolc, or t or Miskolc, or Kassa/Košice Zámky, Nové / ekújvár commodation during the Golden Age of the Hungarian Hungarian the of Age Golden the during commodation láció A kassai zsidóság a két világháború között (1 között világháború két a zsidóság kassai A láció NH: Brandeis University Press, 1998). 1998). Press, University Brandeis NH: más Lang, Az érsekújvári zsidóság története (Budape története zsidóság érsekújvári Az Lang, más Gábor Gyáni, Posztmodern kánon (Budapest: Nemzeti Nemzeti (Budapest: kánon Posztmodern Gyáni, Gábor Schmidt, Kollaboráció vagy kooperáció? A Budapesti A kooperáció? vagy Kollaboráció Schmidt, cob Katz, A House Divided. Orthodoxy and Schism in Schism and Orthodoxy Divided. House A Katz, cob gyarország és a magyarországi zsidóság történetéhez zsidóság magyarországi a és gyarország 4). t, 2004). Victor Neumann, The End of a History: The History: a of End The Neumann, Victor 2004). t, tály, zsidókérdés, antiszemitizmus az első világháb első az antiszemitizmus zsidókérdés, tály, em (Budapest: Typotex, 2007). Gábor Gyáni, Az Az Gyáni, Gábor 2007). Typotex, (Budapest: em rest: Bucharest University Press, 2006). Howard N. N. Howard 2006). Press, University Bucharest rest: i identitástudat forrásvidékén (Gödöllő: Attraktor, (Gödöllő: forrásvidékén identitástudat i st conspicuous exception. See Gábor Gyáni, Gyáni, Gábor See exception. conspicuous st nyi and Apor’s account ofaccount Apor’s and nyi hstanding some marked marked some hstanding c change has to do with do to has change c 36 empirical bent as well well as bent empirical The same period sawperiod same The sm, which, however, which, sm, iously engaged with with engaged iously 16 16 Jövő, Jövő, arian 918- orú orú ust ust : a a : m, st: he

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Begriffsgeschichte otCmuit atr Erp (uaet CU Press, CEU (Budapest: Europe Eastern post-Communist 1993 (Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2010). 2010). L’Harmattan, (Budapest: 1993 Gábor ZoltánGábor Szűcs, inclusive version history. of) social was Hungary in the strongest tendencies ofrecent the historiography, one differences. Gergely Romsics has earlier applied le applied earlier has Romsics Gergely differences. revea authors these of works the between comparison 1996). Kiadó, (Bu társadalomtörténetbe a Bevezetés (eds.), Kovács various to devoted collection the also See context. Péter and Trencsényi Balázs Antohi, Sorin in 1990s” 38 scholaryounger bywritten studies of collections substantial and b joined now are Csetri), Lajos and Bence György deceased recently Sza Márton Schlett, István Ludassy, Mária Kontler, László Hörcher, Gá Dénes, Zoltán Iván Bíró, Ferenc as such historians intellectual somew to middle the of works Sophisticated practices. research materia empirical to approaches conceptualist and contextualist 42 (Budapes 1918-1941 gondolkodásban történetpolitikai 41 2003). 40 39 44 43 niiul civmns n ln tee hfs o th to shifts these link and achievements individual intellectua and social political, of transformation abig School Cambridge c a Nevertheless, aesthetics. even or law politics, discursive disciplines, various in practitioners among dispersed scholarship Itssca trend. visible anotheras appears historyintellectual Zoltán Gábor Szűcs, Az antalli pillanat. A nemzeti A pillanat. antalli Az Szűcs, Gábor Zoltán Habsbur A birodalom. nemzet, Nép, Romsics, Gergely A jövő. Elmúlt Koselleck, Reinhart all, above See, politika koramodern A (ed.), Hörcher Horkay Ferenc “Fine-tuning Apor, Péter and Trencsényi Balázs See Balázs Trencsényi, A politika nyelvei. Eszmetörtén nyelvei. politika A Trencsényi, Balázs eszmetörtén politikai magyar Modern Takáts, József Next to this transformation of the mainstream, the rejuvenation of rejuvenation the mainstream, the of transformation this to Next Rihr Koselleck, Reinhard , 39 42 n vros rnltos f h laig emn coa of scholar German leading the of translations various and József Takáts József

38 43

and Balázs Trencsényi. and Balázs l history. It aspires to map the most important dis important most the map to aspires It history. l 40 ssons from narratology to memoir literature and has and literature memoir to narratology from ssons social historical approaches: Zsombor Bódy and Józ and Bódy Zsombor approaches: historical social mn ohr, s el s h aatto of adaptation the as well as others, among dapest: Osiris, 2006). 2006). Osiris, dapest: történelem szerepe a magyar politikai diskurzusban politikai magyar a szerepe történelem ls a broad similarity of approaches, but also some some also but approaches, of similarity broad a ls eti tanulmányok (Budapest: Argumentum, 2007). A sho A 2007). Argumentum, (Budapest: tanulmányok eti tasomtos n h mtpltcl n institut and metapolitical the in transformations e t: Új Mandátum, 2010). 2010). Mandátum, Új t: et (Budapest: Osiris, 2007). 2007). Osiris, (Budapest: et the Polyphonic Past: Hungarian Historical Writing Historical Hungarian Past: Polyphonic the történeti idők szemantikája (Budapest: Atlantisz K Atlantisz (Budapest: szemantikája idők történeti pr es) artvs non: itrcl Studies Historical Unbound: Narratives (eds.) Apor i eszmetörténet cambridge-i látképe (Pécs: Tanulmán (Pécs: látképe cambridge-i eszmetörténet i g-birodalom emlékezet a német, osztrák és magyar magyar és osztrák német, a emlékezet g-birodalom 2007). The main focus of the article is the the is article the of focus main The 2007). le remains modest, and the body of of bodythe and modest, remains le ollection of translations from the the from translations of ollection 44

ls show the reception of new new of reception the show ls s such as Gergely Romsics,Gergely as such s bor Gángó, Ferenc Horkay Horkay Ferenc Gángó, bor from history to literature, literature, to history from hat older generation of of generation older hat y important monographs yimportant rise of (a peculiarly ofpeculiarly (a rise bó (as well as the the as well (as bó Hungarian courses and and courses recently recently 17 17 notable notable , 1989- , sef Ö. Ö. sef in the the in ional ional iadó, iadó, in in 41 rt rt y y

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Nacionalizmus. A befogadás és kirekesztés politikáj kirekesztés és befogadás A Nacionalizmus. ve a offers she but flawed often is views political by János Gyurgyák, widely acclaimed for its impressive empi impressive its for acclaimed widely Gyurgyák, János by published a major study on the interpretations of t of interpretations the on study major a published political thought,. József Takáts recently complete recently Takáts József thought,. political hs ad te wrs n rae dti i m exten my in detail des Geschichte greater interpretierende Eine – „Judenfrage“ in works other and these a emancipation of paradoxes the on pages thoughtful oiia lnugs (h sm tpc eevd muc a received topic same (The languages. political that of Vera Ránki whose Jewish nationalism posits posits nationalism Jewish whose Ránki Vera of that O (Budapest: története nacionalizmus és nemzeteszme rm h nto ta is em wr unfulfillable). were terms its that notion the from more moderate form, but he holds onto his thesis on thesis his onto holds he but form, moderate more st former his work, recent more his In p.19. 2001), em ad oe ocee n rlal shlry expl scholarly subculture reliable on and/or and nationalization acculturation, concrete more and term, oiia togt n at eta Erp. e Baláz See Europe. Central East in thought political comparative angle. János Gyurgyák, A zsidókérdés Ma zsidókérdés A Gyurgyák, János angle. comparative deba parliamentary on primarily wherehedrew 1993) use political and role the on inspiration Pocockian some fairly radical standpoints. Gyurgyák assesses assesses Gyurgyák standpoints. radical fairly some central rather remained has assimilation on debate teto t itleta hsoy ih t spitctd theoret tre these together bringing successfully to closest come sophisticated its two. the combine to attempted with have authors few offers, methodological history intellectual to attention h vlic calne n hs tre otxs Gáb contexts. three these in challenge völkisch the of thought historical-political and historiography 45 brief rather is period communist the of treatment the entire p modern cover the to aims as it enormous is major of study this ambition zsidóság a második világháború utáni Magyarországon utáni világháború második a zsidóság 46 criticized because of its strong main theses and certain analytical w certain analytical and theses main strong its criticized because of modern Hungarian political ideas, in an attempt, no attempt, an in ideas, political Hungarian modern rdtos f nelcul itr wiig n has and writing history intellectual scientis of political traditions by approach different completely of identity readers on the regional scale and is cu is and scale regional the on readers identity of intel European Central East of transnationalization ocpuls” prah H hs en atclry c particularly been has He approach. conceptualist” (Budapest: CEU Press, 2006 - 2007). 2006 Press, CEU (Budapest: Europe Southeast and Central in Identity Collective While the expression “integration” became popular popular became “integration” expression the While The best work on this topic to date is the extende the is date to topic this on work best The n pt o teprle rvvl f neet nJws history Jewish in interest of revival parallel the of spite In rrently working on a monograph on the longue durée durée longue the on monograph a on working rrently the inter-war years, with a special focus on the de the on focus special a with years, inter-war the ry competent discussion of nationalism. See, for in for See, nationalism. of discussion competent ry d the first though surprisingly brief overview of t of overview brief surprisingly though first the d lectual history. He was one of the engines behind t behind engines the of was one He history. lectual he Habsburg Monarchy in German, Austrian and Hungar and Austrian German, in Monarchy Habsburg he d new version of Róbert Győri Szabó, A kommunizmus kommunizmus A Szabó, Győri Róbert of version new d . hs e rud f icsin n siiain inc assimilation on discussion of round new This s. o ntoa hsoy n h ery rniin years transition early the in history national of s t always successful, to conceptualise this theme in theme this conceptualise to successful, always t langen 19. Jahrhunderts. Mit einem Postskriptum”. Postskriptum”. einem Mit Jahrhunderts. 19. langen assimilation as a mistake. Ránki’s assessment of Hu of assessment Ránki’s mistake. a as assimilation ance on the centrality of the Jewish question appea question Jewish the of centrality the on ance r otn zc poue a ih miia monograph empirical rich a produced Szűcs Zoltán or n itrorpy Asmlto i agal a rathe a arguably is Assimilation historiography. in áo Gugá, zé et ayr aáo. magyar A hazátok. magyar lett Ezzé Gyurgyák, János a (Budapest: Új Mandátum, 1999), p.61. I have discu have I p.61. 1999), Mandátum, Új (Budapest: a (1770-1945): Texts and Commentaries. Volume I and and I Volume Commentaries. and Texts (1770-1945): the “necessary failure” of assimilation (which he (which assimilation of failure” “necessary the Itá Shet. aás rnsni obns vario combines Trencsényi Balázs Schlett). István t Tecéy ad ihl oee (d., Discourses (eds.), Kopeček Michal and Trencsényi s tes, and has since moved towards the study of 18of study the towards moved has since and tes, eeoe hs w bed e al te “contextualist the calls he blend own his developed siris, 2007), p.11. His approach ought to be compar be to ought approach His p.11. 2007), siris, nrl o olbrtv shlry rjcs ie at aimed projects scholarly collaborative to entral gyarországon. Politikai eszmetörténet (Budapest: Os (Budapest: eszmetörténet Politikai gyarországon. ded paper in German “Ungarische Debatten über die die über Debatten “Ungarische German in paper ded eih siiain s nucsfl ihu uig a using without unsuccessful as assimilation Jewish (Budapest: Gondolat, 2009). The dissertation of Ka of dissertation The 2009). Gondolat, (Budapest: nd assimilation. Vera Ránki, Magyarok – Zsidók – – Zsidók – Magyarok Ránki, Vera assimilation. nd orations have been conducted on notions such as as such notions on conducted been have orations h more comprehensive treatment, albeit through a a through albeit treatment, comprehensive more h in contemporary Hungarian Jewish subcultures, the the subcultures, Jewish Hungarian contemporary in 46 nds is is nds ) and practically all major political- major all practically and ) A zsidókérdés Magyarországon zsidókérdés A rical scope, but equally widely widely equally but scope, rical eaknesses. cl paau and apparatus ical The work that has has that work The n te growing the and 45 The scholarly eriod (though (though eriod velopment of velopment he history of of history he he creation creation he stance, her her stance, (1989 to to (1989 history of of history th terms of of terms century century 18 18 ngarian ngarian derives derives r loose loose r rs in a a in rs luded luded ed to to ed

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political-ideological trends, instead of presenting the former a former the presenting of instead trends, political-ideological basis of this dissertation are almost entirely overlooked in this in overlooked entirely almost are dissertation this of basis intellectuals in the 19 the in intellectuals considered relevant), namely József Szinnyei Sr.’s Sr.’s Szinnyei József namely informat relevant), much considered (including entries elaborate uniquely of works a similar constitutes onrelated significant topics, challenge. mutual and combine to pa and, ambition novel rather a is history attempt Jewish and intellectual the language, Hungarian histori the of in case the documents in generally, more and Second level. discursive Jewi Hungarian modern the of discussions elaborate offer otherwise Jewish the of concept contested the around centered (usually works the ne largely been have sources Jewish Hungarian Jewish of study the points main two that believe I historiography, previous of light little use of these kinds of sources, in spite of briefly mentioning IMIT. use of theselittle of sources, kinds mentioning of spite in briefly literary Hungarian in question Jewish the on study Ungvári’s Tamás ics Jws sadons ny n ahr eea trs n prio and terms general rather in only standpoints Jewish discuss publ Jewish appearing Regularly Pap). Károly and Komlós Aladár differe rather three on subchapter a in save work, lengthy this Explicitl striking. more the all is sources Jewish of absence compre Gyurgyák’s mind in Keeping authors. of groups ideological discussion to Hungarian-Israeli foreign relations t relations foreign Hungarian-Israeli to discussion t poe tetet ol n lne b eeue. K executed. be longer 201 Corvina, no (Budapest: önképe nemzedék értelmiségi could treatment proper its 49 48 47 promises CEU of History of Department the at Bohus Zionists receiving some, but not much moreattentio much not but some, receiving Zionists Another major work, Katalin Fenyves’ monograph on on monograph Fenyves’ Katalin work, major Another ma „zsidókérdés” A kora. Csalódások Ungvári, Tamás merite standpoint” “Orthodox the instance, for So, In conclusion, when the research findings presented below are asses are below presented findings research the when conclusion, In th century was published simultaneously with the fina the with simultaneously published was century oo. oo. n. n. ayr rk lt é mná (h Lf ad ok of Works and Life (The munkái és élete írók Magyar d less than four pages out of 788, with the Neologs the with 788, of out pages four than less d to make a similarly important contribution and exte and contribution important similarly a make to 0). Fenyves bases her findings on an encyclopedia w encyclopedia an on findings her bases Fenyves 0). o ta ltr nylpdc rjcs ol nt have not would projects encyclopedic later that ion gyarországi története (Budapest: Scolar, 2010), p.1 2010), Scolar, (Budapest: története gyarországi atalin Fenyves, Képzelt asszimiláció? Négy zsidó zsidó Négy asszimiláció? Képzelt Fenyves, atalin the identity of four generations of Hungarian Jewis Hungarian of generations four of identity the y Jewish authors barely feature in in feature barely authors yJewish s integral parts of the latter. the of parts integral s lization of this dissertation and thus thus and dissertation this of lization crucial work, which chose to chose which work, crucial nt authors (Vilmos Vázsonyi, (Vilmos authors nt should be highlighted: first, first, highlighted: be should rticularly due to the absence absence the to due rticularly glected until now even in even now until glected ications that serve as the as serve that ications 49 history made similarly similarly made history r to the discussion of of discussion the to r

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ol f ugra Jws piay ore poie a e ad mor and new a promises sources primary Jewish Hungarian of pool b) problem-sensitive exploration of the relations b relations the of exploration problem-sensitive b) shortcomin and merits the assessing when applied be between authors, h) reflection on previous historio previous on reflection h) authors, between Fenyves exploited in her research. Ibid., p.20. p.20. Ibid., research. her in exploited Fenyves nld atborpia sece o 37 eih wri Jewish 317 of sketches autobiographical include the use of intellectual history tools to systematically exp systematically to tools history intellectual of use the own analytical metalanguage.analytical own whi to extent the alternatively, or, study to purports it tradition indebt be should and is scholarship historical of language the how and the better understand us help can It history. Jewish Hungarian modern eight points listed by Balázs Trencsényi serve as a as serve Trencsényi Balázs by listed points eight diffe in cultural and intellectual traditions. ways different strikingly in conceptualized been was disc complex a as Hungary modern in Jews of history the confront us influence mutual and evolutions internal their as well as arguments c key their traditions, discursive of grasp better a concretely, legac historical its of grasp clearer a with language, of use drawing of the relevant comparative frames (compari frames comparative relevant the of drawing 50 pub originally were volumes Its Writers). Hungarian ideal standard, and any empirical work measured aga measured work empirical any and standard, ideal re and weight relative the of assessment genres, to th of level the above units discursive capturing of int the identifying d) ones), larger with speech of itrorpy b daig teto t te rmr cnet f st of context primary the to attention drawing by historiography, bee has than statements different of statuses various the towards rööe” n 00 Jnay 02 A http://www.ket At 2002. January “Megtal 2000, in Trencsényi, ördögöket” Balázs others. on than accounts Jun 14, 2010. 2010. Jun14, The reverse of the question about what contributio what about question the of reverse The Though the realization of this agenda is still in its infancy, I am convinced that I that convinced infancy, am its in agenda of this still Though is realization the oevr te nelcul itrcl prah rmss oe se more promises approach historical intellectual the Moreover, 50 In general, this would mean a more conscious and purposefuland conscious more a mean would this Ingeneral, ellectual source of certain ideas, e) a heuristical a e) ideas, certain of source ellectual e individual (traditions, political languages, etc. languages, political (traditions, individual e etween political and social contexts and the analyz the and contexts social and political etween guideline: “a) clear use of the analytical and con and analytical the of use clear “a) guideline: graphy and current historiographical environment.” environment.” historiographical current and graphy presentativity of certain ideas, g) presentation of presentation g) ideas, certain of presentativity lished in the decades before the First World War an War World First the before decades the in lished gs of intellectual historical works on their own te own their on works historical intellectual of gs inst it is bound to prove more successful on some o some on successful more prove to bound is it inst n intellectual history might make is what standard standard what is make might history intellectual n ng the special and idiosyncratic local and regional and local idiosyncratic and special the ng ters and altogether 1424 entries on Jewish authors authors Jewish on entries 1424 altogether and ters ezer.hu/menu4/2002_01/trencsenyi.html. Last access access Last ezer.hu/menu4/2002_01/trencsenyi.html. li z nylk agá – s rsltke lakozó részletekben a és – hangját angyalok az álni lore the large and so far neglected neglected far so and large the lore ies and analytical potentials. More potentials. analytical and ies ch it can hope to devise its devise to hope can it ch oncepts and characteristics characteristics and oncepts et political-ideological, rent s on each other can help help can other each on s n displayed in previous previous in displayed n tmns Ti means This atements. ursive problem, which problem, ursive e nuanced picture of of picture nuanced e discursive traditions traditions discursive ed to the historical historical the to ed ), f) sensitivity f) ), ly fruitful way fruitful ly the relations relations the ceptual web, ceptual ed texts, c) c) texts, ed nsitivity nsitivity This is an isan This rms. The The rms. 20 20 modes modes should should f these these f d they they d

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size of the community: the overall numbers of Jews Jews of numbers overall the community: the of size Hunga the of neglect relative This pp.48-50. 2004), utn fgrs bu Hnay Yr Sekn, h J The Slezkine, Yuri Hungary. about overwhelming figures as quoting of conceives he what and controvers successes equally least at (and interesting highly Universit Universi Oxford (Oxford: Oxford Studies Jewish of Handbook (Oxford: 1789-1939 Europe, in Jews monograph, as well as in the The Oxford Handbook of Handbook Oxford The the in as well i as monograph, present is development historical Jewish European 2006). The same tendency to almost completely exclu completely almost to tendency same The 2006). Geschichtsschre Jüdische Vergangenen. des Propheten modern On pp.11-12. 1996), Press, of University State Jews The Patai, Raphael on. later broken hardly Dubno Simon nor Graetz, Heinrich Neither attention. hist Jewish in authors greatest the of several that on the German-Hungarian Jewish connections. connections. Jewish theGerman-Hungarian on Ninete in Schism and Orthodoxy Divided. House A his territories the not but Europe, Eastern of coverage 51 small. internationalin langua community, especially this scholarship to devoted Holocaus the to prior century the in expression linguistic of means (thou chief its was Hungarian and too) world post-Holocaust the in E in communities Jewish largest the of one was Jewry Hungarian i is There events. and characteristics of set unique in resulting terms. own its on Jewry 52 Hunga includes instance, for Encyclopedia, YIVO new various regional framesregional various features Basic schemes. interpretative larger fit to seem that fact the to due largely is surprise of element This unusual. conside they better, it know to get to happen they if or, enigmatic In the opening pages of his work The Jews of Hunga of Jews The work his of pages opening the In differen include frames regional the on Variations 52 n re t caiy h psto o Hnain er wti Hungari within Jewry Hungarian of position the clarify to order In External scholarly eyes tend to look upon Hungarian Jewish history a history Jewish Hungarian upon look to tend eyes scholarly External III.

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51 h Hnain a a eih omnt o mxd origins, mixed of community Jewish a was Hungarian The oriography did not consider Hungarian Jewry worthy Jewry Hungarian consider not did oriography of contemporary Austria. Jacob Katz, on the other other the on Katz, Jacob Austria. contemporary of rian story is especially notable when considering t considering when notable especially is story rian a) ok h Jws Cnuy ilsrts h impr the illustrates Century, Jewish The work ial) in Wilhelmine Germany was smaller than in Hungary i Hungary in than smaller was Germany Wilhelmine in Jewish historians, see the monograph of Michael Bre Michael of monograph the see historians, Jewish w devoted much space to this group and this traditi this and group this to space much devoted w t definitions of “Eastern” or “East Central” Europe Central” “East or “Eastern” of definitions t ugr: itr, utr, scooy Dtot Way (Detroit: Psychology Culture, History, Hungary: Dvd ia’ mr rcn, tews comprehensiv otherwise recent, more Vital’s David n ibung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (München: C.H. Bec C.H. (München: Jahrhundert 20. und 19. im ibung de Hungarian Jewry from the mainstream discussion o discussion mainstream the from Jewry Hungarian de ty Press, 2002). On the other hand, Yuri Slezkine i Slezkine Yuri hand, other the On 2002). Press, ty ry: History, Culture, Psychology, Raphael Patai lam Patai Raphael Psychology, Culture, History, ry: ws Cnuy Pictn Pictn nvriy Pres University Princeton (Princeton: Century ewish enth-Century Central European Jewry focuses primari focuses Jewry European Central enth-Century rian Jewry as well as the Jews of the Czech lands i lands Czech the of Jews the as well as Jewry rian Jewish Studies. See David Vital, A People Apart: T Apart: People A Vital, David See Studies. Jewish significance of Jews in modern times by frequently frequently by times modern in Jews of significance y Press, 1999) and Martin Goodman, The Oxford Oxford The Goodman, Martin and 1999) Press, y of this national case fall out of the of out fall case national this of the Hungarian story does not not does story Hungarian the ndeed a large discrepancy: discrepancy: large a ndeed urope (and has remained so so remained has (and urope r some of its features rather features its of some r gh certainly not its only) only) its not certainly gh , u te mut of amount the but t, ges is comparatively ges comparatively is n oit and society an he relative relative he s rather rather s hand, in hand, 22 22 of their of on was was on essive essive . The . nner, nner, n the nthe n his his n n its its n ents ents ian ne ne he ly ly k, s, s, e e f f CEU eTD Collection

discriminatory legislation first in the educational system (t system educational the in first discriminatorylegislation the by markedhand, other the on was, this succeedingepoch The continent. n other any in matched barely was that classes the middle Hungarian of representation high exceptionally by and spheres, cultural in all above modernization, of terms in contributions and achievements the as characterized usually is before period The 1916-20. after the experiences of other European countries, this section will off will section this countries, European other of experiences the by arise could that misconceptions possible and misunderstandings avoid of soci Jewish-Hungarian of process the counter to segregation implemented and assimilation Jewish of validity and achievements society Hungarian majority the and regime Horthy the narrative, Accor anti-Semitism. discouraged ever hardly least at or endorsed widesprea with coupled was which nationalism, of type Christian officiall to references through described often is Horthy Miklós per The 1944. in HungarianJews majority of large the ofmurder and en and society from Jews of exclusion the to led that 1940s early generaldiscriminatorym graver, much byfollowed several be to my historical background study. of same period, but the number of institutions and ind and institutions of number the but period, same is many times higher. higher. manytimes is exploration of Hungarian Jewish history. of Hungarian Jewish exploration h get reversal great the oen ugra Jws hsoy s fe dvdd no eid bfr a before periods into divided often is history Jewish Hungarian Modern f eih otns ed t b cuil o lot n long-ter any almost to crucial be to tends fortunes Jewish of ividuals researchers currently dedicated to the for the to dedicated currently researchers ividuals he etal integration. In short, the idea idea the Inshort, integration. etal Numerus Clausus Numerus easures in the late 1930s and 1930s late the in easures of the times denounced the denounced times the of abled the swift deportation deportation swift the abled er a briefa er era of significant Jewish Jewish significant of era ding to this conventional this to ding edre ilbrl and illiberal endorsed y iod under the regency of regencyunderof the iod , fiily supported, officially d, ational context on the the on context ational es n h modern the in Jews aiu patcs of practices various extrapolating from from extrapolating the economic and and economic the adoption of early early of adoption

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ulc eae n h cret n dsrd ea sau, cnmc st economic status, legal desired and current the on debate public place during the 1840s. In 1848-49 the discussion of Jewish legal equalit legal Jewish of discussion the 1848-49 In 1840s. the during place Felix Kurz. The study is fortcoming in a publicatio a in fortcoming is study The Kurz. Felix Czech lands. Czechlands. ecihe e lne 1. arudrs Mt ie P einem Mit Jahrhunderts. 19. langen des Geschichte and cultural activities ofand Jewry. cultural activities unde Hungary, in question Jewish the of evolution the of contextualization I introduction general and brief this In frames. interpretative further andHungary of historybroader the backgroundof the against complexit t set to have would additional one account, into these accommodate take to order In cannot ambivalences. and continuities notable address f h Hnain ainl as, .. h rvlto ad h Hnain W Hungarian the and revolution the i.e. Independence. cause, national Hungarian the of mor and, nationalism liberal Hungarian of program ambivalent the platf Jews of situation the on exchanges open political-ideological first The articulated. modern once began discussion widespread the Hungarians 1848-1849 (New York: Columbia Univer Columbia (NewYork: 1848-1849 theHungarians 54 cons to reaction in largely and 1849 of summer the in side revolutionary áo Coh Aak Kci ad rá Tt (d., F (eds.), Tóth Árpád pp. 2005), Kalligram, (Pozsony/Bratislava: szemmel and Kocsis Aranka Czoch, Gábor 55 53 violence). anti-Jewish urban of instances several ta for done partly least at was this though emancipation, Jewish di authorities political Hungarian 1848, of spring the in achieved was For an excellent account of 1848-49 in English see English in 1848-49 of account excellent an For “Ungarische study extended my of theme the is This Ambrus Miskolczy, “<<…és a föld megnyílt alattunk>> megnyílt föld a “<<…és Miskolczy, Ambrus 54 Even if the above is a rather accurate depiction of general t general of depiction accurate rather a is above the if Even n ugr, fe sm mds bgnig i te ae 18 late the in beginnings modest some after Hungary, In At first, when the legal breakthrough of (effectively) revolut (effectively) of breakthrough legal the when first, At

53

n also featuring similar research on Germany, Polan Germany, on research similar featuring also n 360-398. 360-398. István Deák, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth Kossuth Louis Revolution: Lawful The Deák, István Debatten über die „Judenfrage“ – Eine interpretier Eine – „Judenfrage“ die über Debatten ostskriptum.” Translated from the English original original English the from Translated ostskriptum.” sity Press, 1979). 1979). Press, sity . Zsidókravál Pozsonyban 1848. április 23-24-én” in 23-24-én” április 1848. Pozsonyban Zsidókravál . ejezetek Pozsony történetéből magyar és szlovák szlovák és magyar történetéből Pozsony ejezetek 55 uig h fnl as f h Hungarian the of days final the During and the ways to proceed took took proceed to ways the and il tep t poie this provide to attempt will ctical reasons (as there were were there (as reasons ctical e broadly, to the fortunes fortunes the to broadly, e anding, political position political anding, on into larger European largerEuropean into on sappointingly delayed delayed sappointingly y was closely tied to tied closely was y th orms were first first were orms century, a more more a century, rends, it fails to fails it rends, e eih story Jewish he iderable Jewish Jewish iderable ionary demands ionary sod s the as rstood e and ies d and the and d 24 24 ar of of ar ende ende and and by by

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ewe te os o Hbbr ad h Hnain oiia el political Hungarian the and Habsburg of House the between promised, as no serious commitment to its actual implementation c implementation actual its to commitment serious no as promised, population. population. Nov 16, 2009. 2009. 16, Nov esalsmn o cntttoa odr n 1867. in order constitutional of reestablishment mniain f es s niiul iies a wvn iety int directly woven was citizens individual as Jews of emancipation contribution to the Hungarian war efforts, conditional emancipation was emancipation conditional efforts, war Hungarian the to contribution 2006). 2006). Centr on Essays Habsburgs. the and Hungary Austria, 57 assi reservation. political national and side, contributions Jewish the on stipulating, parties, concerned the assim of contract social implicit an arguably though unconditionally, Jewish Studies Program, 2003), pp. 229-255. At http At 229-255. pp. 2003), Program, Studies Jewish Yearboo Studies Jewish CEU (eds.), Andor Eszter and 58 56 mor slightly even and half roughly constituting nationalities, of question difficult more much the with contrasted again emancipation Jewish would have Jewish undertakingparticipat without a even been multidenominational Hungarian the Notably, framework. national liberal the fitted people between equality of question a as defined equality, Jewish of shape the than contested less much was legalact this conditional, oges eeld eee iareet ad liaey e t t to led ultimately and disagreements severe revealed Congress R.J.W. Evans, “From Confederation to Compromise: T Compromise: to Confederation “From Evans, R.J.W. Magyarországo Azsidóemancipáció AmbrusMiskolczy, Kati Vörös, “A Unique Contract. Interpretations of Interpretations Contract. Unique “A Vörös, Kati w dcds ae, olwn iprat oil itrcl chan historical social important following later, decades Two The real Jewish controversy at this time was internal: the ca the internal: was time this at controversy Jewish real The

58 h ams cmltl cnesa areet on agreement consensual completely almost The al Europe, c.1683-1867 (Oxford: Oxford University P University Oxford (Oxford: c.1683-1867 Europe, al ://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/yearbook03.htm. Last ac Last ://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/yearbook03.htm. Modern Hungarian Jewish History”, in András Kovács András in History”, Jewish Hungarian Modern k 2002-2003 (Budapest: Central European University University European Central (Budapest: 2002-2003 k he Austrian Experiment, 1840-1867” in R.J.W. Evans, R.J.W. in 1840-1867” Experiment, Austrian he n 1849-ben (Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 1999). 1999). MúltJövő, és (Budapest: 1849-ben n 57 hs ie mniain a declared was emancipation time This iea ntoa movement national liberal e nrcdne slt of split unprecedented he of different faiths, easily faiths, different of the nationality law, since nationalitysince the law, ould be made.be ould ite and the consequent consequent the and ite problem of settling the the settling of problem ilation existed between existed ilation iain economic milation, te Compromise the o e of the Kingdom’s the of e declared – or rather or – declared lling of a National National a of lling 56 ion. ion. e, the ges, Though 25 25 cess: cess: ress, ress,

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asos soitd ih hm a ahr id ugra versi Hungarian Kulturkampf mild rather a them, with associated passions liber other of number a on debates the with simultaneously place agenda of Hungarian political life between 1892 and 1895. They constituted, constituted, They 1895. and 1892 between life political Hungarian of agenda deba These marriage. civil of establishment the and religion of t Church, Catholic the and state of separation the importantly most pursued not was issue significant this of discussion the again Once naóz e a. Flkzt eyájg Bdps: E pp.455-461. 2004), (Budapest: egyházjog Felekezeti al., et Antalóczy Hungarian story. of one is acts legal emancipatory two these between gap The 1867. l persistent of cornerstones the remained Judaism to conversions and (Graz: Herman Böhlaus Nachf., 1967). 1967). Nachf., HermanBöhlaus (Graz: incomplete.remained equality Jewish of forms basic the rec delayed the for responsible partly was unity of lack This eih omnte it tre an rcin (rhdx Noo ad St and Neolog (Orthodox, fractions main three into communities Jewish Magyarországon (Budapest: Unió, 1994), pp.236-240. pp.236-240. 1994), Unió, (Budapest: Magyarországon jogá felekezet izraelita az és zsidók magyarországi 2008). Kiadó, vallási Zsidó történelem. Szétszakadt Frojimovics, 59 61 60 On 1998). Press, University Brandeis NH: (Hanover, Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, 1890-1944 1890-1944 Antisemitism, and Nationalism, Religion, 62 ofcompletion the basic liberal platform. oit wie setn te urmc o cvl law. civil of supremacy the asserting while society success, arguably also entailed some severe negative consequence negative severe some entailed also arguably success, e Mrt Cáy Dr utrap i Ugr. i K Die Ungarn. in Kulturkampf Der Csáky, Móritz See in Judaism of status legal the of history the On Schism and Orthodoxy Divided. House A Katz, Jacob Hungarian liberals proposed a moderate solution th solution moderate a proposed liberals Hungarian f h lt 19 late the of Eventually, the need to emancipate Judaism was seriously raise seriously was Judaism emancipate to need the Eventually, oee, h mdrt apoc o te ieas wih a crucial was which liberals, the of approach moderate the However,

th century. 61 h rsls f t ee a lat t is sgt the sight, first at least at were, it of results The llásának alakulása” in Lajos Rácz (ed.), Felekezeti (ed.), Rácz Lajos in alakulása” llásának Hungary, see József Schweitzer and Gábor Schweitzer Gábor and Schweitzer József see Hungary, irányzatok Magyarországon 1868-1950 (Budapest: Bala (Budapest: 1868-1950 Magyarországon irányzatok Pu A Hnbik I Dfne f hita Hungar Christian of Defense In Hanebrink, A. Paul ” (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006), p.14. 2006), Press, University (Ithaca: Cornell LTE ÁJK Egyetemes Állam- és Jogtörténeti Tanszéke, Tanszéke, Jogtörténeti és Állam- Egyetemes ÁJK LTE at “recognized the importance and power of religion of power and importance the “recognized at Béla Szathmáry, “Az izraelita felekezet jogai” in P in jogai” felekezet izraelita “Az Szathmáry, Béla the social historical consequences, see Kinga Kinga see consequences, historical social the rhnoiice eezeug e Jhe 1994/95 Jahre der Gesetzgebung irchenpolitische in Nineteenth-Century Central European Jewry Jewry European Central Nineteenth-Century in 60 The legal ban on intermarriages on ban legal The eption of Judaism, without which without Judaism, of eption tes were recurrently on the the on recurrently were tes s. al and progressive causes, causes, progressive and al 62 he institution of freedom of institution he on of the transnational transnational the of on independently, but took took but independently, It not only opened up a up opened only Itnot egal inequality beyond beyond inequality egal the peculiarities of the the of peculiarities the ts u Ante). Quo atus d in the 1890s. 1890s. the in d despite all the all despite egyházjog egyházjog to their their to 26 26 , “A “A , éter in in ssi ssi 59 y.

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oiia Ctoiim n rvvd ahr hn lmntd anti-Se eliminated than rather revived and Catholicism political powerful groups from the liberal state, but it also did this w this did also it but state, liberal the from groups powerful oaiain oe o rmnne splnig h erir iie b divide earlier the supplanting prominence, to rose polarization hita Scait i Ven, on . oe hs p has Boyer W. John Vienna, in Socialists Christian a New Key: An Austrian Trio” is the third chapter o chapter third the is Trio” Austrian An Key: New a latter. latter. ntttos. ht perd s vcoy o lbrls at liberalism for victory a as appeared What institutions). c its and wealthmaterial (its Catholicism of bases social chasm between them and much of the Catholic establishment, aliena establishment, Catholic the of much and them between chasm o. on . oe, al ugr 14-90. Christ (1844-1910). 2009). Lueger Karl Boyer, W. John too. mon massive two his on draws which German in Lueger 64 20 early the in especially and 1890s the of changes ideas such merging potently organizations Political nationalism. il of worldview powerful more much ultimately and encompassing influential and widespread more became tenets its time, same 65 63 a thus (and Compromise 1867 the towardsstance their on basedwas which a in new“politics key.” Schor Carl what to rise gave they together but trends, ideological sever encompassed 1890s the of shifts political-ideological manifold rzgs nizmt Párt Antiszemita Országos Anti-Semiti explicitlyformationscase than was of the the the days in once more backward and more progressive than France during the Dr the during France than progressive more and backward more once Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-siecle Vienna: politics a politics Vienna: Fin-de-siecle Schorske, E. Carl pp.333-4. Ibid., Teacsto one ntefre ieto, wh direction, former the in pointed accusation The h nw om o at-eiim ih apa ls cnrl t central less appear might anti-Semitism of forms new The 64

ad h Tsaslr lo lbl ra we Hnay emd at seemed Hungary when trial libel blood Tiszaeszlár the and ) nd culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979). “Poli 1979). Knopf, A. Alfred York: (New culture nd f this classic work on Viennese modernity. On the r the On modernity. Viennese on work classic this f bihd xeln wrs ms rcnl a biography a recently most works, excellent ublished ile the determination of the state to clamp down in down clamp to state the of determination the ile ographs in English and extends his story to IgnazS to story his extends and in English ographs ihoil Pltk l Brf Ven: ölu Verla Böhlau (Vienna: Beruf als Politik lichsoziale ontrol of many important educational educational manyof important ontrol th etr we te et Right – Left the when century the time in fact gave a boost to to boost a gave fact in time the as they got encoded in a more more a in encoded got they as ithout touching the formidable formidable the touching ithout etween Hungarian parties parties Hungarian etween grew during the complex complex the during grew ske imaginatively called called imaginatively ske ting many numerous and and numerous many ting c Party (the 1880s of the ii agitation. mitic liberal and autocratic autocratic and liberal l poig political- opposing al eyfus affair. eyfus lso the question of question the lso o political political o 65 At the At 63 27 27 The tics in tics ise of of ise eipel eipel the the of of g,

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freedom of religion and establishment of civil marr civil of establishment and religion of freedom the on laws the of sanctification Emperor’s the to to be noted that the emergence of this party was nowas party this of emergence the that noted be to zzdodl mga knevtv oiia gondolko politikai konzervatív magyar századforduló state.European eastern or western great manyways in enormous, been has countrythe of modernization the sig and role the that is Hungary to related fact important most a m case number in context, of of be the to specificities Hungarian kept ought discussed is question Jewish Hungarian the of history the and history Siker és válság (Budapest: Pannonica Kiadó – Habsbu – Kiadó Pannonica (Budapest: válság ésSiker V László in kivételessége” zsidóság magyar “A Katz, Néppá “A Szabó, Dániel also see Party, People’s the Könyv Medvetánc (Budapest: 1896-1986 Magyarországon Semitism took on took increasinglySemitism forms. violent the of years brutalizing the of end the By independence). national 1974), p.56. p.56. 1974), non-Jews and Jews (eds.), Mosse L. George and Vago 66 the in shaped actually were century next the and Jewish both of ideology the became what of ingredients “the society.national emerging newly a of members pa active instead were but body, national developed already and of auspices the under Je where countries few the of one Hungary making liberalism”, begun movement Reform Jewish and nationalism time the was This century. a of three-quarters for last to was 68 Pannonic (Budapest: válság és Siker Magyarországon. 67 radicalism right-wing and neo-conservatism as well 69 spect was Jewry of part significant highly a of mobility ao Kt, A ayr sdsg iéeesg” n L R Magyar?>> in Jewish of Jew “<

69 Especially during the Dualist period the upward social upward the period Dualist the during Especially t due to the Reception Law, but took place earlier, place took Law,but Reception the to due t iage in December 1894. 1894. December in iage eaaino saeadteCtoi Cuc, instit Church, Catholic the and state of separation in general around 1900 see Miklós Szabó, “Új vonáso “Új Szabó, Miklós see 1900 around general in rt megalakulása” in Történelmi Szemle, 1977 / 2. It 2. / 1977 Szemle, Történelmi in megalakulása” rt rt (Catholic People’s Party) and the agrarian movem agrarian the and Party) People’s (Catholic rt 66 rg Történeti Intézet, 2005), p.36. p.36. 2005), Intézet, Történeti rg a Kiadó – Habsburg Történeti Intézet, 2005), p.34. 2005), Intézet, Történeti Habsburg – Kiadó a Vormärz dealing with Hungarian Jewry. See, for instance, J instance, for See, Jewry. Hungarian with dealing arga (ed.), Zsidóság a dualizmus kori Magyarországo kori dualizmus a Zsidóság (ed.), arga

in Eastern Europe (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Sons, and Wiley John York: (New Europe Eastern in 67 ek – Atlantis Program, 1989). On the emergence of of emergence the On 1989). Program, Atlantis – ek George Barany goes as far as to claim that claim to as far as goes Barany George dásában” in Miklós Szabó, Politikai kultúra kultúra Politikai Szabó, Miklós in dásában” eflections on the Question of Assimilation” in Bela in Assimilation” of Question the on eflections ászló Varga (ed.), Zsidóság a dualizmus kori kori dualizmus a Zsidóság (ed.), Varga ászló .” 68 Therefore, when Hungarian Jewish Hungarian when Therefore, when “the interaction of Magyar Magyar of interaction “thewhen acular and accompanied by the the by accompanied and acular nificance of Jewish people in people Jewish of nificance ws did not join a well-shaped a join not did ws tcpns n full-fledged and rticipants non-Jewish liberalism for for liberalism non-Jewish First World War, Anti- War, World First in a wider, comparative comparative wider, a in er than in any other, anyother, in than er ind. Perhaps the Perhapsind. the Hungarian Hungarian in reaction in reaction ution of of ution nt that nt 28 28 ought ent as as ent akob akob k a a k n.

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it did, this was quickly followed by impressive successes in various area various successes in impressive by followed was this quickly did, it greaterhistor on group took this that defined narrowlyhistory more begi belated quite the after only was it waves, discontinuous four Hungary.” modernization in role their for insufficient simply were Jews t West, the In integration. of level same the achieve not did Jews Karády Viktor As strata. other of modernization weak relatively 71 (Bud válság ésSiker Magyarországon. kori dualizmus Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenths Century Eighteenths the in Poland-Lithuania Jewsin 18of study recent excellent an For scholars. the 18 the in Poland-Lithuania 72 70 accultura of processes the Jewry, and Hungarian modernization of case the in that elements the creation of in the Hungarian nation-state. bourgeoi of necessity political the and realm, ideological the in exclusivi ethnic restricted and anti-Judaism moderate relatively t in competitors potential of groups weakness relative the Jewish with combined of interests common the country, the of development the of speaks He frameworks. political and ideological economic, almost simultaneously and were exceptionally swift. were simultaneouslyexceptionallyalmost and swift. groups to which Jews could in theory have assimilated did not exi not did assimilated have theory in could Jews which to groups elite of level the on even not affair, straight-forward a be not Ibid., p.195. Ibid., történel a modernizáció és “Zsidóság Karády Viktor The belated beginnings and relatively minor signif minor relatively and beginnings belated The 70 Karády identifies the sources of these success in a coincidenc a in success these of sources the identifies Karády In short, though Jews have lived in Hungary for over a millennium, even if even millennium, a over for Hungary in lived have Jews though short, In Given the role played by Jews in Hungarian modernization, assimila Hungarian modernization, in Jews by playedrole the Given embourgeoisment embourgeoisment th century is also attested by the disproportionate i disproportionate the by attested also is century

were not only closely interrelated but they begun begun they but interrelated closely only not were th century Polish-Lithuanian Jewry seeGershon David H David seeGershon Jewry Polish-Lithuanian century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). 2004). Press, California of University (Berkeley: apest: Pannonica, 2005), p.201. 2005), Pannonica, apest: icance of the Jews of Hungary compared to the Jews the to compared Hungary of Jews the of icance mi Magyarországon” in László Varga, Zsidóság a a Zsidóság Varga, László in Magyarországon” mi 71

to reach the level they played in in played they level the reach to ty of the national elite groups elite national the of ty s, since many of the various various the of many since s, nnings of Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian of nnings nterest the latter generate among among generate latter the nterest put it, “in Eastern countries countries Eastern “in it, put st, but were in fact largely largely fact in were but st, general potential for rapid rapid for potential general he population numbers of numbers population he ical importance, but when when importance, icalbut s allies and assimilating assimilating and allies s he economic sphere, the the sphere, economic he s. 72 in assimilation, tion, e of advantageous of e This also implied This and the nobility nobility the and tion could tion 29 29 undert, undert, in in of of CEU eTD Collection

produced a symbiosis of Hungarians and Jews. This resulted in excep in resulted This Jews. and Hungarians of symbiosis a produced and lack of attachment to a non-Hungarian nationality of their own, their of non-Hungarian nationality a to attachment of lack and due Jews, which among elements assimilating seeking elites num its with empire a larger state within a nation country like behaving typically (and reco give then could ambivalent) only even limited rather them moder of models role as acted have might Hungary in groups Jewish w spread and resonate them make not could they but etc., lifestyles, s value of terms in standards own their set to able extent some o Holocaust the and 1930s late the of legislation discriminatory the to m Hungarian the among groups significant most the among Being weak. classes middle these countries, European Western some of standard whe Moreover, origin). German of them of (most groups assimilated m but Hungarian, ethnic autochthonous not were many Hungary, in classes than on the existence of manythan onthe integration. existence of of spheres social was symbiosis this time, same the At stances. nationalities Hun strongly assuming of point the to discourses, assimilationist almost completely in the aftermaths of the First World War, but the g War, common but completelyaftermathsalmost First the World of in the opsd f n i sm css rae b them. by created cases some in and of composed xlrn te pee o sca itgain s well as integration social of spheres the exploring 73 Vienna is Marsha Rozenblit, Rozenblit, Marsha is Vienna nerto ws h uuul rqec o Jws enn Jewish of McCagg, frequency unusual consequ the odd was rather integration A 1983). Press, NY of University 1972). 1972). n nrgig miia suy n eih acculturat Jewish on study empirical intriguing An Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary Modern in Geniuses and Nobles Jewish n u, h seil oselto o eeet i Hnay a mult a – Hungary in elements of constellation special the sum, In Crucially for my study, the constellation that fostered this sy this fostered that constellation the study, my for Crucially h Jw o Ven, 8711: siiain n Ide and Assimilation 1867-1914: Vienna, of Jews The

s eih cutrto ee we te wr lackin were they when even acculturation Jewish as o a i to pae n rmrl Jws stig ( settings Jewish primarily in place took it as ion oblements in Hungary. See the study of William O. O. William of study the See Hungary. in oblements ence of this relative lack of middle class spheres spheres class middle of lack relative this of ence (Boulder, Colorado: East European Monographs, Monographs, European East Colorado: (Boulder, 73 vn mn te o-eih middle non-Jewish the among Even based more on a division of labor of division a on more based to their level of modernization modernization of level their to garian nationalist and anti- and nationalist garian ses bhvoa codes, behavioral ystems, idely enough. Significant Significant enough. idely were the primary target – – targetprimary the were tionally strong Jewish strong tionally erically weak national national weak erically appear comparatively comparatively appear f 1944, Jews were to to were Jews 1944, f ntity n behavior, but this this but behavior, n n measured by the the by measured n iddle classes, prior prior classes, iddle mbiosis collapsed collapsed mbiosis (Ablany, NY: State State NY: (Ablany, ore or less other other less or ore gnition. round began to round to began iethnic 30 30 g) in in g) i.e. i.e. of of CEU eTD Collection

by their numbers or economic might. by or economic their numbers Lövészárkok a hátországban. Középosztály, zsidókérd Középosztály, hátországban. a Lövészárkok relative harmony the imperial arrangement enabled between enabled arrangement imperial H the harmony relative namely group, another of interests varied) highly (otherwise the princip founding its and settlement new the but arrangement War Treaty of Trianon, 1920 Trianon, of Treaty rml aa aray uig h wr er, seily af especially years, war the during already away crumble case of Czechoslovakia) or partly (as in the case o case the in (as partly or Czechoslovakia) of case 75 in explored recently was anti-Semitism and question bey way power political nation Hungarian the of representatives imperial-national previous the than welcome format less much certainly shocking a such in arriving anomaly: curious rather another region. the of countries ethnically and smallest the of one becaming suddenly Hungary with states. anoth or one to assigned Hungarian fifth every than more with Hungary, Sai of Kingdom the of territory the of two-thirds over lost Hungary T of Treaty the Through blow. hardest the took grandeur”, of “mirage rathe (though aptly Kontler László what for exchange in Monarchy fatefully Hungary, enforced, were rearrangements territorial Centr East the of reshaping drastic the to led places) many fig (when years “postwar” immediate the and War World First 76 vers (Jewish dual the of solidification the of idea 74 (Budapest: Napvilág Kiadó, 2008). 2008). Kiadó, Napvilág (Budapest: the Dual Monarchy. Monarchy. theDual For a balanced analysis of the events see Ignác Ro Ignác see events the of analysis balanced a For This held true until the breakup of two neighborin two of breakup the until true held This The crucial importance of the war for the Hungarian the for war the of importance crucial The 75 Almost all its large nationality groups found themselves in one in themselves found groups nationalitylarge its all Almost ugras r otn osdrd h gets lsr o te post-F the of losers greatest the considered often are Hungarians

(Boulder, Colorado: East European Monographs, 2002) Monographs, European East Colorado: (Boulder, 76

t hs on te itrcl eeomn o Hnay exhibited Hungary of development historical the point this At us non-Jewish) structure of the middle classes. Pét classes. middle the of structure non-Jewish) us f Yugoslavia) along the former frontier of the two two the of frontier former the along Yugoslavia) f the monograph by Péter Bihari who used the controv the used who Bihari Péter by monograph the g countries in the early 1990s, ironically, wholly ironically, 1990s, early the in countries g és, antiszemitizmus az első világháború Magyarorszá világháború első az antiszemitizmus és, msics middle classes as well as for the history of the J the of history the for as well as classes middle , , The Dismantling of Historic Hungary: the Peace Peace the Hungary: Historic of Dismantling The e 1916.ter al European region. When these these When region. European al various layers of their identity identity their of layers various arrangement which granted which arrangement ond what could be justified justified be could what ond hting actually continued in in continued actually hting les were also detrimental to to detrimental also were les attached to the Habsburg Habsburg the to attached . r diminutively) dubbed its its dubbed diminutively) r 74 nt Stephen, i.e. Greater Greater i.e. Stephen, nt h fnl er f the of year final The rianon signed in 1920, in signed rianon of the new states too, states new the of bbr Jwy The Jewry. absburg , independence was was independence , ot homogenous most er of the successor successor the of er irst World World irst er Bihari, er realms of of realms (as in the the in (as 31 31 ewish ewish ersial ersial gán

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ae ee i i ws omny sue ta i wud e counterpr be would it that assumed commonly was it if even base, iuto (.. h blne f oe bten es n nnJw) ove non-Jews) and Jews between power of balance the (i.e. situation make sense from the authoritarian-conservative viewpoint of the new the of viewpoint authoritarian-conservative the from sense make illiberally character or redefined the qualities intangible national standards, unverifiable empirically of propagation frequent and hostil increasingly an took indeed assimilation of Standards existed. as national promoting through country the on hold its solidify to aiming group national dominant politically but weak numerically a with setting multiethnic The present. longer no tha were Jews country for environment the of characteristics the of many Hungary, reduced serious more converse to started discourses nationalist and religious ethnic put, accurately more (or, nationalist when disrupted was Gyula Szekfű, Három nemzedék: egy hanyatló kor tört kor hanyatló egy nemzedék: Három Szekfű, Gyula Jewish contributions and their irreplaceability in in irreplaceability their and contributions Jewish o long-term the proportions: aim grand of the crisis national with collapse the of midst the in written th of historian eminent the of nemzedék Három study and superficial something as reassessed negatively 78 could capital employ of being Jewish. not their symbolic Je labeled be could who people of by held portion were assets good desirable a when time a at segments certain for urgent even p appeared positions class middle of attainment the hand, other the On op economic and political of shrinking drastic a meant territories scale the relative overmodernization of Jews tends tends Jews of overmodernization therelative scale grou many that show analyses micro level, macro the 79 77 This indeed meant that even certain influential an influential certain even that meant indeed This sto the of part a as rather (or alongside fact, In After all, even though the level of modernization modernization of level the though even all, After The social contract of assimilation with its its with large-scale of la division Theassimilation social contract of

the economic sphere in particular. in particular. sphere economic the , continuous decline of Hungarians since the Age of Age the since Hungarians of decline continuous , not to appear as clearly as on the macro scale). scale). macro the clearlyas on as appear to not of various non-Jewish groups lagged behind that of of that behind lagged groups non-Jewish various of ti-Semites were convinced of the (temporary) necess (temporary) the of convinced were ti-Semites sl-rtcly xmnn wa is uhr perceiv author its what examining self-critically f ahr luoy ms fmul i te historical-p the in famously most illusory, rather ps became more earnestly engaged in this process (o process this in engaged earnestly more became ps y f lbrls, h poes f siiain was assimilation of process the liberalism, of) ry e times, Gyula Szekfű. This influential essayistic essayistic influential This Szekfű. Gyula times, e énete (Budapest: 1920). 1920). (Budapest: énete 79

wish – and their competitors competitors their and – wish of the national soul. of the national ist) pressures increased and increased pressures ist) portunities for Hungarians. Hungarians. for portunities striving for hegemony and hegemony for striving uh s ofriy o the to conformity as such e turn through the rise the through turn e rulers and their social their and rulers t created a favorable favorable a created t y Wti drastically Within ly. ossible, desirable and and desirable ossible, dcie o le the alter to oductive rnight. similation, no longer no similation, uh oiin and positions such crucially combined combined crucially 78 h ls of loss The bor did not bor did 77 Reform. Reform.

text was text Jews on on Jews ed as a a as ed 32 32 olitical olitical ity of of ity n this this n often often CEU eTD Collection

process took on additional force in 1919. in 1919. force additional on took process prior to 1920, with the proportion of Jewish inhabitants peaking at 23% at peaking inhabitants Jewish of proportion the with 1920, to prior a Orthodox between balance former the territories, peripheral reets Mkó Zilr a rcnl pbihd a published recently has Zeidler Miklós irredentism cons irredentist an of spite in replicate not could almo Beginning intertwined. closely became question discussi the impositions, perceived their of source Territorial Revision in Hungary, 1920-1945 Hungary, in Revision Territorial various sorts, but also radicalized the Left - Right opposition t opposition Right - Left the radicalized also but sorts, various the in level higher a the outraged only not years postwar immediate the of Developments on participation political Jewish modest c stark in leadership, of ranks the dominted origin Jewish of individuals of Republic Soviet Hungarian short-lived the especially and 1918-1919 rep the in involvement their by compounded further was position their of times difficult spelled scapegoats for looking were many mome traumatic the positions; middle-class for competition fueled development socio-historical elements; assimilating as roles w in constellation societal the of end the Catastrophe; of Age Kingdom of Saint Stephen under Hungarian rule as po as rule Hungarian under Stephen Saint of Kingdom Oft life. cultural and political Hungarian in issue 81 80 ugr. huh uaet a be oe f h lret eih centers Jewish largest the of one been had Budapest Though Hungary. clearagroup enjoyed numerical latter was The of a the thing past. the only of the country. center metropolitan of the date Jew half afterthe approximately this that century, was it only loss the through altered: was Hungary within Jewry of composition hs eie smwa srelsial, ogt w a fought surrealistically, somewhat regime, This centralit the when indicators basic the were These The drastic impact of the First World War that unleashed the b the unleashed that War World First the of impact drastic The h ls o lre ubr o Jw t scesr tts lo mea also states successor to Jews of numbers large of loss The

(Boulder, Colorado: Social Science Monographs, 200 Monographs, Science Social Colorado: (Boulder, en associated with modernity as well as foreign way foreign as well as modernity with associated en ensus among them. On the crucial and controversial controversial and crucial the On them. among ensus on on the only great city of the country and on the on and country the of city great only the on on 80

y and influence of Budapest became a heavily contes heavily a became Budapest of influence and y ssible, an effort which, rather ironically, the rig the ironically, rather which, aneffort ssible, st simultaneously with the birth of urban modernity urban of birth the with simultaneously st r n w fot t peev a mc trioy f t of territory much as preserve to fronts two on ar n important monograph. Miklós Zeidler, Zeidler, Miklós monograph. important n for Hungarian Jewry. The severity severity The Jewry. Hungarian for nd Neolog Jewish organizations Jewish Neolog nd ad h cii stain whch situation crisis the and s o the extent that consecutive consecutive that extent the o hich Jews played important important played Jews hich prevalence in post-Trianon in prevalence nt in national history when when history national in nt nd scared conservatives of of conservatives scared nd s of Hungary of s in lived ontrast to relatively to ontrast in Europe already already Europe in around the turn of turn the around rvos times. previous ublican regime of of regime ublican of several more more several of 99 n which in 1919 rutality of the of rutality 7). 7). nt that the the that nt ht-wingers ht-wingers da on Ideas s and the and s topic of of topic Jewish Jewish 33 33 , this this , ted ted he he 81

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perception of the role of Jews in the Hungarian nation-building pro nation-building Hungarian the in Jews of role the of perception Horthy, 1918-1944 Horthy, progressive but also more racist (and clearly more clearly (and racist more also but progressive uhrtra tnece (olqily n smwa vgey ald H called vaguely somewhat and (colloquially tendencies authoritarian more and radicalism right-wing of forms new of mix potent a of the On Hungary. in Jews the of situation the altering tendencies Budapest: Institute of Habsburg History, 2006). Tho 2006). History, Habsburg of Institute Budapest: eei 17-91: h Lf o a otoesa Hun Controversial a of Life the (1879-1941): Teleki rejection of assimilation rejection theassimilation with had do,at most, to of st of the change definition in its more a in history national of context the in question Jewish vie Hungarian to tries that model explanatory this speaking, to normatively According more assimilation. or, level the with do to anything against turn the Thus, factors. fundamental these to relation in for otold rm bv, u to o a yai o ter w ad es were Jews and own their reversa of great abovementioned The victims. dynamic the among overrepresented a on took but above, from controlled only not were violence of waves These times. modern in violence Hungarian instances first the providing unfolded, Terrors White and Red of waves Gömbös) and outright ones who were responsible for for responsible were who ones outright and Gömbös) or, as in the case of Sakmyster, in original). See See original). in Sakmyster, of case the in as or, Bethl of biographies t in-depth and Reliable regency. continued Horthy when Germany, Nazi by occupation stat eminent the as such liberals conservative from 82 unchanged or were reestablished, at least for a whi a for least at reestablished, were or unchanged clausus 83 1920 of legislation Clausus the Numerus in limit its as well as whic Jews, of exclusion and dissimilation the for push successful anti-Semitis of forms virulent novel, of rise the witnessed they Statesman of Hungary, 1874-1946 1874-1946 Hungary, of Statesman An admittedly vague term for a regime under which which under regime a for term vague Anadmittedly On the background to this legislation, see Viktor Viktor see legislation, this to background the On law and the ’Christian Course’ in Post World War I War World Post in Course’ ’Christian the and law h cmie ipc o al hs fcos eutd n w fundament two in resulted factors these all of impact combined The (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1994). 1994). Monographs, European East Colo.: (Boulder,

(Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs, 1995). 1995). Monographs, Science Social Colo.: (Boulder, anti-Semitic) Pál Teleki to borderline fascists (no fascists borderline to Teleki Pál anti-Semitic) en, Teleki and Horthy are available in English (in English in available are Horthy and Teleki en, le, i.e. in the 1920s. Leading “Horthyist” politici “Horthyist” Leading 1920s. the in i.e. le, Karády’s survey “Socio-Historical Sources of the of Sources “Socio-Historical survey Karády’s mas Sakmyster, Sakmyster, mas sa o te 90, svn ehe, hog te mor the through Bethlen, István 1920s, the of esman ain Politician garian Ignác Romsics, Romsics, Ignác many aspects of Hungarian political life remained a remained life political Hungarian of manyaspects b i pwr o te at aeu hl a er f h of year a half fateful last the for power in be o h ms dprain rm ugr i 14, after 1944, in Hungary from deportation mass the Hungary”. A longer study on the prehistory by the the by prehistory the on study longer A Hungary”. Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklós Miklós Horseback: on Admiral Hungary's

István Bethlen: A Great Conservative Conservative Great A Bethlen: István (Boulder: East European Monographs, Monographs, European East (Boulder: concerning higher education.higher concerning one hand, there was the birth birth the was there hand, one traditional conservative and and conservative traditional h at first found expression found first at h ject ought to be accounted accounted be to ought ject m and their much more more much their and m assimilation had little, if little, had assimilation the success of Jewish Jewish of success the w the history of the the of history the w l of the function and function the of l orthyism). of widespread intra- widespread of nuanced way, the the way, nuanced Balázs Ablonczy, Balázs perpetrated and and perpetrated 82 tably Gyula Gyula tably andards. andards. ans ranged ranged ans Second, translation translation highly highly numerus numerus 34 34 lmost lmost

Pál Pál al 83 is is e e

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population of Budapest in particular, and decimated and particular, in Budapest of population the terror of the Arrow Cross who, once they came t came they once who, Cross Arrow the of terror the would community Budapest the before just July early territory. territory. ostroma világháborúban második a honvédség magyar ie f h wr usd ad n ugr, e te mon the see Hungary, in and outside war the of side Vági, Szita, Szita, turn out) catastrophe. turn out) catastrophe. histor the entered assimil between situation a into having thrown been having of of assimilation, impact the discour under the was 1938, intellectuals before Already changes. discursive significant highly Hungari new the in assimilation domi against turn fatal politically ultimately widespread, the hand, other the On channels. various through y inter-war the during Even assimilation. of process the reverse bu down, slow to managed changes these terms, historical social In 84 http://karadyviktor.uni.hu/ vo Bildung “Die German: in D der available in (Ungarn Nationalstaat multikonfessionellen is author same greatly facilitated the deportation and murder of the large m large the of murder and deportation the facilitated greatly Hun of dispossession and exclusion societal and economic the at aimed la the in adopted were acts that racialized legislatory anti-Jewish row the is here addressed be still should that issue remaining only si next the of subject the is 1940s early and 1930s the in history and identity, Jewish discussed intellectuals Jewish Hungarian Jewish is Mária M. Kovács, M. Mária is l the in it embeds and Clausus Numerus the to space iia gon i Egih s aáys Te Sat J Assimilation”. ‘Smart Cultural “The and Karády’s Investments is Educational English in ground similar (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 199 Press, Center Wilson Woodrow D.C.: (Washington, On Ariesirung A Gestapo Magyarországon: a terror és a rablás tört rablás a és terror a Magyarországon: Gestapo A ulrbá. mga zió gzaái megsemmisíté gazdasági zsidók magyar A Hullarablás. (Budapest: Corvina, 2009). (These refer to the mos the to refer (These 2009). Corvina, (Budapest: policies in Hungary, see the polemical but well-re but polemical the see Hungary, in policies What were the prevalent Jewish intellectual discourses like in in like discourses intellectual Jewish prevalent werethe What Liberal Professions and Illiberal Politics: Hungar Politics: Illiberal and Professions Liberal under the heading heading the under Tanulmányok Bdps: srs 21) n Kizin Ungváry, Krisztián and 2010) Osiris, (Budapest: ong-term development of the liberal professions in in professions liberal the of development ong-term it further until the Red Army liberated and occupi and liberated Army Red the until further it oppelmonarchie, 1867-1918)”. A shorter survey cover survey shorter A 1867-1918)”. oppelmonarchie, have been deported. Deportations were soon followe soon were Deportations deported. been have o power in October 1944, targeted the surviving Jew surviving the targeted 1944, October in power o All available on the website of Viktor Karády at at Karády Viktor of website the on available All 4). ographs of Krisztián Ungváry: Krisztián Ungváry, Ungváry, Krisztián Ungváry: Krisztián of ographs ew’ in pre-1919 Hungary. Denomination Specific Specific Denomination Hungary. pre-1919 in ew’ . An excellent monographic work that devotes much much devotes that work monographic excellent An . énetéből t recent editions.) The deportations were halted in halted were deportations The editions.) recent t n Minderheitseliten im multiethnischen und und multiethnischen im Minderheitseliten n se (Budapest: Jaffa, 2005). See aslso Szabolcs Szabolcs aslso See 2005). Jaffa, (Budapest: searched work of Gábor Kádár and András András and Kádár Gábor of work searched (Budapest: Korona, 2002). On the military the On 2002). Korona, (Budapest: y from the Habsburgs to the Holocaust the to Habsburgs the from y ajority of them in 1944. in them of ajority an state were accompanied by by accompanied were state an ears, it continued to progress progress to continued it ears, te 1930s and early 1940s and and 1940s early and te 1930s of increasingly severe and and severe increasingly of eain, utr, politics culture, relations, x empirical chapters. The chapters. empirical x t could not completely not could t ation and (as it was to to was it (as and ation garian Jews, and also and Jews, garian ical period beyond beyond period ical this period, how period, this se of Jewish Jewish of se nant and and nant Budapest Hungary Hungary 84 35 35 ed the ed The d by by d

ing ing ish ish A A

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participation to 20 percent in various occupations to be executed ov executed be to occupations various in percent 20 to participation provide abundant evidence to show just how many suc many how just show to evidence abundant provide yearbooks ambition of this law (especially when compared to later devel later to compared when (especially law this of ambition received more comprehensive treatment elsewhere.treatment aft comprehensive more received exclusion of measures other and acts legal these and research, strictly not, are times the of developments political Hungarian osqec, rud af f ugra Jw ls ter noe I 14 te b the 1941 In income. their lost Jews Hungarian of half around consequence, certain importantly from Jews banned and percent 6 Most to participation economic Jewish. as qualified officially denomi who mixed of also definitions it exceptions, fewer for allow law this did only also discussed the birth of individual discriminato individual of birth the discussed also 1920-1 megkülönböztetése, zsidóság (Ram magyar A 1920-1943 Farkas, Legislation and Policy Jews. the and 85 followe Economy”) the and Life Public in Space of Conquest Jewish t and 1939/IV. law called (officially Hungarian in law Jewish second customa is What exempted. be to groups of number a for allowed and Life”. Economic and Societal in Balance of Assurance ca euphemistically and officially was It law. anti-Jewish) the as known colloquially 1938/XV., law accepted Parliament Hungarian of May and April in acts: legal main the of introduction brief a Magyarországon. Politikai eszmetörténet (Budapest: (Budapest: eszmetörténet Politikai Magyarországon. 87 86 (New HarperCol York: 1939-1945 theJews and Germany See volume. second his in Germany Nazi beyond focus Harp York: (New 1933-1939 Persecution, of Years The fir the Germany, Nazi of case the In 2001). Európa, v gyűlölet A Pelle, János see times, the of opinion of covering the Jewish reaction in unprecedented de unprecedented in reaction Jewish the covering of accepted under Béla Imrédy. Imrédy. Béla under accepted For the details on discriminatory legislation, see legislation, discriminatory on details the For This law was still prepared under Imrédy but was a was Imrédy but under stillwas prepared law This in role important an played balance of notion The will attempt to show. This law was proposed under under proposed was law This show. to attempt will

etése. A zsidótörvények és a magyar közvélemény (Bu közvélemény magyar a és zsidótörvények A etése. the specialized monographs of Nathaniel Katzburg, Katzburg, Nathaniel of monographs specialized the ry laws at some length. See János Gyurgyák, A zsidó A Gyurgyák, János See length. some at laws ry ccepted under the Premiership of Pál Teleki in 1939 in Teleki Pál of thePremiership under ccepted pth). See Saul Friedlaender, Nazi Germany and the J the and Germany Nazi Friedlaender, Saul See pth). st volume of Saul Friedlaender’s masterful two volu two masterful Friedlaender’s Saul of volume st srs 20) p. 3-5. n h at-eih publ anti-Jewish the On 135-158. pp. 2001), Osiris, h steps were taken there (besides his major achieve major his (besides there taken were steps h eea Jws ratos a Catr I n the on VII Chapter as reactions, Jewish several 944 (Budapest: Napvilág, 2010). János Gyurgyák has has Gyurgyák János 2010). Napvilág, (Budapest: 944 Saul Friedlaender, The Years of Extermination. Naz Extermination. of Years The Friedlaender, Saul erCollins, 1997). Evidently, Friedlaender expands h expands Friedlaender Evidently, 1997). erCollins, at Gan: Bar-Ilan UP, 1981) and, newly, of Klaudia Klaudia of newly, and, 1981) UP, Bar-Ilan Gan: at lins, 2007). 2007). lins, 85 I will therefore restrict my overview to overview my restrict therefore will I 86 rm Mnse Klá Drni u was but Darányi Kálmán Minister Prime Te ahr oet discriminatory modest rather The lled “On the More Effective Effective More the “On lled opments) was to limit Jewish limit to was opments) speaking, part of the present present the of part speaking, 1938 the two Houses of the the of Houses two the 1938 positions altogether. As a a As altogether. positions er a period of five years five of period a er itled “On Limiting the the Limiting “On itled er 1938 have already already have 1938 er d the year after.year the d rily referred to as the the as to referred rily i lmtd Jewish limited it , national and racial racial and national first Jewish (read Jewish first anning of of anning Hungary Hungary 36 36 87 dapest: dapest: . Ararát Ararát kérdés kérdés Not ment ment ews: ews: mes mes ic ic is is i CEU eTD Collection

before the Nazi occupation of the country in March 1944 and the subsequ the and 1944 March in country the of occupation Nazi the before al service labour the superiors, their by humiliations painful nemrigs n te rhbto o sxa itrore ewe J between 1941/XV. of law adoption followed the with intercourse sexual of prohibition the and intermarriages called labor service (service labor called 88 of extermination policies. of extermination me 000 34 around altogether lost community Jewish Hungarian The captured. and died inmates of 000 15 around where Front Eastern the on especially lack of of sufferingIn provision pro the service. inflicted to the by addition acti of realm their duties, military proper fulfilling from Jews onwards, War World Second the entered Hungary year the 1941, From p to elements) unreliable politically them, from separately The year 1941 also brought the handing over of clo of handingover brought also the year 1941 The

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). Established in 1939, it obliged Jewish men (and also, also, (and men Jewish obliged it 1939, in Established ). 88 se to 20 000 immigrant Jews to by massacred by Nazi massacred by to immigrant Jews 000 20 to se These years also saw the introduction of the so of the years the introduction also saw These

erform auxiliary military duties. duties. military auxiliary erform vities being restricted to labor labor to restricted being vities so proved to be a death trap, trap, death a be to proved so ews and non-Jews non-Jews and ews ent implementation implementation ent per equipment andper 10 000 more were more 000 10 were excluded excluded were mbers even even mbers 37 37 s. CEU eTD Collection

publishing activities continued for another fifteen years: the ne the years: fifteen another for continued activities publishing zalt Mga Ioam Társulat Irodalmi Magyar Izraelita Kulturkaempfe served as the secretary of the Hungarian Philosophy Hungarian the of secretary the as served ae clege ws ent lxne. t is he first At Alexander. Bernát was colleague) later Sci of Academy Hungarian the of member was and 1904 Hungarian Holocaust. the 1943, until way the all length equal roughly of volumes in regularly no yearbooks were printed until 1929. Upon the refoundation of IMIT in the la the in IMIT of refoundation the Upon 1929. until printed were yearbooks no ceas Society the as halt: a to came initiative the when War religions of Hungary.of religions Judaism of recognition for movement reception Jewish the of fight the politi the of phase last the during 1895 in released was Society topics. Jewish Hungarian with concerned extent large a to was and activit its conducted IMIT works, scholarly and literary Jewish crea the helping of aim the with 1894 in founded Originally IMIT). was born in Zirovnica, Macedonia in 1881 and passed and 1881 in Macedonia Zirovnica, in born was s the of editor the as served Szemere Samu Bánóczi. paig ahr id ugra vrin f 1990 of version Hungarian mild rather speaking 89 The yearbooks were first edited by Vilmos Bacher a Bacher Vilmos by edited first were yearbooks The political-ec the introduction, the in discussed As . . I. ulcto o te erok eis a oe f h mi activit main the of one was series yearbook the of Publication

90 89 The Basic Characteristics of IMIT

The The The

Characteristics, Characteristics, StoryAims,

yearbooks appeared each year until the end of the First World First the of end the until year each appeared yearbooks IMIT Yearbooks (Israelite Hungarian Literary Society, abbreviated as as abbreviated Society, Literary Hungarian (Israelite Chapter II th etr rlgos Ctoi) ess eua confli secular versus (Catholic) religious century Society. Between 1927 and 1942 he was the director the was he 1942 and 1927 Between Society. clesiastical struggle was the passionate, but compa but passionate, the was struggle clesiastical eries that began in 1929. A philosopher and aesthet and philosopher A 1929. in began that eries agt n eodr shos Bten 97 n 1919, and 1917 Between schools. secondary in taught nd Ferenc Mezey, later on by Vilmos Bacher and Józs and Bacher Vilmos by on later Mezey, Ferenc nd away in Budapest in 1978. He received his degree i degree his received He 1978. in Budapest in away ences between 1945 and 1949. His main mentor (and mentor main His 1949. and 1945 between ences (1929-1943) (1929-1943) ed its activities for over a decade, decade, a over for activities its ed ies in the Hungarian language language Hungarian the in ies cal-ecclesiastical struggle and and struggle cal-ecclesiastical w yearbook series appeared appeared series yearbook w The first yearbook of the the of yearbook first The tion and distribution of distribution and tion as one of the official official the of one as year just prior to the the to prior just year te 1920s, its its 1920s, te e o the of ies ician, he he ician, ratively ratively 38 38 of the of cts or or cts he ef ef n n CEU eTD Collection

pages (at least 239 and at most 351), while the later takes up 613 up takes later the while 351), most at and 239 least (at pages noneet o te Society the of Announcements ics hy ee o-itoa. icutn te nul eot, alt reports, annual the Discounting non-fictional. were they pieces Nietzsche and Thomas Mann. Mann. Thomas and Nietzsche from 1943 has 387. Each yearbook contains two main sections, the sections, main two contains yearbook Each 387. has 1943 from la the while long, pages 313 is 1938 of yearbook shortest the little: volumes the of length The pages. 5388 altogether cover yearbooks fifteen and 84 pages volume. per this introductory ofthis the summarises s the basic section characteristics p the of analysis the to turning Before 1938. in starting legislation mul also and exclusion, anti-Semitic and radicalization right-wing Bethlen István Minister Prime under period consolidation the of end the of half second the in released yearbooks fifteen these of contents ocsoal mc) ogr et wr as pbihd Mn of Many published. also were texts longer much) (occasionally page 20 around averaged them of Most identified. be can articles 5237. There are 151 extra pages since the articles articles the since pages extra 151 are There 5237. yearbooks that the first section was shortest exact shortest was section first the that yearbooks the became He Institute. Training Teacher Israelite counted.) counted.) 91 Gio on works main his wrote He Windelband. and Vico Descart Bruno, Giordano of works several translated i starting Seminary Rabbinical the at philosophy of there were altogether 235 prose contributions and with the excep the with and contributions prose 235 altogether were there t rather scholarly were heading this under appearing articles It provides an excellent illustration of how littl how of illustration excellent an provides It The average length of the the of length average The The following chapters offer a detailed, thematically focused ana focused thematically detailed, a offer chapters following The The title title The Literary Works Literary 91

. The former occupies the bulk of the publication with 4624 with publication the of bulk the occupies former The . is used in a rather broad sense: the large majority of of majority large the sense: broad rather a in used is IMIT yearbooksIMIT president of IMIT in 1945. As a pensioner, he taug he pensioner, a As 1945. in IMIT of president n 1950 and even got a teaching position at ELTE in ELTE at position teaching a got even and n1950 e fluctuation there were between the lengths of the of lengths the between were there fluctuation e ly when the second grew longest. (4624 and 613 add add 613 and (4624 longest. grew second the when ly usually start at page 9 and the tables of contents contents of tables the and 9 page at start usually es, Dewey, Feuerbach, Hegel, Pestalozzi, Schiller, Schiller, Pestalozzi, Hegel, Feuerbach, Dewey, es, rdano Bruno, Oswald Spengler, John Dewey, Friedrich Dewey, John Spengler, Oswald Bruno, rdano is approximately 360 pages – the – pages 360 approximately is han fictional. In the Horthy era era Horthy the In fictional. han s, but somewhat shorter and shorter somewhat but s, tions of less than two dozen dozen two than less of tions the Horthy era which, after after which, era Horthy the tiple acts of discriminatory of acts tiple pages in total, between 18 between total, in pages ublication itself, however, itself, ublication st and the longest volume volume longest the and st ources. ources. Literary WorksLiterary these materials were were materials these ogether 197 scholarly scholarly 197 ogether ruh growing brought , fluctuates very very fluctuates lysis of the of lysis and the and ht history history ht 1963. He 1963. were not were Spinoza, Spinoza, various various 39 39 up to to up

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between two thematic clusters is nevertheless very clear and clear very nevertheless is clusters thematic two between rsne i sm fra a te nul etr sre ognzd b organized series lecture annual the at format some in presented attention. rou receive categories two the overall that so ones, general on other topics, Jewish Hungarian on strongly more focus yearbooks some later the 93, includes group former The Jewish. general and Jewish to considerto forof educatedpopularization the non-specia a demands but broadly favour of one or the other: In 1929 the ratio is 9- is ratio the 1929 In other: the or one of favour seven themes, Jewish German on studies twelve another are There people.of hundreds several of audiences large by attended hmtc (eakby to f he isacs r t are instances three of two (Remarkably, thematic. these two years. years. thesetwo (7 1938 and 1937 in dominated topics Jewish General 92 titles. 94 93 and Chronology” or “The Value of the Person in Jewi in Person the of Value “The or Chronology” and in 1861” quite obviously belong to the former while former the to belong obviously quite 1861” in Hungarian Literature” or “Data on Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian on “Data or Literature” Hungarian eih aeoy tog a od hr o ti articl this of third scholars. good a though category, Jewish itr o Hnain eeto. n h ohr hand, other the On reception. Hungarian of history seeme label Jewish Hungarian the életben”) szellemi in active nevertheless was rabbi, Hungarian a than of person the on article the includes also category gis Gra Jws) sne hi fcs a rathe was focus their since Jewish), German against “Mendelssohn Mózes mint a zsidóság védelmezője”). I védelmezője”). zsidóság a mint Mózes “Mendelssohn “Men Ármin, Kecskeméti (see context German specific (Chapter subchapter separate a in addressed be will Je demonstrate to aim which költeményeiben”, Mihály especially “Arany János viszonya a legendához és ag és legendához a viszonya János “Arany especially thei of method the but Babits), Mihály Madách, Imre catego same the in person his with dealing articles broad, a employed have to seem IMIT of authors the called be not would Sofer Moses Similarly, Hungary. cagetorise: in the case of writings on Moses Mendel Moses on writings of case the in cagetorise: For instance, articles titled “Remembrance of the the of “Remembrance titled articles instance, For repr the where yearbooks five altogether are There ea spring fallto from washeld series lecture The 94 The remaining articles can be broadly classified into thre into classified broadly be can articles remaining The 93 lhuh ot ics etr sm htrgnos lmns the elements, heterogeneous some feature pieces most Although Thematically, the studies can be divided into two main categories, main two into divided be can studies the Thematically,

1, in 1932 8-3, in 1943 11-3 in favor of the Hungar the of favor in 11-3 1943 in 8-3, 1932 in 1, ry. The subjects of some studies are not Jewish (Já Jewish not are studies some of subjects The ry. ch year and so the years of IMIT ended in summe ended the yearsIMIT theof so yearand ch Májer/Meier Kayserling who, although more of a Ger a of more although who, Kayserling Májer/Meier ssohn, I ultimately decided in favor of general Je general of favor in decided ultimately I ssohn, “Tragedy in Aggadah”, “Commentary on Jewish Calend Jewish on “Commentary Aggadah”, in “Tragedy r treatment connects them directly to Jewish cultur Jewish to directly them connects treatment r i as ddctd o i ipc o Hnain Jewi Hungarian on impact his to dedicated also is e e is ad h ls II yabo i te oty e Horthy the in yearbook IMIT last the and first he a Hungarian in some another contexts, but in this this in but contexts, another some in Hungarian a ádához”, “Madách Imre és a Biblia”, “A Szentírás Ba Szentírás “A Biblia”, a és Imre “Madách ádához”, sh Thought” belong to the latter. The “Hungarian Je “Hungarian The latter. the to belong Thought” sh h dsuso o Lood uz eog t te Germa the to belongs Zunz Leopold of discussion the History. The Question of Emancipation at the Parlia the at Emancipation of Question The History. ms prpit stesuydatpiaiy wit primarily dealt study the as appropriate most d -3 and 7-2), with hardly any Hungarian Jewish studi Jewish Hungarian any hardly with 7-2), and -3 V2) Ohr ics ee hwvr mr difficult more however, were, pieces Other IV/2.). Pest and thus connected to the history of the Jews Jews the of history the to connected thus and Pest te eea sgiiac o Mneson n nt h not and Mendelssohn of significance general the r snaino h w ois a atclry skewe particularly was topics two the of esentation inclusive definition (Jews of Hungary), which puts puts which Hungary), of (Jews definition inclusive n one instance (Zsoldos Jenő, “Mendelssohn a magyar a “Mendelssohn Jenő, (Zsoldos instance one n ih otiuin t Hnain utr, tee th theme a culture, Hungarian to contributions wish is Hnain eih oges, “ Congress”, Jewish Hungarian First delssohn kétszáz esztendeje”, and Richtmann Mózes, Mózes, Richtmann and esztendeje”, kétszáz delssohn 92 This set-up required the authors the required set-up This already evident in many article article many in evident already e, much smaller, categories. smaller, much e, ghly the same amount of of amount same the ghly 6 rils ad while and articles, 76 II to ht were that too IMIT y s include more pieces pieces more include s n h contemporary the on iiig line dividing Egyenlőség list audience. audience. list Hungarian nos Arany, Arany, nos ian Jewish Jewish ian wish (and (and wish r. r. 40 40 respect respect e – see see – e wish” h the the h ment and and es in in es man d in in d bits bits ra.) ra.) the the to to sh sh of of ar ar at at is is n n

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prose, 63 appeared only once, 17 of them made two and 13 three contributions three 13 and two made them of 17 once, only appeared 63 prose, philosophy in 1894 and a rabbi in 1896. Between 191 Between 1896. in rabbi a and 1894 in philosophy n retls, ltrr hsoin n folklorist and historian literary a Orientalist, an Jewish Archives, which was one of IMIT’s four commi four IMIT’s of one was which Archives, Jewish rm i sd, eerd o i “neevd forlornn “undeserved in Henrik” “Marczali his to referred side, his from seven themes. foreign more on other with case, one in or, Zionism with (dealing Land Holy the in situation mesecompara in and legends and tales Islamic and Hebrew in Henrik”, “Marczali Szekfű, 95 appearances, 13 with Heller Bernát were contributors frequent schol their mostly published who authors 108 the Of some Hebrew. and also German were there but compositions, original of overwhelmingly poetswere 42 them among IMIT, 98 coul not, “did he moreover, that, and assimilation” 97 96 the Jewish Gymnasium for Boys and served as its dir its as served and Boys for Gymnasium Jewish the 99 of head as serving IMIT, in involved actively also artic his In point. that at IMIT in appear to texts two and Tóth Zoltán and Szekfű death), Gyula historians, Hungarian own his after (published Igná on Hurgronje text laudatory highly and commemorative the times. three altogether contributed Vasvári István m this appearances made all Fenyő László and Somlyó writ them of all history, drama French on were four “Germany and Palestine” and Zionism on (“Discourse drse i te ucatr eoe t te discours the to devoted subchapter the in addressed afterwards taught at the Rabbinical Seminary until Seminary Rabbinical the at taught afterwards running 20-30 years ahead of his time and belonged belonged and time his of ahead years 20-30 running assigned to one of these five categories, save two two save categories, five these of one to assigned on Turkish and Muslim subjects with relatively few relatively with subjects Muslim and Turkish on “Dr. Heller Bernát élete és tudományos munkássága” munkássága” tudományos és élete Bernát Heller “Dr. i epoch new a inaugurated have to supposed was work a East the of literature the about knowledge unique Hel that works,emphasizing and life his to article total of 197 contributions (93 + 76 + 12 + 7 + 7 + + 7 + stori (short theliterary compositions nor 7 reports, + 12 + 76 + (93 contributions 197 of total Bernát Heller was born in Nagybiccse in 1871 (toda 1871 in Nagybiccse in born was Heller Bernát Jew Hungarian of majority overwhelming the to Next IM in times four than more poetry published one No fe categories two former the to belonging Articles Fülöp Grünwald (Sopron, 1887 – Budapest, 1964), hi 1964), Budapest, – 1887 (Sopron, Grünwald Fülöp (The Hebrew Tale). He was a graduate of the Rabbin the of graduate a was He Tale). Hebrew (The n h cus o tee ite yas atgte 10 uhr cont authors 150 altogether years, fifteen these of course the In IMIT

évkönyv IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1943, p.137. p.137. 1943, , 96 95 and 108 prose authors. prose 108 and , 1943, p.131. Moreover, Marczali fulfilled essenti fulfilled Marczali Moreover, p.131. 1943, ,

es and poetic works). poetic and es le on Marczali, Szekfű insisted that Henrik Marczal Henrik that insisted Szekfű Marczali, on le ler was „an exceptionally gifted Jewish scholar who scholar Jewish gifted exceptionally „anwas ler Hs an eerh neet wr i Bbia scho Biblical in were interests research main His . d not know viewpoints other than the Hungarian one” Hungarian the than other viewpoints know not d s well as of Classical and European literature”. Hi literature”. European and Classical of as well s writtend by Turkologist, folklorist and linguist Ig linguist and folklorist Turkologist, by writtend 1935. Upon his death in 1943, Sándor Scheiber devot Scheiber Sándor 1943, in death his Upon 1935. the committee preparing the publication of the Hung the of publication the preparing committee the among “the best Hungarians”. Ibid., pp.130-2. Zoltá pp.130-2. Ibid., Hungarians”. best “the among ector in the postwar period. He was also the direct the also was He period. postwar the in ector ess” which he had to bear late in his life. Zoltán Zoltán life. his in late bear to had he which ess” 2), which, let it be repeated, does not include the include not does repeated, be it let which, 2), in in 9 and 1922 he was director of the Jewish Gymnasium Gymnasium Jewish the of director was he 1922 and 9 in 1943, who made significant gestures by allowing allowing by gestures significant made who 1943, in Jewish bearings. Put together, these categories inc categories these together, Put bearings. Jewish y Bytča, Slovakia) and died in Budapest in 1943. He 1943. in Budapest in died and Slovakia) Bytča, y o Jws cnrbtos Al MT tde cud b could studies IMIT All contributions. Jewish on e tive literary history. His main Jewish work is work Jewish main His history. literary tive and Nazism in IMIT”). Out of the seven “other” ones “other” seven the of Out IMIT”). in Nazism and IMIT évkönyv IMIT n Hungarian-Jewish scholarship. See Sándor Scheiber Sándor See scholarship. Hungarian-Jewish n ish authors (105 out of 108), there was a translati a was there 108), of out (105 authors ish e b Ozá Ee. hy il e rte critically (rather be will They Elek. Oszkár by ten c Goldziher by the Dutch scholar Christiaan Snouck Snouck Christiaan scholar Dutch the by Goldziher c storian and teacher. In the inter-war years he taug he years inter-war the In teacher. and storian further commemorative texts by leading non-Jewish non-Jewish leading by texts commemorative further ature prominently in two subchapters of Chapter V V Chapter of subchapters two in prominently ature any times, while two others, namely Frida Szilas an Szilas Frida namely others, two while times, any T u éaVhr nr aá,Zlá ek Zoltá Zelk, Zoltán Barát, Endre Vihar, Béla but IT, ttees) “was born Hungarian, and therefore needed no needed therefore and Hungarian, born “was ttees) ical Seminary in Budapest and became a doctor of doctor a became and Budapest in Seminary ical , 1943, p.125. p.125. 1943, , 97 The poetry in IMIT consisted IMIT in poetry The 98 Fülöp Grünwald with 9, with Grünwald Fülöp modern Hebrew) and Hebrew) modern translations from from translations arly studies in in studies arly al national tasks tasks national al . The most most The . ributed to to ributed i (who was (who i nác Kúnos Kúnos nác s scholarly scholarly s possessed possessed or of the the of or A héber héber A annual annual 41 41 . Gyula Gyula . larship, larship, n Tóth, Tóth, n lude a a lude arian- ed an an ed Tóth, Tóth, on of of on their their was was ht at at ht and and 99 n n d d e e ) ) , , , ,

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om) Sno Scheiber, Sándor poems), published in 1938. 1938. in published progressive journals. It ought to be noted that his that noted be to ought It journals. progressive (Timişoara) and Kaposvár. He wasauthorit leading a He Kaposvár. and (Timişoara) scholars a on England in years some spent he 1930s, Philosophy (1888), rabbi (1890). Kohlbach was among was Kohlbach (1890). rabbi (1888), Philosophy directo became later and 1944) to (1941 Dunaföldvár Born in Moskóc, currently Slovakia, Turóczi-Trostle Slovakia, currently Moskóc, in Born Turóczi-Trostler József iáy GuttmannMihály 1947, he was made professor of German literature. literature. German of wasprofessor made he 1947, and democrat, social a as parliament Hungarian the Turóczi-Trostler 1945, From Budapest. in gymnasium b he post, his from Removed University. Budapest at Council’ the Under Education. of Ministry Hungarian fiction. on Scheiber, with Together 1959. in starting Seminary won the Baumgarten prize in 1934. During the revolu the During 1934. in prize Baumgarten the won 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 histo cultural Jewish on publications his for known 102 lec a and 1920s the in Culture) Israelite Hungarian of director author, prolific a 101 t He 1903. in both from graduating Seminary, the at 100 and 1963, and 1948 between Museum Jewish Hungarian six, Romania). Between 1917 and 1943, he was literary cr literary was he 1943, and 1917 Between Romania). w also history,and in literary studies and reviews t became and decades, three for Buda in rabbi a was mid-1930s. in the Palestine to the and Halakha unfinished but ambitious, the on focused research His death. to 1934 in returned he where from Breslau to moved qualified rabbi after 1893 (worked as an assistant) an as (worked 1893 after rabbi qualified scholarly work from the inter-war period is his is period inter-war the from work scholarly his relationship was strained. wasstrained. hisrelationship chi three had He Sopron. in Jews of history a wrote phil and literature German and Hungarian languages, organs. Jewish wroteseveral for He t were subjects his where grades lower at Seminary, author of educational materials and supervisor of e of supervisor and materials educational of author Bertalan Kohlbach (Liptószentmiklós, today Liptovs today (Liptószentmiklós, Kohlbach Bertalan 1985), Budapest, – 1913 (Budapest, Scheiber Sándor wroteon 1945) Budapest, – 1881 (Cegléd, Nádai Pál Budapest – 1872 (Kiskunfélegyháza, Guttmann Mihály József Turóczi-Trostler (Moskóc, 1888 – Budapest, Budapest, – 1888 (Moskóc, Turóczi-Trostler József teac 1945), Budapest, – 1880 (Szolnok, Elek Oszkár ear 1949), Budapest, – 1866 (Erdőbénye, Fényes Mór rabb 1944), Auschwitz, – 1868 (Beled, Pollák Miksa 193 Budapest, – 1876 (Budapest, Edelstein Bertalan F 1950). Aviv, Tel – 1877 (Kismarton, Fürst Aladár 104 Bertalan EdelsteinBertalan 100 n Pl áa wt eight, with Nádai Pál and Das Judentum und seine Umwelt seine und Judentum Das 109 Országos Magyar Izraelita Közművelődési Egyesület Közművelődési Izraelita Magyar Országos 102 105 n Krl Sbsyn l wt four. with all Sebestyén Károly and eő slo, etln Kohlbach Bertalan Zsoldos, Jenő and Miksa Pollák with five, with Pollák Miksa and rote on pedagogy and ethnography. ethnography. and pedagogy on rote A zsidók története Budán Budán története zsidók A contributions to IMIT (at least stylistically) ten stylistically) least (at IMIT to contributions ducational institutions. institutions. ducational rical and ethnological topics. topics. ethnological and rical ldren, among them the famous writer Károly Pap with Pap Károly writer famous the them among ldren, . He worked as a teacher of religious subjects, and subjects, religious of teacher a as worked He . he Bible, the Talmud and the systematic study of re of study systematic the and Talmud the Bible, he y on Jewish ethnology. ethnology. yJewish on ue i at itr. e lo otiue t contem to contributed also He history. art in turer hip (1938 to 1940). Upon his return, he served as r as served he return, his Upon 1940). to (1938 hip osophy, graduated in 1892. He worked as a translato a as worked He 1892. in graduated osophy, r became a high school teacher in Temesvár (Timi Temesvár in teacher school high a became r itic of the German-language newspaper, newspaper, German-language the of itic aught at the Seminary between 1907 and 1921 and the and 1921 and 1907 between Seminary the at aught s Republic he was promoted professor of world liter world of professor promoted was he Republic s ecame a teacher at the Jewish Neolog community's gi community's Neolog Jewish the at teacher a ecame rfso o wrd ieaue t uaet Universit Budapest at literature world of professor serve as the Director of the Budapest Seminary unti Seminary Budapest the of Director the as serve r of the Rabbinical Seminary (1950 to 1985) He is b is He 1985) to (1950 Seminary Rabbinical the of r tion of October 1918, he became a senior official i official senior a became he 1918, October of tion ürst was active at the Jewish Museum until his depa his until Museum Jewish the at active was ürst the first pupils of the Seminary. He served at Tem at served He Seminary. the of pupils first the 4). Doctor of Philosophy (1900), rabbi (1902). Edel (1902). rabbi (1900), Philosophy of Doctor 4). he edited four volumes of the the of volumes four edited he ký Mikuláš, Slovakia 1866 – Budapest, 1944). Doctor 1944). Budapest, – 1866 Slovakia kýMikuláš, was a member of the Hungarian Academy as well as of as well as Academy Hungarian the of member a was art, mostly on applied art and artistic education. artistic and art applied on mostly art, amdc ehd Hs an ulcto i te highly the is publication main His method. Talmudic 1962), Hungarian literary scholar, critic, and tran and critic, scholar, literary Hungarian 1962), linguist, historian of literature, rabbi (1938). I (1938). rabbi literature, of historian linguist, ned the title of Doctor of Philosophy in 1891 and w and 1891 in Philosophy of Doctor of thetitle ned e he rbi n 94 H tuh a te Rabbinical the at taught He 1924. in rabbi chief he e o Fec ad ugra. lk ulse many published Elek Hungarian. and French of her , 1942). He pursued parallel degrees at university university at degrees parallel pursued He 1942). , atr 84 cif ab o Spo, tde Easter studied Sopron, of rabbi chief 1894, after i that appeared in German 1927. in German1927. thatappeared 101 served as the head of History at the Rabbinical Rabbinical the at History of head the as served ldr ols 6 tde ad some and studies (6 Komlós Aladár 106 Mór Fényes,Mór (The History of the Jews of Buda) Buda) of Jews the of History (The 103 110 n Aaá Fürst Aladár and (the National Association for for Association National (the hs ru o fifteen of group This Monumenta 107 Oszkár Elek,Oszkár Pester Lloyd Pester ded to border border to ded . His main main His .

l with all n the late late the n was the the was He was was He 42 42 ligions. ligions. whom whom abbi at at abbi porary porary slator. slator. ş esvár esvár r and and r n the the n y. In In y. ature ature oara, oara, rture rture stein

l his his l and and as a a as and and 108 rls' rls' est est of n n n

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panorama did not appear in the last, 1943 yearbook, which is possibly r possibly is which yearbook, 1943 last, the in appear not did panorama rvddana oeaeo hne nteft fJwyaon h glo the around Jewry of fate the in changes of coverage annual provided Edelstein in the aforementioned gap year. year. gap editor, theaforementioned in Edelstein The . years. both covered 1935 in Grünwald Society in 1930. 1930. in Society et i 13 te eis a cniud y Grünwald. by continued was series the 1934 in death 19 and 1928 (between years some for institution the wher Academy Drama the at worked also He criticism. 1 after Lloyd Pester the for worked he press: daily

uhr, l o wo apae i II mr ta tre ie betw qualifyas regular contributors. times three than more IMIT in appeared whom of all authors, 112 111 110 si the about news explicit and very detailed broughtreport 1942 the “profound changes” and “a sharp break” in thesitua break” “asharp and changes” “profound 113 Leipzig Budapest, of universities the at studied He Imre the theme Bible onaltogether of articles and (five 161 pages). Madách Mi by authored the series was the secondreportages, series longest this ofto eain o ins ad h itrrttos n cvrg o Nazism of coverage and interpretations the and Zionism to relation of descriptions the contributions, Jewish on discourse the historicity, understandings traditions, key of assessments the options, identity seve to turn will analysis the IMIT of aims and history the of Af and scholarlyanalysis colorful these studies. Hungarian Jewish diverse of together with Turóczi-Trostler who appeared in six six in whoappeared withTuróczi-Trostler together contributors to to contributors nte ntbe etr i te nlso o Hungar of inclusion the is feature notable Another in Edelstein by started originally was series The wh authors two only the where Grünwald and Zsoldos l 1945), Budapest, – 1872 (Gödre, Sebestyén Károly Ararát h nx tre hpes f hs israinpoie n intelle an provide dissertation this of chapters three next The II. dlti’ ad ot f rnads ulctos ee at f a of part were publications Grünwald’s of most and Edelstein’s

, only Aladár Komlós, its chief editor, belonged to belonged editor, chief Komlós, its Aladár only , Aims the Analysisof 111

and Berlin. He taught at secondary schools and wro and schools secondary at taught He Berlin. and volumes of the same journal. From among the most fr most the among From journal. same the of volumes tion of Hungarian Jews. Jews. Hungarian of tion 916 where he published leading opining pieces and t and pieces opining leading published he where 916 1916 (or 5675 according to the Jewish calendar). Af calendar). Jewish the to according 5675 (or 1916 0. e eae mme o te rsiiu Kisfalud prestigious the of member a became He 30). au zmr pbihd n ril rclig h lif the recalling article an published Szemere Samu hr ws gp er n 94 bt h frt report first the but 1934, in year gap a was There i te 99 vriw de o ht rnad called Grünwald what to due overview, 1939 the in y e he taught aesthetics and dramaturgy and even head even and dramaturgy and aesthetics taught he e iterary historian, teacher, critic, translator, phi translator, critic, teacher, historian, iterary o published in each of the eight volumes of of volumes eight the of each in published o this group of fifteen authors. authors. fifteen of group this n themes: Hungarian Jewish Hungarian themes: n tuation in Europe. in tuation f eih aus and values Jewish of the present epoch, the the epoch, present the Tee thematically These . elated to the fact that fact the to elated e 12 ad 1943, and 1929 een be.

ksa Pollák ontheksa Pollák ter a brief sketch briefter a sketch ctual historical historical ctual 112 This global This series that that series 113 losopher. losopher. te for the the for te Libanon 43 43 equent equent Next ter his his ter heatre heatre

e of of e by by ed ed y ,

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Irodalmi Társulat Irodalmi budgetary situation, as well as the leaders’ perceptions concer perceptions leaders’ the as well as situation, budgetary authors of IMIT considered worthy of their attention, how they charac they how attention, their of worthy considered IMIT of authors unde to tries subchapter This traditions. Jewish of assessments this to connected closely is theme next The else). something the J of categorisation and position the re-evaluating them eachof analys meticulous through identified be can options identity distinct form some formulated which of most discourses, identity collective forwar brings it precisely, More identity. dual of question evoked yearbooks the of discussion the opens chapter following the IMIT, lhuh oe otiuin ades oe hn n o te, n acrigy t accordingly, discussed more context in than one and them, of one than more address contributions some although ee tee ecmas ot f h atce ad da presented ideas and articles the of most encompass themes seven Jewi Hungarian Jewish the of views the regarding questions crucial t of presentation detailed a offer subchapters seven structured contributors written onthestudies for volume character of and its their purpose occa the of and Society the of leaders by declarations normative an through gauged be best can series yearbook the of aims The section me the in changes the yeon data contains which Society), the through of (Announcements its traced be of best pages can the IMIT on of developments contributors by reflected and Society the eto 3 f hs hpe epud o te tr o the of story the on expounds chapter this of 3 Section With the remainder of this chapter setting the background to the a the to background the setting chapter this of remainder the With and Section 4 tackles its aims the way they were understood by understood were they way the aims its tackles 4 Section and . his textual corpus and address address and corpus textual his ning the state of the Society. Society. the of state the ning alysis of self-descriptions or or self-descriptions of alysis sad hc taiin the traditions which rstand ewry (as religion, people or people religion, ewry (as n: cuiiig different scrutinizing one: sional reflections by the the by reflections sional ’ contents with the often the with contents ’ in the the in áslt Közlemények Társulati of dual identity. Seven identity. dual of sh scholarly elite. The The elite. scholarly sh s f hs discourses, these of is vros esos of versions various d terized and evaluated and terized arbooks. Relevant Relevant arbooks. Izraelita Magyar Magyar Izraelita mbership and the the and mbership MT yearbooks IMIT s. s. nalysis of nalysis leaders of of leaders hey are are hey 44 44 ,

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oiie nlecs n n itleta hsoy f the of history intellectual no and influences positive esnlte, uh s ht f oe Mneson h i otn perc often is who Mendelssohn Moses of that as such personalities, present” as it transpired through the pages of the of pages the through transpired it as present” founder of modern European Jewry. founder European Jewry. of modern coasi ses o ae ae t n o is ao tss o rev to tasks major its of one it made have to seems scholarship impacts Jewish beneficial for account to aimed which studies of the with deals roles and values historicity, Jewish on chapter this hi of question contested the to specifically dedicated section the Je of temporality the of favor in arguing authors The ahistorical. t within identified be can statements of categories Five world. t specificities as simply sometimes and characteristics presente sometimes were values Such values. Jewish of heading the t formulations studying by begins and roles and values historicity, could be considered complete without interpretingcould without be thecontributions discourse considered complete onsuch as ugra Jws shlr peetd hi stain n epo and a changing radically own, their between draw situation they did comparisons their presented scholars Jewish Hungarian ways The areas. research specific more two and general rather one to as well as art) or historiography as (such tradition Jewish c on discussions concrete of analysis meticulous through pursued are consi under years the in changed tradition Jewish of assessments sc mainstream a like something all at was there whether them, The third chapter on IMIT (the fourth of the dissertation) deals w deals dissertation) the of fourth (the IMIT on chapter third The h fut ad at hpe o II am t rcntut h “his the reconstruct to aims IMIT on chapter last and fourth The IMIT yearbooksIMIT hat differentiate Jewry from the outside outside the from Jewry differentiate hat MT yearbooksIMIT holarly position, and how the how and position, holarly first subchapter explores the explores subchapter first wry are treated separately, in in separately, treated are wry on the outside world. Jewish world. outside the on storicity. The second half of of half second The storicity. , with subchapters devoted devoted subchapters with , surprisingly great number number great surprisingly i cutr ms o them of most cluster, his eal the existence of such such of existence the eal deration. These questions questions These deration. hat can be grouped under under grouped be can hat on landmark ideas and and ideas landmark on d as unchanging essential essential unchanging as d nd after 1938 drastically drastically 1938 after nd eived as the symbolic symbolic the as eived ertain segments of the of segments ertain in the Horthy epoch epoch Horthy the in h Wa kn of kind What ch. ith on Jewish Jewish on ith oy f the of tory . 45 45 CEU eTD Collection

publications ceased to appear, even though Horthy r Horthy though even appear, to ceased publications person of Regent Miklós Horthy (who at times acted acted times at (who Horthy Miklós Regent of person according to own admissions) not always taken seriously. taken always not admissions) own to according prese were people forty if decisions pass could Assemblies direct board, elected assembly, levels: four had organization The World War is born mind. War in is World are that documents A the on involved actively was Hungary that fact the whennoteworthy, historical unique constitute 1942 until Jewry European the about communication explicit and courageous and War World Second the publicat the while insights, intriguing offer yearbooks these in reflec least, not but Last discourses. identity Jewish Hungarian someti and complex its in exploring worth more the all but right, a is developments Palestinian and project Zionist the on debate Palesti on discussions the to dedicated are subchapters two last in but period same the in situation Jewish the of interpretations Related epochs? previous in Jews of those and situation worsening deportation and mass murder of most of Hungarian Je Hungarian of most Germa of murder mass and deportation Nazi when stop and 1929 in begin only sources 1944) October in Cross Arrow the of punch the till 115 114 employ it. it. employ its considering but names, their of front in “Dr.” ósf apr (oa Blrd apr) hl is Secret its while rakpart) Belgrád (today rakpart József historical actor of epochal significance) is rather is significance) epochal of actor historical “Az IMIT alapszabályai” in in alapszabályai” IMIT “Az for lasted which era, Horthy expression the use I In the period under analysis the Presidency of IMIT was located located was IMIT of Presidency the analysis under period the In III.

IMIT IMIT the in Horthy Era

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1932, p.337. Note that most authors appear in IMI in appear authors most that Note p.337. 1932, , questionable. questionable. usage somewhat awkward in English, I have decided n decided have I English, in awkward somewhat usage emained in power for another half a year which brou which year a half another for power in emained as a matter of convention and convenience, although convenience, and convention of matter a as quarter of a century (from the Counterrevolution of Counterrevolution the (from century a of quarter ws. I am aware that the decision to name the era af era the name to decision the that aware am I ws. rather like a weak president and was arguably never arguably was and president weak a like rather ny occupied Hungary in March 1944 and these these and 1944 March in Hungary occupied ny ariat could be found on Deák tér. Deák on found be could ariat 115 The board could pass decisions pass could board The tions on Germany and Nazism and Germany on tions nt, but this rule was (even (even was rule this but nt, ions on the developments of of developments the on ions different circumstances: the circumstances: different mes contradictory to mes relation ne and Nazi Germany. The The Germany. Nazi and ne orate and board of officers. officers. of board and orate factinating topic in its own its in topic factinating to this concern are the are concern this to xis side in the Second Second the in side xis genocide of of genocide at 27 Ferenc Ferenc 27 at T with the title the with T especially especially 46 46 ght the the ght ter the the ter 1919 1919 ot to to ot my 114 a a

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proudly report to the Assemblyproudlyreport 22 the held to onthe eets” i II éknv 13, .5. n Werthe In p.251. 1933, évkönyv, IMIT in jelentése”, to different communities.different to p by others, among members, acquire to sought IMIT 1928. February of so called called so ee it-i nw members new fifty-six were deaths seven to (next membership in increase net a still was Soci the of expansion the in slowdown significant a of explanation as from outside Budapest, 39 were from Nagykanizsa, 35 Nagykanizsa, from were 39 Budapest, outside from members from Nagykanizsa, Szombathely, Eger and Sze and Eger Szombathely, fromNagykanizsa, members emphasize report secretarial (The members. ten than from 12 Szekszárd, from 13 Szolnok, from 17 Szeged, all of half than more slightly while Budapest, from members ( members if at least ten members participated. members ten least at if not quite compensate for the imbalance in terms of terms in theimbalance for compensate quite not 116 weremembers recruited). of (hundreds whom newly andaadviser scrivener. secretary, legal superintendent, treasurer, pres the of consisted officers of board the while directorate, the ht ol b epand y eeec t te worseni the to reference by explained be could what t willingness “the that read we yearbook subsequent 120 119 118 t of in thecourse reappear shall (who famousrabbi 117 roug the reflected This it. outside from half other the Hevesi, Ferenc 485. to members its of number the increase uh cneto ws rvn slnil b te tea the by “splendidly proven was conception a such 18the on Újpest to “sec of merely was culture that belief” false “widespread Újpest, now the 4 the now Újpest, “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki megnyitója” in IMIT évkön IMIT in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer in megnyitója” Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer in jelentés” “Titkári re the of destination the was Szeged instance, For p a as that, fact interesting particularly a is It pártfogó pártoló tagok pártoló On the other hand, in 1931, Wertheimer cited worsening economic conditions conditions economic worsening cited Wertheimer 1931, in hand, other the On The refoundational Assembly of IMIT in the Horthy era was held was era Horthy the in IMIT of Assembly refoundational The members (patrons) were still alive. Close to 90% ( 90% to Close alive. still were (patrons) members th th district of Budapest, was a separate town back the back town separate a was Budapest, of district of February 1930. “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki megnyit elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer 1930. February of IMIT évkönyv IMIT ) were listed by name and place of residence. Few o Few residence. of place and name by listed were ) 117

Its efforts soon bore fruit: by the end of 1929 IMIT managed to managed IMIT 1929 of end the by fruit: bore soon efforts Its 119 , 1930, p.317. In this yearbook, 519 regular member regular 519 yearbook, this In p.317. 1930, , bt y 92 te rsdn sudd h aam gis the against alarm the sounded president the 1932, by but ) 116 IMIT évkönyv IMIT Twenty members of the board could be appointed to appointed be could board the of members Twenty rinciple, half of the members had to be from the ca the from be to had members the of half rinciple, h numerical equality between the two groups but cer but groups two the between equality numerical h his text), Dénes Friedman was deported and murdered and wasdeported DénesFriedman text), his cultural life and influence. influence. and life cultural regular members (271 out of 519). Out of the 248 m 248 the of Out 519). of out (271 members regular presentatives on the 8 the on presentatives o make financial sacrifices has decreased even more even decreased has sacrifices financial make o te ra sgiiac o te erimn o sixt of recruitment the of significance great the d Eger and Nagykőrös. All other places could claim f claim could places other All Nagykőrös. and Eger g f cnmc odtos. Wrhie Aof elnök Adolf “Wertheimer conditions”. economic of ng th mrs nepeain hs a aohr la sg o sign clear another was this interpretation imer’s from Szombathely, 21 from Székesfehérvár, 18 from from 18 Székesfehérvár, from 21 Szombathely, from kszárd on the occasion of official visits.) visits.) official of theoccasion on kszárd of June 1930 that the Society already had 600 the 1930that Society of 600 June already had hns f u sce rlgo” Ii. p34 I th In p.304. Ibid., religion”. sacred our of chings , 1931, p.313. 1931, , yv, 1932, p.303. In his words, the incorrectness of incorrectness the words, his In p.303. 1932, yv, 118

ondary importance”. ondary 63 out of 72) contributing members were members contributing 72) of out 63 n and thus in 1944 its Jewry, with its its with Jewry, its 1944 in thus and n th of December 1929, while they went went while they 1929, December of and eighteen departures there there departures eighteen and ident, his two vice-presidents, vice-presidents, two his ident, ója” in ója” f the founding members and of the of and members founding the f ertr o II, could IMIT, of secretary IMIT évkönyv IMIT ety. At this time there time this At ety. aying official visits visits official aying s and 72 contributing contributing 72 and s 120 Wertheimer , 1930, p.314. 1930, , on the 26the on pital and the the and pital tainly did did tainly 47 47 . . embers embers y new new y than than f the the f ewer ewer th e e i i

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pp.252-3. pp.252-3. rsdnil drs o 13 rvas ht ny vr slc numb select very a only that reveals 1934 of address presidential quality, we had to observe a very strong decline of decline strong very a observe to had we quality, lived.Jewry” Hungarian of interest the in mission Soci our for “sacrifice to ready most supposedly Jews Hungarian territories” “peripheral of away tearing the to reference work”. reachlevel the farbelow fallingtoo “not of aim rather modest he could list no more than nineteen actual members. actual nineteen than more no list could he hundr while about joined: the disinterest ofcommunities Wertheimer complained utr” II wne t rl o te upr o Jws congregati Jewish of support the on rely to wanted IMIT culture”, ftr collapse”.“future war even he that threatening so be to developments new the felt he also offered some critical words on the agents o agents the on words critical some offered also he 123 122 121 tri was bitterness His culture. of status declining contributing members. t of speak to not Pest, of Kadisa Chavra the and Pest of community sup chief its IMIT: active newly the of basis primary the 125 124 in e-aig ebr, hc ses o ae en rather been have to seems which members, fee-paying membership fees amounting to 3 686 florins (florins 686 3 to amounting fees membership sup to necessity growing a was there that and again the that problem the Veszp addressed report the changes: Tapolca, Szombathely, Szeged, Kaposvá Pécs, Orosháza, Hódmezővásárhely, Győr, Esztergom, Bonyhád, worries. left, people (sixteen ju have year not could itself in this but preceding compensation), the in members Wrhie Aof löi enióa in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer in megnyitója” Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer in megnyitója” Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer IMIT évkönyv IMIT 122

, 1935, pp. 325-6. pp. 1935, , It is important to add that, next to wealthy and charitable “fr charitable and wealthy to next that, add to important is It 121 n ecin o hs ngtv tnece, etemr omltd t formulated Wertheimer tendencies, negative these to reaction In 125

IMIT évkönyv IMIT évkönyv IMIT pengő ggered not only by the indifference of potential su potential of indifference the by only not ggered MT évkönyv IMIT MT évkönyv IMIT évkönyv IMIT stified Wertheimer’s dramatic tone. Ibid., p.307. T p.307. Ibid., tone. dramatic Wertheimer’s stified number of those who could potentially support IMIT IMIT support potentially could who those of number port writers in need. “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki megn elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer need. in writers port f Hungarian Jewish culture: “both in terms of quant of terms in “both culture: Jewish Hungarian f ), the former contributed 3 000 and the latter 2 00 2 latter the and 000 3 contributed former the ), Hungarian Jewish literary and scholarly activities scholarly and literary Jewish Hungarian o, ih hwvr o ln wy n xliig his explaining in way long a go however might low, rém and Zalaegerszeg. 1935 brought no significant significant no brought 1935 Zalaegerszeg. and rém while nine died and only twenty-one joined in in joined twenty-one only and died nine while , 1934, p.322. 1934, , p.303. 1932, , r, Kispest, Mohács, Nagykanizsa, Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza, Nagykanizsa, Mohács, Kispest, r, 124 , 1932, p.305. The Society indeed lost a few few a lost indeed Society The p.305. 1932, , , 1929, p.342. In 1930, for instance, next to to next instance, for 1930, In p.342. 1929, , Baja, this: like looks list The p.321. 1934, , 123 The Hungarian capital clearly became clearly capital Hungarian The through the Treaty of Trianon where Trianon of Treaty the through He explained this relative failure by failure relative this explained He porters were the (Neolog) Jewish Jewish (Neolog) the were porters ed through years of perseverant yearsperseverant of through ed ned against the dangers of dangers the against ned ety’s beneficial cultural cultural beneficial ety’s er of Jewish religious religious Jewish of er he large majority of of majority large he ons. However, the the However, ons. iends of Jewish Jewish of iends eds of them, eds of them, pporters, but but pporters, he ratio of ratio he 0 to what to 0 ”. Ibid., Ibid., ”. 48 48 ity and and ity yitója” yitója” shrank

he

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barely changed shape: between the 27the between shape: changed barely udn n h soles f h Scey a te ulcto o te new the OklevéltárMagyar-Zsidó of publication the was Society the of shoulders the on burden write assist to expenses charitable in increase parallel point where its president argued in favor of expelling and suing non suing and expelling of favor in argued president its where point etemr ttd ht te usin of question “the that stated Wertheimer pessimi of voices the but going, IMIT keeping in time this around “Az Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat zárszámadása Társulat Irodalmi Magyar Izraelita “Az előirányzata az 1932. évre” in évre” 1932. az előirányzata out floring 000 4 claiming publication and editing demanded yearbook the 1932, for plans financial the series held at the splendid Goldmark room of the Pe the of room Goldmark splendid the at held series 1the was which for deadline (the contest submiss eleven received IMIT Moreover, evenings. lecture six were 126 wa 563 2 this, of Out 749. 12 of income total a was indicator of crisis. Hungari fewer way were there 1938 and 1937 in that fact the consider ye the of length the or content the on marks no left IMIT of situation 128 127 this was recognized also by Gyula Ádler). Ibid., p. Ibid., Ádler). Gyula by also recognized was this “ the could literature and scholarship through only florins wiped away most of the savings of the Society and aggrav and Society the of savings the of most away wiped florins ep anan h institution. the maintain help ca he what with society Jewish to turned Wertheimer time, same These two yearbooks focus almost exclusively on ge on exclusively focusalmost yearbooks two These in regénypályázatáról” IMIT az “Jelentés in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer et o h sal bt eetees anu dces i membe in decrease painful nevertheless but small, the to Next Dedication and perseverance must have played serious and respectab and serious played have must perseverance and Dedication 128

IMIT évkönyv IMIT Hnain eih rhvs i 13. h ttl ot f 2 000 12 of cost total The 1936. in Archives) Jewish (Hungarian 126 Nevertheless, the Society managed to continue its work in work its continue to managed Society the Nevertheless, , 1932, p.310. p.310. 1932, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT th of November 1935 and the 6the and 1935 November of 332. 332. u vadisquo st of the 9 500 budget. “Az Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Irodalmi Magyar Izraelita “Az budget. 500 9 the of the willingness to help be planted into individuals into planted be help to willingness the of September 1935). September of s spent on the Jewish Museum, 1 600 to finance the the finance to 600 1 Museum, Jewish the on spent s st community, while the editing of the yearbook cos yearbook the of editing the while community, st a much larger share of expenses, over 40% of the t the of 40% over expenses, of share larger much a 1929. december 31-én” in in 31-én” december 1929. neral Jewish questions. questions. Jewish neral , 1936, pp. 342-5. pp. 1936, , , 1936, p.334. He went as far as to emphasize that that emphasize to as far as went He p.334. 1936, , eual reegs fr h laes of leaders the for reemerges” regularly rs in need, the most serious material material serious most the need, in rs 127 ated IMIT’s situation to the the to situation IMIT’s ated lled a “heartfelt request” to to request” “heartfelt a lled sm grew louder. By 1937, By louder. grew sm The decidedly crisis like crisis decidedly The IMIT évkönyv IMIT -paying members. At the At members. -paying ions to its novel writing novel its to ions an Jewish themes as an an as themes Jewish an th arbooks – unless we unless – arbooks of May 1936, there there 1936, May of oue o the of volumes , 1930, p.319. In p.319. 1930, , s n the and rs ” (at that that (at ” le roles le Társulat Társulat t 1 196. 196. 1 t 49 49 otal, its its otal, lecture lecture

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principles of IMIT, and it was also “in the nature of scholarly of nature the “in also was it and IMIT, of principles partly due to the republication of the five books o books five the of republication the to due partly f u Msu hd o e ovre it waos n o in weapons into converted be to had Museum our of 1930s.early the to compared clearlywhichplace, indi took evenings year,lecture fouronly That évkönyv ret sus f life”. of issues urgent col a keep subjects their present, the of concerns the to foreign l the that once than more it heard recently have “we that mentioned narrowi drastic S of report The the time. this at way Jews, the on already Hungarian opportunities of situation worsening the to due was development This IMIT. of contents the with dissatisfaction IMIT. 129 “almost identical” the cultural “support of with need hel workers provided in our to its exceed would IMIT calculation, leadership’s the to according thrashing” and again remarked that receptivity towa receptivity that remarked again and thrashing” 132 131 130 133 m elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer weaker. ever getting was in discussed were they least at (or 1939 in fashion “ that remarked Munkácsi reception. large unusually l in were covered subjects the him, to According topics. of choice continued to be higher than incomes. Plans for the for Plans incomes. than higher be to continued shado the in i.e. resonances, contemporary sad with another negative one at that) the “complete failure “complete the that) at one negative another res desired the yield to failed methods recruitment from Czechoslovakia. fromCzechoslovakia. eot lo itd h tpc: hr wr to n hi on two were there topics: the listed also report ht s h II dcd t pbih oe xesv v extensive more publish to decide IMIT why is that generati subsequent a appear shall there that trust required making financial sacrifices). Ibid., p.313 Ibid., sacrifices). financial making required religion, besides short stories and poetry. poetry. and stories short besides religion, “Az IMIT felolvasóbizottságának jelentése az 1938/ az jelentése felolvasóbizottságának IMIT “Az évkön IMIT in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer opene Museum Jewish the 1938, in time, same the At 100 4 of spending the wasto due mostly This in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer 129 , 1940, p.341. p.341. 1940, , Year 1937 saw a deficit of 6 000 florins which was to continue into the into continue to was which florins 000 6 of deficit a saw 1937 Year ehp te ot motn cag o te ae 90 ws growing was 1930s late the of change important most the Perhaps 133 zmr cnetd h vldt o ti ciiu ad eedd the defended and critique this of validity the contested Szemere

131 In the words of Wertheimer, the function of the Society was Society the of function the Wertheimer, of words the In IMIT évkönyv IMIT pengő . on who would take care of the work instead of us no us of instead work the of care take would who on ” to gain new members in the territories Hungary re Hungary territories the in members new gain to ” f the Jewish Bible). The document also reveals that reveals also document The Bible). Jewish the f ults. The only real novelty of 1939 seems to have b have to seems 1939 of novelty real only The ults. trcl oe n h Tlu ad n o te philosop the on one and Talmud the on one storical, practically from one day to the next, the historica the next, the to day one from practically w of the discriminatory legislation. The exhibition The legislation. discriminatory the of w year after counted with a loss of 11 600 florins (t florins 600 11 of loss a with counted after year very similar ways): Wertheimer spoke of “struggle “struggle of spoke Wertheimer ways): similar very d h iso MT(teeifntl motn g important infinitely (“these IMIT of aims the rds egnyitója” in IMIT évkönyv, 1939, p.335. Expenses a Expenses p.335. 1939, évkönyv, IMIT in egnyitója” on the new volumes of the the of newvolumes theon 39. évi működéséről” in in működéséről” évi 39. olumes of the the of olumes d its exhibition on the 70 the on exhibition its d ur daily struggle”. “Igazgatósági jelentés” in in jelentés” “Igazgatósági struggle”. daily ur yv, 1938, p.277. Things continued in rather similar rather in continued Things p.277. 1938, yv, , 1937, p.312. He also stated that “We can hardly hardly can “We that stated also He p.312. 1937, , Monumenta amu Szemere on the lectures lectures the on Szemere amu subjects” that they could be be could they that subjects” budget by another 3 500.3 another by budget partly, if not almost wholly wholly almost not if partly, IMIT évkönyv IMIT cated wanning enthusiasm enthusiasm wanning cated d distance from the truly truly the from distance d ine with the basic written basic the with ine th Monumenta anniversary of emancipation emancipation of anniversary (that, goes without saying, saying, without goes (that, ectures of IMIT are are IMIT of ectures , 1939, p.352. The p.352. 1939, , . . ng of Jewish Jewish of ng p”. next year: next l artifacts artifacts l 132 the new new the een (and (and een acquired acquired had an an had i was his 50 50 w” and and w” oals”) oals”)

hy of of hy IMIT IMIT and and 130 lso lso

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befalling Hungarian Jewry is so huge that any more narrow c narrow more any that huge so is Jewry Hungarian befalling acquire topical relevance in the moment they are discussed”.are they moment the in relevance topical acquire eve and times all at contemporary were scholarship of insi subjects needs, contemporary of recognition wholehearted a dodging continue re a used volumes, the of editor and committee organizing lecture the Sa encouragement. needed badly as serve and consciousness strengthen “only rather loosely connected to exciting problems of the pres the of problems exciting to connected loosely rather “only on ad l cno b cuey poe t ec ohr n rcgie as recognized and other each to opposed crudely be cannot old and young say by rabbis young of ideas repeated) stubbornly (supposedly bear. to easier could values cultural to receptivity of level higher a since e was center” cultural Jewish “Hungarian the IMIT, towards shown ofauthorities.” the policing nolonger we could issues, political with deal concerns, address daily that signs weak some merely were there “if because questions of discussion scholarly the continue to necessary also was it that 138 137 136 135 134 silent in comparison”. in silent tha maintained He 1940. by anachronistic completely sounded have would “Az IMIT felolvasó-bizottságának jelentése az 1939 az jelentése felolvasó-bizottságának “Az IMIT p.315. Ibid., in megnyitója”, Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer p.353. Ibid., p.353. Ibid., 137 n etemrs ys rieaig h cmlit character complaints the reiterating eyes, Wertheimer’s In He emphasized that scholarly and theoretical knowledge can be can knowledge theoretical and scholarly that emphasized He 136 At the same time, he persisted in his conviction that the indiff the that conviction his in persisted he time, same the At

135

IMIT évkönyv IMIT /40. évi működéséről” in éviműködéséről” /40. , 1940, p.315. 1940, , make the burdens of the present the of burdens the make 138 ing that religious and secular, secular, and religious that ing omplaint has to be inaudibly be to has omplaint ent”. Moreover, he reacted to the to reacted he Moreover, the subjects of our lectures lectures our of subjects the n “atemporal questions can can questions “atemporal n such atemporal and lasting lasting and atemporal such IMIT évkönyv IMIT xceptionally troublesome troublesome xceptionally 134 count on the permission permission count onthe Crucially, he insisted he Crucially, mu Szemere, head of of head Szemere, mu descriptory move to to move descriptory si o te 1930s the of istic t the “misfortune “misfortune the t , 1940, p.325. 1940, , tn ta the that sting niaos of indicators uplifting, erence 51 51 CEU eTD Collection

rpgna o nrae h nme o mmes see t b pr be to seemed members” of number the increase to propaganda n tu te eun f oten rnyvna o ugr i 14, h chan the 1940, in Hungary to Transylvania Northern of return the thus and b Transylvania of division the of because Primarily better. the seem things 1941 in surprisingly, Perhaps 1940s. early the until worsen hundreds of new members in Transylvanian urban centers. urban Transylvanian in members new IMIT of hundreds future near the in that believed Szemere deteriorating, Hungari of situation the and 1941 of course the in war the joining Hungary all that was that all really valuable. th more was IMIT that asserting value, literary or scholarly 142 141 140 materialize.major not Transylvanian did breakthrough also which it”, of outside than rather city capital our in notable announc increas the meeting, previous our at stated was what to “contrary would Wertheimer that Budapest) in made effort concentrated probably religi was It of districts. Budapest in level also and departments the on committees establish to proceeded it s Jewish of forums remaining few the of one IMIT was time this 139 Feb in Kispest to excursion similar a to addition in (Oradea), Kolozs both to visits official paid Society the opportunity, this Budapest. “Pártoló tagok” in tagok” “Pártoló Budapest. memb contributing of list the fact, In p.360. 1942, 342-3. eaae omnte fo Klzvr oe rm Győr, from one Kolozsvár, from communities separate individu be to tended Budapest from contributors 39 “Wertheimer Adolf ünnepi megnyitója az IMIT 1942. 1942. IMIT az megnyitója ünnepi Adolf “Wertheimer theofev subject the times three these of out Two az felolvasóbizottságnak és irodalmi az “Jelentés p.328. Ibid., According to the available evidence, the situation of IMIT continued continued IMIT of situation the evidence, available the to According IMIT évkönyv IMIT

139

, 1942, pp. 376-7. A year later the ration was 39 t 39 was ration the later year A 376-7. pp. 1942, , ers from 1942 shows that 33 out of 41 of them were them of 41 of out 33 that shows 1942 from ers ening was (on the request of local organizers) Berg organizers) local of therequest (on was ening als, the 11 from outside Jewish communities (such a (such communities Jewish outside from 11 the als, 904. v mkdsrl in működéséről” évi 1940/41. Gyula, Kaposvár, Nagykanizsa Szeged). Thus, there there Thus, Szeged). Nagykanizsa Kaposvár, Gyula, június 22-én tartott közgyűlésén” in in közgyűlésén” tartott 22-én június 142

an ready to recognize and respect respect and recognize to ready an 140 In order to take advantage of advantage take to order In u t te at atr ie the (i.e. factor last the to due etween Romania and Hungary Hungary and Romania etween ruary of the same year.same the of ruary cholarship and literature and and literature and cholarship e in members has been most been has members in e u cmuiis cultural communities, ous ol ptnily acquire potentially could implied that the plans of a of plans the that implied vár (Cluj) and Nagyvárad Nagyvárad and (Cluj) vár msn. n pt of spite In omising. MT évkönyv IMIT ed to take a turn for for turn a take to ed an Jewry further further Jewry an e in 1942 that that 1942 in e o 11, but while the the while but 11, o IMIT évkönyv IMIT e o “the of ces , 1941, pp. pp. 1941, , son. 141 52 52 s two two s from from By to to , , CEU eTD Collection

iey) books. seriestimely”) a of release the and journal new a of launching the as such regular ones (24 as opposed to 12 to 12 opposed as (24 ones regular the of editor the extermina the of time the at War, World Second the of midst the In vn h psiiiy f eesn a edto ad pplr ve popular a and doubtful. reedition a releasing of possibility the even 816 5 altogether to amounted savings (its capital lack to continued wa Society the of situation financial long-term the that aware 144 143 Bud outside individuals contributing four only were F and Guttmann Mihály Kóbor, Tamás by (written books three another Bi Hertz the of publication the support: book of program intensive 146 145 the articles in the yearbooks too) “did not remain insensitive to t to insensitive remain not “did too) yearbooks the in articles the indire thus, and series lecture t the organizing that for (responsible stance the defended he 1942, by observed: be can Szemere 1943, pp. 367-8. 367-8. pp. 1943, 15 000 and the planned income at 25 000). 25 at income planned the and 000 15 (planne Bible the of publication new the of out entirely arise Thi 000. 10 to increase might it 1942 in that hoping even was Society the a showed IMIT of budget the that positive more the all considered (The proposed replacement would anyhow not havebee not anyhow would replacement proposed (The wanted to submit his resignation and recommended Si recommended and resignation his submit to wanted Ibid., p.368. It is somewhat surprising that while that surprising somewhat is It p.368. Ibid., 19 felolvasóbizottságnak és irodalmi az “Jelentés 1943. IMIT az megnyitója elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer költségveté Társulat Irodalmi Magyar “Az Izraelita 144

rud hs ie a oeae u tnil sit n h psto of position the in shift tangible but moderate a time, this Around aig no con te arwn opruiis n h wr er, i years, war the in opportunities narrowing the account into Taking 146 IMIT yearbooks IMIT h ls II yabo sos ht h Scey ned use a mor a pursued indeed Society the that shows yearbook IMIT last The pengő ). would still ennumerate Jewish cultural plans in Budapest in plans cultural Jewish ennumerate still would such expansionist plans were formulated, Wertheime formulated, were plans expansionist such apest. Pártoló tagok had to payat least twice the a the twice least payat to had tagok Pártoló apest. 41/42 évi működéséről” in évi működéséről” 41/42 143 se az 1942. évre” in évre” 1942. az se mon Hevesi as his replacement. His offer was reject was offer His replacement. his as Hevesi mon n a fortunate choice since Hevesi passed away in 19 in away passed since Hevesi choice fortunate n a On the other hand, the leaders of IMIT were IMIT of leaders the hand, other the On úis 9é trot ögűéé” in közgyűlésén” tartott 29-én június d expenses related to it were at at were it to related expenses d IMIT évkönyv IMIT ctly but in practice largely for for largely practice in but ctly sil a fo sal. IMIT stable. from far still s he demands of the times”.the of demands he IMIT évkönyv IMIT florins at this time) and so so and time) this at florins 5 000 florins surplus and and surplus florins 000 5 rsion of the Bible was was Bible the of rsion tion of European Jewry, Jewry, European of tion ble was completed and and completed was ble of scholarly (“always (“always scholarly of e ieay committee literary he , 1942, p.362. 1942, , s was supposed to to supposed was s , 1942, p.368. 1942, , erenc Hevesi) Hevesi) erenc MT évkönyv IMIT cn be can t mount as mount 53 53 Samu r also also r

43.) 43.) 145 ed. e , ,

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perform( labor called so service be read below. My approach to the story of IMIT from the dista the from IMIT of story the to approach My below. read be Friedlander and the Future of Holocaust Studies Studies Holocaust of Future the and Friedlander of a scholarly work on the history of the Society.the of history the on work scholarly a of yea catastrophic the be to out turned what celebrate to wanted received support. IMIT also continued to assist young authors, espe authors, young assist to continued also IMIT support. received 147 149 148 degree.limited been reasonably have could War World Second the of midst the in which prima are aims my Moreover, textual. and empirical all, above significa differed likelihood all in have would contents final and methods victims. For many valuable reflections on the impor the on reflections valuable many For victims. dec after volumes landmark contributed Friedlaender a ambivalences strange and complexities irreducible Hungarian Jewish present to is dissertation this of ju to difficult be might this but victims, of image generally More content. analytical of lack the hide carri inevitably takeover) communist thesubsequent Studies see Christian Wiese and Paul Betts (eds.), (eds.), Betts Paul and Wiese Christian see Studies Jew the from Holocaust the to up leading ultimately 1943, p.366. p.366. 1943, Irodalmi Társulat 1942. Decemberzárszámadása” 31-i 1942. Társulat Irodalmi contributio writers, helping “Lectures, of category fair and honest confrontation with the recent past past recent the with confrontation honest and fair Jewish authors. Thus, I have tried to steer clear o clear steer to tried have I Thus, authors. Jewish amb primary my time, same the At complete. be never means, modest doubtlessly my with contribute, to is Any historical study of the brutally broken Hungar broken brutally the of study historical Any 1943. IMIT az megnyitója elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer in jelentés” “Titkári 149 resea own my regarding fact symbolic highly a it consider I

IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1943, p.370. The exact amount cannot be knows as as knows be cannot amount exact The p.370. 1943, , munkaszolgálat f unjustified laudatory gestures which sometimes on sometimes which gestures laudatory unjustified f (London: Continuum, 2010). 2010). Continuum, (London: stify from the analytical point of view. All in all in All view. of point analytical the from stify speaking, our moral sense wants us to paint a rath a paint to us wants moralsense our speaking, ns to tombs, support for journals, etc.” “Az Izrael “Az etc.” journals, for support tombs, to ns requires a serious engagement with the works of Hun of works the with engagement serious a requires Jewish intellectual discourse with its stark inner stark its with discourse intellectual Jewish es certain moral overtones. As a non-Jewish author, non-Jewish Asa overtones. moral certain es nd modestly contribute to the understanding of the the of understanding the to contribute modestly nd to some form of retroactive justice, which admitte which justice, retroactive of form some to tance of his work for the present and future of Hol of future and present the for work his of tance , in in , ian Jewish scholarly tradition (a process compounde process (a tradition scholarly Jewish ian ds f ou o te eptaos t h epne of expense the at perpetrators the on focus of ades s prpcie a itrorpi tr t wih S which to turn historiographic a – perspective ish ition is analytical and not tributary. In my assess my In tributary. not and analytical is ition er o Preuto, er o Etriain Saul Extermination. of Years Persecuation, of Years ). IMIT évkönyv IMIT 147 úis 9é trot ögűéé” in közgyűlésén” tartott 29-én június 148

Had this study appeared, its intentions, its appeared, study this Had , 1943, p.373. 1943, , r of 1944 with the preparation preparation the with 1944 of r iy f n nltcl kind, analytical an of rily nce of two generations is, is, generations two of nce cially those who had to to had who those cially expected only to a a to only expected ntly from what can what from ntly it was listed in the the in listed was it c ta IMIT that rch MT évkönyv IMIT , the ambition ambition the , er idealized idealized er ita Magyar Magyar ita pluralism, pluralism, ly serve to to serve ly my aim myaim process process 54 54 ment, a a ment, dly can can dly ocaust ocaust garian garian d by by d the the aul aul , ,

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be accompanied by the “many-sided enriching of Hungarian culture Hungarianculture of enriching “many-sided theby accompanied be yearbook ln o a oua ltrr scey omltd y h famous the by formulated society literary popular a for plan and consciousness”. public promoti by known life atte IMIT, this agenda knowledgebut simultaneously the main constitute of should religious Jewish making which to according too, Bánóczi was to IMIT. to was Bánóczi ims ahr n eie i bten 84 n 19 a a was 1892 he 1894, and In language. philosophical 1884 Hungarian between it edited and Bacher Vilmos literature to the Hungarian nation”. Ibid., p.22. p.22. Ibid., nation”. theHungarian to literature Hung offer “to 1861) of Egylet Magyar Izraelita the (s service non-conflictual completely simultaneous, 150 dual identity from those times. Unmistakable signs signs Unmistakable denominat Israelite times. the of those (members coreligionists” from identity dual 19 to references such that here 152 151 153 Hungarian Jewish yearbooks from the years 1848, 1861 and 1875, as well as to to as well as 1875, and 1861 years1848, the fromyearbooks HungarianJewish Goldziher believed that the major tasksoci this of major thatthe believed Goldziher honorable manner.honorable achieveme beneficial “most and works” greatest the of “one i Bánóczi what revive to than less no meant him to which activities, 1884. and institutionalized at the very beginnings of the of beginnings very the at institutionalized and p.2 “Mezey”, Blau, registers). different levels,in áóz nt ny anhd h Hnain eih sch Jewish Hungarian the launched only not Bánóczi themes the of isone This p.11. “Bánóczi”, Hevesi, I p.19. “Mezey”, Magyar Blau, Izraelita az és Ferenc “Mezey Blau, Lajos 150 Blau expressed his commitment to the dual obligation propaga obligation dual the to commitment his expressed Blau series and its original intentions. In this volume, Lajos Blau cited IgnácLajos Gol cited volume, Blau In this original intentions. and its series IV. h frt new first The eec eei ged ht MT hud tie o eun o t or its to return to strive should IMIT that agreed Hevesi Ferenc

152 The point of his article was to discuss how central the role of role the central how discuss to was article his of point The 153 h Am o te erok i te irr f Self- of Mirror the in Interpretations Yearbooks the of Aims The In the course of this article, Hevesi introduced the dual amb dual the introduced Hevesi article, this of course the In

th 151 century Jewish traditions tended to directly evoke directly to tended traditions Jewish century

MT yearbookIMIT 0. According to a representative evocation of this this of evocation representative a to According 0. ety would be the preparation of translations. translations. of thepreparation be would ety liberal period, the ambition was (as stated in the in stated (as was ambition the period, liberal ince they are entities of a different kind, exist o exist kind, different a of entities are they ince of our next chapter, but it might be helpful to no to helpful be might it but chapter, next our of mong the founders of IMIT, and later for several de several for later and IMIT, of founders the mong o) n “u Hnain epe ad h pa o the of plan the and people” Hungarian “our and ion) arian literature to our coreligionists and provide provide and coreligionists our to literature arian f 99 otie rfrne t former to references contained 1929 of nd was instrumental in the development of modern modern of development the in instrumental was nd of this are the differentiation between “Jewish “Jewish between differentiation the are this of olarly journal journal olarly rodalmi Társulat” in in Társulat” rodalmi nts” of Hungarian Jewry in an an in Jewry Hungarian of nts” ayr sd Szemle Zsidó Magyar Orientalist scholar already in in already scholar Orientalist in the interest of national of interest the in MT évkönyv IMIT the dominant program of of program dominant the n 1904 rightly called called rightly 1904 n ted by Sámuel Kohn Sámuel by ted g at and faith ng the first the oehr with together , 1929, p.14. p.14. 1929, , tradition born born tradition yearbook of of yearbook mpt had to mpt n different different n te already already te dziher’s dziher’s ition of ition Israalite Israalite 55 55 József iginal IMIT cades cades ir ir CEU eTD Collection

hr mjr ak ta o fgtn anti-Semitism. fighting of that task: major third ident dual of notion underlying the affirmed he whereby Society, the late 1930s. On the occasion of the 25the of occasion the On 1930s. late 156 155 154 away1926. in passed He until 1918. editor wit yearbooks the coedited He too. secretary its as IMITas have academy.to therecognized (unofficial Hungarian) Jewish future.”the apprec shall they that so us, towards animosity show currently who those to also and indifferent increasinglyseem who Jews those to pa Jewish the of values the show to hand, other the on and, culture Hungarian patri raise to spirit, Hungarian with Jewry fill “to were 157 spread to consciousness, Jewish strengthen to were mea was moment the Jewry, Hungarian of crisis major consequent the sup institutionally of beginnings the of time the at held speech learni of houses calm their in create to managed emancipation of the that knowledge of piece every treasure, spiritual every more ne we now “right that urging accomplishments, and agenda scholarly ori the about affirmatively expectionally was Guttmann Mihály sacred conviction”. Andor Peterdi, “Ujvári Péter em Péter “Ujvári Peterdi, Andor conviction”. sacred the forum of IMIT with rather pathetic words: “in t “in words: pathetic withrather IMIT of forum the Miksa Weisz, “Kayserling M. emlékezete” in in emlékezete” M. “Kayserling Weisz, Miksa évkönyv I Hungarian of rebirth the to leading (all together the occasion of the anniversary of the journal journal the of anniversary the of occasion the in the by shared goal a as literature Jewish Hungarian recognized that recognized D. utan iáy mébsée ahr ims ha Vilmos Bacher emlékbeszéde Mihály Guttmann “Dr. in egyénisége”, József “Bánóczi Kiss, Arnold in IMIT” az és József “Bánóczi Hevesi, Ferenc st hisin IMIT of aims the listed also Weisz Miksa IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1939, p.339. p.339. 1939, , 155 Egyenlőség , 1929, p.197. 1929, , Arnold Kiss even claimed that in his own days Bánóczi wanted and ma and wanted Bánóczi days own his in that claimed even Kiss Arnold The affirmative recalling of such 19such of recalling affirmative The provided a precedence. Simon Hevesi, “Az <> 50 éves jubileumára” jubileumára” éves 50 ség>> ed to appreciate all the the all appreciate to ed ity, and pointed to the to pointed and ity, nt to make Hungarian make to nt 156 157

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ne crusacs ditdy oe aoal ta or own”. our than favorable more admittedly circumstances under pre respected our level the “reaching at aimed IMIT refounded obvious and make them more andobvious widely make cherished. them liberal former the of values spiritual and intellectual Jewish 158 160 159 above seen have we as where, place” first the in Jewry Hungarian cultural of aspects current those partly relevance, universal of literary life”. schol “Jewish of mirror” “faithful a as serve to aimed yearbooks ethics Jewish of “spirit the in self-respect” and “r consciousness and cooperation pursuing as IMIT of aims general the formulated fathers”.founding w its continue to aimed Society the that Kohn Sámuel of birth the 162 161 in jelentése” titkári Ferenc between collaboration” and purpose shared of sense hist proper a of acquisition subsequent and it from 1 the on 1941, in declared he instance, For continuity. of matter the on say and knowledge were in synchrony at this time. time. this at synchrony werein knowledge and general histories of emancipation and an introducti an and emancipation of histories general Holy Script) that was eventually published in 1931. published eventually was that Script) Holy his for prize first received d IMIT subjects two the in reflected were tradition ot osiuu faue o ti eoh ee h un the were epoch this of features conspicuous most the widest possible audience (the deadlines were th were deadlines (the audience possible widest the “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki megnyitója” in megnyitója” Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer in “Előszó”, in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer in megnyitója” Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer ap shall epoch this how on reflected also Guttmann 162 IMIT évkönyv IMIT The themes Samu Szemere wanted to be covered were “partly were covered be to wanted Szemere Samu themes The simila rather had Wertheimer Adolf Society, the of President The

159 According to one of his speeches held more than a decade earlier, decade a than more held speeches his of one to According Szentírásunk kialakulása, eszméi, hatása eszméi, kialakulása, Szentírásunk IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1929, p.7. 1929, ,

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orical perspective on it. He stated that in retrosp in that stated He it. on perspective orical e 15 e scholars. Ibid., p.346. Moreover, in Guttmann’s vie Guttmann’s in Moreover, p.346. Ibid., scholars. cdd o raie otss bu i 12: t calle it 1929: in about contests organize to ecided pear in a new light due to the (ongoing) growing di growing (ongoing) the to due light new a in pear vra psiiiy f atcpto ad h “human the and participation of possibility iversal th 158 of April of 1931 and 1930, respectively). “Dr. Hev “Dr. respectively). 1930, and 1931 of April of , 1931, p.313. 1931, , p.334. 1941, ,

, 1930, p.315. The topical preferences of this this of preferences topical The p.315. 1930, , (The Emergence, Ideas and Impact of Our Our of Impact and Ideas Emergence, (The era strike Jews as all the more the all as Jews strike era decessors managed to attain to managed decessors life which concern Jewry, Jewry, concern which life 160 , interest in current cultural current in interest , ”. 161 lehr, Wertheimer Elsewhere, ork in “the spirit of the of spirit “the in ork arly and partly also of of also partly and arly oe oceey the concretely, More iig eih self- Jewish aising 00 th atter. Mór Fényes Mór atter. anniversary of anniversaryof Jewish topics topics Jewish r things to things r ect the two two the ect ritten for ritten 57 57 w faith faith w stance stance d for for d istic istic the esi esi CEU eTD Collection

osbe Wie ditn ta vros rus rdcd multiplic produced groups various that admitting While possible. Egyenlőség a i dtriig h coc o sbet: go p good a subjects: of choice the determining in was Even though no one tried to justify this practice i practice this justify to tried one no though Even be have even not would this discrimination legal of IM of rules basic the with line in that, emphasized topicalities. on focus a equal not did life 163 satisf be would demand” justified “every that everyone assured and qu that insisted lectures the organizing committee the of communiqué edlsh, h 60 the Mendelssohn, 164 etc. studies, of occasions as Zunz served Leopold 100the 1936, In birth. the of anniversary t and Society the of aims the to relevant contests of announcement e) pop and scholarly of distribution and publication d) Jews, of life topic literary and historical Jewish Biblical, on it of outside lec public of organization c) thought, ethical and religious Jewish works of generally, and, epochs later of literature religious the with dealing works of distribution and publication b) Hungarian, publication “a) Society: the of goals accepted officially it tradition, IMIT the of elements basic as saw they what of and heexpectations of requests, rejected firmly nume strict the application but “contemporary” considered he issues (i.e. issues current various Sz problems, literary and historical with or Bible the with and interests different between balance reasonable a achieve n i cmeoaie peh n h lf ad ok o works “ numbers”. round and venerating soul our of life tendencies the on speech commemorative his in direct most the made Guttmann Mihály anniversaries. 99 p37 T gv a es o te hnmnn in phenomenon: the of sense a give To p.337. 1939, “Az IMIT felolvasó bizottságának jelentése az 1931 az jelentése felolvasóbizottságának “Az IMIT 1930-31. felolvasóbizottságának IMIT az “Jelentés provided relevant occasions. In 1935, there were t were there 1935, In occasions. relevant provided Having quoted some authors’ rather uncritical appropriation and res and appropriation uncritical rather authors’ some quoted Having th niesr o te is Hnain eih Congress Jewish Hungarian first the of anniversary

th anniversary of the birth of Adolf Ágai and the 50 the and Ágai Adolf of birth the of anniversary n theory, it is conspicuous how great the role of t of role the great how conspicuous is it theory, n IT, some practical subjects could not be tackled – – tackled be not could subjects practical some IT, en possible due to the imminent threat of state int state of threat imminent the to due possible en Guttmann Mihály emlékbeszéde Bacher” in Bacher” emlékbeszéde Mihály Guttmann 163 (though still rather lyrical) reference to this ph this to reference lyrical) rather still (though évi működéséről” in működéséről” évi -32- évi működéséről” in működéséről” -32-évi n h picpe f eeto, h official the selection, of principle the On r o te rils ee rte o te cain of occasion the on written were articles the of art f Vilmos Bacher, when he referred to “the mystical mystical “the to referred he when Bacher, Vilmos f 99 te 200 the 1929, hree articles devoted to Maimonides on the 800 the on Maimonides to devoted articles hree emere considered the discussion of of discussion the considered emere n dsrbto o te il in Bible the of distribution and s as well as on the contemporary the on as well as s that present and enlighten about enlighten and present that th anniversary of the birth of Moses Moses of birth the of anniversary therefore, next to texts dealing texts to next therefore, IMIT évkönyv IMIT ular works in the same vein, same the in works ular is worth looking at the six six the at looking worth is n te prahn 50 approaching the and IMIT évkönyv IMIT ied. “not practical”) entirely entirely practical”) “not ality mattered above all all above mattered ality he rewarding of works, of rewarding he ue i Bdps and Budapest in tures t o contradictory of ity 164 il ad ih the with and Bible rical proportions. rical , 1931, p.319. Szemere Szemere p.319. 1931, , IMIT intended to intended IMIT , 1932, p.312. 1932, , th of the death of death the of IMIT évkönyv IMIT he calendar calendar he in the years the in enomenon enomenon tatement tatement ervention. ervention. 58 58 th of of th , ,

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practice, however, in addition to the occasional writing contests, I contests, occasionalwriting the to addition in practice,however, part of an educational agenda and thereby raise the raise thereby and agenda educational an of part h were evenings lecture four 1939-40, In presented. prove that the goals of IMIT, which he listed as pu as listed he which IMIT, of goals the that prove (and also current) location in Dohány utca was added to these three most visible ac(and Dohány visible in these to most also current) added three location was utca in celebrations millennial the of year the in Szabolcsi Miksa eesn frhr oue o te rhvs n is erok, n th and yearbooks, lectures. its and Archives the of volumes further releasing ever (first own its (re)publishing on primarily efforts its 1941-42 five and in 1942-43 four. five in 1942-43 and 1941-42 hc so or ugra cneto, n as te onain n mitnne f a of maintenance and the Museum with purpose them.” of exhibiting foundation the also and connection, Hungarian our show which artifacts other and times Biblical in life history, and Jewish for significance pictures documents, books, monuments, collecting f) 165 168 167 166 ie t poe h srnt o Hnain eih rig Jewish Hungarian of strength the prove to aimed pr to order in primarily established was Museum The of though even etc., that, after eight after, year the between evenings lecture ten another were There amounting IMIT, in studies as published were which in jelentés” “Titkári IMIT. re the that 1931 in remarked Hevesi Ferenc IMIT, of th in works popular and scholarly of distribution and “publication and unde subsumed relig wasJewish […] and Bible the it with dealing works of distribution presumably – IMIT of goals official chief “Guttmann Mihály emlékbeszéde Bacher” in Bacher” emlékbeszéde Mihály “Guttmann 1898 between (released Bible the of edition Jewish munkássága” in in munkássága” lectures, had always been closest to Lajos Blau’s h Blau’s Lajos to closest been always had lectures, hist and literature Jewish of popularization Bible, arguments for it. The Jewish Museum was thus an aut an thus was Museum Jewish The it. for arguments The first assembly of the Jewish Museum, restricte Museum, Jewish the of assembly first The th In yearbooks. the with overlapped largely These t to comparable eminently is IMIT respect, this In i alapszabályai” Társulat Irodalmi Magyar “Az Izr. 167 h poet f xadn ad pnn te eih uem frt c first Museum, Jewish the opening and expanding of project The IMIT évkönyv IMIT Thus the publication of its yearbook series did not explicity fe explicity not did yearbookseries its of publication the Thus IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1936, p.54. p.54. 1936, ,

, 1931, p.316. In 1939, Mihály Guttmann called the the called Guttmann Mihály 1939, In p.316. 1931, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT h fute suis n h yabo o 13, only 1932, of yearbook the in studies fourteen the ory, maintenance of the Jewish Museum and organizat and Museum Jewish the of maintenance ory, blication and distribution of the Hungarian transla Hungarian the of distribution and blication historical consciousness of Jewry. Moreover, the M the Moreover, Jewry. of consciousness historical eld. In 1940-41, there were six (three outside Buda outside (three six were there 1940-41, In eld. eart. Sámuel Lőwinger, “Dr. Blau Lajos élete és iro és élete Lajos Blau “Dr. Lőwinger, Sámuel eart. and 1907) “the brightest moment” in the history of of history the in moment” brightest “the 1907) and publication of the Bible was the main goal of the r the of goal main the was Bible the of publication he Jewish Publication Society (of America). The sec The America). (of Society Publication Jewish he esent Jewish artifacts to the young and adult popul adult and young the to artifacts Jewish esent n 3 e course of the first year there were ten lectures, ten were there year first the of course e d to fifty participants, took place on the 13the on place took participants, fifty to d IMIT évkönyv IMIT onomous institution, but it was rather closely link closely rather was it but institution, onomous rd 165 o aoiy f rils nldd n h 12 yearbo 1929 the in included articles of majority to of October 1929 and the 28the and 1929 October of hts by illustrating (literally by “incorporating”) “incorporating”) by (literally illustrating by hts

, 1939, pp. 342-3. Sámuel Lőwinger also aimed to to aimed also Lőwinger Sámuel 342-3. pp. 1939, , ) translation of the Hebrew Bible,Hebrew the of translation ) , 1932, pp. 328-9. 328-9. pp. 1932, , our religious cult, especially those especially cult, religious our Hungary, in 1896, in its new its in 1896, in Hungary, MIT seems to have focusedhave to seems MIT ious and ethical thought”, thought”, ethical and ious th of May 1930, eight the eight 1930, May of r “publication and and “publication r e organization of of organization e sm vi” In vein”. same e ature among the among ature original Hungarian Hungarian original nevd by onceived ht r of are that tivities. th July 1931. 1931. July tion of the the of tion i were six pest), in in pest), nine of of nine ation as as ation estarted estarted 59 59 useum useum ion of of ion IMIT. IMIT. retary retary dalmi dalmi ed to to ed 168 ok. 166 the the

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zsidóság eetees eesr “o civ a opee oeae f h t the of coverage complete a achieve “to necessary nevertheless goals the with conformity in not is this speaking strictly though apocryp of and Testament New the of segments relevant of inclusion where Biblia” a és Imre “Madách series article Pollák’s considerat wis complmentary A audience. its but and IMIT of circumstances, expectations all in necessary it considered have not would some words to his [Alexander’s] relation to Jewry”. to relation [Alexander’s] his to words some gets Bernstudy my where place “the of that noted Sebestyén worksKároly and life the on study his in instance, For them. understood expectati and standards the to relation in studies their of contents to be somehow Jewish): how Alexander related to Jew to related Alexander how somehow Jewish): be to as “Alexander viszonya a zsidósághoz” much rather t rather much zsidósághoz” a viszonya “Alexander as to be “Alexander viszonya zsidóságához” – but this this but – zsidóságához” viszonya “Alexander be to “Al originally text, the in quote The translations. ab or matters concrete about be to seemed statement refe Jews while entity, abstract rather and complex translated as “Alexander’s relation to his Jewishne his to relation “Alexander’s as translated 169 Mus the of reports annual the that so much so IMIT, Jew on only discussions wanted practically IMIT interpretation, 170 are not identical to the multiplicity of multiplicityof the to identical not are Jews(Similarly, as simply even or Jewishness teto t oe f h bget rbes f transla of problems biggest the of one to attention way English translation necessarily obliterates some of some obliterates necessarily translation English MT te ot wr dvdd ewe i ad h (N the in and megnyitója” elnöki it between divided were costs the – IMIT Museum (which called 1933 the first “worthwhile” ye “worthwhile” first the 1933 called (which Museum section of the IMIT yearbooks until the Museum acqu Museum the until yearbooks IMIT the of section (which is occasionally downright crucial for my ana my for crucial downright occasionally is (which Miksa Pollák, “Madách Imre és a Biblia” in Biblia” a és Imre “Madách MiksaPollák, in Bernát” “Alexander Sebestyén, Károly zsidóság which can be translated, depending on the context context the on depending translated, be can which does not (its more direct Hungarian equivalent, equivalent, Hungarian direct more (its not does ial, e u lo a sm cnrt eape o atos reflec authors of examples concrete some at look us let Finally, IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1931, p.314. p.314. 1931, , zsidóság or other Hungarian terms such as, for example, example, for as, such terms Hungarian other or Judentum MT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT exander viszonya a zsidósághoz”, could also be legi be also could zsidósághoz”, a viszonya exander ss” though, in order to be clear and distinct, this distinct, and clear be to order in though, ss” the complexities and ambiguities of the original s original the of ambiguities and complexities the rs to the concrete people. Thus, dependent on wheth on dependent Thus, people. concrete the to rs way of phrasing was never used consistently. Phrase consistently. used never was phrasing of way lysis): for instance, Judaism directly implies a re a implies directly Judaism instance, for lysis): in nml te eurn uae f h Hnain w Hungarian the of usage recurrent the namely tion, end to imply both questions (in case Alexander is a is Alexander case (in questions both imply to end ired its own organ organ own its ired out general abstract claims, I variously use one of one use variously I claims, abstract general out ry as such and how he dealt with his own Jewishness own with his hedealt how and such asry eum were released in the the in released were eum ar of its existence) was later on constantly suppor constantly on later was existence) its of ar eolog) Jewish Community of Pest. “Wertheimer Adolf Adolf “Wertheimer Pest. of Community Jewish eolog) in German has multiple layers of meaning, though t meaning,though of layers multiple has German in and sometimes only on intuition, as Jewry, Judaism, Jewry, as intuition, on only sometimes and , 1935, p.88. p.88. , 1935, , 1934, p.93. Here I would like to draw readers’ readers’ draw to like would I Here p.93. 1934, , judaizmus 169 Thereby Sebestyén indicated that he that indicated Sebestyén Thereby he found it necessary to justify the the justify to necessary it found he Libanon was not used at all). Jewry suggests a a suggests Jewry all). at used not was published obliges me to devote devote to me obliges published ish religious literature, and literature, religious ish of IMIT”, he wrote, it was it wrote, he IMIT”, of ons of IMIT the way they they way the IMIT of ons in 1940 (see Chapter VI). The The VI). Chapter (see 1940 in Announcements of the Society the of Announcements ion is reflected in Miksa Miksa in reflected is ion ask”. hal literature. “Even “Even literature. hal e t flil the fulfill to hed 170 magyarság t Alexander, át n Pollák’s In ig n the on ting would have have would ligion the the ligion tatement tatement timately timately 60 60 ssumed ssumed ). Any ). s such such s ted by ted these these er the the er . .

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being the most common object of comparison withJew comparison of object mostcommon beingthe position by recourse to the principles of scholarship. Ultimat scholarship. of principles the to recourse by position f to reluctance his defending while arguments, apologetic present actual contents of the yearbooks, which often treat often which yearbooks, the of contents actual Ibid., p.183. Ibid., me the of phase declining the turned he assessment, of the Torah>>”.the of once us let already, geniuses Jewish many so appreciated have exception ratherexception rule. re than the comparative or materials empirical other to references 173 172 of purposes the of one considered have might even and aims scholarly on 174 ult were scholarship and religion that slogan” “the 171 requested that “here, on the pages of the of pages the on “here, requested that Ala Eger, Akiba Rabbi on presentation his In focus. thematic narrow apologetic type of argument. of type apologetic scholarl hi “the introduce to order on in precisely this built stated but interpretation”, was article his instead that insisted He apolog satisfying a accomplish would that argumentation of kind the ta his among it consider not did he that announced he when remark relevant (today Poznań, Poland) a hundred years earlier, in in earlier, years hundred a Poland) Poznań, (today opposites. religious of conceive not did it, practiced he way the scholarship, He was particularly adamant about the supposition t thesupposition about wasadamant particularly He Aladár Fürst, “R. Éger Akiba” in Akiba” Éger “R. Fürst, Aladár d strong a by accompanied was this see shall we As in “AFényes,Tízige” Mór defi narrowly IMIT’s of perceptions such that Note 173

lehr h coal roiiswr xlct critique explicity were priorities scholarly the Elsewhere In his discussion of the Ten Commandments, Mór Fényes also made a a made also Fényes Mór Commandments, Ten the of discussion his In 174 When writing on the anniversary of the journal the of anniversary the on writing When IMIT évkönyv IMIT

172 171 He wanted to challenge the narrow conception of and focus and of conception narrow the challenge to wanted He IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1941, p.126. 1941, , IMIT yearbooks IMIT imately completely alike in their results and conse and results their in alike completely imately dieval institution of the Rabbinate into a new gold new a into Rabbinate the of institution dieval hat religion needed the justification of scholarshi of thejustification needed hatreligion ed the Jewish traditions in comparative frames (Gre frames comparative in traditions Jewish the ed , 1937, p.169. Fürst called Akiba Eger, who died in died who Eger, Akiba called Fürst p.169. 1937, , 1837, “the last gaon of Germany”. Ibid., p.168. In p.168. Ibid., Germany”. of gaon last “the 1837, ry). ry). ned thematic were at best only partially justified justified partially only best at were thematic ned emarcation of the two realms. In realms. two the of emarcation , where inspired scholars and writers writers andscholars whereinspired , ely, he emphasized that Jewish Jewish that emphasized he ely, lcin wud osiue an constitute would flections introduce one of the <

use shlry icsin f eih ois bt o i “class in not but topics, Jewish of discussion scholarly a pursue propagation of assimilation Kecskeméti added that E that added Kecskeméti assimilation of propagation Mneson ésá ezedj” in esztendeje” kétszáz “Mendelssohn synthetic, but thoroughly polemical statement: “the statement: polemical thoroughly but synthetic, Jewish on observations some offered also Kecskeméti sprea the to contribute to works scholarly expected sens his and nature” “loving his to referring one”, reache presentation hyperbolic quite Heller’s 77-8. s Jewish specifically the presented and development Mendelssohn denying times, all of Jews greatest the Zun that declared Heller more, is What p.75. Ibid., in playing, Bacher Vilmos with Kaufmann, Dávid all” Immánu Bacher, Vilmos of names the mentioned Heller spirit of Zunz, with conviction, enthusiasm, faith enthusiasm, conviction, with Zunz, of prai spirit he as Blau, Lajos on writing Lőwinger’s Sámuel a setcl faig ht uh osqecs were consequences such that fearing skeptical, was and at once its very best practitioner. “There is n is “There practitioner. best very its once at and Jewish renaissance”. Ibid., p.159. Ibid., renaissance”. Jewish consciousness, which in his eyes could only arise o arise only could eyes his in which consciousness, Te 0 Yas f edlsh) Acrig o i, “ him, to According Mendelssohn). of Years 200 (The genera consecutive the of scholars Jewish Hungarian on German culture and philosophy”, while Zunz viewe Zunz while philosophy”, and culture German on that a “well-planned a in role orienting an such develop to IMIT of conside He audiences”. buying and reading orient to guide “competent praisew a as evaluated he which section review its to referred have felt gratitude towards Zunz”. Bernát Heller, “ Heller, Bernát Zunz”. towards gratitude felt have Jewish scholars. Bernát Heller’s study “Zunz Lipót” “Zunz study Heller’s Bernát scholars. Jewish 175 of decline in Germany, but seems to have exerted a a exerted have to seems but Germany, in decline of 176 guides publications. contemporary to Jewish try to attempt futile rather a be would it and all, at 1943 and 1929 did IMIT exceptions, few very with since striking more the all venues alternative overshadowing role important an play and center Hun the as emerge would IMIT that expectation his expressed thus focusing on its original, 19 original, its on focusing assimilation, a culture that unifies elements that elements unifies that culture a assimilation, There is a marked resemblance here to the to here resemblance marked a is There in jubileumára” Jövő>> és “A <

MT évkönyv IMIT Wissenschaft des Judentums Judentums des Wissenschaft are European and those that belong to the homeland” the to belong that those and European are ot a single Jewish scholar in his age or later who who later or age his in scholar Jewish single a ot e of justice as his two chief virtues. According to According virtues. chief two his as justice of e Zunz Lipót” in Lipót” Zunz d of justice. Ibid., p.77. Concerning the latter, H latter, the Concerning p.77. Ibid., justice. of d and thorough knowledge”. Lőwinger, “Blau”, p. 19. Á 19. p. “Blau”, Lőwinger, knowledge”. thorough and d its climax when he declared that Zunz and Jewry “ Jewry and Zunz that declared he when climax its d z’s place of should be next to Philo and Maimuni as Maimuni and Philo to next be should of place z’s

the right to this position as his views were based were views his as position this to right the pirit to scholars and cultured audiences of his day his of audiences cultured and scholars to pirit ut of “the scholarly study of Judaism”. Ármin Kecsk Ármin Judaism”. of study scholarly “the of ut Wissenschaft des Judenthums des Wissenschaft uropean Jewishness ought to be coupled with Jewish Jewish with coupled be to ought Jewishness uropean discussed discussed 12, .5. eseéi hs rie a te follo the at arrived thus Kecskeméti p.159. 1929, , more lasting influence among some important Hungari important some among influence lasting more his opinion, the role similar to that of Zunz in G in Zunz of that to similar role the opinion, his hardly observable. Zunz’s legacy is also discussed discussed also is legacy Zunz’s observable. hardly e hm o “rl patsn Jws shlrhp in scholarship Jewish practising “truly for him sed IMIT évkönyv IMIT in ee gaeul cnetd o uz. bd, p. Ibid., Zunz”. to connected “gratefully were tion d Jewry as it emerged out of its own organic histor organic own its of out emerged it as Jewry d coasi i hs Mneson ésá esztendeje kétszáz “Mendelssohn his in scholarship h ol psil fae o Erpa Jws lf is life Jewish European for frame possible only the el Lőw, Lajos Venetianer, Sámuel Klein and “above “above and Klein Sámuel Venetianer, Lajos Lőw, el Wissenschaft des Judentums Judentums des Wissenschaft IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1935, p.210. p.210. 1935, , orthy initiative, but not a truly truly a not but initiative, orthy which by this time entered its period period its entered time this by which nd systematic” way, believing believing way, systematic” nd not review books between between books review not f the scholarly study of Judaism Judaism of study scholarly the f , 1936, p.64. According to him, him, to According p.64. 1936, , cly eiiu” areas. religious” ically to use these yearbooks as yearbooks these use to garian Jewish intellectual Jewish garian offers what later became the the became later what offers – an expectation that is that expectation an – red it one of the tasks the of one it red that IMIT wanted toIMIT wanted that ing gap.ing in greatest detail, detail, greatest in eller himself himself eller him, Zunz Zunz him, “primarily “primarily . Ibid., pp. Ibid., . would not would 175 ermany. ermany. . To his To . 62 62 one of of one Fürst felt as as felt eméti, eméti, wing rmin rmin self- the ical ical 75. 176 an an in in ”

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particularly questions related to modern Hungarian Jewryrou wereHungarian modern relatedto questions particularly traditional religious life.religious traditional exclusively relevant topics or intentions apologetic clearly subje Jewish of sphere the beyond matters address to attempts would but towards, disposed favorably particularly not were IMIT organiz the 1930s, the in lay: ground middle the where well illustrate just to needed they felt but comparative, the and extra-Jewish borde the across push to wanted others it, for up make to wanted and knowle Jewish traditional on enough not was there that complained Some yearbooks scholar popularmodern the forum most Hungarian Jewish aimed of be to a lectures, IMIT sum, In epochs. previous than addressed often more on maintaining distance from both Orthodox Jewry an Jewry Orthodox both from distance maintaining on 177 terms in Importantly, faith. strengthening of aim the on) insist neglec not did that principles scholarly on based was approach the Horthy homogeneous aera offered relatively Jewi yearbooks the in released traditions and the characteristics of the scholarly the of characteristics the and traditions Th offer. identity Jewish emphatic more even an and in these modern Jewish Hungarian Jewish scholarly w scholarly Jewish Hungarian Jewish modern these in of changes (practically that of increasing openness increasing of that (practically changes of In line with these aims, the authors of IMIT in th in IMIT of authors the aims, these with line In 177

However, such ventures were uncommon enough. The series of series The enough. uncommon were ventures such However, position in a more nuanced way, also addressing th addressing also way, nuanced more a in position ) over time. time. over ) e early years employed collective identity discours identity collective employed years early e e next chapter will analyze various identity option identity various analyze will chapter next e ritings, the divergent assessments of some crucial crucial some of assessments divergent the ritings, d religious reformism, thus making a modern Hungari modern a making thus reformism, religious d ify this ambition. This seems to to seems This ambition. this ify of periods, the modern era and era modern the periods, of rm h pit f iw of view of point the from t, ics qetos with questions discuss cts, ghly equally, even slightly slightly evenequally, ghly not have hindered either, hindered have not (u dd o regularly not did (but t r into the realm of the the of realm the into r ers and the public of public the and ers s well as the related related the as well s sh thematicsh while dge and knowers knowers and dge ship. ship. e question question e s present present s es based based es 63 63 Jewish Jewish an an CEU eTD Collection

yearbooks oiin ht eiin rvds eih ru chso ad ht theref that and cohesion group Jewish provides religion that position yearbooks ro t 11. nte rao i te eeto o tee: ay writi many themes: of selection the is reason Another 1914. to prior

discourses articulated during the years of the Horthy regime regime Horthy the of years the during articulated discourses

decide whether they constituted a denomination or a or denomination a constituted they whether decide h cs o Ida ad hns Jw, h sbet o subjects the Jews, Chinese and Indian of case the use The p.68. 1943, évkönyv, IMIT in Simon” “Hevesi zsidóság története a háború utáni évtizedben” in IM in évtizedben” utáni háború a története zsidóság t Jews, of happiness the was desire his that histor Hevesi millennial their in religion their for lived 178 one of the denominations that make that one upthe Hungarian multiconfessional of nation. the denominations em of times the from version conventional the with begins spectrum a The identity. dual of versions are seven these of Five writings. t from strongly most emerge that them of seven compare and discuss identity Jewish Hungarian of number a from choose could IMIT of authors the lack (or interrelation their of conceptions various and identities mentioned the ideas of separate nationality, a (sec a nationality, separate of ideas the mentioned évkönyv, 1933, p.54. p.54. 1933, évkönyv, maj the and groups elite national what on depending Edelstein observed, for example, that “new theories “new that example, for observed, Edelstein categorizin zsid term of Hungarian the of way ambiguity abovementioned correct the self-evident: nearly For instance, Lajos Blau wrote in the course of hi of course the in wrote Blau Lajos instance, For Truhu ti sbhpe I ou o te usin o Hnain n Je and Hungarian of questions the on focus I subchapter this Throughout . nt es bcue ay f h atos xeine ter prim their experienced authors the of many because least not , This chapter aims to explore a bundle of Hungarian Jewish colle Jewish Hungarian of bundle a explore to aims chapter This hs 19 This I.

Discourses of Collective Identity Identity of Collective Discourses Hungarian Jewish Identity Options th century formulation of dual identity is quite common in in common quite is identity dual of formulation century

Chapter III . lu “ee” p1. ósf aoa eakd n S on remarked Katona József p.12. “Mezey”, Blau, y. ondary) part of the nation, race and denomination – denomination and race nation, the of part ondary) IT évkönyv, 1929, p.312. Bertalan Hatvany believed believed Hatvany Bertalan p.312. 1929, évkönyv, IT are emerging and continuously replacing each other each replacing continuously and emerging are race. Bertalan Hatvany, “Kínai és indiai zsidók” i zsidók” indiai és “Kínai Hatvany, Bertalan race. s text on Ferenc Mezey (1860-1927) that Jews (zsidó Jews that (1860-1927) Mezey Ferenc on text s hs otiuin o MT i ws ipy impossibl simply was it IMIT, to contribution his f Jwy s cnrvril su, opiae b th by complicated issue, controversial a is Jewry g e as o hs rlgos omnt” Jze Katon József community”. “religious his of cause he s of categories such as religion or denomination we denomination or religion as such categories of s rt wne t cam Braa Eesen “ külfö “A Edelstein, Bertalan claim. to wanted ority óság. Some have reflected on this specific complexi specific this on reflected have Some óság. n h pgs f the of pages the on reof). I will argue that the the that argue will I reof). ancipation that favors thefavors that ancipation nalysis of their colorful colorful their of nalysis r Jwy constitutes Jewry ore he analysis of their their of analysis he ngs commemorated commemorated ngs r socialization ary options and will will and options 178 ctive identity identity ctive

always always 64 64 n IMIT IMIT n that in in that IMIT IMIT IMIT IMIT re not re wish wish ”. He He ”. imon imon ság) ság) e to to e ldi ldi ty: ty: a, a, e e CEU eTD Collection

uey Jewish.purely parallels. jüdischer Tradition und Wissenschaft. Der ungarisch Der Wissenschaft. und Tradition jüdischer phenomena in isolation. Ibid., p.20. p.20. Ibid., isolation. in phenomena literature to our coreligionists and provide Israelite literat Israelite provide and coreligionists our to literature 14-96 ta wr oiial atcltd n h lt 19 late the in articulated originally were that (1849-1926) Józse and (1850-1913)Bacher Vilmos of ideas the on wrote 1861, in born was who Monarch Dual the of age the from personalities Jewish leading Ibid, p.333. Ibid, Wert Bible, the IMIT, of object central évköny the towards IMIT in th megnyitója” elnöki recognition Adolf “Wertheimer international achieve suffuse to that character” scholarship national its work scholarly grea the eyes, Wertheimer’s In p.15. 1933, évkönyv, 179 Hungarian.than other being imagine even not a was scholar Orientalist important exceptionally this time, religious the respected scholars, (non-Jewish) accomplished highly Heller beliefs. religious cherishing syncretic Goldziher about 182 181 180 z “A Blau, Lajos inventions”. new are peoples guest propagat to worldwide. and “confession” his for appreciation gain to was goal short away passed (who himself Blau about wrote Lőwinger 1936 in turn, mode provide can denominations Hungarian other of literature the which branches the of one just is denomination Jewish the of literature Goldziher represented another duality. He was the “ the was He duality. another represented Goldziher 183 2006). it and spirit Jewish the of unity the in interested tha view the of legitimacy the contested explicitly and the wider group of Hungarian people wasus also people Hungarian of group wider the and ent elr “odie Inc méeee i IMI in emlékezete” Ignác “Goldziher Heller, Bernát dissertation language German his wrote Haber Peter re the that added Lőwinger p.10. “Blau”, Lőwinger, the level, conceptual the On p.22. “Mezey”, Blau, existenc the denied also Blau p.15. “Mezey”, Blau, 179 181 The dual task of Israelite Hungarian authors would thus be to “offe to be thus would authors Hungarian Israelite of task dual The ent elr rud ht gá Glzhrs 15-91 religiosity (1850-1921) Goldziher’s Ignác that argued Heller Bernát 182 hs a a oeia asrin o oe xet ic tee we there since extent some to assertion polemical a was This

s manifestation in culture but refrained from treat from refrained but culture in manifestation s t there ever was one: according to him, the ideas o ideas the him, to according one: was ever there t palatial wise intellect of the Orient” while “his l “his while Orient” the of intellect wise palatial heimer quoted his activities as a highly relevant t relevant highly a as activities his quoted heimer ed. Ibid, p.20. p.20. Ibid, ed. test merit of Bacher was to have given “Hungarian J “Hungarian given have to was Bacher of merit test e Orientalist Ignác Goldziher (1850-1921)Goldziher Ignác Orientalist e i ee atr (ahr lo epd ugra Jewi Hungarian helped also (Bacher after. ever it d distinction between Israelite coreligionists ( coreligionists Israelite between distinction og hs ulctos n aiu iprat tongues important various in publications his rough sidók gazdaság helyzete az ó- és középkorban” in IM in középkorban” és ó- az helyzete gazdaság sidók e of a historical conflict between Jews and non-Jew and Jews between conflict historical a of e on the identity of Goldziher. See Peter Haber, Haber, Peter See Goldziher. of identity the on 183 erh neet o Ba wr mc bodr h was he broader: much were Blau of interests search v, 1939, p.332. As his energies were also directed directed also were energies his As p.332. 1939, v, T évkönyv, 1932, pp. 20-23. In Sebestyén’s text, text, Sebestyén’s In 20-23. pp. 1932, évkönyv, T In the same way, Samu Szemere wrote of wrote Szemere Samu way, same the In ure to the Hungarian nation”.Hungarian the to ure lso an ideal Hungarian and could could and Hungarian ideal an lso maintained that his best friends, best his that maintained th century. In their view, the the view, their In century. y. Lajos Blau, for instance, instance, for Blau, Lajos y. Jew in him. At the same the At him. in Jew of national literature, for for literature, national of Hnain culture Hungarian e ly before) that his his that before) ly s s el as well as ls (Wien: Böhlau, (Wien: r Hungarian r hitsorsosaink e rumors re f Bánóczi f f “host and and “host f ing Jewish Jewish ing ove of his his of ove Zwischen Zwischen radition. radition. 65 65 180 was s, and and s, ewish ewish In IT IT sh sh .) .) ) ) CEU eTD Collection

(Csergő called him a worthy successor of Petőfi) an Petőfi) of successor worthy a him called (Csergő o cuy h psto h dsre ad a t face to had and 40-44. pp. 1933, évkönyv, deserved he position the occupy to P po of Jewish a was Palágyi treatment eyes, his in contradiction: his In p.153. 1934, évkönyv, IMIT in great the that presupposed it formulation: ambivalent somewhat zbls poie a eclet xml o te (dif the painful of how matter “no example that wrote excellent he consciousness: an provides Szabolcsi son of his denomination”. his of son nati his of poet inspired “an was he that (1866-1933) Palágyi Lajos which andbe loved meant religion ought equally. homeland that to 186 185 184 9. Sebestyén, Károly anyone”. by unmatched was country 187 Hungarian fewthe of “one of as Palágyi of example” ugra hmln” ( homeland” Hungarian si to order religion in ancient the to “dedication sentiments: two founded articulate was journal the that S Székely Tiszaeszlár) Ferenc of of trial conviction libel blood the of time the at 1882, in te eonto o Jw a a ainl ioiy did minority national a as Jews of recognition “the stat minority the of recognition the was Szabolcsi, journal historian, a Wolf, Lucien for issue key The u took statesmen and diplomats foreign that equally eoiain fuh tgte o te ae side. same the on together fought denomination” na the of sons greatest “the era successful this in and Jewry, renew the fostered and flourish country the made democracy national and the instance, for Groszmann, to According Monarchy. Dual the of age the question”. Fülöp Grünwald, “Az 5694. és 5695. év” i év” 5695. és “Az 5694. Grünwald, Fülöp question”. Zsigmond Groszmann, “Mezei Mór és kora” in kora” és Mór “Mezei Groszmann, Zsigmond in Wolfról” Lucien “Emlékbeszéd Szabolcsi, Lajos jubile éves ötven <> “Az Hevesi, Simon 193 évkönyv, IMIT in Lajos” “Palágyi Szemere, Samu This version of dual identity was again evoked in more general discussi general more in evoked again was identity dual of version This haza 184 In his analysis of the platform of platform the of analysis his In ). 185 In 1931, Lajos Szabolcsi also wrote of a “sacred duality” “sacred a of wrote also Szabolcsi Lajos 1931, In IMIT évkönyv IMIT et who created works of lasting value in Hungarian Hungarian in value lasting of works created who et us of Jews. Ibid., p.26. Later on, Grünwald would w would Grünwald on, Later p.26. Ibid., Jews. of us d in Hungarian Jewish cultural life, but who did no did who but life, cultural Jewish Hungarian in d p this inner pain of ours and negotiated over it”. it”. over negotiated and ours of pain inner this p ist and a fighter for Jewish rights and the prime s prime the and rights Jewish for fighter a and ist n -Jewish poets”. László Fenyő, “Palágyi Lajos emléke Lajos “Palágyi Fenyő, László poets”. -Jewish o big ih t h epce slto o te Jew the of solution expected the it with bring not n saeu te ueu cass a [] t ut us hurt it […] was clausus numerus the shameful and IMIT évkönyv IMIT lgi ya erir Hg Ceg pitd o gra a to pointed Csergő Hugó earlier, year a alágyi “Goldziher, az ember” in IMIT évkönyv, 1932, pp. 4 pp. 1932, évkönyv, IMIT in ember” az “Goldziher, humiliations. Hugó Csergő, “Palágyi Lajos” in IMIT IMIT in Lajos” “Palágyi Csergő, Hugó humiliations. umára” in umára” ficult) balancing of national and denominational denominational and national of balancing ficult) MT évkönyv IMIT 6, p.254. László Fenyő evoked the “memory and and “memory the evoked Fenyő László p.254. 6, 187 , 1936, p.197. 1936, , Poal uitnel, hs a a was this unintendedly, (Probably IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1935, p.302. , 1935, ” and “unshakable loyalty to the the to loyalty “unshakable and ” , 1931, pp. 33-4. The text of Lajos Lajos of text The 33-4. pp. 1931, , Egyenlőség in ad te edr o the of leaders “the and tion” esn o te Hungarian the of persons 186 mn eei utd the quoted Hevesi imon , 1929, p.199. 1929, ,

on and a self-conscious a and on spirit of liberalism of spirit (originally started (originally al of Hungarian Hungarian of al multaneously Ibid., p.29. p.29. Ibid., t manage manage t literature literature ubject of ubject rite that that rite 66 66 on of on zete”, zete”,

ish ish ve 7-

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between the Hungarian nation and Jews in order to l to order in Jews and nation Hungarian the between ugra readership”. Hungarian wr and tradition Jewish the in rooted but language and spirit Hungarian Jewry as a tradition. He maintained that that maintained He tradition. a as Jewry ugra Jw rpeetd cmiain f ugra ad eih elem Jewish of discussion and Hungarian of combination a a represented level Jews same Hungarian the on influence their exerted They kind. similar Jewishness) and Hungarianness (i.e. qualities two one the In formulations groups. confessional other with parallelly nation larger the alternative options did not categorize Jewry (Jewry categorize not did options alternative nation and the Israelite leadership were two separate groups without overlap groupsIsraelite without andnation the were leadership twoseparate respect for Jews while greatly contributing to the greatnesscontributingrespect while greatly the Hun Jews to of its for cultura and religious Jewish strengthen to managed Jewry succes Hungarian this of sign obvious an him, To completed. successfully was im which “patriotic”, the and cultural” and “religious (the goals to attempt the time that at that believed Mezei Mór least, 191 190 189 “Goldziher Heller, Bernát gratefully”. reciprocated 188 artic Kiss] József poet [the he language, Hungarian his of use ty new a purity <

hs i hs eyes, his in Thus, Ignác emlékezete” in IMIT évkönyv, 1932, p.7. 1932, évkönyv, in IMIT emlékezete” Ignác Egyenlőség ink them): “the nation gave lavishly [pazarul – FL] – [pazarul lavishly gave nation “the them): ink f the Dual Monarchy (i.e. drawing a clear distincti clear a drawing (i.e. Monarchy Dual the f zsidóság f homeland ( homeland f ” in in ” Egyenlőség IMIT évkönyv IMIT ) as a denomination and thus a part of part a thus and denomination a as ) was conceived as a journal “in the the “in journal a as conceived was haza reconcile two centrally important important centrally two reconcile fee a ra opruiy to opportunity great a offered ) instead of nation ( nation of instead ) ulated the captivating and noble noble and captivating the ulated , 1930, p.109. 1930, , plied economic and political) political) and economic plied on. nd were partly mixed: mixed: partly were nd garian homeland.garian were of a much more more much a of were l institutions and win and institutions l 191 of these alternative alternative these of s was the fact that that fact the was s Wertheimer wrote Wertheimer te fr Jewish- a for itten s. >> and masterful >> nemzet 188 pe with some some with pe dentity. These These dentity. ) Last) not but ents. In his his In ents. ). ). 189 67 67 on line line on , Jews Jews ,

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preserving Jewspreserving burdern of proof was on Jewry: “our Hungarian homel Hungarian “our Jewry: on was proof of burdern p.330. Moreover, he declared that “our dedication t dedication “our that declared he Moreover, p.330. Hnain eih ie a a pca clr bt t s Hungari is it anconstitutes of integralHungarian nation”. the life part of the but color, special a has life Jewish “Hungarian Similarly to Munkácsi, Wertheimer often switched be switched often Wertheimer Munkácsi, to Similarly world of his parental house and his Jewish environment.” Jewish his and house parental his of world truthf created he What Jewishness. his from arose that sentiments 192 194 193 e hl nt e ietd rm u pt ad il not will and path our from diverted be not shall on we made self-esteem Jewish Je towards shown that to comparable ungratefulness” commitment: of voice the yblc elt wti mr eeetr Germanness” elementary more within reality symbolic consc first the as Wassermann of work the evaluated kapcsolatok kérdéséhez” in in kérdéséhez” kapcsolatok ind outstanding their through entities these within mlaain ih h Hnain ain. “Wertheime nation”. Hungarian the with me amalgamation Jewish Hungarian of proofs “decisive of spoke he concep to referred recurrently Wertheimer speeches, Hungarian and religiously Jewish, and the and Jewish, religiously and Hungarian European and national culture”. national and European t assimilation, be only can life Jewish European of frame “the greater emphasis on Jewish identity. This we might call the call might we This identity. Jewish on emphasis greater assim on discourse alternative an to turn us let nation) Hungarian the leve same the on was thus and category denominational a only not was n or oe ee edn” i sie f hc h as he which of spite in ending”, never love our and “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki megnyitója” in in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer Jewish loyalty and the Jewish “attempt” to “earn di “earn to “attempt” Jewish the and loyalty Jewish middle of 1943. “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki megnyitója elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer 1943. of middle contin will and homeland, our to loyalty unshakable our all with this reciprocate to tried have “we and that was often used but with diverse meanings). meanings). withdiverse but used was thatoften Jewish of forms certain towards critically disposed évkönyv stnee in esztendeje” Wrhie Aof löi eets” in jelentése” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer When at least nominally discussing Mendelssohn, Ár Mendelssohn, discussing nominally least at When “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki jelentése” in in jelentése” Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer , 1943, p.363. The idea that Jews were merely parts merely were Jews that idea The p.363. 1943, , MT évkönyv IMIT Having looked at two forms of dual identity, the the identity, dual of forms two at looked Having . As already quoted above, Ármin Kecskeméti, for instance, maintai instance, for Kecskeméti, Ármin above, quoted already As . IMIT évkönyv IMIT 12, .5. hs lo lutae ta te disco the that illustrates also This p.158. 1929, ,

194 Assimilation and Jewish consciousness were not opposed not were consciousness Jewish and Assimilation , 1929, p.286. 1929, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT MT évkönyv IMIT ividuals resurfaces also in the writings of Turóczi of writings the in also resurfaces ividuals intellectual might and with every beat of our hear our of beat every with and might intellectual o our Hungarian home and Hungarian nation is unshak is nation Hungarian and home Hungarian our o mixed integration (which Kecskeméti called assimilation, called Kecskeméti (which integration gnity”. Thus, at least verbally, he clearly accepte clearly he verbally, least at Thus, gnity”. ious Jewish creation since the times of Heine of “a of Heine of times the since creation Jewish ious ws, but in spite of it “we confess and declare it l it declare and confess “we it of spite in but ws, ue to try to earn it” (i.e. this good will), he add he will), good this (i.e. it” earn to try to ue az IMIT 1943. június 29-én tartott közgyűlésén” in közgyűlésén” tartott 29-én június 1943. IMIT az tween analytically distinguishable options. For exa For options. distinguishable analytically tween un ak. ri Kckmt, Mneson kétszát “Mendelssohn Kecskeméti, Ármin back”. turn and has shown us good will for over a thousand year thousand a over for will good us shown has and is ht ee aiet n u hmln” n “perfe and homeland” our in manifest were that rits inseparability amalgamation, rank, equal as such ts etd ht ey ifcl tms ee o e expecte be to were times difficult very that serted , 1930, p.316. 1930, , min Kecskeméti made a complaint, but through using using through but complaint, a made Kecskeméti min Aof löi enióa in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf r , 1938, p.273. In 1943, he went as far as to refer refer to as far as went he 1943, In p.273. 1938, , . József Turóczi-Trostler, “A zsidó-német irodalmi irodalmi zsidó-német “A Turóczi-Trostler, József . type (Hungarian Jewish, where Jewishness Jewishness where Jewish, (Hungarian type e sense that “there has never been a historical historical a been never has “there that sense e , 1933, p.255. In the course of his presidential presidential his of course the In p.255. 1933, , of larger entities, but still assumed special role special assumed still but entities, larger of

192 He added three years later that later years three added He option of option 193 he creation of unity between unity of creation he

ully reflected the spiritual spiritual the reflected ully an life nevertheless and and nevertheless life an combined urse employed here was not not was here employed urse assimilating, but self- but assimilating, l of identification as identification of l lto wih u a put which ilation MT évkönyv IMIT , the nationally nationally the , -Trostler: he -Trostler: oudly that that oudly ned that that ned d that the the that d ed in the the in ed separate separate s with ts, 68 68 a term term a , 1941, 1941, ,

mple, IMIT IMIT able able s” to to d. d. ct ct s s . .

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becomes a subcategory of the third option, a more confident, more more confident, more a option, third the of subcategory a becomes uh aroim et ihu syn ad n t ovoses required obviousness its in and saying without went patriotism such already were who ancestors of line long a “from patriotism his adding Szentgál”, from one, Hungarian unmistakably and specifically bouque “the that stated he where Bánóczi on writing Kiss’ Arnold this of example An real. is duality existing the of elements that prove to aims and Jewishness of salience continued the affirms from Kecskeméti’s position. The option of of option The position. Kecskeméti’s from stage subsequent the about talking was it if as – assimilated perfect in are activities Jewish of pursuit the that state a completion the assuming c be might this terms precise more current,(in assimilation from starts but self-preservation, and difference the with one previous the to similar is option This needed to be asserted. Aladár Fürst, “Németország z “Németország Fürst, Aladár asserted. be to needed redundant Jewishness making to and self-destruction w not did he because also it use to mean not did he refe it phenomenon the and term overused “an was it prefe he that 1930 as early as declared hand, other Jewish”, or in other words the identity option of option identity the words other in or Jewish”, culture without leaving any signs.”any leaving without culture dis our require cannot death, heroic mean cannot “Assimilation here: of Jewish self-preservation. self-preservation. of Jewish desire the to achieve were that works scholarly Jewish of pursuit the recommended To consciousness. Jewish with Europeanness Jewish 195 Ármin Kecskeméti, “Mendelssohn kétszát esztendeje” kétszát “Mendelssohn Kecskeméti, Ármin hr as eitd h iett oto o “lal Hnain b Hungarian, “clearly of option identity the existed also There

195 Instead, Kecskeméti propagated a version of coupling of version a propagated Kecskeméti Instead, rred not to use the expression assimilation because assimilation expression the use to not rred ant to declare that it was illegitimate as it could it as illegitimate was it that declare to ant sidó középiskolái” in in középiskolái” sidó rred to has often been accused”. He revealingly add revealingly He accused”. been often has to rred assimilated, but emphatically Jewish Jews Jewish emphatically but assimilated, tog h blee ta a togr om f Jewish of form stronger a that believed he though , in assimilated, but emphatically Jewish JewsJewish emphatically but assimilated, IMIT évkönyvIMIT harmony with the fact of being being of fact the with harmony alled acculturation) and goes on to to on goes and acculturation) alled of history that logically followed followed logically that history of IMIT évkönyv IMIT that it aims not at assimilation at not aims it that stance in discursive practice is is practice discursive in stance , 1929, p.160. Aladár Fürst, on the the on Fürst, Aladár p.160. 1929, , mesd n t fr whom for it, in immersed be conducted in the interest interest the in conducted be assertive discourse which which discourse assertive reconciliation of the two the of reconciliation t of his personality is a a is personality his of t that Bánóczi received Bánóczi that esl no European into persal , 1930, p.226. p.226. , 1930, d auans of naturalness nd d duality he he duality d t primarily ut no special special no only lead to to lead only in his eyes eyes his in 69 69 ed that ed thus thus ness ness . . CEU eTD Collection

oiind imy ihn Hungarianness. within firmly positioned being naturally assimilated) in the case of Bánóczi of case the in assimilated) naturally being o a ta “h hmnns o te eih rpei iel puls ideal” prophetic Jewish the of humaneness “the that say to Jewish sense of being humiliated or lacking self-esteem”. lacking or humiliated being of sense Jewish there that self-evident so was Hungarianness His demonstration”. of identity.of stres in formulations previous the beyond went option This conceptions. p Jewish of theories reconcile and combine to made was attempt unnecessary without ostentatiousness”,thus wrote. Kiss natural his with Hungarianness our promulgating and self-esteem, confessi Hungarianness, his with Bible Holy the translating are pre a concerned, was Kiss as far as but, personality, canonical J resolutely stay to managed and Hungarian” the in soul Jewish the of hrfr, y rvos xml i as wal conne weakly also is example previous my Therefore, 200 199 198 197 Hungarianbeing symbolic kind of scholarly recollection and not any not and recollection scholarly of kind symbolic recoll of hope” “symbolic his mentioned he Bánóczi, 201 thecountry. 196 literature”. Hungarian-Jewish enrich to Hungarian cre the help and scholarship Jewish of treasures scattered the of corners four the from people his collecting of hope symbolic emphaticallyJewis him made hopes his and work his of subjects The attentive reader would perhaps notice that whe that notice perhaps would reader attentive The p.186. Ibid., Kis by observed (as intriguing is It p.184. Ibid., 159. p. Ibid., p.159. Ibid., in egyénisége” József “Bánóczi Kiss, Arnold 201 This might be called the option of of option the called be might This h fut iett oto i a oeht euir obnto: her combination: peculiar somewhat a is option identity fourth The . For instance, discussing Péter Újvári, Andor Peterdi evoked the i the evoked Peterdi Andor Újvári, Péter discussing instance, For .

IMIT évkönyv IMIT 199 s himself) that being positioned “within Hungariand “within positioned being that himself) s also led to intolerance towards the so called nati called so the towards intolerance to led also kind of actual commitment to gather the Jewish peo Jewish the gather to commitment actualof kind hs a, oee, o ol a ecito f a of description a only not however, was, This cig eih epe ctee aon mn countrie many around scattered people Jewish ecting td o hs aeoy tog Ks cery rt o wrote clearly Kiss though – category this to cted n Kiss was discussing the “evident Hungarianness” o Hungarianness” “evident the discussing was Kiss n belonging to the Jewish people, while also while people, Jewish the to belonging 198 , 1932, pp. 183-4. pp. 1932, , In sum, Bánóczi searched for “the path “the for searched Bánóczi sum, In 200 196

On the other hand, Kiss went on went Kiss hand, other the On scribed identity option: “We option: identity scribed h in his Hungarianness: “His “His Hungarianness: his in h ng our Jewishness with his with Jewishness our ng the Earth led him to collect to him led Earth the ation of many volumes in in volumes many of ation was “nothing in him of the of him in “nothing was td n Bánóczi. in ated self-consciousness and and self-consciousness olho wt dualist with eoplehood ewish even while being while even ewish sing the Jewish part Jewish the sing onalities of of onalities 197 deas of deas om” (i.e. (i.e. om” ple. ple. 70 70 the e The f a a f s. f f CEU eTD Collection

people” and “a true artist in the Hungarian language”.Hungarian the in artist true “a and people” best, even managed to delve into their spirit in the most profound w profound most the in spirit their into delve to managed even best, Imre Benoschofsky’s commentary on the novel novel the on commentary Benoschofsky’s Imre J primarily was Újvári Péter that Isay “When recognized: yearning the with coupled was Jewishness of primacy the option, s golden “the once at was he place: took unification” “miraculous al a adesd t h Jws pol ad akd n amb any lacked and people Jewish the at addressed was call attitude This way. proud or affirmative than rather fatalist self-c a in Benoschofsky noted disappear, not would Hungarians to showing unr and loyalty unshakable attraction, one-sided the people, a were hell, until the end of days”.of end the until hell, burni are sentiments Jewish and “Hungarian that said Benoschofsky ratherevaluation him”. appreciative for a more demands fac The Hungarianness. his of expense the at way no in was this life to his kind”. his to life the Jewish people as well as the Jewish kind (kind Jewish the as well as people Jewish the 206 205 204 203 202 i then ahead, tasks great people.a constitute and mission of sense a had but knew) novel the Áron, as but maintained Coudenhove-Kalergi what (unlike either caste Jew if that stated he Moreover, pathos.” Jewish “some with mixing Ibid., p.249. Ibid., in könyve” “Áronöt Imre Benoschofsky, p.78. 1931, Ibid., p.78. 1931, Ibid., in emlékezete” Péter “Ujvári Peterdi, Andor Another assessment of this firmly welded but uneasy duality can duality uneasy but welded firmly this of assessment Another 202 At the same time, he painted the portrait of Újvári as a p a as Újvári of portrait the painted he time, same the At 206 In his eyes, this was not meant to be a source of conflict: e conflict: of source a be to meant not was this eyes, his In

205 He also spoke of Rózsa’s sober Hungarian language and its and language Hungarian sober Rózsa’s of spoke also He IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT fajta , 1931, p.241. 1931, , , 1931, p.73. p.73. , 1931, ). He wrote that Újvári “knew his people people his “knew Újvári that wrote He ). rn t könyve öt Áron 203 204 ewish [ewish In the articulation of this identity this of articulation the In

becomes all the clearer since his since clearer the all becomes mégis csak zsidó volt zsidó csak mégis to have duality generally duality have to t of his Jewishness much Jewishness his of t ry was no religion and no no and religion no was ry equited love they kept on kept they love equited toryteller of his kind, his his kind, his of toryteller of Ignác Rózsa where where Rózsa Ignác of to t accommodate to ition ng in us through all of all through us in ng ay” and “dedicated his his “dedicated and ay” the main character of of character main the erson in whom a whom in erson ritical and even and ritical t could only only could t be found in in found be ven if Jews if ven – FL], – 71 71 CEU eTD Collection

prove to be the people of aprove new be of to the beginning!” people epe T ti peetto a eeec t hs Hungarianne his to reference a presentation this To people. recently the presentation, this In Jewishness. his of primacy an “enthusiastic Hungarian”. “rel of favor in was Weisz Miksa that read we way: incoherent traditi of <> of “lack the by hurt and habits” foreign ang very “was who conservative convinced a traditions, to faithful as “Our duty is to perfect our own community. Our task is to prese to is task Our community. own our perfect to is duty “Our wrote Heller Bernát others, Among role. significant any play not que where historicity Jewish on debate implicit an collective by and values of paral a options by chapter, next the these in see shall Interestingly, we as accompanied, IMIT. in found be hardly stres (i.e. identity of elements two the reconcile to attempts more effort than others, the people who have to launch millions of new of millions launch to have who people the others, than effort more e who people the into made been have “We it: to next Hungarianness he demanded that Jewry should show self-respect and no longer deny t deny longer no and self-respect show should Jewry that demanded he to leave out all references to Hungarianness. In short, these two these short, In Hungarianness. to references all out leave to b have would it Hungary, modern in Jews of identity the discussing when 210 Person, The parts: three of consisted article (The 209 208 207 c that (1872-1931) Weisz Miksa on article Weisz’s Pál in found be can Bernát Heller, “Zsidó hitterjesztés” in in hitterjesztés” “Zsidó Heller, Bernát enthus his to reference this Notably, p.77. Ibid., Miksa”“Weiszin Weisz, Pál p.251. Ibid., Perhaps the most formal attempt at squaring these two components two these squaring at attempt formal most the Perhaps icuss n oen ugr ta g byn sc, lot uey form purely almost such, beyond go that Hungary modern on Discourses

IMIT évkönyv IMIT 209

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1932, p.77. p.77. 1932, , The Jew, The Rabbi.) Rabbi.) Jew, The The iastic Hungarianness appeared under the heading “A heading the under appeared Hungarianness iastic 207 , 1930, p.101. 1930, ,

deceased Miksa Weisz appeared Weisz Miksa deceased sll te eih at can part) Jewish the solely s lel discourse on basic Jewish Jewish basic on discourse lel igious freedom” and was also also was and freedom” igious rve and purify Jewry”purify and rve bundles of reflections seem seem reflections of bundles stions of Hungarianness did did Hungarianness of stions ss was added in a rather rather a in added was ss onal Jewry”.onal on etne sc as such sentences down xert a thousand times thousand a xert beginnings. So let us us let So beginnings. ry at the imitation of imitation the at ry hat it constituted a constituted it hat een highly unusual highly een ery setd the asserted learly dniy were identity 208 Moreover, of identity of 210 72 72 zsidó”. zsidó”. , but , al CEU eTD Collection

people”. In his speech of 1933, Ödön Gerő said that said Gerő Ödön 1933, of speech his In people”. but added that it cannot be forgotten that prejudic that forgotten be cannot it that added but oiin ht h rltvl pstv Hnain pol Hungarian positive relatively the that position pledge of its rights against the imperial court fro court imperial the against rights its of pledge aintd rm t pol” ( people” its from “alienated th was Munkacevo / Munkács in school the of aim the “idealisti the Hungary Greater of schools secondary managed to suppress the voice of blood within himse within blood of voice the suppress to managed further be –and discussed will slightly more analysis extensively the C in som IMIT, of pages the on separated hermetically almost be to the Middle Ages in 1848. Ibid., p.238. Ballagi conc Ballagi p.238. Ibid., 1848. in Ages theMiddle 211 Jews Hungarian of nature the of perception the around revolving option identity His conflict. of VII Chapter in detail greater in with dealt are ideas (whose peoplehood Uncharacteristic conceptualizeof to Jewish conflict. an inner 212 h eprecs f u pol” n Jwy ws his a “was in Izsákról” Jewry and people” our of experiences the so that overall the concept was approximately as frequently used used denomination. frequently as approximately was concept the overall that so “Nagymagyarország zsidó középiskolái” in in középiskolái” zsidó “Nagymagyarország o h “oc o bod ( blood” of “voice the to in i the serve writings polemical “his that conversion of the age”, he wrote. Ernő Ballagi, “Szabadelvűség Ballagi, Ernő wrote. he age”, the of emerged Jewry Hungarian of appreciation “The Jews. relat the in factor prime a were interests national observed on the side opposing emancipation. Beyond Beyond emancipation. opposing side the on observed intolerance and petty opposition were to some exten some to were opposition petty and intolerance Hungary and that in spite of the realization of the of realization the of spite in that and Hungary all that claim to morals) public bettering thereby le Jewish of desirability the contributions, Jewish the as well as statistics Hungarian of improvement Hun of coincidence (the factors four listed Ballagi dniiain f es ih ugras (.. h p the (i.e. Hungarians” with Jews of identification aimed to counter certain illusions: he stated that that stated he illusions: certain counter to aimed above all, and did not show any special or selfless or special any show not did and all, above relations between the two sides. He started out by by out started He sides. two the between relations az emancipációért” in emancipációért” az understanding of the situation. Ibid., 142. Next to Next 142. Ibid., situation. the of understanding Mór Fényes wrote about “our people” ( people” “our about wrote Fényes Mór Ernő Ballagi did not suppose such an inner Jewish Jewish inner an such suppose not did Ballagi Ernő IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1935, p.61. p.61. 1935, , 211 There were several other references to Jewish peoplehood (peoplehood Jewish to references other several were There At the same time, there were hardly any authors who employed who authors any hardly were there time, same the At IMIT évkönyv IMIT vr szava vér a , 1933, pp. 285-6. Aladár Fürst quoted at the very the at quoted Fürst Aladár 285-6. pp. 1933, , ééő sm dgndt el idegenedett sem népétől

is the fifth one I identified in IMIT. in identified I one fifth the is , 1940, p.141. The great Hungarian minds seemed to to seemed minds Hungarian great The p.141. 1940, , ): Károly Sebestyén thought that even though Börne Börne though even that thought Sebestyén Károly ): népünk IMIT évkönyv IMIT m the very beginning”. Ernő Ballagi, “A magyar zsid magyar “A Ballagi, Ernő beginning”. very m the gal status reflecting their actual situation and th and situation actual their reflecting status gal sober, common sense reasoning, narrow-minded calcu narrow-minded reasoning, sense common sober, “dominant idea of the age”, Jews were not allowed allowed not were Jews age”, the of idea “dominant e against the bourgeois order and lifestyle was wid was lifestyle and order bourgeois the against e these pointed in the direction of emancipation and and emancipation of direction the in pointed these “the patriotic middle nobility aimed to strengthen strengthen to aimed nobility middle patriotic “the ively equitable stance liberal Hungarians developed Hungarians liberal stance equitable ively nterests of humanity and liberty, the reality was t was reality the liberty, and humanity of nterests ) in 1929, and in 1930 Dénes Friedman also called J called also Friedman Dénes 1930 in and 1929, in ) garian and Jewish national and economic interests, interests, economic and national Jewish and garian luded that Jewish legal rights were long due by the by due long were rights legal Jewish that luded empathy towards Jews.” Ibid., p.234. Ballagi defen Ballagi p.234. Ibid., Jews.” towards empathy declaring that in Hungary “Jews saw in Hungariandom in saw “Jews Hungary in that declaring és magyar zsidóság” in in zsidóság” magyar és reto ta te cud e ugraie) Ibid., Hungarianized). be could they that erception c words” of the director Kugel Chajim. According to According Chajim. Kugel director the of words” c “the objects exhibited at the Museum are the memor the are Museum the at exhibited objects “the emotional and moral strengthening of Hungarians thr Hungarians of strengthening moral and emotional tcl tiue twrs es eeoe bcue of because developed Jews towards attitudes itical t all present in Hungarian political culture: they culture: political Hungarian in present all t lf”. Károly Sebestyén, “A zsidóság története levele története zsidóság “A Sebestyén, Károly lf”. more out of the defense of nationality than from th from than nationality of defense the of out more e raising of a new Jewish generation which would no would which generation Jewish new a of raising e oia pol” “eő dn mébsée Perlmutter emlékbeszéde Ödön “Gerő people”. torical , 1931, p.237. Beyond this, there was even a refere a even was there this, Beyond p.237. 1931, , ofit bt ie t peet sbr itr o t of picture sober a present to aimed but conflict, this balanced claim, Ballagi argued that perceived perceived that argued Ballagi claim, balanced this , would not be be not would , ) explicitly elaborated the theory theory the elaborated explicitly ) IMIT évkönyv IMIT ething which certainly merits merits certainly which ething 212 Volksfremd end of his article on the Jewish Jewish the on article his of end In his treatment of József of treatment his In s ht f er as Jewry of that as internally conflictual internally ally, Aladár Komlós ally,Komlós Aladár onclusions. onclusions. either). Aladár Fürst, Fürst, Aladár either). népiség , 1941, p.229. Ballagi Ballagi p.229. 1941, , confirm this Jewish Jewish this confirm believed after his his after believed e possibility of of possibility e ), so much so ), hat he never never he hat the notion the óság harca harca óság espread in espread the nation nation the time they they time inclusion, inclusion, to escape escape to towards towards could be could the clear clear the ewry “a “a ewry 73 73 ded the ded lations, lations, p.229. p.229. e spirit spirit e kben” kben” ies of of ies him, him, ough ough “the “the the t be be t nce nce he

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eoe vr oe ugra twrs atn t becom to wanting towards Hungarian more ever become between his instincts and his environment. Moreover, the societal- the Moreover, environment. his and instincts his between means left to act collectively and meaningfully. meaningfully. and collectively act to left means identi of direction the reverse to need a was there zsidóság harca az emancipációért” in emancipációért” az harca zsidóság Transylvania. culture”. he outlook the with odds “at was people” his from inherited he “outlook Monarchy, Dual the of times the of poet Jewish leading the Kiss, cet h cag o te situation” the of change the accept they that is Jewry Transylvanian about complaint official “the he anti-Semitism, Romanian of Speaking Romania. in group Hungarian most the accepted proudly Edelstein Bertalan instance, For scholars. available option identity sixth the was nationalism Hungarian to Hungaria of centrality the suggested that articles the were 214 213 w sure not still were Jews but 1867 in granted were 216 215 “general with accepted ultimately was emancipation st a of part were Romania of Jews Hungarian enthusiastically us, to honor an is “It thus: evaluated Edelstein e it and took the problems the exaggeratedand identification form distorted this dishonesty, its or identification Hungarian of lack the of out arise not t his in Importantly, enough. Jewish not was he thought Jews religious ma while misfortunate: and asymmetric as presented also was Ibid., p.309. Ibid., története zsidóság “Akülföldi Edelstein, Bertalan worsen much in and on later below, show shall I As Azs vagy: emlékezete, “KissJózsef Komlós, Aladár 213 On the most general level, Komlós formulated the inner conflict of conflict inner the formulated Komlós level, general most the On 216 lal a od wt te da f ofita iett articulate identity conflictual of idea the with odds at Clearly n h ohr ad te ey at ht hs ves n h intransigent the on views these that fact very the hand, other the On IMIT évkönyv IMIT 215 ie Rmnas custo o te ertr) which territory) the of acquisition Romania’s (i.e. , 1940, pp. 162-7. 1940, , pp. fication. He wanted to redirect the process from ai from process the redirect to wanted He fication. a háború utáni évtizedben” in in évtizedben” utáni háború a hether the law would be promulgated, though admitte though promulgated, be would law the hether n etuisi areet. rő alg, A magya “A Ballagi, Ernő agreement”. enthusiastic and idó költő és a dicsőség” in dicsőség” a és költő idó ed circumstances, Komlós expressed his conviction t conviction his expressed Komlós circumstances, ed our gloryour e more Jewish. He stressed that this was the only only the was this that stressed He Jewish. more e to be identified with Hungarians” in in Hungarians” with identified be to n identification. Giving expression expression Giving identification. n udy on the fate of Jews living Jews of fate the on udy accusation that Jews were the the were Jews that accusation to Jewish Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian Jewish to show least willingness to to willingness least show y on hm o Jewish, too him found ny Komlós asserted that the the that asserted Komlós symbolic position of Kiss Kiss of position symbolic IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT heory the conflict did did conflict the heory but was rather due to to due rather was but acquired by way of of way by acquired ngendered. d by Komlós Komlós by d claimed that that claimed , 1932, p.57. 1932, , , 1929, p.310. p.310. 1929, , Kiss as one as Kiss ming to to ming 74 74

and 214 dly dly hat hat r r

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borders, part of which was the claim that Jews were “no more “no were Jews that claim the was which of part borders, the national criterion. a validity the on argumentation his based he accepted, fully origin article. this in role any plays type (Hungarian-Jewish) criter denominational the neither characteristics: distinguishing remai He Hungarian. completely as Jews depicted which one the identification with the traditions and forms of national literature literature national of forms Hungarians. and traditions the with identification traditi literary and education their that mention to not origins, other was Jews Hungarian of history and life the that affirmed Kóbor somehow creating foreign literature. He construed a national model t model national a construed He literature. foreign creating somehow identity writers Jewish that Hungarian thesis the of contested Kóbor version ambivalences. a suggested Kóbor Tamás Hungarian) hc, vn huh tahd o zcolvka wl nvrhls rema nevertheless will Czechoslovakia, to attached though even which, or nation, Hungarian the of parts all above being all Pechenegs, Swabians, as Hungarian as just were they nation: the constituting devaluers”. Ödön Gerő, “Kóbor Tamásról” in in Tamásról” “Kóbor Gerő, Ödön devaluers”. Hun the defending “adamantly was Kóbor thought Gerő from of the view. national point m also and complex identitymore discourse his makes world the around 218 f hs ru, eod aig ht htvr id of kind whatever that saying beyond group, this of 219 nye “Magyar Kóbor, else”. anybody like just history 217 ugr” h woe En Mnás, Osáo Magyar “Országos Munkácsi, Ernő wrote. he Hungary”, lived millennium, a for here been have “We others: Ernő Munkácsi would similarly refer to Jews as a g a as Jews to refer similarly would Munkácsi Ernő litt very know Jews “Hungarian that stressed Kóbor irodalom” idegen írt nyelven “Magyar Kóbor, Tamás 218 From among the available Hungarian Jewish options, Kóbor thus Kóbor options, Jewish Hungarian available the among From n i “ayr yle ít dgn rdlm (oeg Literat (Foreign irodalom” idegen írt nyelven “Magyar his In 219

IMIT évkönyv IMIT lven” in in lven” ru Jw cntttd te crany lsl rese closely certainly they constituted, Jews group and died on this land the same way as other citizen other as way same the land this on died and roup of citizens, without defining more closely the closely more defining without citizens, of roup le about Jewish history, but are at home in Hungari in home at are but history, Jewish about le in in garian national idea against its debauchers, falsif debauchers, its against idea national garian Zsidó Múzeum jelentése” in in jelentése” Múzeum Zsidó IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1931, p.42. p.42. 1931, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT In order to have authors of Jewish Jewish of authors have to order In , 1929, p.62. p.62. 1929, , , 1929, p.61. It is revealing that Ödön Ödön that is It revealing p.61. 1929, , ion, nor the idea of the mixed mixed the of idea the nor ion, different” than other groups other than different” writing in Hungarian were were Hungarian in writing ned silent on any potentially potentially any on silent ned shared with Hungarians of of Hungarians with shared the city of Kassa (Košice) (Košice) Kassa of city the nd smooth applicability of of applicability smooth nd on and their consequent their and on ranscending present-day present-day ranscending eb, uain or Cumanians Serbs, uch more ambivalentmore uch ae hm fully them made MT évkönyv IMIT n Hungarian. in r Witn in Written ure free of such such of free articulated 75 75 , 1940, 1940, , nature nature mbled mbled iers, iers, s of of s 217 an an

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einns f h eitne f h Hnain nation Hungarian the of existence the of beginnings rsrig lmns Jw hv sre te interests the served have Jews elements, preserving .4. t h sm tm, hs et y ukci prov Munkácsi by text this time, same the At p.341. oseee é flkzt hsg Whmn Mr 1831- Mór Wahrmann hűség. felekezeti és Honszeretet employed three identity options in the course of a a of course the in options identity three employed (or nationalistic) and the mixed. mixed. the nationalistic)and (or state and society”. “Igazgatósági jelentés (1933. j (1933. jelentés “Igazgatósági society”. and state useful a been has Jewry “Hungarian that exhibition Beyond finding out facts about Jewish history, the the history, Jewish about facts out finding Beyond contrary. itd high. lifted osdrd tef mn te onig ( founding the among itself considered the necessity of spreading public knowledge that “H that knowledge public spreading of necessity the ée’ lns n ó Whmn soe f mlaain ( amalgamation of spoke Wahrmann Mór on lines Mérei’s fai a in discussed were Kisteleki Ede and Kohn Sámuel Hirschler, “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki megnyitója” in megnyitója” Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer (whereby he referred to Jews) as well as “becoming “becoming as well as Jews) to referred he (whereby sp his of one of course the in positions: different e of times the since cherished have we which – aims propos also he but years”, thousand a of continuity 220 m those and public Jewish internal the at addressed as Hungarianization and equality legal of ambition dual the discussed (attached” place.first the nati [Hungarian] “the and influential predominantly be to appeared 223 222 221 emancipation”. that Jewry at directed calls to reaction in done was This nation. the into Jewry melt to intended Hungariandom to Jews of assimilation options contradicted logically) least (at thus and assimilation Wertheimer also spoke of Jewry as one of the origin the of one as Jewry of spoke also Wertheimer Ibid., p.50. Ibid., p.47. Ibid., in emlékezete” Bernát “Alexander Szemere, Samu in Mór” “Wahrmann Mérei, Gyula 222 összenőtt ht s oe acrig o zmr, i nm ws n o toe t those of one was name his Szemere, to according more, is What 223 sgod rsmn pbihd smlr ic o Inc Hirschler Ignác on piece similar a published Groszmann Zsigmond 221 A number of individuals such as Mór Wahrmann, Bernát Alexander, Pál Pál Alexander, Bernát Wahrmann, Mór as such individuals of number A 220 Alexander was always nationally committed, in spite of accusa of spite in committed, nationally always was Alexander au zmr woe ht o Brá Aeadr cletv s “collective Alexander Bernát for that wrote Szemere Samu ) to the history of national culture as it developed, got enriched and enriched got developed, it as culture national of history the to ) IMIT évkönyv IMIT törzsökös IMIT évkönyv IMIT prs f h Hnain ain Aogie l othe all Alongside nation. Hungarian the of parts ) ún. 29.)” in 29.)” ún. ed that “we ought to revise our view of history, ou history, viewof our revise to “weought that ed eeches, he would mention that “we are a historical historical a are “we that mention would he eeches, single speech: the primarily Jewish, the primarily the Jewish, primarily the speech: single a part of” and even “merging into” the (Hungarian) (Hungarian) the into” “merging even and of” part a ungarian Jewry has played a significant role from t from role significant a played has Jewry ungarian al, initial ( initial al, iios o h Msu wr spoe t lan from learn to supposed were Museum the to visitors , 1943, p.340. On Mór Wahrmann, see Tibor Frank (ed Frank Tibor see Wahrmann, Mór On p.340. 1943, , mancipation”. Ibid., p.338. His discourse shifted b shifted discourse His p.338. Ibid., mancipation”. IMIT évkönyv IMIT and historically closely connected part of the Hung the of part connected closely historically and at o a etra adec. ukci rt o “t on wrote Munkácsi audience. external an for eant ihn h bres f rae Hnay I hs alwa has It Hungary. Greater of borders the within ds n neetn eape f h sprto o pa of separation the of example interesting an ides , 1931, p.315. 1931, , 1892 1892 of Hungariandom with loyalty and dedication”. dedication”. and loyalty with Hungariandom of IMIT évkönyv IMIT (Budapest: Argumentum, 2006). In one place, place, one In 2006). Argumentum, (Budapest: törzsökös , 1929, p.33. p.33. 1929, , ) parts of the nation. He also discussed discussed also He nation. the of parts ) of dual identity: “The complete complete “The identity: dual of , 1933, p.312. Thus, here Munkácsi Munkácsi here Thus, p.312. 1933, , rly similar manner. Gyula Gyula manner. similar rly onal community” stood in stood community” onal on ter xrsin in expression their found beolvadás life of the Hungarian Hungarian the of life o complete or ) well as the the as well tions to the to tions a “grew hat r paths and and paths r Hungarian Hungarian nation- r people” people” he very he 76 76 pirits” etween nation. nation. that arian arian was was

the the rts rts he he ys .), .), CEU eTD Collection

beliefs and the generally captivating voice resonating in his devotionalbeliefsgenerally captivatingpoetr his in and the resonating voice rcs o Hnain ainlzto a wl a te eutn f resulting the as well as nationalization Hungarian of process parts of the literary legacy of Kálmán Mikszáth and Mikszáth Kálmán of legacy literary the of parts between groups of intellectuals in Hungarian which which Hungarian in intellectuals of groups between Hungary”. “Országos Magyar Zsidó Múzeum. Igazgatósá Múzeum. Zsidó Magyar “Országos Hungary”. strong a was there Museum Jewish the in that 1930s Károly Sebestyén, “Emlékbeszéd Vészi József felett” József Vészi “Emlékbeszéd Sebestyén, Károly József Vészi was the return of return the was Vészi József működéséről” in in működéséről” er rcie tee vns ih aroi jy. “A joy”. patriotic with events these received Jewry we committee, organizing lecture the of report the irre and revisionist s woulddeserve that one controversial and exciting of topic The work. his admired to due denominations various of members among popularity equal almost ma who rank interconfessional of poet a as pictured was he Moreover, reets pe i woe ol h sii o te onrsd ( countryside the of spirit the soul whose in poet irredentist text was released in the in released was text “consequent desire” of national amalgamation (amalgamation national of desire” “consequent 224 228 227 226 225 a presented he Thereby, it. towards duties his fulfilled honestly i homeland his loved but patriotism, his parade to want not did Kohn that Pe in pulpit the magyarizing through mission a fulfilling on intent whom Kohn Sámuel of person the recalled also Groszmann IMIT of volume Ferenc Herczeg. Herczeg. Ferenc awa passed earlier. who Kisteleki Ede of art the discussing when tradition an on relied Rubinyi Mózes 1941, In individuals. Jewish characterizing er. n h dbt, e te olcin f origina of collection the see debate, the On years. dokumentumai, 1932-1947 dokumentumai, lit extended an is There side. latter the on active w Jews which in debate, and opposition népi-urbánus Contents from the heading used at its beginning (“D its beginning at used heading fromthe Contents bd, .6. o uh o ht vn i tm ws pa was tomb his even that so much So p.268. Ibid., in emlékezete” Ede “Kisteleki Rubinyi, Mózes worke he background: Rubinyi’s about bits evoke To i emlékezete” Sámuel Kohn “Dr. Groszmann, Zsigmond in Ignác” “Hirschler Groszmann, Zsigmond 226 In his phrasing, Kisteleki was “not an urbanite” (urbanite” an “not was Kisteleki phrasing, his In IMIT évkönyv IMIT Announcements of the Society the of Announcements (Debrecen: Rakéta, 1990). 1990). Rakéta, (Debrecen:

Felvidék , 1941, pp. 342-3. Károly Sebestyén maintained that maintained Sebestyén Károly 342-3. pp. 1941, , (literally Upper Region, usually rendered Upper Hu Upper rendered usually Region, Upper (literally IMIT évkönyv IMIT erature on the emergence and consequences of this o this of consequences and emergence the on erature eparate treatment. A few illustrations shall suffic shall illustrations fewA treatment. eparate r. Groszmann Zsigmond előadása Kohn Sámuelről”). Sámuelről”). Kohn előadása Zsigmond Groszmann r. published a monograph on the popular conservative conservative popular the on monograph a published MT évkönyv IMIT id u aot h rtr o triois ht “the that territories of return the about out find emphasis on “exhibiting pictures of synagogues in G in synagogues of pictures “exhibiting on emphasis II fllaóbztsgnk eets a 1940/41 az jelentése felolvasó-bizottságának IMIT z in in l documents Péter Sz. Nagy (ed.), (ed.), Nagy Sz. Péter documents l ith few exceptions (most famously György Sárközi) w Sárközi) György famously (most exceptions few ith ets rmrs n ugra Jws pbiain is publications Jewish Hungarian in remarks dentist curd oe oiia rlvne n h ery tran early the in relevance political some acquired section. The title of the text is different in the in different is text the of title The section. IMIT évkönyv IMIT d as a linguist as well as a literary historian, or historian, literary a as well as linguist a as d gi jelentés” in in gijelentés” nemzeti egybeolvadás nemzeti id for by an unknown Catholic family who deeply deeply who family Catholic unknown an by for id n , 1941, p.145. 1941, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1941, p.266. This naturally referred to the the to referred naturally This p.266. 1941, , , 1941, p.52. Munkácsi stated in the mid- the in stated Munkácsi p.52. 1941, , nem IMIT évkönyv IMIT vidék , 1941, p.337. For some reason, this this reason, some For p.337. 1941, ,

urbánus st. normalized image of the the of image normalized lvd n unchanged. on lived ) r o Hungarianness of orm 225 ). , 1936, p.358. p.358. 1936, , the last joy in the life of life the in joy last the 224 Groszmann stressed Groszmann eaty e years ten exactly y ), but a patriotic and patriotic a but ), n a natural way and and way natural a n In the same 1941 same the In alternative Jewish Jewish alternative ae t achieve to naged np-ráu vita népi-urbánus A y. the shape of his his of shape the he presented as presented he 228 ngary in English). English). in ngary

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justify the decision of Vészi by writing that he supposedly f supposedly he that writing by Vészi of decision the justify odlt saa gnoa” ncoaims s progr és nacionalizmus gondolat”: szabad – gondolat weapon in the arsenal of Hungarians. of arsenal the in weapon m the all this do to order in only language German the used and nation” c most the for “fought Vészi that maintained He feature. defining Vé considered Sebestyén Vészi. József of portrait Sebestyén’s offered a stark reinterpretation of what the national interest c interest national the what of reinterpretation stark aoffered 1905-06) in Fejérváry Géza by led government the (i.e. government darabont t decided he popularity, thi his of peak of the at cause was he when the therefore, help to order in newspaper his future, his authority, t ready was he that suffrage universal to committed strongly so 230 Magvető, 1978). 1978). Magvető, 232 231 229 mutually options. exclusive of establishment the and nation the of safety future the of conceive tim the of dilemma the of validity the mos questioning a thereby democrat, but democrat, committed a as Vészi presented pro-democratic Sebestyén based, normatively most seemingly Vészi’s fore conscious nationally and principle national the of application country was at stake” (stake” at was country vr at o ev Fjráy tkn o al h oim f i deed”. his of odium the all on taking Fejérváry, serve to want ever On the dilemma and proposals to overcome it in ear in it overcome to proposals and dilemma the On 50-1. pp. Ibid., p.42. Ibid., in “Vészi” Sebestyén, Beyond these five articles, another very interesting piece is is piece interesting very another articles, five these Beyond IMIT évkönyv IMIT az ország léte forog kockán forog léte ország az

232

, 1941, p.40. p.40. 1941, , 229 At the same time, Sebestyén admitted that Vészi was Vészi that admitted Sebestyén time, same the At ly 20 ly esszió a század eleji Magyarországon Magyarországon eleji század a esszió ) and “therefore and only therefore did he he did therefore only and “therefore and ) th century Hungary, see György Litván, Litván, György see Hungary, century onsisted of: Sebestyén wanted to Sebestyénto of: wanted onsisted oresaw that the “survival of the the of “survival the that oresaw o “sacrifice his popularity, his his popularity, his “sacrifice o szi’s Hungarianness to be his be to Hungarianness szi’s sight had determined even even determined had sight oiia dcso. Thus, decision. political o side with the so called so the with side o a democratic system as system democratic a t consciously national national consciously t herished goods of his his of goods herished 231 s hc tne to tended which es ore effectively, as a a as effectively, ore s great idea” and and idea” great s upsdy the Supposedly, . 230 The article The (Budapest: (Budapest: “Magyar “Magyar Károly Károly 78 78 CEU eTD Collection

aroi sii, vn huh neevdy e r gaey humiliate gravely are we undeservedly though even spirit, patriotic hpe we epoig da o te eeac o hsoy o Jewry to history of characteristics history. of Jewish relevance the on ideas exploring when chapter i it to return Iwill and contribution, Vidor’s unique to not contrast certainly was interpret This dedication. national unyielding their also but condition t the underlined them towards world outside the of deeds and attitudes stigmatized.” O tiring. ever without and beliefs our all with hom deeds, holy blood, our strength, of greatness complete the of interest the in work “We cultural Hungarianization).cultural thei of process the precisely, more Jews, of case the in (or “awakeni the on claims, verifiable more rather empirically histor national of discourse legitimatory the to central idea (an a Hungarians of millennium the to referring One discourse. identity forever.” a Hungarians are Hungarians, been have “we 1939: from outcry Kiss’ történelem szerepe a magyar politikai diskurzusban, politikai magyar a szerepe történelem 235 Hun the of personalities great glorious the towards 234 233 emplo was years thousand a of idea the that unsurprising is It articulation of Hungarian commitment in the in commitment Hungarian of articulation n h pltcl icus o ntoa hsoy se history, national of discourse political the On wis wrote he hand, other the On p.70. 1941, Ibid., in “KissArnold” Vidor, Pál 233 It is worth adding that Kiss described Hungarian Jewish acti Jewish Hungarian described Kiss that adding worth is It 234 ee t s sfl o itnus bten w kns f ugra histor Hungarian of kinds two between distinguish to useful is it Here á Vdrpbihd h ms mre (n rbby lo h m the also probably (and marked most the published Vidor Pál hs mhss n h cnrs bten h ra atvte of activities real the between contrast the on emphasis This IMIT évkönyv IMIT

235 While the former talks of the nation, the latter of nationalism. of latter the nation, the of talks former the While , 1941, p.70. 1941, , garian nation is undying”. Ibid., p.70. p.70. Ibid., isundying”. nation garian 1989-1993 tfully about the past, writing that “the gratefulne “the that writing past, the about tfully IMIT yearbook IMIT Zlá Gbr Szűcs, Gábor Zoltán e (Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2010), pp. 64-70. pp. 2010), L’Harmattan, (Budapest: ng” of national self-consciousness national of ng” of 1941 when he quoted Arnold quoted he when 1941 of r Hungarian identification and and identification Hungarian r e ms otn n IMIT’s in often most yed ) n te te, offering other, the and y) Az antalli pillanat. A nemzeti nemzeti A pillanat. antalli Az nd Hungarian statehood statehood Hungarian nd ative scheme based on on based scheme ative nd will be Hungarians be will nd d and ignominiously ignominiously and d ragedy of the Jewish Jewish the of ragedy vities in 1939 thus: 1939 in vities eland with our all all our with eland r ok s n the in is work ur and the defining defining the and n the the next next n the the es n the and Jews ost pathetic) pathetic) ost ss we feel feel we ss 79 79 ical ical CEU eTD Collection

between Hungarians and Jews” in the second half of the 1840s.the of half second the in Jews” and Hungarians between .1. et o hs a pr o te gemn betwe agreement the of part as this, to Next p.112. original): “Lasset uns als Bürger Juden und als Jud als und Juden Bürger als uns “Lasset original): lieben und achten”. Miksa Weisz, “Kayserling M. eml M. “Kayserling Weisz, Miksa achten”. und lieben We Miksa elsewhere that notable a is It themselves. energies their all with worked Jews how of examples homeland”. “Megállapodás,” in in “Megállapodás,” homeland”. Magyar Zsidó Múzeum jelentése” in jelentése” Múzeum Zsidó Magyar lived here for thousand years and died on this piec this on died and years thousand for here lived homeland”. “Országos Magyar Zsidó Múzeum. Igazgatós Múzeum. Zsidó Magyar “Országos homeland”. nobili of certificate our rights, “our shows Museum not consistent. Both kept on switching between (wha between switching on kept Both consistent. not referr while Munkácsi, and Wertheimer of discourses official discourse, as in the speeches of Wertheimer and Munkácsi. and Wertheimer of speeches the in as discourse, official 236 1840s early the in beginnings modest some after writers, Jewish nar Zsoldos onwards. 1820s the from reception local their and Jewishness creative “common the showing at directed activities literary of Jews speaking German the on wrote Zsoldos Jenő too. Hungarianization 1848. in established were Guards National Hungarian the when Jew why understand to tried he when explicitly, most side Hungarian be reasons Jewish of question the approached who Weisz Márton was 238 237 importance. primary of were attractivene the and ideas revolutionary French of echoes the that 239 soul “its precisely, more or, government” “Viennese “Werth Stephen. Saint of times the since nation and for anti-Jewish deeds (the urban pogroms or or pogroms urban (the deeds anti-Jewish for thesis that Jews chose the Hungarian side at the ti the at side Hungarian the chose Jews that thesis to the country and the fact that it has lived here here lived has it that fact the and country the to qu opponents ill-intended “Our that declared Museum Jenő Zsoldos, “Az első magyar zsidó írók fogadtatá írók zsidó magyar “Az első Zsoldos, Jenő defende who Besze János of life the narrated Weisz in életrajza” János “Besze Weisz, Márton live had Jewry as such statements wrote Wertheimer

IMIT évkönyv IMIT 238 IMIT évkönyv IMIT eea ohr uhr dvtd teto t te rcs of process the to attention devoted authors other Several IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1931, p.324. In the same vein, he stated that the that stated he vein, same the In p.324. 1931, , kravallok me, but also provided a nationalist interpretation interpretation nationalist a provided also but me, e of land, just like other citizens of Hungary”. “A Hungary”. of citizens other like just land, of e , 1940, p.341. It should be added, however, that th that however, added, be should It p.341. 1940, , en Bürger sein, lasset uns unsere Brüder im anderen im Brüder unsere uns lasset sein, Bürger en t can be identified as) various options. variousoptions. as) identified be can t ty, which connects us to the thousand year old Hung old year thousand the to us connects which ty, o tosn yas te itr o wih hw count show which of history the years, thousand for isz evoked the slogan of Meier Kayserling (in the G the (in Kayserling Meier of slogan the evoked isz ing to the notion of thousand years more than other than more years thousand of notion the to ing n MT te eih omnt o Ps ad h Jewis the and Pest of community Jewish the IMIT, en less agitators” and courtly “henchmen” were respons were “henchmen” courtly and agitators” less ékezete” in ékezete” ie Aof löi enióa in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf eimer estion the patriotic nature of Hungarian Jewry, its Jewry, Hungarian of nature patriotic the estion sa irodalmunkban” in in irodalmunkban” sa d amalgamated and in unity with the Hungarian count Hungarian the with unity in and amalgamated d ). Ibid., p.256. This way Weisz not only supported supported only not Weisz way This p.256. Ibid., ). ági jelentés” in jelentés” ági n tlns o te rseiy ( prosperity the for talents and , 1936, p.255. , 1936, d Hungary and protected Jews. He maintained the the maintained He Jews. protected and Hungary d IMIT évkönyv IMIT dynamism” of Europeanness and Europeanness of dynamism” IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT 239 237 , built more solid “bridges solid more built , , 1929, p.191. 1929, , ss of Hungarian liberalism liberalism Hungarian of ss At the same time, Gyula time, same the At átn es believed Weisz Márton 236 On the other hand, it hand, other the On jie “h ranks” “the joined s , 1936, p.355. “We have have “We p.355. 1936, , rated the story until until story the rated hind choosing the the choosing hind , 1939, p.172, 195. p.172, 1939, , MT évkönyv IMIT boldogulás Hungary, their Hungary, exhibition of the the of exhibition of the events events the of z Országos Országos z e identity identity e o the of ) loyalty loyalty 80 80 , 1935, 1935, , s, were s, Lager Lager erman erman arian arian ible ible less less the the ry ry h h CEU eTD Collection

personal growth, we might say of of say might we growth, personal Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy Em of theLegacy and Nationalisms Liberal Identity: oiia rlgo, s rvdd y n o te contr the of one by provided is religion, political p.162. It is also noteworthy how positive the image the positive how noteworthy also is It p.162. the issuingalready Tolerationfully of 1782was the in Edict of Hungarian”. generat second “the that crudely) more (rather observed Mérei ugra lbrl nationalism. liberal Hungarian w evoked often is participation Jewish accept) least at (or Hunga of willingness unusual rather the hand, other the on and, assimilate city of Kecskemét who have been living in Mexico fo Mexico in living been have who Kecskemét of city 242 241 liberal independentist the of elements key employ often Jews 240 the of option seventh the existed also there identity, national gained circles. the newly influence of nationalist illiberally the of contents the too, respect sides in cases of mutual, consecutive occupations. The striking ex striking The occupations. consecutive mutual, of cases in sides “pa as behaved rather but traitors, not were Jews that show was xml o ti i Gua sreys Íéerhvs (A “Ítéletrehívás” Csermely’s Gyula is p this as of well example as theory in service, of ethic an valued who citizens maintai discourse identity This history. longer even an on draw full Hungarianness of all native Jews of Hungary in JewsHungary of native all of fullHungarianness t of thediscussion of mixing interesting an offers this 19 this as quite similar to Judaism and evaluated much more much evaluated and Judaism to similar quite as front in stand we prayers, religious our with done Mountains the in Kölcsey of Anthem (The hegyekben” ugra paes hr” Jze Vsi “öce hi “Kölcsey Vészi, József there”. prayers Hungarian h ms rdcl xml o te neednit con independentist the of example radical most The b can nationalism liberal of studies case National in “Wahrmann” Mérei, th century tradition which had seriously weakened in the meantime, esp meantime, the in weakened seriously had which tradition century The large-scale Jewish identification with “the Hungarian caus Hungarian “the with identification large-scaleJewish The Beyond the continued propagation of an inclusive version of Hungarian Hungarian of version inclusive an of propagation continued the Beyond IMIT évkönyv IMIT

241 IMIT yearbooksIMIT oe pcfcly atce srsig h Hnaines of Hungarianness the stressing articles specifically, More , 1943, p.315. This remark arguably sounds somewhat sounds arguably remark This p.315. 1943, , Bildung he historical process of Hungarianization withclai Hungarianization of process historical he through war and occupation, a parable whose aim aim whose parable a occupation, and war through modern times. times. modern of Protestantism tended to be: it was recurrently was it be: to tended Protestantism of pires pires favorably than Catholicism. Catholicism. than favorably btos f ósf éz, Klsy insa mexik a himnusza “Kölcsey Vészi, József of ibutions e found in Iván Zoltán Dénes, Dénes, Zoltán Iván in found e f te mg o – F Ljs ost t prom our perform to Kossuth Lajos LF] – of image [the of mnusza a mexikói hegyekben” in in hegyekben” mexikói a mnusza r forty years tell the narrator: “occasionally, onc “occasionally, narrator: the tell years forty r of Mexico). In this article, two Jewish brothers fr brothers Jewish two article, this In Mexico). of (Budapest: CEU Press, 2006). 2006). Press, CEU (Budapest: itos f es rahn te ee o a eua o secular a of level the reaching Jews, of victions display some clear lines of continuity with with continuity of lines clear some display Call for Judgment), a story of of story a Judgment), for Call ithin the interpretative frame of of frame interpretative the ithin patriotic ion of native born Jews after Jews born native of ion ainl narrative.national ample Csermely elaborated elaborated Csermely ample ssionate patriots” on both both on patriots” ssionate ned that Jews were loyal loyal were Jews that ned ractice. The outstanding outstanding The ractice. Liberty and the Search for Search the and Liberty discourse that could could that discourse 240 MT évkönyv IMIT rians to welcome welcome to rians e”, the desire to to desire the e”,

ecially due to to due ecially unrefined as it it as unrefined ms about the the ms about 242 presented presented n this In e we are are we e 81 81 , 1931, 1931, , om the the om ói ói r r

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atcpto o Hnain ad ugra Jews. Hungarian and Hungarians of participation patriotism includingpatriotism the considerate,righteous acceptance of the patrioti pr normative, a provided narrativeIn Csermely’s short, Jewish”. both ra patriotism” is that sentiment noble “that of justification propagating the preciousness of having loyal subjects: “It s “It subjects: loyal having of preciousness the propagating to accept them”. Mór Fényes, “A zsidóság erkölcstan “Azsidóság Fényes, them”. Mór accept to olwd y cuain f uhrs b te ocs f Wilhelmine of forces the by Bucharest of occupation by followed Transylvania of occupation the and War World First the of that was ht es eedd toa Bd. eih dniy omltd her formulated identity Jewish Buda. Ottoman defended Jews that s nothing was there however, sources, these of interpretation Fürst’s C Hungarian, canonized traditional, the to according event the narrate fall– its as appeared Budaactually of re-conquest thesources, Taussig. Süsskind and Schulhof Izsák by written event this of accounts lit the presented Fürst Aladár Buda), of Reconquest the on Sources eml irodalmi zsidó visszafoglalásának “Buda his In times. modern rec they Csermely, than conventionally More affiliations. Hungarian of and myself of proud am “I other: each to revealed sides opposite found who Jews the drawn, were lessons the and subsided conflict the mother”. way the it love and own your it consider you, brings bad, or good fate, 245 244 Cserme action. urgent demands homeland his causeof 243 admitted. He thought that the Jews of the Diaspora Diaspora the of Jews the that thought He admitted. Csermely, “Itéletrehívás” in “Itéletrehívás” Csermely, ho about wrote also Fényes Mór p.157. 1930, Ibid., Jewis model the that maintained Csermely Moreover, 244 This keen patriotism was a source of Jewish pride. At the end the At pride. Jewish of source a was patriotism keen This Further articles explored Jewish patriotic loyalty without without loyalty patriotic Jewish explored articles Further

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but that even Emperor Rudolf was ready to admit that they me they that admit to ready was Rudolf Emperor even that but suffer Buda,Jews in bloodbath the of time the 1598, at in that out pointed eivd ht hs tiue eand nhne truhu te 19 the throughout unchanged remained attitude this that believed fee a ey iia aayi o te 16 the of analysis similar very a offered World War, maintained that the relations and roles that many mush mush many that roles and relations the that maintained War, World Jew discuss to idea patriotic the of employment Csermely’s that they fought so loyally for their ruler at the time”. the at ruler their for loyally so fought they that 247 carriage splendid having as customary as was Jews” “private Hun for that observation the with Priva opens article (The The Statesmen). zsidói” házi államférfiak “Magyar Kardos’s Albert sophisticate and elaborate most Its service. patriotic local direct dealt that version a in existed also subjects, Jewish of religion.anddominant recognition in of the the in manifested got patriotism of strand Jewish marked a that va moral its and patriotism Jewish of assessment general more 250 249 248 246 greatness”. of fans committed as scholars, jour editors, as work, intellectual of means meant by so the did they in now who but statesmen, landlords their serve “to continued Jews excellent Patriotism” Patriotism” Ibid., p.96. Ibid., p.95. Ibid., i zsidói” házi államférfiak “Magyar Kardos, Albert in “Erkölcstana” Fényes, em irodalmi visszafoglalásának “Buda Fürst, Aladár This patriotic identity discourse, based on the value of loyalty a loyalty of value the on based discourse, identity patriotic This IMIT évkönyv IMIT

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belonging only to previous eras, continued to exist and could be observe be could and exist to continued eras, previous to only belonging part of this chain of relations, Miksa Falk was the trustee of trustee the was Falk Miksa relations, of chain this of part 251 Hungary, leading of newspaper the German then by was (who Falk on rely also could Tisza Kálmán ministr foreign Viennese the of department a lead Dóczy Lajos timel his with Compromise the achieve him helped who Falk to (next b stood Kónyi Manó secretary; personal his as Kossuth Lajos helped his him to dictated others, the of birth modern Hungary. Jews” in two ways. On the one hand, he pointed to the competence, prepa competence, the to pointed he hand, one the On ways. two in Jews” “was completed”.living assimilation proof Jewish that K to according and, IMIT of president the as served hi also Vadász as Vadász Lipót had Tisza István statesman”, just absolutely Kos Ferenc for was performed Hungarians Szterényi József and work Jews secretarial between rapprochement closer the of sign Bar the on relied all, them Gábor of liberal least the perhaps Trefort, as government the of personalities leading such to close a such Jews other but opposition), the (i.e. indepedentists the of ranks M Mór or Vázsonyi Vilmos as such generation next the of Jews Younger great Hungarian statesman there stood a highly intelligent and us and intelligent highly a stood there statesman Hungarian great eachother’s in followed and eachother to connected weregenerations Ibid., p.96. Ibid., h gs o ti eaoae tr ws ht te ra individual great “the that was story elaborate this of gist The Kardos sought to account for the phenomenon he called “modern private private “modern called he phenomenon the for account to sought Kardos

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at. h frt pin sind hs to ees f identific of levels two these assigned option first The parts. particular) could also be combined. Gyula Fodor wro Fodor Gyula combined. be also could particular) statements appear in the same paragraph, right next right paragraph, in thesame appear statements land” which makes Jews so attracted to it. Gyula Fo Gyula it. to attracted so Jews makes which land” Társulat from abroad for the very first time, but much rathe much but time, first very the for abroad from was somewhat more ambivalent and not because he als he because not and ambivalent more somewhat was elmúlt “Az Grünwald, Fülöp denied”). be not “could the same levels of identification. This resulted in a mixed ident mixed a in resulted This identification. of levels same the Jewish and Hungarianness regarded and combination” and “separation of and national Thus sec The combined. be could and subjects parallel Jewishness. had affiliations of quality denominational the emphasizing be relations different identifying identity, dual of formulations identity four first The sub-type. one than more of consisting them else in the same splendid way as in the Jewish soul Jewish the in as way splendid same the in else flo “the Goldmark: on piece his in Hungary for love character trait. At the same time, he brought up th up brought he time, same the At trait. character and linguistic skills of these Jews as well as to their loy their to as well as Jews these of skills linguistic and 252 253 ultimately, notable with successes. Hun the of interest the in tasks necessary such perform to them e deeply and duties patriotic their as well as greatness of weresedu life, of walks other in benefits materialmore much a life easier an lived have might who Jews, model these hand, other also believed that help could be expected to come f come to expected be could help that believed also c more for urged He threat. under were Jews 000 200 an Grünwald 1939. from Grünwald of report the in as nleta i Hnain ers n mns gi tha again minds exp and and hearts Hungarian “hopes in Jewry influential Hungarian that namely wrote He of standard his past, national recent the of return gained the unequivocal sympathy of cultured nations cultured of sympathy unequivocal the gained Kardos, “Házi” in “Házi”in Kardos, loyal of sense the of Expressions pp.114-5. Ibid., released between 1929 and 1943 revealed seven distinct identity opt identity distinct seven revealed 1943 and 1929 between released h aoe nlss f h yabos f the of yearbooks the of analysis above The IMIT évkönyv IMIT

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measurement was the recognition of (more) “culture (more) of recognition the was measurement at “there certainly is some seductive power to the the to power seductive some is certainly “there at to each other. other. each to r since, while his narrative was a liberal one that one liberal a was narrative his while since, r rom Hungarian society and even the government (such government the even and society Hungarian rom ”. Ibid., p.328. p.328. Ibid., ”. dor, “Goldmark” in “Goldmark” dor, ty and trust could resurface in the most unexpected most the in resurface could trust and ty ”, he wrote, presenting patriotism as a specificall a as patriotism presenting wrote, he ”, wers of gratefulness and loyalty do not flourish an flourish not do loyalty and gratefulness of wers ollective responsibility and action on the part of of part the on action and responsibility ollective , hn hy ee rdmnn i te rvos centu previous the in predominant were they when t, év története” in története” év te about Jewish loyalty in general as well as the s the as well as general in loyalty Jewish about te nounced at the onset of this report that the liveli the that report this of onset the at nounced o remarked that Hungarian Jews needed to request he request to needed Jews Hungarian that remarked o ects that those majestic ideas shall become more more become shall ideas majestic those that ects alty and personal reliability. personal and alty ngrained ethic of service. This led This service. of ethic ngrained IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT ced and motivated by the power power theby motivated andced tween Hungarian and Jewish Jewish and Hungarian tween garian nation with zeal and, and, zeal with nation garian ity for Hungarian Jews, i.e. Jews, Hungarian for ity zalt Mga Irodalmi Magyar Izraelita ond option rejected this act this rejected option ond ation to separate planes, planes, separate to ation options were different different were options , 1939, p.327. The situation situation The p.327. 1939, , course (the general and the the and general (the course nd could have earned earned have could nd , 1930, p.262. These two These p.262. 1930, , ness as existing on existing as ness ions, some of some ions, 252 desired the the desired d nations”. nations”. d Hungarian Hungarian religious Jews, but Jews, y Jewish Jewish y On theOn hood of hood places, places, 85 85 ywhere ywhere pecial pecial help help ry, ry, lp lp CEU eTD Collection

Gilman, Gilman, University Press, 1986). 1986). Press, University eaiey ipsd n dsepcfl environment. disrespectful and disposed negatively self-hatre Jewish even of subordination imposed and the and duality misfortunate this conflict of consequences inner of thought He Komlós. Aladár mos option, identity fifth the of essence the becomes thus conflict potentially betw conflict potential the of and question the evaded essentially similar as them of thought that those to Jewishness concep complementary and distinct offered that those from ranging the all Indeed, Jews. for matter unconflictual an also but formal, Hungarianne to reference the make could reconciliation at attempt pe Jewish of theory the with identification dual reconcile to aimed within option identity fourth The practice. in Jewish consciously assi already i.e. Jews, as all above but Hungarian, evidently described other while nation, larger the in dissolution amalgamation, preservati urged them of some future: the or past the of matter believed author the whether on depending ways, re different in formulated eminently were two the that believed Jews, of disappearance linki conceptions to opposed as option, This society. Hungarian within Jewr of preservation the on more insisted assimilation, of concept favourawhile identityoption, third The Hungarian-Jewish. theywere 254 oe eety shlr satd mlyn te cont the employing started scholars recently, More Jewish Self-Hatred: Anti-Semitism and the Hidden La Hidden the and Anti-Semitism Self-Hatred: Jewish

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peoplehood – without his fellow Jews abandoning their commitment to dual identity. to their commitment abandoning fellowpeoplehood his Jews –without awareness of this conflict, strengthen Jewish consciousness and prop and consciousness Jewish strengthen conflict, this of awareness loyalty to state and ruler orloyaltyruler concrete state to and of cases dedicated the service Hun to a such themes patriotic on relying by identification nationalist of option identity seventh the Finally, it. of end Hungarian other, the ide Jewish Hungarian of place the to pointed texts these scale, nati the into himself Jews positioned Komlós While entities. two the of of amalgamation melting the emphasize to (nationalization) process the to or state common a in history shared of years thousand 255 eod ol Wr e ol sil rpgt n mr t more no propagate still Jewishness. of favor in would adjustment he War World Second Hungarian Jewish identity formulations as such. asHungarian such. identityformulations Jewish more and, identity dual on discourse complex the of understanding exact and orde in them, between distinguish to important more the all is it a one from far quite stand could which options, identity multiple involved m in bear to important is it Hungary, modern in Jews of discussion qui is identity” “dual of notion the though Even challenges. historical respons in options identity different markedly seven altogether Komlós himself never offered a consistent formulat consistent a offered never himself Komlós The sixth identity option rejects the notion of duality by either by duality of notion the rejects option identity sixth The n the In MT yearbooks IMIT

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atclr rn weey h assmns f oen eih tr Jewish modern the 1940s. and andpluralistic the inclusive towards beginning the the 1930s end of of of assessments the whereby trend particular poiin mn cneprr Jws itletas Eegn from Emerging intellectuals. Jewish contemporary among opposition c this to belonging texts of comparison The characteristics.” Je modern of beginnings the for symbol crucial a Mendelssohn, Moses Jewish the are articles such many terms, concrete In of position. scholarly contours the define us help can that traditions Jewish di to mainly is here focus My sub-chapter. this of purview the the of analysis full a that forum this in evaluated and discussed traditions as presented on the pages of the of pages the on presented as traditions spectacular and obvious as in in as obvious and spectacular 257 256 of publication the was study this of preparation the of apropos S and Graetz Heinrich historians, Jewish towering two of discussion eme its shows that chart a drawing writing, history Jewish “ of summary a offered Friedman Dénes Historiography), Jewish alapel történetírás zsidó “A In traditions. these of relations cont historical the approached authors the how understand us help can a musical the historiographical, the namely tradition, Jewish the less strictly defined. See the third subchapter “Th subchapter third the See defined. lessstrictly the Consequently, expectations. constant relatively Dénes Friedman, “A zsidó történetírás irányelvei” történetírásirányelvei” “Azsidó DénesFriedman, IMIT yearbooks IMIT Before turning to the reception of Mendelssohn, let me touch three a three touch me let Mendelssohn, of reception the to turning Before pict the reconstruct partly to is subchapter this of aim The II. published scholarly articles that tend to follow a follow to tend that articles scholarly published

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based on reliable methods and therefore its executing based in successful methods proved onreliable ultimately unsuccessful work. work. unsuccessful ultimately Although his his Although history. economic and political Jewish provided and tone calm surprisinglya had work Thematerial. the of c of terms in both Graetz’s to compared even novelties of number work released newly the but activities, intellectual grandiose on writing sufferi people,and which onJewish Jewish internal involved of story the with world with history at large. thr presented storywas Jewish the countries, individual of Jewries (originally published in the 1820s and also later o later also and 1820s the in published (originally three authors who aimed to present Jewish history from new vantage vantage new beginning the at working priest Protestant from a Beauval, De Basnages history Jewish present to aimed who authors three Volkesjüdischen des Weltgeschichte mrec ad eeto o mdr shlry ehd, enih Graet Heinrich methods, scholarly modern of reception and emergence eevd h ms pstv eauto fo Fida, h mitie t maintained who Friedman, from evaluation positive most the received 19 the of beginning the at active was who Jost Markus 260 259 258 gre his in quieter and milder “softer, became idea” national the bold “the that believed Friedman history. their throughout enjoyed va by and spirit peculiar their by described best were They a all, above constituted, Jews that maintained he analysis, Dubnov’s Ibid., p.136. Ibid., pp.134-5. “Történetírás”, Friedman, Jost’ of volumes nine the that maintained Friedman Gratz’s work had consisted of an attempt to single-handedly write single-handedly to attempt an of consisted had work Gratz’s etecihe e jdshn Volkes jüdischen des Weltgeschichte

. Friedman stated that previously to Dubnov, there were were there Dubnov, to previously that stated Friedman . 259 n in extended versions) amounted to a chaotic, uncr chaotic, a to amounted versions) extended in n vn huh hs to pee wr cnrl to central were spheres two these though Even s Geschichte der Israeliten seit den Zeit der Maccab der Zeit den seit Israeliten der Geschichte oue o Jws ognztos or organizations Jewish on focused th and, as the first one after the the after one first the as and, rious forms of autonomy they they autonomy of forms rious onception and arrangement and onception ough constant comparisons comparisons constant ough t itrcl synthesis”. historical at of the 18the of [Dubnovian] assertion of assertion [Dubnovian] an impartial overview of overviewof impartial an f unv rsne a presented Dubnov of utrl community. cultural ambitious plan. ambitious hat his work was was work his hat z. th points: Jacques Jacques points: century, Isaak Isaak century, 258 ng as well as as well as ng the external external the h latter The itical and and itical 89 89 aer 260

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rfud nihs A te ae ie h ntd ht h rte lw le low rather the that noted he time, same the At insights. profound of part in times, later in colleagues his by overcome be will he hi of those over evolution “shows namely work his historiography: Jewish in phase new a represented undoubtedly Dubnov that argued Friedman as made not was perspective and criterion Jewish the of decline “normal course”, he added somewhat skeptically.somewhat added he course”, “normal oo’ (oeht xgeae) elrto ta “n h cus of course the “in that declaration exaggerated) (somewhat Fodor’s ie raesi ad hs es iey o otiue o h stre consciousness. the to contribute to likely less thus and readership wider work his made predecessors his to compared Dubnov characterized 264 263 262 261 history Jewish of to model rather value. doubtful was stage highest current the which to according historiography, and history in development Jew. a then only and historian a all above was Dubnov reali historical to faithful both historian a was Dubnov eyes, his vision: these are the foundations on which the scholarly writer of hi of writer scholarly the which on foundations the are these vision: c enthusiasm truth, for search dedicated the and passion objectivity, Ibid., p.148. Ibid., p.144. Ibid., p.142. Ibid., pp.130-1. Ibid., Geistesgeschichte 262 remn omltd i on da o a itra tu: “affection thus: historian a of ideal own his formulated Friedman Music resurfaces as one of the specific facets of the Jewis the of facets specific the of one as resurfaces Music In sum, Friedman called Graetz first a Jew and then a histori a then and Jew a first Graetz called Friedman sum, In Geistesgeschichte [ szellemtörténet

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phenomenon, Naményi employed the thesis of the long period of oppres of period long the of thesis the employed Naményi phenomenon, Jewis in “gaps” as perceived he what of analysis Naményi’s Naményi also believed there had been internal Jewish opposit Jewish internal been had there believed also Naményi Jewish Music and Modernity and Music Jewish manner, as “the special tendency of the Jewish nervousmanner,“the tendency it.” system special Jewish as comprehend of to the collect a in to, referred he what to due was this Fodor, to According some t already it heard they had as feel if Jews made original” it but not independent for thousands of years, their art could not be either”.be not could art their years, of thousands for independent not Jew of creation the disabled that liberty of absence the was incomprehension or even animosity”. Ibid., p.142. p.142. Ibid., even animosity”. or incomprehension Jews have excelled in music more than in any other area”. other any in than more music in excelled have Jews vdne f t eitne n isics n emotions”. and “instincts in existence its of evidence ter scholarly in proven be it could nor warned, he word, the of sense recognition of human dignity provided them withthemthe provided dignity human of recognition 270 269 268 267 266 period. this in music” mus single a not Goldmark, Károly of exception the with that, thought rt ta “e uh t sae ih ert ht gr a that 271 regret with state to ought “we that wrote spirit purely towards orientation “stiff as well as 265 art. Jewish was there that declared but age, modern the in artists Jewish rel acknowledged he complex: quite was tradition artistic Jewish music. music. “When the gates of European culture finally opened finally culture European of gates the “When “lif hecalled what to hereferred writings hisIn in képzőművészet” a és “A zsidók Naményi, Ernő supposed non-Jews hand, other the On p.271. Ibid., p.269. Ibid., pp.268-9. Ibid., in “Goldmark” Fodor, 271 n pt o ti, e rud gis wa h sw s nrgnl a unoriginal as saw he what against argued he this, of spite In Discussions on art in relation to the Jewish traditions are also f also are traditions Jewish the to relation in art on Discussions 266 IMIT évkönyv IMIT (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 2008). Press, University Oxford (Oxford: Jewish music did not even exist as a historical reality or in in or realityhistorical a as exist even not did music Jewish

, 1930, p.266. On the theme of Jewish music, see Ph see music, Jewish of theme the On p.266. 1930, , a ad afl da” Ii. .2. ht s more, is What p.126. Ibid., ideas”. lawful and ual eless conservative opposition to most aspirations i mostaspirations to opposition conservative eless divide opportunity to create art, they used their their used they art, create to opportunity divide IMIT évkönyv IMIT eat part of official Jewish leaders related to art art to related leaders Jewish official of part eat up for Jews in the 18 the in Jews for up y ol imdaey al t frin bt beautifu but “foreign, it call immediately would ly , 1933, p.129. p.129. 1933, , 267 ish art”, since “the way Jews were Jews way“the since art”, ish odaks ui ws “highly was music Goldmark’s 265 h art history. To account for this this for account To history. art h At the same time, Fodor also Fodor time, same the At ion to art. to ion no such thing as specifically specifically as thing such no th century, when liberty and the the and liberty when century, housands of years of before. housands atively high numbers of of numbers high atively ivist and rather irrational irrational rather and ivist ms. Still, he found the found he Still, ms. 269 270 ician wrote “Jewish “Jewish wrote ician At the same time, same the At sion: “above all, it all, “above sion: His image of the of image His ilip Vilas Bohlman, Bohlman, Vilas ilip ound in Ernő Ernő in ound 268 n fine arts”, narts”, fine pcs of spects chance and chanceand the racial the

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project of linking art and identity. What most clearly distingui clearly most What identity. and art linking of project p.192. p.192. between the descriptive and the prescriptive levels. In other In levels. prescriptive the and descriptive the between esn f edlsh ad h dvret seset hs vlain gener evaluation his assessments divergent the and Mendelssohn of person Pollák tried to harmonize the history of synagogue synagogue of history the harmonize to tried Pollák “U Munkácsi, Ernő architecture”. Baroque and Gothic Moorish built Pest-Buda) from stlyes architectural chur Christian architecture”, build to Christian used that of from architecture symbols the to inherent support and intuitively it in believed but existence, its doubted J towards position ambivalent rather a formulated he all, in All received within the fortification of the Hungarian Hungarian the of fortification the within received p the synagogues Hungarian beautiful, our not “were Manó Pollák, “Zsidó templomépítés Magyarországon a a Magyarországon templomépítés “Zsidó Pollák, Manó homel our of synagogues beautiful and new “the that synagogue architecture (that he critically labeled “the c “the labeled critically he (that architecture synagogue cultural community, age and country they did not re not did they country and age community, cultural 272 Euro over all arts fine of branches all in appeared century). Ibid., p.132. Ernő Munkácsi thought that that thought Munkácsi Ernő p.132. Ibid., century). 20 collective subconscJewish receptionget of the onthe would level manifested Jewi essentially anything seek not did he that was Fodor of that stylistic canon and special connections between truly Jewish artists and artists connectionsstylistic a canon Jewish between truly and special that implied it preferences, of level the on while, art, Jewish analytically that claims meant this and practice, In discourses. perspectives scholarly of demands the between tension of seeds as a transitory age. These reflections on key aspects of the of aspects key on reflections These age. transitory a as involuntari or (voluntarily they that is common in have writings three ntne f hs eae perd led i te first the in already appeared debate this of instance Naményi evaluated synagogues built in Moorish, Rom Moorish, in built synagogues evaluated Naményi th century as the products of a “misfortunate age”. I age”. “misfortunate a of products the as century In spite of their differences in the object and approach of study, of approach and object the in differences their of spite In e u nw un o h dsuso o te lse o atce deali articles of cluster the of discussion the to turn now us Let pe. Jews did not create specifically Jewish art, bu art, Jewish specifically create not Jewsdid pe. constitution?”, he asked rhetorically. Moreover, he Moreover, rhetorically. asked he constitution?”, construction with the requirements of the national national the of requirements the with construction main in last place.” Ibid., p.136. Ibid., mainplace.” in last Jews were in grave error when they (copying fashion (copying they when error grave in were Jews yaous n oosá (lj, h hat f “Hunga of heart the (Cluj), Kolozsvár in synagogues hs sc i Wrs n h 12 the in Worms in (such ches roducts of the age in which the Jewish denomination Jewish the which in age the of roducts .. teps o osiul dfeetae synagog differentiate consciously to attempts i.e. and were built by Hungarian Jews, without exception without Jews, Hungarian by built were and bid., p.141. He valued the protest against “concept against protest the valued He p.141. bid., aá a úta in múltba” a tazás XIX. századtól a mai napig” in in napig” mai a századtól XIX. an and Gothic styles in the previous century and ea and century previous the in styles Gothic and an reation of inappropriate copies”).inappropriate of reation MT yearbookIMIT Jewish tradition revealed tensions tensions revealed tradition Jewish speaking there was no specifically no was there speaking words, these articles carried the the carried articles these words, shed his discourse on art from art on discourse his shed ed it also as a future-oriented a as also it ed MT évkönyv IMIT hr ogt o e Jewish a be to ought there ewish art: as an analyst, he he analyst, an as art: ewish sh – nothing that in art art in that nothing – sh ly) pictured the present present the pictured ly) th released under the the under released udiences. udiences. n Pau i te 14 the in Prague and collective identity identity collective 14, .0. Manó p.207. 1941, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT ious. ious. ated. The first first The ated. what all these these all what g ih the with ng t in their own own their in t narrative: narrative: asserted asserted 92 92 , 1934, , was

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eivn Jew.believing project of Mendelssohn: the newly gained and recogn and gained newly the Mendelssohn: of project and formulas to justify their innovations) attacked innovations) their justify to formulas and in kongresszusra” zsidó religious reform (such as Einhorn, Holdheim, Leopol Holdheim, Einhorn, as (such reform religious early and 1860s late the in Hungary of Jews the of constitut activities his that and people” his among o pras ahr vrsd hs legacy. his overused) rather perhaps (or his criticizing while person his of apologia an providing of goal and views Mendelssohn’s of picture nuanced a criti offered fervent Kecskeméti a and Hungary from Jew Orthodox influential most of the giant the on treatise a Goldberger’s Izidor alongside appeared Haskalah, the Enlightenment, Mendelssohn), of Years Hundred Two (The “Mend Kecskeméti’s Ármin where 1929, in Horthy Miklós of regency 275 274 desire.mighty the clearlyin was religion but world, the in everything included pass his reformer: a not was he that argued even Kecskeméti times”. modern of history cultural Jewish of fact important trans Bible Mendelssohn’s called he Moreover, demand. Jewish honorable emancipation. liberty for desire the subsuming plans, political and ideals J between the harmonyan internal at creating directed Mendelssohn was 277 276 273 they were worthy of civic rights. Ibid., p.133. Ibid., rights. civic ofwereworthy they Kecskeméti stressed that Mendelssohn practiced Jew practiced Mendelssohn that stressed Kecskeméti p.139. Ibid., culture of spheres the more, is What p.136. Ibid., in “Mendelssohn” Kecskeméti Mende Moses that observed similarly Bakonyi László 275 277 274 eseéi huh eacpto ws h ms ntrl n perfec and natural most the was emancipation thought Kecskeméti n te wrs Mneson atd o amnz fe ad unlimited and free harmonize to wanted Mendelssohn words, other In implie It emerged. Jewry” “European of idea his how is That IMIT évkönyv IMIT

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1929, p.253. p.253. 1929, , , 1929, p.134. 1929, , his theories. Ibid., p.145. Ibid., his theories. ed the first stage of the process that ultimately l ultimately that process the of stage first the ed 273 1870s. László Bakonyi, “Visszaemlékezés az első mag első az “Visszaemlékezés Bakonyi, László 1870s. ized intellectual weight of Jews was supposed prove supposed was Jews of weight intellectual ized d Lőw, Geiger, who in his assessment invented dogma invented assessment his in who Geiger, Lőw, d n pltc wr coey once i te innovat the in connected closely were politics and codn t Kckmt, h porm of program the Kecskeméti, to According ish rituals diligently, and clarified that theprop that clarified and diligently, rituals ish lssohn, even “without intending so, caused division caused so, intending “without even lssohn, 276 n srgls o civ legal achieve to struggles and ion for knowledge might have have might knowledge for ion n ees o Mendelssohn, of defense In right position to regulate this regulatethis to position right followers who have misused misused have who followers study on Moses Sofer, Moses on study impact, with the main main the with impact, elssohn kétszáz éve” kétszáz elssohn ewish citizen andewish the citizen o te Haskalah. the of c lations “the most “the lations the Jewish Jewish the ed to the split split the to ed cultural d onents of of onents 93 93 that yar yar tly ive ive s s s s CEU eTD Collection

proposed the exclusion of Jewish clerics ( clerics Jewish of exclusion the proposed p.203. As a consequence, “this fear of <” sgod Groszman Zsigmond <>” misconceived shall be on the agenda of the Congress), it still c still it Congress), the of agenda the on be shall ( way principled a in taken was decision the though are at stake”. Groszmann, “Hirschler” in “Hirschler” Groszmann, stake”. at are c denomination “no that claimed Groszmann Moreover, uas” vn y t cret oll laes n 193 in leaders worldly current its by even Judaism” communit (Neolog) the of leadership the from rabbis were negotiated”. Ibid., p.204. In 1941, Groszmann 1941, In p.204. Ibid., negotiated”. were évkönyv n efcie dcto o yuh n aut, perfor adults, and youth of education effective and of care taking the and preaching of consist merely society>>.” Ibid., p.132. In both instances, he quo he instances, both In p.132. Ibid., society>>.” Szabályzat javaslatához” (Justification of the Reco the of (Justification javaslatához” Szabályzat Ibid., p.143. Ibid., pp.146-7. Ibid., Ibid., pp. 141-2. The criticism of the one-sided a one-sided the of criticism The 141-2. pp. Ibid., 18[the period in that “people wrote that He p.149. Ibid., p.137. Ibid., kne Mendelssohn view, Kecskeméti’s In p.149. Ibid. 279 , 1936, p.132. Weisz elaborated on what he saw as t as saw he what on elaborated Weisz p.132. 1936, , – how to sacrifice the ghetto and preserve Jewry all the all same. and ghetto – howsacrifice preserve to the Jewry In spite of all laudations, Kecskeméti maintained that Mendels that maintained Kecskeméti laudations, all of spite In 283 Kecskeméti pointed out that it was the “one-sided and excessive” and “one-sided the was it that out pointed Kecskeméti

zsidó 278 IMIT évkönyv IMIT 281 He thereby created the “Jewish dilemma of the modern the of dilemma “Jewish the created thereby He th

i hg iel wr dscae a ter ae got fate their as desecrated were ideals high His century – FL] also hit the firmament with their he withtheir firmament hit the also FL] century – papok ., p.140. p.140. ., onstituted a grave mistake and caused severe proble severe caused and mistake grave a onstituted 284 had not only an emotional but also a historical rea historical a also but anemotional only not had mmended Additional Regulations). Regulations). Additional mmended m>> led them to want to silence rabbis when Jewish Jewish when rabbis silence to want to them led m>> ted the document from 1934 titled “Indokolás a Kieg a “Indokolás titled 1934 from document the ted religious services, but has to include <

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positive. Kecskeméti insisted that his spirit brought “culture int “culture brought spirit his that insisted Kecskeméti positive. particularly difficult since “simple agreements” be agreements” “simple since difficult particularly p.160. In his eyes, the balance sheet of spiritual spiritual of sheet balance the eyes, his In p.160. ore f h 19 the of course n te epnn cii o te 19 the of crisis deepening the and offailure the In of the spite condemnable fight. misfortunate, fruitless, Jews). Ibid., p.158. Turóczi-Trostler thought that that thought Turóczi-Trostler p.158. Ibid., Jews). t next considered be to had family) Mendelssohn the meaningfulness emerged for him only because of pres of because only him for emerged meaningfulness that assimilation was “an old and natural life phenomenon of the J the of phenomenon life natural and old “an was assimilation that 285 role” of religion was indispensable to it. József T József it. to indispensable was religion of role” no could regeneration” renewal, “Jewish and mission 289 288 287 286 half-truths. of prisoners became sides both them, fier the of consequence a As groups. opposed as emerged citizens and unmerry its criticize consequences. practical h amd o ih te prta cii te ltom f rel of platform the crisis dominant. spiritual the fight to aimed who expens its at roles larger acquired we and time this by religion education and acculturation that convinced was Kecskeméti religion. death, cannot require our dispersal into European c European into dispersal our require cannot death, religion”. without exist not does life to ability Je be to Jewry cultured wanted he significance: greater even his convinced he created an entirely new symbolic unive symbolic new anentirely hecreated convinced bd, .6. uóz-rslr anand ht ass that maintained Turóczi-Trostler p.162. Ibid., Kecs stances normative the of one above, quoted As p.155. Ibid., life, civic “unityin of name wrotethe thatin He p.152. “Mendelssohn”, Kecskeméti, 287 h itra hroiain f eivr n ctzn i nt succeed: not did citizen and believer of harmonization internal The Thus his main problem was what he saw as the destruction of bal of destruction the as saw he what was problem main his Thus th etr bten uoenes n Jwsns, ewe clue and culture between Jewishness, and Europeanness between century

th century, the overall evaluation of Mendelssohn was was Mendelssohn of evaluation overall the century, assimilation showed “no uniform picture”. Its asses Its picture”. uniform “no showed assimilation uróczi-Trostler, “Jakob Wassermann” in in Wassermann” “Jakob uróczi-Trostler, tween the forces of two worlds (such as in England, as (such worlds two of forces the tween ulture without leaving any traces.” Ibid., p.160. p.160. Ibid., traces.” any withoutleaving ulture a shocking Jewishlessness spread”. Ibid., p.153. p.153. Ibid., spread”. Jewishlessness shocking a eihes a nt lvn taiin o Wasserman for tradition living a not was Jewishness rse precisely as a German-Jewish author. Ibid., pp. Ibid., author. German-Jewish a as precisely rse 286 t have happened without it either, but that the “ba the that but either, it without happened have t mlto ws eesr fr h flilet f Euro of fulfillment the for necessary was imilation o “quasi-metamorphoses” (as observable among Easter among observable (as “quasi-metamorphoses” o sures from the outside world. Still, Turóczi-Trostl Still, world. outside the from sures 289

keméti took was that “Assimilation cannot mean hero mean cannot “Assimilation that was took keméti Thus, in this thoroughly ambivalent telling, ambivalent thoroughly this in Thus, 288 eseéi eivd hs a a was this believed Kecskeméti e. At the same time, among those among time, same the At e. o Jewry, and let us not forget not us let and Jewry, o wish, because our historical historical our because wish, igious exclusivity became became exclusivity igious ewish diaspora”ewish harmonization attempt harmonization ce battles between between battles ce IMIT évkönyv IMIT re opposed to to opposed re ance in the in ance 285 believers sment was sment France or France and yet and 161-2. 95 95 lancing lancing , 1934, , er was er n. Its Its n. pean pean ic ic n n

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IMIT évkönyv IMIT back then and could not be dismissed in the present either. present the in dismissed be not could and then back boundary between the two spheres and of not drawing not of and spheres two the between boundary ials a b apoce rtoal. á Hirschle Pál rationally. approached be can miracles eih rdto o te cain f h 800 the of occasion the on tradition Jewish taste, and it is not to be welcomed from the point point fromthe welcomed be to not is it and taste, Judaism in the first half of the 19the of half first the in Judaism “the as volume first the in introduced was Sofer Moses that fact critic explicit any offer not did but harmonization, of act the on later decay. work and path right the showing once at were Mendelssohn of ideas the 290 291 in főtípusa” két vallásfilozófia zsidó “A Vidor, communities”. Jewish various the of “each served and world the of “swa his that emphasizing impact, and significance all-Jewish tha standard a provided Sofer that argued Sofer, on article the of the in Jewry Orthodox towards 293 292 experie not historical and religious Jewish to did referred hand, other the on Halevi, accen religion. the Jewish as thought Jewish and philosophy Greek of főtípus két vallásfilozófia zsidó “A titled article communiti Jewish all conquered life holy and knowledge great “his Goldber actor: historical appreciated consensually most a was Hungarian Zionist already in the early stages of th of stages early the in already Zionist Hungarian gdt Ire ad h ws smlry o oe, fro Sofer, to similarly was, who and Israel Agudath Moses Sofer’s diaries (translated from Hebrew) on t on fromHebrew) (translated diaries Sofer’s Moses accommodating when practical ideas were at stake. I werestake. at ideas practical when accommodating in possible only is God with life life, “religious Saxons behaved as friends of theirs, as true “men o “men true as theirs, of friends as behaved Saxons loo the as it in appeared troops army Hungarian the (his Frankfurt in equality legal Jewish of granting of publishing this document was to show that Sofer Sofer that show to was document this publishing of Ibid., p.203. Ibid., p.202. Ibid., in Mózes” “Szófer Goldberger, Izidor He ambivalence. similar a addressed Hirschler Pál 290 , 1933, p.28. Pál Vidor explored the relations betw relations the explored Vidor Pál p.28. 1933, ,

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IMIT yearbooksIMIT th century” is arguably even more indicative of the attitude attitude the of indicative more even arguably is century” MT évkönyv IMIT th niesr o te et o Yhd Hlv. hs co This Halevi. Yehuda of death the of anniversary a” pictured the attempt of Maimonides at a philosop a at Maimonides of attempt the pictured a” IMIT évkönyv IMIT of view of religion or scholarship”, he wrote, but wrote, he scholarship”, or religion of view of nce and articulated specifically Jewish, irrational Jewish, specifically articulated and nce h Jws rlgos omnt” u ws ed t be to ready was but community” religious Jewish the birthplace). An interesting aspect of the document the of aspect interesting An birthplace). f peace”. fpeace”. e movement who later became a supporter of the Orth the of supporter a became later who movement e he shelling of his city during the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleonic the during city his of shelling he bid., p.71. p.71. bid., rae n sse, a rte a otc philosopher poetic a rather was system, any create ters of the city and local Jews, while, according t according while, Jews, local and city the of ters , Ire hnolls a áaáo megvilágításába ásatások az honfoglalása “Izrael r, referred to the problematic nature both of drawing drawing of both nature problematic the to referred Pzoy Bailv / rsbr) rsne parts presented Pressburg) / Bratislava / Pozsony m a n fn f aoen te ae a h rjce th rejected he way same the Napoleon, of fan no was it. “Attempts to explain miracles rationally show rationally miracles explain to “Attempts it. tuation of the rational and universally human side side human universally and rational the of tuation , 1929, p.201. In 1932, Samu Bettelheim (a leading leading (a Bettelheim Samu 1932, In p.201. 1929, , . 291 , 1942, pp. 72-3. In principle, Halévi affirmed tha affirmed Halévi principle, In 72-3. pp. 1942, , Moreover, Izidor Goldberger, the author the Goldberger, Izidor Moreover, een rationalism and irrationalism within the the within irrationalism and rationalism een 292 He depicted Sofer as a rabbi of rabbi a as Sofer depicted He ger went as far as to affirm that that affirm to as far as went ger rm of pupils” reached all parts all reached pupils” of rm ism of Jewish orthodoxy. The The orthodoxy. Jewish of ism most famous rabbi in all of all in rabbi famous most t could not be overlooked overlooked be not could t 293 This implied that Sofer that implied This s ihu difference, without es lation that was based based was that lation ed as catalizers of of catalizers as ed contents. Pál Pál contents. admitted that that admitted hical merger hical mparative was that that was The aim The o Sofer, Sofer, o 96 96 a strict strict a more n” in in n” who odox odox bad bad of of of of e e t t CEU eTD Collection

eogd o zcolvka ws te ot xeln Jws center Jewish excellent most “the was Czechoslovakia) to belonged rsnig oe’ pro i a ahr hlo nraie Gold – narrative shallow rather a in person Sofer’s presenting approach” and played “a leading role among our Orthodox coreligionists” Orthodox our among role leading “a played and approach” remai always would “he that explained He him. reading forbade ayr zlei lte” Mneson n ugra Intellectua Hungarian in (Mendelssohn életben” szellemi magyar ones negative more decidedly hi published Zsoldos Jenő extreme, one the On to offered. Kecskeméti positive more much from range which othe exploring worth is it decay, later for responsible intentions part was but synthesis model a proposed who someone as Mendelssohn greatest”. eleva been consequently has he and world, the around Judaism of shade each country”. b (that Judaism Orthodox of bastion well-known this that Bratislava) 33 Sofer’s of discussion his in stress to preferred Goldberger 295 hr sm mr ciia cmet wr utrd was uttered were Mendelssohn. towards comments critical more some where 297 296 294 set o hs n n getr eal Aodn sc controversies such Avoiding detail. greater any in his of aspects address without history, Jewish Hungarian for as well as general s a was he that underline to was intention his attitude: critical wi views and person Sofer’s approach to mean not did IMIT of volume new exclusively on his life story, without going into greater detail about his view going aboutexclusively his greaterwithout into detail life story, onhis This interpretation of the influence of the themat the of influence the of interpretation This 211. p. Ibid., p.208. Ibid., p.216. Ibid., 296 294 This makes it clear that in spite of some critical remar critical some of spite in that clear it makes This Goldberger admitted that Sofer sharply opposed Mendelssohnian ide Mendelssohnian opposed sharply Sofer that admitted Goldberger eie tee mgs f oe a a efscuig u excel but self-secluding a as Sofer of images these Besides

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rsne Mneson s h atcltr f h hmn da o te r the of ideal human the of articulator the as Mendelssohn presented even when the outer parts of the person showed the the showed theofperson parts theouter when even edlsh, upsig vn h ifune f lxne Gtle B Gottlieb lastingl Alexander of more influence much the even was surpassing Mendelssohn, literature aesthetic Hungarian hand, other g Kant of reception the once quickly very ended but promising, were philos his of beginnings the view, his In Hungary. in ideas Mendelssohnian dcto o rbi a te ai abto o Bánócz of ambition évkönyv basic the as rabbis of education Jew, and referred to his work as “the last Jewish objectifica Jewish last “the as work his to referred and Jew, of Enlightenment. He thus believed that with the en the with that believed thus He Enlightenment. of refer to “rationalism” used apparently Zsoldos that could be united in the interest of valuable work without compromisescould or be thewithout renouncements interest in united of work valuable is idea this of core the agenda: his to central as identified harm of proposal the resembled Jew cultured and religious a of 299 301 300 298 Germ popular as known thought of aesthetics”. system the launched and again, once question the rationalist of problem “the turned he faith”, our to connection our immor of idea the represented and being human the of ideal Jewish Mendel him, to According Kecskeméti. by expressed ambivalences posi thoroughly thus was activities his of sheet balance the Zsoldos, negative aspects which Kecskeméti also exposed, but in the frame the in but exposed, also Kecskeméti which aspects negative and not one of the first ones. (A more detailed ana moredetailed (A ones. first the of one not and Mend why is this – close a to drew also rationalism “Models of Culture” of the chapter on chapter the of Culture” of “Models Ibid., p.79. Ibid., in “Mendelssohn” Zsoldos, preservation the to referred Kiss Arnold 1932, In életb szellemi magyar a “Mendelssohn Zsoldos, Jenő , 1932, p.176. Kiss opined that Bánóczi was firmly was Bánóczi that opined Kiss p.176. 1932, , 301

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persecute and belittle Jewry precisely in the spiritual the in precisely Jewry belittle and persecute start Mendelssohn that maintained Sebestyén assessment. balanced but admitted that there existed Jewish strands that offered man offered that strands Jewish existed there that admitted but Hebrew as onJewry aand, language whole. ultimately, for tenets its of propagators the criticized and Enlightenment” to surrounding people”. Aladár Fürst, “R. Éger Akib “R. Éger Fürst, Aladár people”. surrounding to method” its and Talmudism to opposition “intolerant what he saw as exaggerated forms of Jewish spiritualism. Jewish of forms exaggerated as saw he what not did Gordon that something – Diaspora the in Jewry of existence prophesie the priesthood, Jewish the factors, three that insisted b made was observation similar a Mendelssohn, on discussion the form rm eeté we h adesd h haiy oaie ntr of nature aft years 150 polarized even force living a remained evidently He Mendelssohn. heavily the addressed he when Sebestyén from 305 304 303 302 multiple in pointed way under get to In helped Mendelssohn catalyzation born. be could Orthodoxy intransigent which) to reaction de in rather and appearance the disorganiz “beneficial from a triggered he narrative, this benefited in Mendelssohn: Orthodoxy even which to according of favor in argued He stance. their of injustice the of Mendelssohn convince and divide the bridge to attempt to order in reception current “pr and faith” our from denomination our of best the “alienated that ahr rtcly o h Elgtnet n supporte and Enlightenment the to critically rather some rather denunciatory assessments) of him.of assessments) denunciatory rather some Mózes Richtmann, “Mendelssohn Mózes mint a zsidósá a mint Mózes “Mendelssohn Richtmann, Mózes p.58. Ibid., in “J.L.Gordon” Patai, József in “Levelekben” Sebestyén, óe Rctan mlcty elce o te hs ta separ that chasm the on reflected implicitly Richtmann Mózes

IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1935, p.51. In his article on R. Eger Akiba, Fürs Akiba, Eger R. on article his In p.51. 1935, , , 1931, p.57. p.57. 1931, , a” in a” in the name of “modern education and cultural adap cultural and education “modern of name the in s f eiiu rfr. e huh ta te showed they that thought He reform. religious of rs 305 IMIT évkönyv IMIT g védelmezője” in gvédelmezője” Richtmann painted the image of polarized of image the painted Richtmann and intellectual realms”. intellectual and 304

303 , 1937, p.181. p.181. 1937, , Patai wrote of the “fetish of the of “fetish the of wrote Patai y kinds of criticisms (and even even (and criticisms of kinds y IMIT évkönyv IMIT ad daim sue the assured idealism and s turning their backs on the the on backs their turning ed a process within Jewry within process a ed realize when he attacked he when realize a dialectic interpretation dialectic a ation” out of which (or which of out ation” er his death, he wrote, wrote, he death, his er directions and urged urged and directions vdd peet to pretext a ovided y József Patai who Patai József y the reception of of reception the the opponents of of opponents the other words, the the words, other , 1936, p.79. p.79. ,1936, 302 td Zsoldos ated Quite apart Quite t also related related also t eds of of eds 99 99 tation tation an an CEU eTD Collection

e elrd none: ihmn epand ht o hs wt a sy a with those to that explained Richtmann unfounded: declared be persuasive apologia of Jewish ways.persuasive Jewish apologia of assessed. Ibid., p.81. Ibid., assessed. “undeniabl life his of example the that Mendelssohn Richtmann contested that this had to be recognized recognized be to had this that contested Richtmann h raiain f eea sapy poe bt iial unavoidab similarly ha a had Mendelssohn but that asserted that detractors his of accusations opposed sharply several of realization the epnil fr oe neie (n mrl pril effects. partial) merely (and undesired some for responsible than rather phenomenon historical inevitable an represented Mendelssohn aae t eet mre clua ipc, olw eiiu tr order insights in apply focontemporarybranches to philosophical and knowledge of religious follow impact, cultural marked a exert to managed becau history Jewish post-Biblical in phenomenon important uniquely w Haskalah the of spirit leading the Mendelssohn: idealized downright that pursued direct polemics with Orthodoxy on the pages of the of pages the on Orthodoxy with polemics direct pursued that 307 306 moves of the Orthodox side but, according to Groszmann, he nevertheless nevertheless he Groszmann, to according but, side Orthodox the of moves not could Meisel person. his against attacks harsh and ignoble sided, w no in could which developments, legal and moderate of favor in merely declar Groszmann emancipated. being avoid to order in Meisel against that chase” “repellent a of wrote who Pest) of Rabbi Chief kora főrabbi pesti “Meisel Groszmann’s Zsigmond was exceptions t in combative overly not certainly were authors scholarly Jewish tenets Orthodox question to attempts few remarkably were there Ibid, pp. 80-1. pp. Ibid, specific Richtmann Sebestyén, to contrast stark In This kind of idealization was not unique, but there were hardly any othe any hardly werethere but unique, not was idealization of kind This

307

irrespective of how his activities and personality personality and activities his how of irrespective srntee te oo i wih er ws ed – held” was Jewry which in honor the strengthened y ly ige ot rm mn te oiie mat of impacts positive the among from out singled ally h Otoo Jw organized Jews Orthodox the 306 n bhvo: Hungarian behavior: and ihmn’ evaluation Richtmann’s ” (The Time of Meisel as as Meisel of Time (The ” IMIT yearbooksIMIT dtos dvlp certain develop aditions, his respect. One of the the of One respect. his rmful impact could thus thus could impact rmful stand these oppressive oppressive these stand d ht esl was Meisel that ed le processes. The The processes. le e e l a once at all he se ay justify the one- the justify ay as presented as a a as presented as being personally personally being tei vision, nthetic managed to to managed . Overall, . rmulate a rmulate a 100 r texts texts r were were

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philosophical concept and use an ethical textbook. Benoschofsky’s c Benoschofsky’s textbook. ethical an use and concept philosophical pursuits only desired knowledge of God. On the other hand, the core of the mode the of core the hand, other the On God. of knowledge desired only pursuits being Jewish. His fundamental belief was that the depth of reve of depth the that was belief fundamental His Jewish. being particularly interesting also because it deals with deals it because also interesting particularly view, made Cohen shy away from talking of faith nearly all the t the all nearly faith oftalking from awayshy Cohen made view, imp ethical the on philosophizing his and Cohen Hermann at aimed o ainlz rlgo ws rcsl te poie instead opposite: the precisely was religion rationalize to offered a comparison with Maimonides who, according to him, even through his through even him, to according who, Maimonides with comparison a offered form dead ofexperiences, is religion that already a at t only lifeless w phenomenon unreligious an is emerges what Isaiah, of want altarfire reason of light the “when that proven it considered Benoschofsky eocosy n i “ zió als s rcoaims (h Je (The racionalizmus” a flawed the of aware readership his make to wanted Rationalism) és vallás zsidó c “A theoretical his very in its Benoschofsky question to as far as going sometimes deta more provided that articles were there that is noteworthy times (he used theterm used (he times vn n o te r-ugra Jw. rsmn dd n did Groszmann Jews. pro-Hungarian the of one even remain a “loyal supporter of Orthodox people who caused him so muc so him caused who people Orthodox of supporter “loyal a remain 310 309 308 Judaism. refrainedfueling animosity Orthodox from towards superiori moral the interpretation, Groszmann’s in demonstrating, Groszmann ultimately evaluated Meisel as one of the of one as Meisel evaluated ultimately Groszmann him in particular, but in his defense, Groszmann di Groszmann defense, his in but particular, in him when observing the process of Hungarianization. The Hungarianization. of process the observing when Ibid., p.130. Ibid., racionaliz vallás a és “Azsidó Imre Benoschofsky, in kora” főrabbi pesti “Meisel Groszmann, Zsigmond n re t dmntae h ngtv sd o Noo ves Benoschofs views, Neolog of side negative the demonstrate to order In ht ae te nrqec o tee ahr eevd oeis al polemics reserved rather these of infrequency the makes What pap ). Ibid., p.101. Ibid., ).

a (non-Orthodox) rabbi who was not one of the Hung the of one not was who rabbi (non-Orthodox) a d mention that he tried to learn Hungarian. Ibid., Ibid., Hungarian. learn to tried he that mention d most excellent but perhaps most misfortunate rabbi misfortunate most perhaps but mostexcellent mus” inmus” popularity of Sámuel Kohn (who spoke Hungarian) hu Hungarian) spoke (who Kohn Sámuel of popularity t al o oe ht esl ws n incomprehension in “was Meisel that note to fail ot

MT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT of God, it wanted to accept a a accept to wanted it God, of iled criticism of Neolog Jewry, Jewry, Neolog of criticism iled , 1933, p.110. This contribution is is contribution This p.110. 1933, , , 1939, p.132. 1939, , ime and resulted in an image an in resulted and ime nature of the Neolog way of of way Neolog the of nature rence counted above all.above counted rence ty of a moderate rabbi who rabbi moderate a of ty he moment of its birth.” of its he moment r. ot oal, Imre notably, Most ore. ih ant rvd real provide cannot hich riticism was, above all, all, above was, riticism erative which, in his his in which, erative h bitterness”,h wish Religion and and Religion wish s to replace the the replace to s l the more more the l rn attempt attempt rn scholarly pp. 103-4. pp. arian, not not arian, 101 308 s of his his sof thus 310 309 ky ky rt rt ” ”

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MT évkönyv IMIT and were loud without much to show for it. it. for show muchto without were loud and According to this portrait, one of Kiss’ main aims was to prove prove to was aims main Kiss’ of one portrait, this to According pp. 268-9. He also called this “also externally sep externally “also this called also He 268-9. pp. ht h tm o sc 19 such of time the that rationali modern of excesses “the against sentiments mobilize w These lines polemical it. in divine forplace the a without of the universe 311 positive of he rationalism, example this new quote flat religiosity beyond 312 des the and sky divine the when humanism triumphant internali they slogans” anti-Semitic “darkest the question them Yiddis and Hebrew the against shared Jews prejudices the destroy empha that Buda in rabbi former a Kiss, Arnold deceased recently get accepted at all costs and lacked honesty. He al He honesty. lacked and costs all at accepted get critic strongly was He self-respect. Jewish of lack 313 traditions. a the War int and date this after that signs are There started. already anti-Jewi Hungarian severe increasingly of process the when “Három klasszikus novella” in in novella” klasszikus “Három influ mutually overlap, could Jewry emancipated and togr eiiu, prta ad tia bns Th bonds. ethical and spiritual religious, stronger happiness and solace the for thirsty are We Jews. among shortly economic and spiritual tasks needed to be taken car taken be to needed tasks spiritual and economic saps psil” ad vn lie h fud idea found he claimed even and possible”, “sharpest languag theYiddish that example, for explained, He exa the respects some “in provided milieu” “unusual reig the turn to wanted and further much went Fürst ca explicitly and Poland to journey his on reported Polish Jewry was not an unitary group). Aladár Fürs Aladár group). unitary an not was Jewry Polish ( sokrahivatott nép sokrahivatott According to Vidor’s interpretation, the “main sin “main the interpretation, Vidor’s to According guideli practical the formulated Grünwald 1940, In Turóczi- Benoschofsky, to opposed As p.132. Ibid., MT yearbooksIMIT 312 14, p 2930 Mc erir i 13, hr w there 1932, in earlier, Much 299-300. pp. 1940, , One such sign, a rather small one, was an article Pál Vidor wr Vidor Pál article an was one, small rather a sign, such One eocosy ulse tee da i 13, n g fagt ih da with fraught age an 1939, in ideas these published Benoschofsky ). Ibid., p.266 and p.271. p.271. and p.266 Ibid., ). th IMIT évkönyv IMIT sought to present a wider and more inclusive image of Jewish Jewish of image inclusive more and wider a present to sought

rdtos a aray asd “lt ainls prospered rationalism “Flat passed. already had traditions , 1943, p.213. p.213. 1943, , al of Jews who acted to gain the favor of non-Jews, of favor the gain to acted who Jews of al uiiain f ocs a bcm ncsay nw s new necessary: become had forces of unification e arated strata” a “people predestined to achieve ver achieve to predestined “people a strata” arated so went against those who showed signs of self-impo of signs showed who those against went so lled for “decreasing the mutually felt distance”. U distance”. felt mutually the “decreasing for lled ning assessment upside down: he explicitly claimed claimed explicitly he down: upside assessment ning e was a very pleasant experience, the reasoning of of thereasoning experience, verypleasant was a e t, “Lengyel zsidókról és iskoláikról” in in iskoláikról” és zsidókról “Lengyel t, ct opposite of what we tend to picture it to be”. I be”. to it picture to wetend what of opposite ct ” the short stories of Arnold Kiss wanted to depict to wanted Kiss Arnold of stories short the ” e of. Fülüp Grünwald, “Az elmúlt év története. 5700 története. év elmúlt “Az Grünwald, Fülüp of. e ence and strengthen each other. József Turóczi-Tro József other. each strengthen and ence l Jewish communities there (while he also stressed stressed also he (while there communities Jewish l ne that the Jewish public ought to be connected thr connected be to ought public Jewish the that ne pised earth get connected again, the people of the of people the again, connected get earth pised Trostler described the 19the described Trostler as a similar attempt in IMIT when Fürst Fürst when IMIT in attempt similar a as o the years of the Second World Second the of years the o sm”: Benoschofsky believed believed Benoschofsky sm”: h ea dsrmnto had discrimination legal sh e aot hs tongues. these about zed th religion offers.” religion ht ids soe the showed Yiddish that sized Kiss’ intentions to intentions Kiss’ sized century as the age of openly openly of age the as century h languages and make make and languages h d neohasidism. neohasidism. d ere not intended to to intended ere not ote in 1940 on theon 1940 in ote IMIT évkönyv IMIT 311 bid., p.268. bid., wanted to to wanted ltimately, ltimately, locals the the locals 102 y much” much” y As an As was the the was that this this that , 1932, 1932, , nger, nger, rtance rtance ocial, ocial, Bible Bible only only ough ough stler, ” in ” 313 the the

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bubbles”. Ibid., pp. 187-8. pp. Ibid., bubbles”. e tpe [ stopped be memory, something rigid, unchanging and indestructi and unchanging rigid, something memory, movement. Jewish wounds while entertaining.while wounds Jewish general thus: traditional Jews at once cause fright cause once at Jews traditional thus: general Jewry” and was therefore ofJewry”and unique value. was therefore “true the manifested and Jews million seven of spirit” “unitary 314 [ Jews of soul collective “the to expression gener the about claimed Vidor what to (similarly theatre this last this To pro-Hasidic. markedly was which of were born in 1903 and 1913, respectively. respectively. 1913, and in 1903 wereborn 317 316 315 somersaults”. of plenty with plays strengthening 318 rea “the through happiness into experience”. law” the of “yoke the transformed reconcile life and law of demands the and unified were religion H presented that Law) synthesis. the of Religion (The vallása” törvény “A n h lt 19 late the in Yiddish the on sketch brief a contributed Nádai Pál Horthy, of Hungarian literature”. Bertalan Edelstein remarked remarked Edelstein Bertalan literature”. Hungarian lec a in translated) also he (whom Rosenfeld Morris 5693. év” inév” 5693. G of speak to not behind, far was speakers, million sp Jews million fifteen altogether the of out eight külföldi zsidóság története a háború utáni évtizedb utáni háború a története zsidóság külföldi svn an “ tréy als” in vallása” törvény “A Hahn, István Benoschofsky both that note to important of is It surface the on that wrote also Nádai p.187. Ibid., in “Népénekesek” Nádai, Pál in “Kiss” Vidor, 317 IMIT évkönyv IMIT e tlaó félre tolható nem codn t Hh, n aiim h rvae rlgo o Gd n natur and God of religion revealed the Hasidism in Hahn, to According 318 th In the yearbook of 1943, there were two more articles on simila on articles more two were there 1943, of yearbook the In n i ee, aiim ol tu cam o e h ms significant most the be to claim thus could Hasidism eyes, his In etr (t a etbihd n 86 ad hwd mldaai, mor “melodramatic, showed and 1876) in established was (it century IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1933, p.238. 1933, , F] ih ipy elrn i a orpe tongue” corrupted a it declaring simply with FL] –

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1941, pp. 74-5. Arnold Kiss even introduced the w the introduced even Kiss Arnold 74-5. pp. 1941, , 316 MT évkönyv IMIT Around the same time István Hahn published his study his published Hahn István time same the Around , 1943, p.185. p.185. 1943, , and amazement in the Jews of today, as if recallin if as today, of Jews the in amazement and oke Yiddish and that English, in second place with place second in English, that and Yiddish oke 314 en” in en” erman with its one million. Bertalan Edelstein, “Az Edelstein, Bertalan million. one its with erman in his very first report that the discussion of Yid of discussion the that report first very his in zsidó néplélek zsidó ble. Ibid., p.155. p.155. Ibid., ble.

of these performances “collective consciousness cr consciousness “collective performances these of ueh eda eőiScey “itnuse ho “distinguished a Society, Petőfi at held he ture and Hahn were among the youngest contributions. The contributions. youngest the among were Hahn and 14, p 10 Hh rfre t ti relationship this to referred Hahn 170. pp. 1943, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT 315 IMIT yearbookIMIT Nádai believed that the performances of performances the that believed Nádai – FL]”: they managed to heal some heal to managed they FL]”: – , 1929, p.324. In 1933 he observed that observed he 1933 In p.324. 1929, , l ovcin o Ks) gave Kiss) of convictions al theatre that operated in Jassy in operated that theatre d through the love of God. It God. of love the through d released under the regency the under released ol f atr European Eastern of soul asidism as a merry merry a as asidism . Bertalan Edelstein, “A “A Edelstein, Bertalan . orks of the Yiddish poet poet Yiddish the of orks lity of religious religious of lity r themes, one themes, r dish “cannot “cannot dish g an ancient ancient an g around 2.5 2.5 around Jewish 5692. és és 5692. 103 me of of me eated eated ale- in in al y CEU eTD Collection

partnership of scholarship and tradition, religion and the sense and religion and tradition, ofpartnership self-worth”. of scholarship position was the drawing of a clear line between itself and itself between line clear a of drawing the was position epoch”. He was also the creator of the first work o work first the of creator the also was He epoch”. community of <>”. Ibid millions>>”. cheated <

maintained that Kiss created this third way or in o in wayor third this created Kiss that maintained f Jewish religious philosophy which was “in some re some “in was which philosophy religious Jewish f IMIT évkönyv IMIT in ss” in in ss” , but also for Hungariandom and beyond that also fo also that beyond and Hungariandom for also but , ., pp. 72-3. Kiss was also the first artist in whos in artist first the also was Kiss 72-3. pp. ., “exorbitant Hungarians” was also one of the main go main the of one also was Hungarians” “exorbitant oeig c o te luihn o te Spanish-Jew the of flourishing the of act opening e IMIT évkönyv IMIT th IMIT évkönyv IMIT anniversary of the death of Saadja gaon. Saadja of death the of anniversary a görög-zsidó kultúrkapcsolatok tükrében. tükrében. kultúrkapcsolatok görög-zsidó a , 1942, p.23. p.23. 1942, , , 1943, p.60. p.60. 1943, , sh renewal, professing his belief belief his professing renewal, sh entiation in the discourse of the of discourse the in entiation the phenomenon of reformism, reformism, of phenomenon the , 1932, p. 73. Komlós wrote that Kiss Kiss that wrote Komlós 73. p. 1932, , t ought to be known and that that and known be to ought t iculated platforms: in 1942, in platforms: iculated astern Jews and Hasidism Hasidism and Jews astern set f hs scholarly this of aspect d o te unshakable the “on ed en them. ween oaim ee o be to were ionalism cture of recent trends trends recent of cture 320 principle, n 93 Sámuel 1943, In 321

gt their agate 322 319 ther words, words, ther good A adding 104 e works works e spects spects way r the the r ian ian ish ish als als CEU eTD Collection

belonging to the denomination were afraid that the state regulat state the that afraid were denomination the to belonging progressives”. Bakonyi, “Visszaemlékezés” in “Visszaemlékezés” Bakonyi, progressives”. Zsigmond Groszmann, “Mezei Mór és kora” in in kora” M és Mór Mór “Mezei role” Groszmann, Zsigmond “uncontestable the to pointed Groszmann relat “cordial recreated, be not could unity Jewish en t udrie hs on. ául ruz “Magy Krausz, Sámuel point. this underline be kn to I meant but well him, to is relation in “as does turn Polish, in Hungarian the thus: Jews Hungarian and mutuality of ideas the combined also Krausz Sámuel 1930, p.89. p.89. 1930, omltd fle ad ofnie ideas. “offensive” and “false” formulated a represented who rationalism of interpreter” Jewish one-sided and “monotoni as a Rosenthal denounced Móric reception, where he non-Jewish andtradition its beginnings the on writing Zsoldos’ is delineation this of illustration 325 324 323 Hungar in expressions poetic found soul Jewish “the “prac were but exaggerations” for “fell only not group their of acc 1848: in Pest in organized got who reformers religious Jewish on both sides, but let us add immediately that the the that immediately add us let but sides, both on confess openly us “let greater: be to side Orthodox forei to according that, mouth the that them taught Hu of universe the scene literary the on appearance “wal he way”: “middle the of idea the to returned Groszmann Zsigmond time. the at planned congress” goal real the misunderstood They interventions. violent mean would life in that maintained also he targets: two clearlyhad criticism of fine singing”. Ibid., p.72. The canonization att canonization The p.72. Ibid., singing”. fine of necessary, the one just as important as the other”. the as important as just one the necessary, obvi most the perhaps intentions: exclusionary with 20 and he provides us with an eternal symbol of the Je the of symbol eternal an with us provides he and special with him of think writers Jewish Hungarian and sons” of reverence the “with him approached he in Chapter VII dealing with the withthe dealing VII inChapter Ibid., p.164. László Bakonyi also aimed at a balan a at aimed also Bakonyi László p.164. Ibid., in “Emancipációért” Ballagi, fogadtatá írók zsidó magyar “Az első Zsoldos, Jenő th etr te omry tand eain bten th between relations strained formerly the century Ararát yearbooks Ararát IMIT évkönyv IMIT 325 n h cus o hs hrceiain f ául Kohn, Sámuel of characterization his of course the In , 1940, pp.152-3. pp.152-3. 1940, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT empt took the following form in this article: Komló article: this in form following the took empt .) ions” was the dominant form of exchange between the between exchange of form dominant the was ions” MT évkönyv IMIT Ibid., p.265. Zsigmond Groszmann also affirmed tha affirmed also Groszmann Zsigmond p.265. Ibid., gners, only speaks the grotesque words of jargon, i jargon, of words grotesque the speaks only gners, after the passing of 60 years that mistakes were c were mistakes that years 60 of passing the after 323 ngary knows of the tears and beauty of the Jewish s Jewish the of beauty and tears the of knows ngary wish poet.” Ibid., p.72. (The ideas of Komlós are d are Komlós of ideas (The p.72. Ibid., poet.” wish iv h de s wt mr jsiiain” i arti His justification.” more with so does he lieve affection. We feel that he is our very first direct first very our is he that feel We affection. u sg o ti ws i saeet ht Bt track “Both that statement his was this of sign ous and superiority: he described the relations between relations the described he superiority: and that “all Hungarian Jews have been indebted to him. to indebted been have Jews Hungarian “all that sa irodalmunkban” in in irodalmunkban” sa rő alg woe n h sm vi o the on vein same the in wrote Ballagi Ernő ced assessment, but considered the responsibility o responsibility the considered but assessment, ced rrzg úiée a út zzdó” in századból” múlt a útiképek arországi w, ed t vniae i sproiy wih “the which superiority” his vindicate to tends own, e two groups were a thing of the past. Even though though Even past. the of thing a were groups two e number of mistakes was lower on the side of the the of side the on lower was mistakes of number ian”. Ibid., p.72. Komlós believed that “Since his his “Since that believed Komlós p.72. Ibid., ian”. ezei played in achieving this change of attitudes. attitudes. of change this achieving in played ezei , 1929, pp. 261-2. Bakonyi clearly did not write write not did clearly Bakonyi 261-2. pp. 1929, , , 1936, p.208. Addressing a different subject, subject, different a Addressing p.208. 1936, , the 1860s “the conservative strata conservativestrata “the 1860s the IMIT évkönyv IMIT tically atheistic”. tically ion of questions of religious religious of questions of ion ording to him, large parts parts large him, to ording of the Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian the of n “extreme stance” and and stance” “extreme n ked straight down down straight ked , 1939, p.191. 1939, , s of the national national the of s 324 MT évkönyv IMIT s stated that that stated s Ballagi’s ommitted ommitted s capable capable s ancestor ancestor 105 iscussed iscussed parties. parties. l was cle oul. He He oul. t in the the in t Polish Polish s are are s We, We, f the the f

c c ,

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rsrain Sm cnrbtr suh t hglgt ht h principl the that highlight to sought contributors Some preservation. presenting an exhaustive overview of the topic, the focus was on ke on was focus the topic, the of overview exhaustive an presenting oiin frt tee a hrl ay pn oei aant r e or against polemic open any hardly was there first, position: the middle path and avoided all deviations”. all avoided and path middle the might have saved”. been uni “the role greater a acquired have would Kohn of moderation wise the 327 326 iems priual te aall ead ad ifcl real difficult and demands parallel the particularly dilemmas, moder fundamental some of illustrations provided actor, intellectual to articulate their fundamental doubts about the articulate doubts ofbeneficialto nature the Ha their fundamental self-preservat of view of point the from condemnable seemed that mi to pointed Others correct. essentially were invented Mendelssohn War. cataclysmic the during released volumes the in conceptions these som to pointed I Moreover, age. modern the of traditions Jewish crucial position scholarly Jewish Hungarian Jewish the about conclusions draw rele most the only analyze to was aim my but traditions, Jewish a tpcly oe hog a ul taey f self-differentiat of strategy dual a through done typically was e nevertheless was Orthodoxy from distance the when Second, Orthodoxy. ául méeee wih fr oe esn appeared reason) some (for which emlékezete” Sámuel yearbook. yearbook. Ibid, p.337. p.337. Ibid, in “Kohn” Groszmann, lre po o cnrbtr ws novd n h rngtain f vari of renegotiation the in involved was contributors of pool larger A h sac tkn oad Mneson a etal iprat historic important centrally a Mendelssohn, towards taken stance The he bsc ocuin cn e fee aot h cnor o te schola the of contours the about offered be can conclusions basic Three MT évkönyv IMIT 327

14, .3. hs ies f i ae utd rm h from quoted are his of ideas These p.336. 1941, , 326 Groszmann even expressed his belief that if that belief his expressed even Groszmann in the the in noneet o te Society the of Announcements vant formulations. Instead of Instead formulations. vant pii ciiim f Jewish of criticism xplicit years of the Second World World Second the of years ion, or even went as far as far as went even or ion, ization of renewal and and renewal of ization o: h simultaneous the ion: y questions in order to to order in questions y d-range consequences consequences d-range e notable changes in in changes notable e n European Jewish Jewish European n skalah. skalah. xplicitly kept, this this kept, xplicitly and its image of of image its and ty of our Jewry Jewry our of ty s f renewal of es section of the the of section is text “Kohn “Kohn text is 106 ous ous rly rly al- CEU eTD Collection

feature onJews theworld. reports in around the al studies, IMIT’s in silence complete by surrounded was movement the onwards 1930s the late From options. the absent from conspicuouslyZionism was “uni Jewish new a create to attempt an was there that shows The Hasidism. and Jews Eastern of reception sympathetic more several opening: one-sided its through War World Second the and Hungary the in altered position this Third, balance. right the of creation a key their and way middle the of representatives as themselves Je Neolog that thesis the support yearbooks these from evidences reformism liberal dangerously with disagreement of declaration 328 Chapter V discusses the discursive relation to Zio to relation thediscursive discusses V Chapter

nism in greater detail. detail. greater in nism 328

years of growing exclusion in exclusion growing of years ty in diversity,” even though though even diversity,” in ty and strict traditionalism. The traditionalism. strict and ccomplishment was thus the thus was ccomplishment frequency of such remarks remarks such of frequency ws tended to imagine imagine to tended ws though it continued to to continued it though texts reveal a a reveal texts 107 Zionist Zionist CEU eTD Collection

hnmnn Ter icsin srse te eaie ninfcne of insignificance relative the stressed discussions Their phenomenon. positions: a number of authors dealt with the strange manner and strange manner the with dealt authors of number a positions: Jewish character features, and sought to provide an explanation for t for explanation an provide to sought and features, character Jewish h aitrcl n o te cl (.. te txs articulated texts Other (7.). scale the of end ahistorical the they ahistorical entirely as Jewry present not did they if even the subchapter. t up brought be will combinations such of examples some and values stres IMIT in articles of number A (5.). loyalty and adaptation intellect (2.), truth (1.), ethics of values Jewish the discourses: ba common the as identified be can values five treatment, of depth fr the to Due groups. several into clustered this be of will discourses sake the for and values, fundamental around revolved character traits. character Jewish specifically define to tried or declarations made that contributions IMIT’s in elements discoursive itrcl nepeain (.. hr as eitd o cus, num a course, of existed, also There (8.). interpretations historical complet from i.e. it, affirm that those to history of relevance stret they heterogeneous: truly are statements These Jewry.

On the Historicity,the On Values of Jewry Roles and Second, I will address statements related to the question of the his the of question the to related statements address will I Second, I. hs ucatr a a wfl am Is is abto i t a to is ambition first Its aim. twofold a has subchapter This

Jewish Values theand Question of Historicity Chapter IV The discourses on Jewish essence and essence Jewish on discourses The positioned themselves closer to to closer themselves positioned ely ahistorical (6.) to decidedly decidedly to (6.) ahistorical ely the desire of utopistically or or utopistically of desire the and culture (3.), life (4.), and (4.), life (3.), culture and ch from those that deny the the deny that those from ch sed more than one of these these of one than more sed and appearance of equency unusual power of inheriting inheriting of power unusual on the Jewish “essence” Jewish the on his admittedly enigmatic enigmatic admittedly his ses for these clusters of of clusters these for ses owards the very end of of end very the owards ber of intermediary intermediary of ber historical changes: changes: historical analysis, these these analysis, nalyze those those nalyze toricity of toricity 108 CEU eTD Collection

ai vle ipii o epii plmc cud e identifi be could polemics explicit or implicit values basic were opposed to statements that stressed that forwere the need statements self-regard. to opposed presented be paradoxically) seemingly only (and times at could Adapt overcome. and fought be to needed that trait character Jewish intell strong intellectualism as identified phenomenon the assessed, favorable while value: contested a such was intellectuality Jewish ethic, IMIT’s contributors formulated only affirmatives only formulated IMIT’s contributors ethic, Jewish m on hand, other the On injustice. basic its of vision the or history stress others history, of out ways for searched authors other Some cl to order in flaunted or essentialism ahistorical of sake the (10.). (10.). ana and presentation the with subchapter the close I realities. pr external between gap enormous an histori contrast, sharp a formulating Jewish the of interpretation encompassing more a offered options these beyond and (9.), history overcoming messianistically values), for instance exceptional Jewish morality. morality. Jewish exceptional instance for values), 329 opsd te nmst o te usd wrd rcsl truh thei through a precisely world especially outside the as of animosity appear the “opposed” once at could Jews vision, synthetic this e serve could behavior actual and realities Jewish and world outside the between contrast a drawing synthesized: be even could other the c in and hand one the on adaptability Jewish in Beliefs stances. This could in turn be combined with notions about about notions with combined be turn in could This The historicity of Jews was thus a contested question: it could be could it question: contested a thus was Jews of historicity The It is conspicuous that the discourse on Jewish specificities could specificities Jewish on discourse the that conspicuous is It

the Jewish possession of truth or some other value value other some or truth of possession Jewish the aim a special historical pedigree. pedigree. historical special a aim tatements. In the case of other other caseof the In tatements. yi o ti iprat thesis important this of lysis ommitment to own norms on norms own to ommitment 329 was an object of criticism, a a criticism, of object an was as special Jewish qualities, Jewish special as d Fr ntne Jewish instance, For ed.

cul nlntos were inclinations ectual any basic values, such as as such values, basic any edispositions and Jewish and edispositions ation and loyalty, which loyalty, and ation ed the insignificance of of insignificance the ed atyti ups. In purpose. this xactly a cniin through condition cal atbe epe who people daptable r dedicated and loyal loyal and dedicated r eea contributors several perceptions of the the of perceptions support both support denied for for denied 109 (or (or CEU eTD Collection

e pafr ofrn smtig n ewe te ecie Je perceived the between in something offering platform a be behavior – they firmly sided with or rather belonged to the righte the to belonged rather or with sided firmly they – behavior but also as highly moral and cultured. They could be presented as r as presented be could They cultured. and moral highly as also but and reconciliation of ideas. The contract of assimilation from this from assimilation of contract The ideas. of reconciliation and Hungary modern in non-Jews and Jews of coexistence the imagined of segments Significant contributions). beneficial and important the on based partly also was (which partners the at addressed ar explicitly an and self-respect) of strengthening the and of nature justified primarilyforintended thesis a contributions, the their ofimportance on emphasis the , society) larger the into dis complete to resistance (or distinctiveness Jewish of thesis and eclectic.appeared at times rather composed be to had thus discourse this view, of point analytical the of parts significant rejecting without demands, national Hungarian on how to make the “contract of assimilation” work. assimilation” of “contract the make to how on t of core the at was own) its of contribution special and serious 331 330 articlesfirst bundle of to analysis The of their content. through textual Jewish concern to find mutually acceptable termsof mutuallyacceptable find to concern Jewish regular recurrence. their in even righteous consistently as but fate, tragic undeserved, a appear thus could Jews “others”. anti-Semitic unjust, the against To varying degrees, this is in the nature of all f all of thenature in is this varying degrees, To as expression the that mind in kept be to ought It h cnrt tat o tee icrie eoitos il bec will negotiations discursive these of traits concrete The Arguably, this image of Jewry (as adaptable, committed and committed adaptable, (as Jewry of image this Arguably,

331

ormulations of dual identity. identity. dual of ormulations coexistence was reflected in much of their writing their muchof in wasreflected coexistence such was not used by IMIT’s authors, but the Hunga the but authors, IMIT’s by used not was such 330 This image of Jewry combines the combines Jewry of image This iuae dsr fr cooperation for desire ticulated belief that Jews can make such such make can Jews that belief appearance, to simply melting melting simply to appearance, he Jewish scholarly discourse discourse scholarly Jewish he internal Jewish consumption Jewish internal wish requirements and the the and requirements wish the Jewish intellectual elite elite intellectual Jewish the martyrdom – in spite of its of spite in – martyrdom ous majority or minority as minority or majority ous perspective was meant to to meant was perspective either one of them. From From them. of one either s obstinate and stubborn, and obstinate s of quite diverse elements elements diverse quite of ighteous people with an with people ighteous be examined is the one the one is examined be as such a combination combination a such as Jewish pride (in the the (in pride Jewish loyal, but with a a with but loyal, ome clearer clearer ome . . 110 rian rian CEU eTD Collection

poor who lived below them. Ibid., p.96. p.96. Ibid., them. who below lived poor isoa h dcae ta Jdim nw ht eiin a “h e life”. “the was religion that knew Judaism that declared he of Diaspora) Situation Economic (The diaszpórában” a helyzete gazdasági vallástani forrásokban” in in forrásokban” vallástani hidden inside it that turns Life into something holy, it dreams of Et of dreams it holy, something into Life turns that it inside hidden t from inherited irrationalism for talent its but culture of love the of victory the of secret “the that maintained Kecskeméti’ considered) ill-intended theses on theparticularis on theses ill-intended considered) eln wt h seil eih au of value Jewish special the with dealing 335 334 333 everywhere”. sources its pat has cultural which our universalism, universalism, ethical of form “a was religion 337 Jew the into stratification denounced and Diaspora, 336 unive and general were humanity and ethics on ideas his to hesticked because but rationalism, 332 the profane economicinto oppression”. of selfishness and means nihemn ws te ra o pors, h hl niey f hi of naivety holy the progress, of dream leadi “the was this Enlightenment of trait character Jewish most the him, to according pe exceptional the in together tied are idealism and universalism n er) H mitie ta te iie omnmn “e oy” was holy!” life.of ideal Jewish the of formulation” “be commandment divine the that maintained He Jewry). in de imitatio “Az his in to leads it life of holiness the and value Ottó Komlós, “Az imitatio dei a zsidóságban” in in zsidóságban” a dei imitatio “Az Komlós, Ottó that complained Kecskeméti Ármin 106-8. pp. Ibid., helyz gazdasági zsidók “Az ókori Ármin Kecskeméti, s ideas articulated Guttmann Mihály 140. p. Ibid., here appears Mendelssohn why is This p.161. Ibid., in “Mendelssohn” Kecskeméti, 335 Jews were the “carriers of a social mission” which could not could which mission” social a of “carriers the were Jews tó ols rvdd n o te uet riuain o ehc a a as ethics of articulations purest the of one provided Komlós Ottó IMIT évkönyv IMIT

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1938, p.16. This was one of the many claims to co to claims many the of one was This p.16. 1938, , Ceremonialgesetze 337 , 1929, p.133. 1929, , m of Jews and their supposed recourse to double sta double to recourse supposed their mJewsand of Jews were forever trying to reach perfection: theirperfection: reach to trying forever were Jews ethics ish “oligarchy of money”,the petit bourgeois stratu bourgeois petit money”,the of “oligarchy ish IMIT évkönyv IMIT rsal. Mihály Guttmann, “A fogadalom értelmezése a z a értelmezése fogadalom “A Guttmann, Mihály rsal. imilar to Kecskeméti’s when he stressed that the Je the that stressed he when Kecskeméti’s to imilar as the “genuine Jewish prototype”: not because of because not prototype”: Jewish “genuine the as ete a diaszpórában” in diaszpórában” a ete this quality was hardly observable in the Jews of Jews the in observable hardly was quality this (1.). In Ármin Kecskeméti, Jewish ethics, Jewish Kecskeméti, Ármin In (1.). to lead a holy life. holy a life. lead to 334 lehr, n i “z kr zsidók ókori “Az his in Elsewhere, , 1942, p.151. 1942, , Jewish spirit is not its burning its not is spirit Jewish i a zsidóságban” (Imitatio Dei (Imitatio zsidóságban” a i he most ancient of times and and times of ancient most he 336 rson of Moses Mendelssohn: Moses of rson IMIT évkönyv IMIT

ng figure of the Jewish Jewish the of figure ng h is that of intellectual intellectual of that is h hics.” ehcl idealism”. ethical s hcl raiain of organization thical justifiably be “turned be justifiably nin Jw i the in Jews Ancient 333 For him, Jewish him, For , 1932, p.106. 1932, , h “classical the ntest (what were were (what ntest ndards. ndards. m and the the and m 111 prime wish wish sidó sidó the the 332 his his

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ewe rlgo ad law. and religion between between morals, religion and peoplehood”, he wrote.he peoplehood”, and morals,religion between a dei imitatio realize behavior ethical our through and possible wanted to revalue ethical values and questioned the absolute good.wanted values revalue absolute and to ethical questioned the ocre te olcie s woe bt lo each also but whole, Israel a and as God collective that the idea concerned the of full is Aggadah Our individuals can be the source of appreciation or be or appreciation of source the be can individuals task was to “practice what was virtuous” and thereby “unfold the “unfold thereby and virtuous” was what “practice to was task never consolidated into an ethical system. Rather, the Jewish Jewish the Rather, system. ethical an into consolidated never 341 340 339 338 ethics whi of centrality the answer His to pointed soul. Jewish core the of ab question the with begins article Fényes’ program. educational uniquely their and people a of consciousness collective the order, Jews) miss of loyalty Jewish strong of exceptionally the idea on notions the incorporated to but universalism of form raw any to FényesKomlós. connOttó Kecskemétior offeredÁrmin onesby the f a was his but Jewry) of Teachings Ethical (The erkölcstana” life our of aim “The being. divine his imitate to try way of image the in created were humans that added Komlós Ottó stance, ore” h wrote. he sources”, es, éys cod h agmns n ao o Jws universalism, Jewish of understanding goal reach the of that to ultimate ethics state was of holin the favor in arguments the echoed Fényes sense, ever that was Almight him, the by moved order world unified and single the of manifestation to according conceptions, Jewish of core The law. Fényes, “Erkölcstana” in in “Erkölcstana” Fényes, age own his heexplicitly took Here p.154. Ibid., p.164. Ibid., reali “the that declared Komlós Ottó p.153. Ibid., ó Fne as asge a eta rl t ehc i hs A zs “A his in ethics to role central a assigned also Fényes Mór 339 e nitd ht hs da rmie ucagd vn n gs that ages in even unchanged remained ideal this that insisted He IMIT évkönyv IMIT

341 n pt o is eta rl, éys huh ta Jws et Jewish that thought Fényes role, central its of spite In , 1939, p.9. p.9. 1939, , as an example. anexample. as littling of Jewry as a whole. This creates lofty co lofty creates This whole. a as Jewry of littling Ibid., p.165. Ibid., zation of imitatio dei is the task of the Jewish co Jewish the of task the is dei imitatio of zation ige niiul eogn t i: te ed o si of deeds “the it: to belonging individual single are similar in their holiness”. Ibid., p.165. The The p.165. Ibid., holiness”. their in similar are thus is to reach holiness as closely as closely as holiness reach to is thus ethos ar more complex model than model complex more ar out the values that are at the at are that values the out 340 divine”. , the unity of the divine divine the of unity the , ected ethical thought not not thoughtethical ected s interpreted in Jewish Jewish in interpreted s was inherited as divine as inherited was

ambitious cultural and and cultural ambitious God but should in no in should but God o (ht n i case his in (that ion ch in his mind stood stood mind ch his in y. In this particular particular Inthis y. ess. 338 ything was the the was ything s el s the as well as To qualify his qualify To mmunity. mmunity. nnections nnections 112 idóság hics ngle ngle task CEU eTD Collection

patriotism which Jews were willing to display towards non-Je towards display to willing were Jews which patriotism principle” towards its “hosting peoples” ( peoples”“hosting its towards principle” prophetic religion and the ability to go beyond nat beyond go to ability the and religion prophetic p.51. p.51. exclusionary, the separateness of Jews was much rather base rather much was Jews of separateness the exclusionary, ra “Jewish exclusivism: of forms from it distinguished et clearly of sign the “under emerged also peoplehood Jewish of consciousness uh tia vle wr atcltd o ol i Jws consciousne Jewish in only not articulated were values ethical Such spreading ethical values with ethical means in this world. this in means ethical with values ethical spreading a with Jews provided It otherworldly. not was ethic Jewish ethics, o oiat religions. dominant to at h cnldd ih cam n eih xetoaiy arguing exceptionality, Jewish on becoming to history”. in commitment had cultured “no parallel claim a with concluded he fact, dut of sense their by distinguished were Jews that emphasize to woul vision universalistic flat a that non-Jews and Jews of merger 344 individualism. and autonomy on withinsistence solida way complex same the in – self-consciousness 343 him require just, merciful, humane behavior on Eart on behavior humane merciful, just, require him narrative a constructed Benoschofsky Imre Prophet), 345 more the all did believer Its asceticism. recognize 342 oat a cmltl nra. t vn a hs omtv suppor normative his had even It normal. completely as loyalty the and (Jewry) consciousness Jewish of object the of separation Fén way, this In world. the in reigning forces and circumstances eme only separation Jewish of practice the form, ethical its bd, .1 I hs otiuin o h yabo o yearbook the to contribution his In p.41. Ibid., in “Erkölcstana” Fényes, o sense the of mixing the enabled basis moral This tw first ironic) (decidedly Nádai Pál p.18. Ibid., On the other hand, he also emphasized that in (implicit) contrast (implicit) in that emphasized also he hand, other the On 344 IMIT évkönyv IMIT oad te n o te ril, nta o fvrn te complete the favoring of instead article, the of end the Towards

, 1939, p.36. p.36. 1939, , vendégfogadó so.” Pál Nádai, “Diogenes Párizsban” in Párizsban” “Diogenes Nádai, Pál so.” o sentences can be related here: “The Jewish religi Jewish “The here: related be can sentences o ional confines. He argued that the just nature of G of nature just the that argued He confines. ional h – more concretely, the divine anger was directed directed was anger divine the concretely, more – h f special destiny and the sense of worthlessness in worthlessness of sense the and destiny special f rity and democratic ideals of belonging were combin were belonging of ideals democratic and rity 14 tte “z lő r-rft” Te is Writ First (The író-próféta” első “Az titled 1942 f ht rpgtd h bsc aus f eih ethics, Jewish of values basic the propagated that

nép 342 ) and willing to pay “due respect” respect” “duepay to willing and ) d on an ethical commitment”. ethical an on d Moreover, he believed that the that believed he Moreover, wish political entities – even in in even – entities political wish 345 rged because of unacceptable unacceptable of because rged

cial consciousness was not not was consciousness cial y to educate themselves. In themselves. educate to y yes managed to present the present to managed yes t: Jewry was loyal “out of of “out loyal was Jewry t: relevant object of political political of object relevant d require, Fényes went on on went Fényes require, d worldly mission, that of that mission, worldly ss, but also in Jewish Jewish in also but ss, that the Jewish Jewish the that IMIT évkönyv IMIT hics.” Thus, he he Thus, hics.” to Christian Christian to on did not did on 113 od made od Jewish Jewish only at at only , 1942, 1942, , 343 er- ed ed

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epeod nr h sac fr oead bt h gas f ieain a liberation of goals the but homeland, for search the nor peoplehood, preferring universalism) he concluded that the two two the that concluded he universalism) preferring and forms and sources its religion, Jewish of power in religion national above rises religion prophetic Elia, Farkas voiced his conviction that his spirit had to fill all all fill to had spirit his that conviction his voiced Farkas Elia, Hatvany and c any without truth of representation the important: crucially Benoschofsky what to similar was though this of means truth”. b were homeland” house, altar, “stable a find to wanderings unending year Jewish unchanging the maintained Benoschofsky Imre feature: tis s cnrl usin n i “aymn é f és th “Hagyomány People), Jewish the his of History in the in Revolution question central a as ethics b other His Moab. of cruelty inhuman the sin, moral thecould carriers,were Diaspora in beas its seen Jews looki untiringly exi Jewish of core the at as instances both in presentedfact in of form diasporic their and peoplehood ancient their in both discovered truth”.of carrier the were Moses of people The denomination. a 348 347 346 mutuality the of spoke Fényes Here Benoschofsky’s. display. to continued followers mi heavy after “even which, Judaism of tenaciousness prodigious the formed a nation once they “arrived in their own lan own in their “arrived they once nation a formed statements about the Talmud such as “the wise of th of wise “the as such o Talmud the about to statements connected were people Jewish these the formulate that not example, did Fényes that add to ought We towards religious ethic and that hinder the outbrea the hinder that and ethic religious towards state”. Mór Fényes, “Hagyomány és forradalom a zsid a forradalom és “Hagyomány Fényes, Mór state”. ea the towards latter the and sky the towards turns sacred the nation and idea, higher a to dedication Ibid., p.54. Ibid., in zsidók” indiai és“Kínai Hatvany, Bertalan “Áron”in Benoschofsky, 346 Bertalan Hatvany wrote that “the people of Moses constitute Moses of people “the that wrote Hatvany Bertalan o Jze Fra te rmr ojc o epoain a neithe was exploration of object primary the Farkas József For Several authors presented the Jewish adherence to to adherence Jewish the presented authors Several IMIT évkönyv IMIT 348 , 1931, p.239. p.239. 1931, , hs te pca Jws rlto t tuh ol be could truth to relation Jewish special the Thus, IMIT évkönyv IMIT pulling of the totality of the people towards itsel towards people the of totality the of pulling k of revolutions.” Ibid., p.117. p.117. Ibid., krevolutions.” of its great magnificence. Even though Fényes did not did Fényes though Even magnificence. great its d.” d.” were inseparable in spiritual life. He wrote that “ that wrote He life. spiritual in inseparable were rth of the homeland, but they keep the soul in a ba a in soul the keep they but homeland, the of rth is article of his should be quoted as a counter-exa a as quoted be should his of article is e Talmud live up to the demands modern people may p may people modern demands the to up live Talmud e the means of its domestication and as opposed to a to opposed as and domestication its of means the asic choice of values was made when he declared tha declared he when made was values of choice asic of faith and nation: (when discussing the revolutio the discussing (when nation: and faith of ther ancient people. He also made apologetic types types apologetic made also He people. ancient ther ó nép történetében” in in történetében” nép ó ttmns ih sltoit netos H stated He intentions. isolationist with statements orradalom a zsidó nép történetében” (Tradition and and (Tradition történetében” nép zsidó a orradalom , 1933, p.46. He added that the carriers of truthof carriers thataddedthe He p.46. 1933, , ompromises. Discussing Prophet Prophet Discussing ompromises. stence: while the Jewish people Jewish the while stence: 347 Jews since “liberation and and “liberation since Jews IMIT évkönyv IMIT truth Hatvany also referred to referred also Hatvany ning for homeland, the homeland, for ning ng to find it. find it. ng to d neither a nation, nor nation, a neither d (2.) as their defining their as (2.) existence. Truth was was Truth existence. xing of races”, its its races”, of xing t te erh for search “the ut d avto. The salvation. nd identified as so so as identified , 1934, pp. 128-9. pp. 1934, , f. The former former The f. faith means faith Jewish r 114 discuss discuss mple to to mple lanced lanced uthors uthors , for for , t the the t

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foreseen, but the struggle certainly has its goal”. its has certainly struggle the but foreseen, length exact the and end precise “the existence: historical the in trust his expressed also and humankind” whole the for truth the for fighting continue to have “we that maintained Richtmann Mózes repellent signs in a better light, but by those who explicit who those by but light, better a in signs repellent who truth, the hide who those by not about brought be shall salvation what distinguished Jewish spiritual reverence was i was reverence spiritual Jewish distinguished what 351 350 landlessness”. of centuries the throughout educ as well as Book the of people the been always have “Jews beshall completed one day. incomprehensi seemingly yet as the of out directly emerge would declare Richtmann Benoschofsky, to similarly but truth of version bu Jws itletaiy ad one t te im the to pointed and intellectuality, Jewish about 353 352 349 desired”. what study not could he that – traits Jewish characteristically thi and – him hurt thing one “only that Goldmark of life the of discussion argued that it is is it that argued h Jws su fr ihr nelcul horizons”, intellectual higher for soul Jewish the e been not has millennia two almost past the of hopelessness the Fenyő László affinity: special this of formulations simple e its defining to central even perhaps are or existence Jewish Fodor, “Goldmark” in IMIT évkönyv, 1930, p.265. Im p.265. 1930, évkönyv, IMIT in “Goldmark” Fodor, in Szentföldön” a “Kultúrélet Patai, ErvinGyörgy in emlékezete” Lajos “Palágyi Fenyő, László in “Mendelssohn” Richtmann, in “Éliapróféta” Farkas, József 353

n diin o hs to ore o dfnn Jws vle, te author other values, Jewish defining of sources two these to addition In nelc ad culture and intellect

IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT 3) ht ae seil n uuuly ag rl in role large unusually and special a have that (3.) , 1936, p.99. p.99. 1936, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1933, p.205. 1933, , ts more reified nature. According to him, Jewish mu Jewish him, to According nature. reified more ts otn bt ata rl o ti qaiy Ksi bel Keszi quality. this of role partial but portant 352 IMIT évkönyv IMIT iial, yl Fdr lie drn his during claimed Fodor Gyula Similarly, re Keszi was another author who wrote extensively extensively wrote who author another was Keszi re 350 351 , 1934, p.134. p.134. 1934, , Thus, instead of arguing for a concrete a for arguing of instead Thus, hl Evn yry aa age that argued Patai György Ervin while , 1934, p.297. p.297. 1934, , ly point to it and condemn it.” condemn and it to point ly maintained, for instance, that “all that instance, for maintained, of historical struggles cannot be be cannot struggles historical of ssence. There are some rather rather some are There ssence. he wanted and as much as he he as much as and wanted he ation and intellectual culture culture intellectual and ation nough to kill the yearning of of yearning the kill to nough ble historical process that that process historical ble d that the ultimate value value ultimate the that d our truth which is also is which truth our aim to paint ugly and and ugly paint to aim higher meaning of of meaning higher s was one of his his of one was s ieved that that ieved 115 sic was sic 349 s

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with the Book”.the with “Wahrmann” in in “Wahrmann” “A Imre Keszi, logic”. “associative as to referred consisted they that extent the to intellectualized endlessly be to is fate our seems It sword. the escapes book, the akd f h Whmn fml “neig h pt of path the “entering family Wahrmann the of talked 358 357 356 355 354 conglomera a into evolved it but origin, by Eastern tragedy cultural Jewish characteristically most the that a around stance his built Fényes Mór agádában”, az “Tragikum his throughperforming but expressions, service.” redemptive speci our by only not distinguished are “we distinction: of hallmark t in books” of writing, of supporters and workers extent significant t of people the of “sons the why reason the is this and y impact, thousand three of education “the him, to according present: the to notion otie smtig f te nin msin ad di and mission” 359 ancient “the dissatisfaction.” of something contained their thes createconsensus manage something not constituted around a did valuable to mission” and service (“Jewry book the and Jewry between analogy direct a formulating history is one with the history of the Jewish book and writing”and book Jewish the of history the with one is history rathe declared, He service. and mission Jewish of ideas the to it fat Jewish books, (Jewish sorsok” “Zsidókönyvek,zsidó his in Patai than c ahistorical an into developed be could see, soon shall we as (which, There were even several small remarks that questio that remarks small several even were There w made what that believed also Roth 173. p. Ibid., p.173. Ibid., p.172. Ibid., p.165. Ibid., in sorsok” zsidó könyvek, “Zsidó EmilRoth, IMIT évkönyv IMIT hs wo rud ht h lre oe lyd y h itlet a intellect the by played role large the that argued who Those Emil Roth articulated the cultural historical concept of the peo the of concept historical cultural the articulated Roth Emil 355 Roth also used a more historicizing formulation to apply this ahist this apply to formulation historicizing more a used also Roth 357 , oh utd h ie o “avto truh evc” s their as service” through “salvation of idea the quoted Roth ), , 1943, p.314. 1943, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT zsidó zene vallási funkciója” in IMIT évkönyv, 1938 in IMIT funkciója” vallási zene zsidó f btat omls tog wr bit hog wha through built were though formulas, abstract of te of various elements. Jewish artistic products we products artistic Jewish elements. various of te ned the validity of the thesis: for instance, Gyula instance, for thesis: the of validity the ned nelcul ie hog Crsin utr” Mérei culture” Christian through life intellectual riters and books specifically Jewish was that they they that was Jewish specifically books and riters splayed signs of “inner trouble caused by holy holy by caused trouble “inner of signs splayed , 1938, p.156. p.156. 1938, , was “being deluded through religious religious through deluded “being was 358

354 r categorically, that “Jewish that categorically, r and that “whoever chooses“whoever that and e ok wr “o uh a such “to were Book” he engaged [ engaged and the book both imply both book the and paradox: he maintained he paradox: oncept) in greater detail detail greater in oncept) e present.he al rite or by Jewish Jewish by or rite al es). Roth connected Roth es). örök jegyességörök ple of the Book Book the of ple as hd its had ears” og Jews mong 356 Besides , , p.215. re clearly clearly re 116 is. t Keszi Keszi t Mérei Mérei orical 359

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practicing Jews should be won back to religion, but that this coul this that but religion, to back won be should Jews practicing At the same time, he thought people should realize that “forms ha “forms that realize should people thought he time, same the At we forms essential” “ancient, Forms, flexibility. excessive a saw he what between balance to aimed Bakonyi adaptability. r of duration and power exceptional the that belief his expressed Cong Jewish Hungarian First the of (Remembrances kongresszusra” “Visszaemlékezé In loyalty. and adaptation Jewish of importance future catharsis and ultimately also to complete fulfillment. future completealso to and catharsis fulfillment. ultimately peopl Jewish the of tragedy the all, after that, thesis the the of parts were organic as appeared rather but negative, absolutely punishment subsequent and self-deception tragic his However, separation from life) religion cannot do without the support of art. of support the without do cannot religion life) from separation mainta he art, and religion between relation appropriate the of intellec of principles guiding two the between balance a for hms dsore ta hglgt h cnet of concept the highlight that discourses themes, iie ih truh ht éys called Fényes what through light divine doctrines”. 362 in Gusztáv” “Magyar-Mannheimer Gerő, 361 360 and urgent action. obser by experienced poverty aesthetic the changes: certain iconoclastic, it did not depict or try to embody me try embody to or depict not did it iconoclastic, Ernő Naményi, “Zsidók és a képzőművészet” in képzőművészet” a “Zsidókés Naményi, Ernő symboli the that emphasized Gerő Ödön this, Beyond in agádában” az “Tragikum Fényes, Mór 360 The prime example he took was the case of Akiba who wanted to to wanted who Akiba of case the was took he example prime The In his “Zsidók és a képzőművészet” (Jews and Naményi Arts) (Jews Fine “Zsidók Inop Ernő és a képzőművészet” his hs da f iln rlgo wt mr lf las s o u fourth our to us leads life more with religion filling of idea This 362

MT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT taphysical concepts. concepts. taphysical nelcu dei intellectus IMIT évkönyv IMIT sm of Jewry was “not fantastic but speculative”. Öd speculative”. but fantastic “not was Jewry of sm , 1933, p.117. Even though Jewry was not as such such as not was Jewry though Even p.117. 1933, , , 1929, p.233. p.233. 1929, , life , 1933, pp.143-4. pp.143-4. 1933, , e was supposed to contribute to their to contribute to supposed was e 4) n toe ht rpgt the propagate that those and (4.) and had to tragically suffer for it. it. for suffer tragically to had and re irreplaceable bases of religion. of bases irreplaceable re t and life. Discussing the question question the Discussing life. and t vant Jews was a cause for worry for cause a was Jews vant ined that (in order to avoid its avoid to order (in that ined divine plan. Fényes reiterated reiterated Fényes plan. divine eagrtd tfns and stiffness exaggerated s d be achieved only through through only achieved be d ve lives of their own. They own. their of lives ve eligion was due its special its due was eligion sek az első magyar zsidó magyar első az sek 361 ress), László Bakonyi Bakonyi László ress), He thought that non- that thought He not presented as as presented not approach theapproach n fifth and 117 ted ön ön CEU eTD Collection

particular) had a major influence on Jews, suggested that Jewry Jewry that suggested Jews, on influence major a had particular) bd, .6. t h ed f i frt eot rm 1 from report first his of end the At p.263. Ibid., cult. true to opposed be ever cannot culture “true customary in English. English. in customary life, while it remains dedicated to the essence of its ancient its of essence the to dedicated remains it while life, Jewr of survival The circumstances. to adjusted get and develop 363 two was of sustenance a religion which its “lasting principle assures ove a of existence the that asserted He life. and tradition of linking w persecution, severe its of times in Jewry preserving in role ref and whole” unified and “indivisible an religion calling of spite whether it was admissible to create a synthesis between t between synthesis a create to admissible was it whether concern chief His Life). and (Tradition élet” és “Hagyomány similar a of favor in argued Guttmann Mihály together. went other, (at are which change, on stress the and features essential 366 365 364 b ourselves, defend constantly to need We too. days “eterna that future) the in Jewry trust of level of moderate fate unchanging “eternally the to referred évkö IMIT in év” 5695. és 5694. “Az Grünwald, Fülöp re to ability and force” “life of level respectable civilization. philosophy literature, science, in (as Greek partly and views) i (as Jewish partly the discussed Lőwinger Relations), Cultural Mi the in Literature Traditional our of Development (The tükrében” görög-z a fejlődése irodalmunk “Hagyományos In entity. independent show his confidence) that this is why Jews shall no shall Jews why is this that confidence) his show elmúlt év története. 5697” in IMIT évkönyv, 1937, p évkönyv, 1937, in IMIT 5697” évtörténete. elmúlt He used the words words the used He p.21. Ibid., in élet” és “Hagyomány Guttmann, Mihály 1929, évkönyv, IMIT in “Visszaemlékezés” Bakonyi, 366 He employed a discourse that drew heavily on the ideals of cultur of ideals the on heavily drew that discourse a employed He ául őigr wie ditn ta te usd wrd te Gre (the world outside the that admitting while Lőwinger, Sámuel nyugati

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but I decided to render it as Western civilization Western as it render to decided I but IMIT évkönyv IMIT l wandering and struggle: this characterizes Jewish characterizes this struggle: and wandering l it eaddi rmtcfsin(u wih a m was which (but fashion dramatic in added He sist. The enemy of faith is never knowledge, but faithles but knowledge, never is faith of enemy The ut we are prepared to stand the fight”. Fülöp Grünw Fülöp fight”. the stand to prepared are we ut .284 and p.307. p.307. and .284 t die in accordance with the promises of the last P last the of promises the with accordance in die t , u sil fimd wt sm cnito ad r a and conviction some (with affirmed still but ”, 3, üö Güwl srse ta Jwy osse a possessed Jewry that stressed Grünwald Fülöp 935, nyv, 1935, p.322. Two years later (in 1937), Grünwa 1937), (in later years Two p.322. 1935, nyv, p.264. On the general level, the author claimed tha claimed author the level, general the On p.264. , 1931, p.10. 1931, , radition and life?”and radition es i ter) poe o each to opposed theory) in least beliefs.” and art) fundament of Western of fundament art) and strong connection between the betweenthe connection strong was “how it was possible, or or possible, was it “how was ent on to propagate the close close the propagate to on ent n religion, ethics and social social and ethics religion, n y is due to its adaptation to to adaptation its to due is y erring to its fundamental its to erring 363 sidó kultúrkapcsolatok kultúrkapcsolatok sidó Here the discourse on discourse the Here reconciliation in his his in reconciliation rror of Greek-Jewish Greek-Jewish of rror r time”. since this is much more more much is this since was essentially an an essentially was 364 Guttmann, in Guttmann, 365

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produced cultural values, but also assured that they would remain “ remain would they that assured also but values, cultural produced ancient times, to use a contemporary term.” contemporary a use to times, ancient << have They others. from habits borrow to eager and ready were se fr pca treatment…” special for asked frames the within recognized rights its have to wanted always concl He society. entire the of evolution the of independently considered of not were ambitions Jewish that stress to efforts special fe Ballagi Ernő 1940, in published Emancipation) for Jewry Hungarian tends to betends to as characterized such, a but living organism.” rigi a not “was Judaism that was respect this in claim main cultur Jewish of feature special thoroughly the that maintaining Eger was a loyal son of king and country, just as every truly rel truly every as just country, and king of son loyal a was Eger w Fürst Aladár Jews. of loyalty unshakable the highlight to served coal yabo o 14, alg ovosy ogt o ots ill- contest to sought obviously Ballagi 1940, of yearbook scholarly their diligent work”. unfaili will They nation. the and society a of members trustworthy shall they and culture or soil any into planted be might “Jews reliab the on statement general similarly a made Hatvany loyalty 371 370 369 368 367 Ernő Ballagi, “A magyar zsidóság harca az emancipá az harca zsidóság magyar “A Ballagi, Ernő in “Kínai” Hatvany, in Akiba”, Éger “R. Fürst, Aladár emlékek Magyarorszá zsidó kori “Római Gábor, Gyula in “Hagyományos” Lőwinger, (5.) of Jews. Gyula Gábor argued that “Jews have adapted to the to adapted have “Jews that argued Gábor Gyula Jews. of (5.) eea atos ee en n mhszn te outstanding the emphasizing on keen were authors Several n i “ mga zióá hra z mniáiét (h St (The emancipációért” az harca zsidóság magyar “A his In IMIT évkönyv IMIT 370

IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1933, p.54. p.54. 1933, , 371 rtn tee huhs on n h Hnain Jewish Hungarian the in down thoughts these Writing , 1943, p.44. p.44. 1943, , , 1937, p.180. p.180. 1937, , 368 cióért”, in cióért”, A number of references to Jewish adaptation Jewish to references of number A gon” in gon” IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT 367 a peculiar nature and could not be be not could and nature peculiar a

d religion of law, even if it often it if even law, of religion d ility and positive role of Jews: Jews: of role positive and ility of general liberties and never never and liberties general of ngly enrich their land with land their enrich ngly igious soul is”. soul igious , 1931, p.151. 1931, , , 1940, p.166. p.166. 1940, , assimilated>> already in in already assimilated>> wy poe sfl and useful prove lways ws ht t o only not it that was e oe ht Rbi Akiba “Rabbi that rote fresh” and “alive”. His His “alive”. and fresh” lt he needed to make to needed he lt intended claims that that claims intended ir environment, and and environment, ir uded that “Jewry “Jewry that uded dpain and adaptation 369 uge of ruggle Bertalan 119 CEU eTD Collection

Jövő mrl itr” n a tuy eih ed. bd, p Ibid., deed”. Jewish “truly a and victory” “moral characterization of of characterization forever”. Isaiah: prophet from quote the utter and time over victory Jewish a optimistic confident, His thought. Jewish contrib of as crystallization understood be even might best at and Jewry enrich also des seemingly that meant him to which roots, Jewish strong of wrote Ist historicity. of question the on takes various the consider to us flexibility Jewish on thesis aforementioned the to alternative icltd iey n h otie ol, uh s h cnet of concept the as such world, outside the in widely circulated 373 provid “divine life.” that added He exist”. we as long as us replace no and anyone to legacy our over handed not recep have We nonsense! “what the Covenant: about part a included which family royal Abyssinian 375 374 és tragédiája “Azember Mohácsi, Jenő genius”. and reco the others: among this, precisely means Jewish “their that namely wrote He traits. respectable and of irrespective values, of service dedicated Jews’ the after only looked or useful generally were Jews 372 everywhere”. essenc “the that conviction the spread to aimed and unity” “Jewish of means conquest of space, but which directly implied that Jewish Jewish that wealthgroups. expense of other accumulatedachieved atand the economic implied directly which but space, of conquest means Aladár Fürst, “A <> jubileumára” in in jubileumára” Jövő>> és <

, Fürst claimed that its appearance was not merely not was appearance its that claimed Fürst , , service of great causes shows the nobility of huma of nobility the shows causes great of service h ucagn essence unchanging the their origin and originators, one of their most cha most their of one originators, and origin their ir own interests and cared for their own values): h values): own their for cared and interests own ir a zsidók” ina IMIT évkönyv IMIT gnition of greatness and the willingness to support to willingness the and greatness of gnition .203. He praised praised He .203. álylegenda” in álylegenda” e another facet of the same problematic (i.e. of wh of (i.e. problematic same the of facet another e IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1937, p.283. 1937, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1935, p.211. In the course of his general general his of course the In p.211. 1935, , út s Jövő és Múlt and adaptability and they lead lead they and adaptability and ttd md hm rs i the in trust him made ttitude “the holy tribe shall remain remain shall tribe holy “the , 1937, pp. 100-1. pp. 1937, , térfoglalás ne rmsd s eternal us promised ence tion of the Ark of the the of Ark the of tion 6) f er ofr an offer Jewry of (6.) ván Hahn, for instance, instance, for Hahn, ván , 1937, pp. 44-5. 44-5. pp. 1937, , e of Jewry is the same same the is Jewry of e vel writings of writings vel a literary event, but also a a also but event, literary a ute b saig ht it that stating by further tos o h further the to utions tructive trends could could trends tructive oil oiiy was mobility social 372 based on the idea idea the on based , which literally literally which ,

e f the of ge racteristic racteristic ns. To be To ns. one can one 120 Múlt és Múlt e saw in in saw e talent talent IMIT ether ether CEU eTD Collection

Modern Secular Jew Jew Secular Modern yearbooks p.218. p.218. rsne (s poe t mrl dcaig h inten the declaring merely to opposed (as presented sorsa” in sorsa” falsifi and condemnations assessments, the directed Tal of fate the transcended persecution) of history cult Jewish of values the propagated and Land” Holy “ people made that issues releasing through self-consciou future” “more a of raising the to contributed of life in a prominent way elsewhere) reached thec reached wayelsewhere) prominent a lifeof in Hellenism, there is Yaacov Shavit, Shavit, Yaacov is there Hellenism, this journal close to one of its ends: it was a “fl a was it ends: its of one to close journal this option identity of scale Onthe 218. p.204., Ibid., 378 377 376 manner,” harmful a in truth details of which are analyzed in the next chapter). next the in analyzed are which of details 18 the of thought the nor Renaissance, Islam,the nor p they renewal for potential extraordinary what and were Jews millennium”.another thi sciences exact and philosophy of fields the in more, is What refug found Hellas of culture intellectual great the scholarship, lasti and Great the Alexander of times the in beginning years, “f that description historical a as accepted Kohlbach Bertalan the Yishuv to the novel writing competition of IMIT of competition writing novel the to Yishuv the the wife of József Patai. The committee was headed headed was committee The Patai. József wifeof the évkön IMIT in regénypályázatáról” naiv IMIT az “Jelentés a ev being work of Her impression the out. creates given occasionally not was prize the ultimately the idea comments any or further reflections. critical without thi dispute to reason no saw however, Fürst, IMIT. of agenda official Miklós Hajdú, Aladár Komlós, Sámuel Lőwinger and Sa and Lőwinger Sámuel Komlós, Aladár Hajdú, Miklós Ibid., p.212. The discussion Mihály Guttmann offer Guttmann Mihály discussion The p.212. Ibid., in zsidóságban” a “Hellénizmus Kohlbach, Bertalan n made family Patai the of members that so much So IMIT évkönyv IMIT and n i “elnzu a sdsga” Te oe f elns for Hellenism of Role (The zsidóságban” a “Hellénizmus his In út s Jövő és Múlt (London: Littman, 1999). 1999). Littman, (London: , 1934, p.25. p.25. 1934, , 377 The reminder of this influence was meant to highlight how receptiv how highlight to meant was influence this of reminder The 378 se hpe V) Chapter (see Athens in Jerusalem. Classical Antiquity and Hellen and Antiquity Classical Jerusalem. in Athens wrote Kohlbach, explaining that this was due to the fact that fact the to due was this that explaining Kohlbach, wrote agship of the Jewish renaissance as well as of buil of as well as renaissance Jewish the of agship s analyzed in the previous chapter, Fürst would hav would Fürst chapter, previous in the sanalyzed Edith Patai submitted a novel offering a panorama panorama a offering novel a submitted Patai Edith mud and (misfortunately) acted as its regulator: “J regulator: its as acted (misfortunately) and mud onclusion that Jewish fate (by which he practically he which fate(by thatJewish onclusion by Tamás Kóbor, its five other members were Lajos D wereLajos members other fiveits Kóbor, Tamás by gnrto” n hle cet a hatir n ha and “healthier a create helped and generation” s oe ht s euiu ad ol i Jwy Jwy it Jewry Jewry, in noble and beautiful is what love l otmsi, rpgnitc ecito o a jou a of description propagandistic optimistic, ely cations of the Talmud”. Mihály Guttmann, “A Talmud Talmud “A Guttmann, Mihály Talmud”. the of cations . It was assessed as the best out of eleven entries eleven of out best the as assessed was It . yv, 1936, p.343. Edith Patai Ehrenfeld (1889–1976) (1889–1976) Ehrenfeld Patai Edith p.343. 1936, yv, ure with “Hungarian words and a patriotic heart”. I heart”. patriotic a and words “Hungarian with ure in o rae Jws clue Utmtl, hs jo this Ultimately, culture. Jewish create) to tion ed of the Talmud (even though he employed the conce the employed he though (even Talmud the of ed , ispafr ws o eaty dnia o the to identical exactly not was platform its mu Szemere. Szemere. mu n eevd oe ahr naoal assmn: “it assessment: unfavorable rather some received en MT évkönyv IMIT umerous contributions to the IMIT yearbooks (the (the yearbooks IMIT the to contributions umerous th and 19and , 1940, p.206. On the topic of Jewish Jewish of topic the On p.206. 1940, , 376 th ng until the rise of Jewish-Arab Jewish-Arab of rise the until ng centuries impacted the Jewish Jewish the impactedcenturies

e in the tents of Semitic Jews. Semitic of tents the in e ossessed. “Neither Hellenism “Neither ossessed. r prxmtl a thousand a approximately or s has already lasted for for lasted already has s s platform - he quoted quoted he - platform s ism in the Making of the of Making the in ism ding up of the the of up ding e positioned positioned e meant the meantthe ewish fate fate ewish 121 Jewry), of life in in life of – but but – rney”. self”, self”, ppier ppier urnal urnal énes,

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believed that Jews had, even if not completely, not if even had, Jews that believed principled and thus eminently selective. principled selective. and eminently thus akoe f hi crir, h Jws people. Jewish the carriers, their of backbone being of the Jews was conservative” ( conservative” was Jews the of being intact in theirintact in vocabulary. anc world, preserved of the people among the uniquely how Jews, was of this degree exceptional an to possessed Jews believed he conservation is this of example simple A peoples. other from different alm and some in as or, significantly them made changes.This historical unimpacted largely remain to managed Jews that was idea Blau Lajos élete és irodalmi munkássága” in in munkássága” irodalmi és élete Lajos Blau n h cus o hs ruetto, e osdrd i considered he argumentation, his of course the In documents defining basic, of use and form unaltered di but essence, Jewish unchanging an was there that ahis between border the of discussion Blau’s quoted hl Jw wr ray o cet aus hrvr hy on them found they wherever values accept to ready were Jews while 381 380 callingahistorical eter spirit, original, special, views onthe it Jewish for the truth. thetruth. for 379 together, and as “internally felt and voluntarily performed duties” performed voluntarily and felt “internally as and together, were Laws emerge. never can movement a such that level normative Jewish of denial in movement mass Jewish single a not was there be to never border strict a of existence the to pointed Hahn István therefor and organism living a was Jewry that implying above, (quoted ao Ba, A amd it z kr klt ée tü élet keleti ókori az mint Talmud “A Blau, Lajos wa heart Jewish the that wrote he concretely, More in vallása” “A törvény Hahn, István n se aa fo tee togy hsoia ntos e id a find we notions ahistorical strongly these from away step One s poe t te ocp o lf te a i ws mlyd by employed was it way the life of concept the to opposed As 381

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that had characterized Jews for three and a half m half a and three for Jews characterized had that lgtmt t dcae n n setait anr t manner essentialist an in declare to legitimate t , 1943, p.173. p.173. 1943, , konzervativizmusa d refer to the historical horizon too when he spoke he when too horizon historical the to refer d torical and historical types of understanding. He c He understanding. of types historical and torical s eternally pulsating, polemical and logically sear logically and polemical pulsating, eternally s kre” in in kre” largely unchanginglargely , 1936, p.35. A basic Jewish principle Blau used (a used Blau principle Jewish A basic p.35. 1936, , 379 ee gi Hh fruae strongly formulated Hahn again Here MT évkönyv IMIT Lajos Blau’s praise of the power of power the of praise Blau’s Lajos in the original). Sámuel Lőwinger, “Dr. Lőwinger, Sámuel original). the in formulations, even essentially even formulations, , 1934, p.32. Sámuel Lőwinger Lőwinger Sámuel p.32. 1934, , , they also constituted the constituted also they , crossed. He asserted that that asserted He crossed. . A “wonderful example” “wonderful A . qualities (7.). Their main main Their (7.). qualities nal and unchanging.nal and laws and stated on the the on stated and laws , their reception was was reception their , meant to bring Jews Jews bring to meant e flexible), in 1943 in flexible), e ost independent of of independent ost ient expressions expressions ient tos who uthors Lőwinger Lőwinger 122 hat “the “the hat illennia. illennia. of the the of laimed laimed 380 ching ching

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perceived Wassermann as an author for whom his Germanness played Germanness his whom for author an as Wassermann perceived phenomenon of longevity. Their perception was that Jews were to a l a to were Jews that was perception Their longevity. of phenomenon oc gv aa mc mr o hs epy et Jewish felt deeply his of more much away gave voice hn h dsusd dl Áa: hl Áa “rat t oscillat “dreamt and doubt Ágai least the without while road Hungarian Ágai: Adolf discussed she when rem to évköny IMIT in Wassermann” “Jakob talent Turóczi-Trostler, his of structure the but German, were Jewis them made rhythm and blood their but content, a natural form, but never exhibited it ostentatious it exhibited never but form, natural a representati “purest the was Zweig view, of point sociological Elsewhere Turóczi-Trostler argued that Wassermann’s that argued Turóczi-Trostler Elsewhere hefel that fact wasself-evident a it “thought and fate”.decisively his in intervene hi few its with was, Jewishness his of power acting the faint legac undeniable” and “ineradicable an constituted also Jewishness fe defining the articulate to attempt his is example Another inkstand”. Ibid., p.34. p.34. Ibid., inkstand”. 384 383 382 ink of spot mere “a that affirmed evoked) Lőwinger memory”, possi limitless more as well as culture for thirst unsolvable more a also but <>, impressionistic naturally a had Zweig origi Jewish his from derived directly were they that maintained Jewi Zweig’s as saw he what only not addressed he Zweig Stefan her discussion elaborate more a merit Turóczi-Trostler József somewhat and complex The them). shaping directly the while beyond individuals way (going contents enduring special, developed and autonomous i, hl hs eihes en n mr t hm than him to more no meant Jewishness his while him, st a find to managed Wassermann once that, wrote He József Turóczi-Trostler, “A zsidó-német irodalmi k irodalmi zsidó-német “A Turóczi-Trostler, József remained and Jewish born was “He 94-5. pp. Ibid., és (Szellem Zweig “Stefan Turóczi-Trostler, József 382 e rt. n h ohr ad TrciTote blee ta fo t from that believed Turóczi-Trostler hand, other the On wrote. he oe uhr suh t ietf te esn bhn ti intriguing this behind reasons the identify to sought authors Some 384

t, thought, spoke and wrote in German”. Ibid., p.94 Ibid., wrotein German”. and spoke thought, t, ly, the way healthy people are not showing off thei off showing not are people healthy way the ly, ion” and his subjects barely related to his Jewishn his to related barely subjects his and ion” me ws at f i Jws lgc” h woe Józ wrote. he legacy”, Jewish his of part was ember forma)” in forma)” h. “His impressions as well as the images in his me his in images the as well as impressions “His h. able position, his Germanness played a dominant rol dominant a played Germanness his position, able so till the day of his death. He considered his Jew his considered He death. his of day the till so works were German based on their language, form an form language, their on based German were works apcsolatok kérdéséhez” in IMIT évkönyv, 1929, p.285 1929, évkönyv, IMIT in kérdéséhez” apcsolatok f rdto i wrh oe hn h sap id f t of mind sharp the than more worth is tradition of v, 1934, p. 162. Lenke Steiner spoke of a similar d similar a of spoke LenkeSteiner 162. p. 1934, v, ness. Lenke Steiner, “Ágai Adolf” in IMIT évkönyv, évkönyv, IMIT in Adolf” “Ágai Steiner, Lenke ness. he dream” of assimilation and “walked down his his down “walked and assimilation of dream” he “rifl n cnrlig lmt” Ii. p.286 Ibid., climate”. controlling and “fruitful a IMIT évkönyv IMIT atures of Jakob Wassermann. He Wassermann. Jakob of atures bilities of drawing on collective on drawing of bilities storical signs it still managed to to managed still it signs storical e. For instance, in his article on on article his in instance, For e. ve of the assimilating type”. assimilating the of ve , 1942, p.79. p.79. 1942, , y. Thus, “no matter how how matter “no Thus, y. ns. “Due to his origins, origins, his to “Due ns. excited soul and a more more a and soul excited h pcfcte bt also but specificities sh arge extent culturally extent arge a dominant role, but role, dominant a peculiar ideas of of ideas peculiar . ee of level 123 r health” health” r ess, his his ess, ishness ishness uality uality mory mory e for e

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rspoiin f uh eelg o hsoy a hwvr n contradic in however was history of teleology such of presupposition rsnain te eeomna pt o Kbr e h led Kóbor of path developmental the presentation, first had to “reach the deepest layer of his soul, his of layer deepest the “reach to had first and broadened horizon Kóbor’s that argued she where trajectorydesigned spir ag Jewish the that Arguing maintaining (while here ones. essentialization rational consistently than ones tuned” ev “irrationally an were there writers Jewish Austrian among that widespread 387 386 385 interpretative hierarchical Steiner’s p.215. 1936, He proposed that there were major differences betwe differences major were there that proposed He rational “flat 1930s: late the in rebirth religious passi and desires instincts, wandering sensitivity, non-Jews were determined by the combination of poss of thecombination by weredetermined non-Jews rational. assureto one that completely would daybecome him it the in belief his but present, the in rational evidently it was was Jewry sum, In discarded”. be to deserves Jews of rationalism movements. expressionist and impressionist act the in as well as Bergson, of philosophy the in observable re-irr towards tendency marked a view, his In again. irrational imp an played Jews that article same the in made observation “Wassermann” in IMIT évkönyv, 1934, p.167. p.167. évkönyv, 1934, IMIT in “Wassermann” timele the vision, Jewish conseq eternal the the that and asserted unity” of vision “the was experience 1942, évkönyv, IMIT in “Zweig” Trostler, assurance. lonel felt Jews while homeless, spiritually feeling direction, leading from obscurity towards reason and the clarity of clarity the and reason towards a obscurity from leading Europe direction, in spirit Jewish the of development the that certain ra mrl ea i a e lgt. ek Senr “ Steiner, Lenke light”. new a in decay moral urban oae n hpies eiin fes. me Benosch Imre p.132. 1939, évkönyv, offers”. religion happiness and solace In 1942, Turóczi-Trostler again took a stance in f in stance a took again Turóczi-Trostler 1942, In Ben Imre of observations the with tune in was This p.96. évkönyv, 1942, IMIT “Zweig” in Trostler, uóz-rslr lo omltd oe eeaiain aot histor about generalizations some formulated also Turóczi-Trostler 387 , uóz-rslr setd ht hs h “eed f h origi the of “legend the thus that asserted Turóczi-Trostler ), the experience of his Jewishness to see societal op societal see to Jewishness his of experience the ism prospered only shortly among Jews. We are thirs are We Jews. among shortly only prospered ism ons were “decidedly” and “fatally” Jewish. Ibid., p Ibid., Jewish. “fatally” and “decidedly” were ons y and deserted in the world but had a metaphysical a had but world the in deserted and y ss Jewish demand was of restored, renewed unity. Tr unity. renewed restored, of was demand Jewish ss cee s vn lae i hr icsin f aá K Tamás of discussion her in clearer even is scheme avor of distinguishing Jewish and non-Jewish phenom non-Jewish and Jewish distinguishing of avor en phenomena “below the surface level”, and argued argued and level”, surface the “below phenomena en essing physical homes, the “safety of the atmospher the of “safety the homes, physical essing became as wide as possible but in order to get the get to order in but possible as wide as became m u o te hto bt h wrd n i fiction, his in world the but ghetto, the of out im Kóbor Tamás” in IMIT évkönyv, 1938, p.113. In her her In p.113. 1938, évkönyv, IMIT in Tamás” Kóbor uent sense of its split and wounded present state. state. present wounded and split its of sense uent .8 Erir e tesd ht h fnaetl Jew fundamental the that stressed he Earlier p.98. 386 ofsky, “A zsidó vallás és a racionalizmus” in IMIT IMIT in racionalizmus” a és vallás zsidó “A ofsky, shfk, led qoe i te rvos hpe o chapter previous the in quoted already oschofsky, e eivd hs eih oe o e so be to role Jewish this believed He teleology of history still seemed still history of teleology it had its independent and pre- and independent its had it ortant role in turning the world world the turning in role ortant ationalization among Jews was was Jews among ationalization ive Jewish participation in the in participation Jewish ive not inherently rational, nor rational, inherently not wy pit i te same the in points lways geometric order”. geometric en greater number of of number greater en ainst a form of of form a ainst tion with his his with tion positions and and positions .119. y: “it is is “it y: ty for the the for ty 124 385 form of of form ostler, e” but but e” The óbor, óbor, re he re

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positions they spoke to, what is common to all of them is Turóczi-T is them of all to common is what to, spoke they positions princess”. hnmnn hn en. t h sm tm, zns dec Szenes time, same the At Heine. than phenomenon However, the subchapter titled “Models of Jewish Cu Jewish of “Models titled subchapter the However, oppressed, that all and hurt her”. beset p ultimately Jewishness whose Jewess conscious a Verhage become to choose youth, her in education Jewish receiving without that maintained lif of instinct and soul optimistic her and truth of love fanatical focused on his ideas on the profound influence of J of influence profound the on ideas his on focused influences in modern times (what might be called hi called mightbe (what times modern in influences 389 390 388 was “Biblical,” her “verbal ornaments” of “Oriental of ornaments” “verbal her “Biblical,” was s Germanlyric of world in the appeared had Schüler excellent modern German female poet” and “richer, m “richer, and poet” female German modern excellent eihes a a atn ad fe dcsv qaiy i ws s appeared permanent. almost was it quality: decisive often and lasting surface a the was Jewishness on observed easily be could what than deeper something intuitive and profound more something was Jewishness memory. collective Jew of relevance great unusually the emphasized he time, same of suppositions its and thinking wishful rationalist as saw he what rm e muh vn h Grai lnug rsmls ht f a of that resembles language Germanic the even mouth her from G the in is music Her times. ancient from Jewry to “connection Lasker-Schül Else of “blood” the in alive still were Bible Shebel intuition. through accessibleonly were differences that world literature”. Ibid., p.253. p.253. Ibid., literature”. world Károly Sebestyén, “A zsidóság története levelekben története “Azsidóság KárolySebestyén, in Lasker-Schüler” “Else Szenes, Erzsi t VI Chapter in Turóczi-Trostler to return shall I 389 Károly Sebestyén in turn wrote that Rahel Verhagen was decidedl was Verhagen Rahel that wrote turn in Sebestyén Károly n pt o te ifrn aeds f hs atce ad h d the and articles these of agendas different the of spite In oeht iial t TrciTote, rs See wrote Szenes Erzsi Turóczi-Trostler, to similarly Somewhat

388

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kinds.” In sum, Schüler was an even moredecidedly aneven was Schüler sum,In kinds.” s multiculturalist conception of culture). culture). of conception multiculturalist s traight out of the land of Bible – the “rhythm of h of “rhythm the – Bible of land the of out traight ewish qualities and its unusual power of being inhe being of power unusual its and qualities ewish ore original and artistic” than “any other female l female “anyother than artistic” and original ore lture” looks at his exploration of interactions and interactions of exploration his at looks lture” o highlight another aspect of his writings. Here I I Here writings. his of aspect another highlight o ” in ” lared that next to Ricarda Huch, she was “the most most “the was she Huch, Ricarda to next that lared IMIT évkönyv IMIT 13, .4. o zns i see a i Lasker- if as seemed it Szenes, To p.248. 1934, , er since she was a Jewess with with Jewess a was she since er , 1935, pp. 57-8. pp. 1935, , ieved that the characters of the thecharactersof that ieved erman language, but coming coming but language, erman e made her one. Sebestyén Sebestyén one. her made e ituated within history, but but history, within ituated s oiis lgce and legacies origins, ish Jewish rationality. At the At rationality. Jewish rovided “a synopsis for for synopsis “a rovided rostler’s questioning of of questioning rostler’s Biblical, Semitic Semitic Biblical, level of history. history. of level feet counter- ifferent wud still would n y graspable, ly y Jewish: her Jewish: y f essential of er speech” speech” er 125 yricist in in yricist mutual Jewish Jewish rited. rited. have have CEU eTD Collection

hnmnn f neatos n cmrmss poie h ms iprat da important most the provide compromises” and interactions of phenomenon opeed h sii o te ass s t es aietd throug manifested gets it religion. as masses the of spirit the comprehend exceptionality: he wanted to prove that “we have our own past, our own our past, own ourhave“we that prove to wanted exceptionality:he ard o us.” to sacred l not people, historical a are “we that argued Gerő Ödön stake, at Jewi the of aims the When undermine). alone let alter, not would evolution logi (which tradition Jewish unitary a of notion the or Script Holy their holiness, Jews’ on ideas their with it reconcile to aimed hist Jewish of wrote approach) common more a was this (and Others be thus were and existence historical a led Jews that argued who unchanged survival of Jewish characterunchanged of Jewish traits. survival Winkler described his his described Winkler 394 393 392 391 or other peoples, had to negotiate their vision, among others, with La with others, among vision, their negotiate to had peoples, other or rem that core a had Jews that and significance little of were mainta who those authors: other by challenged directly also were emp verify to difficult been have would and Jewishnesses mystical ru peevd is rgnl eiiu expressions. religious original its preserved” group his assured he and questionable highly originality and origins on theses White Terror and the numerus clauses. clauses. thenumerus and Terror White “Gerő Ödön emlékbeszéde Perlmutter Izsákról” in Izsákról” Perlmutter emlékbeszéde Ödön “Gerő pp.237-8. Ibid., in Lajos” “Venetianer Winkler, Ernő hi published Venetianer I, Chapter in mentioned As 393 hs cam qetoe te oin o ucagn Jws ntr o alm or nature Jewish unchanging of notions the questioned claims These 394 hs ntos f itiiey et neiacs psuae sm ki some postulated inheritances” felt “intuitively of notions These hy lo edu t tepooet o the of proponents the to us lead also They rő ukci ogt o obn te icuss n eih qaiy and equality Jewish on discourses the combine to sought Munkácsi Ernő ars historica ars

IMIT évkönyv IMIT in the yearbook of 1935 thus: Venetianer considered the the considered Venetianer thus: 1935 of yearbook the in IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1935, , p.238. 1935, s apologetic history of Hungarian Jewry shortly aft shortly Jewry Hungarian of history apologetic s 392 , 1933, p.286. p.286. 1933, , oevr h asre ta “the that asserted he Moreover, ained largely unimpacted by time time by unimpacted largely ained historicity embodiment of the spirit of the of spirit the of embodiment ined that historical changes historical that ined cal and organic historical organic and cal n epsd o changes. to exposed ing east because history is is history because east jos Venetianer. jos o Jw (. i IMIT, in (8.) Jews of rcly A sc, they such, As irically. hout the history of of history the hout history and tradition. historytradition. and orical existence but but existence orical readers that “no “no that readers sh Museum were Museum sh 391 126 nd of of nd Ernő ta to to ta er the the er ost CEU eTD Collection

Erfahrungsraum justify it. Leidensgeschichte eeomn. Tu, h caatr f h kon vns i Koselleckia (in events known the of character the Thus, development.” ma of “blood (the suffering Jewish of history the that was fate recurrent suffering did not have to contradict the notion of progress. I progress. of notion the contradict to have not did suffering recurrent the Bible.the tha w history Jewish of spirit the since history Jewish of knowledge faith Jewish the of tenets basic were there that argued syste theological its develop not did it that confirmed and concerned, as practitioners its to liberty great allowed Judaism that eaae fo ec ohr Mnás ide tid o qae h cir the square to tried indeed Munkácsi other. each from separated continue to inspire human civilization”. human inspire to continue t those all of oldest arethe historytradition ourand more, is What us to a historical conception of the world”, he declared.he world”, the of conception historical a to us comprehend to apply existence washistorical notions necessary Jewish to 397 396 in Babylonia. inBabylonia. expec messianic and Israel of people the of the rebirth to pointed he more, is p.91.What Ibid., Earth”. 398 395 will”. divine his hi lead will who servant commissioned and chosen his have will Israel, historic his affirmed explicitly He principles. abstract Ibid., p.89. He wrote accordingly that the messian the that accordingly wrote He p.89. Ibid., in messianizmus” “A zsidó Hirschler, Pál jelent Igazgatósági Múzeum. Zsidó Magyar “Országos jelent Igazgatósági Múzeum. Zsidó Magyar “Országos 397 Hirschler asserted that core Jewish beliefs concerned histori concerned beliefs Jewish core that asserted Hirschler á Hrclr n i “ zió esaims (eih Messiani (Jewish messianizmus” zsidó “A his in Hirschler Pál 398 ) and the basic structure and dynamic (akin to to (akin dynamic and structure basic the and ) n a rgesvs vrin f itr: codn t hs presenta his to according history: of version progressivist a and

IMIT évkönyv IMIT 395 tations were already connected when Jews were still were Jews when connected already were tations A year later, Munkácsi reiterated his belief that it that belief his reiterated Munkácsi later, year A ogr itg o ti taiin h soe ta i that showed he tradition: this of vintage longer ic concepts of the Talmudic Age “expected salvation “expected Age Talmudic the of concepts ic és” in in és” és” in in és” , 1941, p.94. p.94. 1941, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT al conviction that “God shall be king in in king be shall “God that conviction al 396 In his eyes, the specialty of Jewish of specialty the eyes, In his far as secondary matters were were matters secondary as far t could be accessed through through accessed be could t as in unity and harmony with with harmony and unity in as rtyrs”) revealed the “path of “path the revealed rtyrs”) , 1935, p.344. 1935, , , 1936, p.354. 1936, , hat still exert real force and and forcereal exert still hat Erwartungshorizont n fact, it was meant to meant was it fact, n s people according to to according people s m. He nevertheless nevertheless He m. : “our religion leads “our: religion leads cal facts rather than rather facts cal l ad synthesize and cle trs h Jewish the terms n m accepted sm) 127 captives captives were ) deas on on deas tion, tion, on on CEU eTD Collection

prophets “were identical or show the natural, evolutionary historic evolutionary natural, the show or identical “were prophets present times could only be of that historicalpresent Jewry. could only times perfection were both articulated without reference to potential potential to reference without articulated both were perfection and developed logically in time: the most characteristical most the time: in logically developed and prophetic the that argued Heller Bernát 1941, of yearbook same the In closer to the state of fraternity, peace, perfection and holiness.” closer and fraternity, peace, the state to perfection of itse restrain and act to soul human the of ability the “trusted fashi dispirited rather a in salvation of idea the to clinging of he what from stance this distinguished He history. towards attitude of development anyway took a new turn that was wholly unpredicted by unpredicted wholly was that turn new a took anyway development the in that added Hirschler God. of work the essential: truly was salva of instead progress in hopes its put liberalism dominant eiiu uoins. e egd t ih ocee ti-oll, pol this-worldly, concrete, with it merged He utopianism. religious 402 401 400 399 was against it supposed defend of Jews to uncontrolled change. the danger t of elements valuable the words, other inor, past the in imparted identical practically was history term the usages, two these Other texts gave clear expression to the to expression clear gave texts Other Mór Fényes, “A Tízige” in “AFényes,Tízige” Mór in “Prófétáink” Heller, Bernát pp.96-7. Ibid., p.97. Ibid., Messianic thoughtMessianic His main claim was that the kind of strong belief which was nec was which belief strong of kind the that was claim main His In these texts the need to turn to historical realities and the the and realities historical to turn to need the texts these In sgod rsmn atcltd ehp te ot euir vers peculiar most the perhaps articulated Groszmann Zsigmond (9.). In 1941, Mór Fényes stressed that Jews had an activist and ut and activist an had Jews that stressed Fényes Mór In1941, (9.). IMIT évkönyv IMIT

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1941, p.141. 1941, , , 1941, p.15. p.15. 1941, , utopian missionutopian 399 Hirschler explained that the that previously Hirschlerexplained of Jewry or pointed to the centrality the to pointed or Jewry of ly prophetic teachings of different different of teachings prophetic ly on. According to this text, Jews Jews text, this to According on. lf and thereby bring the world the bring thereby and lf 402 tion, and thus neglected what what neglected thus and tion, contradictions between them. them. between contradictions meantime, modern historical historical modern meantime, in meaning to truth already already truth to meaning in radition. True knowledge of of knowledge True radition.

called the “Eastern way” way” “Eastern the called al path”, he wrote. he path”, al liberal conceptions. liberal tradition was unified was tradition itical plans. In this this In plans. itical vision of future future of vision essary in the in essary 128 o of ion opian 401 In 400

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belong to the reconstruction of the implicit debate on the relevanc the on debate implicit the of reconstruction the to belong hnmn tpcl f h Glt ad s itrcl vns ht justi that events historical as and Galuth the of typical phenomena perception of some stark contrast between the animosity and ill ill and animosity the between contrast stark some of perception realize Messianic tasks that emerge through divine correlation” divine through emerge that tasks Messianic realize t drive continuous a meant Jews, among was it as strong God, of love the Józse was vein this in writing authors the of One history. Jewish age of Greater Hungary.Greater of age the and humaneness of victory the humanity, of recovery the Israel, of fa of “articles Jewish basic four were there interpretation, triumph of antriumph Hungarian explicitly secular) (and irredentism. universalisti a of fulfillment the through reemerge would harmony gene and severe the from recovery the with breath same the in quoted sought to take central stage.central take to sought pres force “emotional the and people Jewish the movements these “inexting an was Messiah the of coming the in belief Jewish the movements.” Messianic chain of continuous a Galuth is the in history “Jewish that Ra as spelled also he which Rafael, name first the used later 406 405 404 403 agenda. ofpolitical and history its t both centralto so people Jewish the ofhistory unified and continuous is different from teomorphistic assimilation and un and assimilation fromteomorphistic isdifferent Ibid., p.284. Ibid., modern a alakja Zevi “Sabbatai Patai, ErvinGyörgy zsi kriticizmus filozófiai “A Grózinger, M. József in “Mezei” Groszmann, oe ovninly esai ies ee lo omltd n IMI in formulated also were ideas Messianic conventionally More at bt o lat tee s h cutr f icuss ht form that discourses of cluster the is there least, not but Last, IMIT évkönyv IMIT 403

Here the belief in transcendence and utopian expectations wer expectations utopian and transcendence in belief the Here 406 Thus, Messianic movements could simultaneously appear as appear simultaneously could movements Messianic Thus, , 1936, p.208. p.208. , 1936, ification as well as from a pantheistic form of uni formof pantheistic froma wellas as ification dó képviselői” in képviselői” dó zsidó irodalomban” in in irodalomban” zsidó ith”: the existence of the protector protector the of existence the ith”: IMIT évkönyv IMIT phael) went as far as to declare to as far as went phael) . 404 IMIT évkönyv IMIT uishable volcano”. Through Through volcano”. uishable ent in their collective soul” soul” collective their in ent f M. Grózinger, for whom for Grózinger, M. f Ervin György Patai (who Patai György Ervin intentions of the outside outside the of intentions e, shape and contents of of contents and shape e, , 1931, p.205. Approaching Approaching p.205. 1931, , he Zionist conceptions Zionist he al Jws ad the and Jewish cally coming of the merry the of coming id paig f the of speaking fied ral crisis. Original Original crisis. ral o “approach and and “approach o , 1931, p.253. p.253. 1931, , 405 ltd the ulated ty. ty. To him, 129 that T e CEU eTD Collection

eivd ht ósf is sne i or w dy t days own our in “senses Kiss József that believed p.316. It is interesting that Wertheimer here refer here Wertheimer that interesting is It p.316. would not have accepted its categorization as a peo a as itscategorization accepted have not would das itrss n taiin o pols. “Wert peoples”. of traditions and interests ideals, throughout its showery millennia, even when they fe they when even millennia, showery its throughout Wertheimer also referred to what he considered one one considered he what to referred also Wertheimer of Jewry, but were diametrically opposed to it.” to opposed diametrically were but Jewry, of ethic the essence, of out Jewish emerge of not out the did fact in ofthe Jews sins wer that mistakes “the that argued where Munkácsi Museum report the Jewish of ca them of versions pure and simple the of One condition. Jewish the provide to attempted discourses these forms, elaborate more their f some or features Jewish specifically and Jews towards world its businessmen but by businessmen but daydreamers.”its its colle and was inner Jewry but Jews, their on forced was thinking and business-like “economic, others) from them excluding (through Jews on role the between gap wide a was there that emphasized Gerő Ödön mean superiority, but rather implied motivation to elevate to through t mean motivation others superiority, rather implied but Being mission. priestly universal a it?” fulfilled against Israel conception, hatred of weapon a as held be would large, Israel to love taught which tradition this that guessed have would who objec thebecome would Israelcherished, that humanityof love noble proves which law this that guessed have would “Who Thinking). Jewish gondolkodásban” zsidó a értéke ember “Az study his in world outside aggressive and reception distorted the and intentions and content cultural 409 408 407 Mátyás Rubinstein, “Az ember értéke a zsidó gondol zsidó a értéke “Azember Rubinstein, Mátyás in Tamásról” “Kóbor Gerő, Ödön in jelentése” Múzeum Zsidó Magyar Országos “Az áys uisen lo one t te rmtc ifrne betw difference dramatic the to pointed also Rubinstein Mátyás

IMIT évkönyv IMIT 408 red to Jews as a race, but (based on the evidence w evidence the on (based but race, a as Jews to red , 1931, p.46. p.46. 1931, , ple ( ple heimer Adolf elnöki megnyitója” in in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf heimer

lt completely amalgamated with the receiving nation receiving the with amalgamated completely lt e rgd ta or ae n dnmnto hd o su to had denomination and race our that tragedy he nép kodásban” in kodásban” of the constant characteristics of Jewish history: history: Jewish of characteristics constant the of 407 MT évkönyv IMIT ). Already in the year IMIT was relaunched, was IMIT year the in Already IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1940, p.339. The President of IMIT, IMIT, of President The p.339. 1940, , 409 h akd n 90 I his In 1940. in asked he , rs f eih sec. In essence. Jewish of orms h coe pol dd not did people chosen the a holistic interpretation of of interpretation holistic a s the outside world forced world outside the s , 1932, p.190. p.190. 1932, , t of ill-intended attacks; ill-intended of t n be found in the 1940 the in found be n (The Value of Man in in Man of Value (The never maintained by by maintained never and to the world at world the to and he Jewish clarity Jewish he of MT évkönyv IMIT ecin o the of reactions the selfless and and selfless the al fundament al fundament ctive needs: needs: ctive e considered e Jewish een 130 e have) have) e , 1930, 1930, , s, the the s, ffer ffer he he CEU eTD Collection

proper respect for free will. proper free respect will. for people who even lack unifying frames”, he wrote.he frames”, unifying lack even who people positive expectations towards the improvement of th of improvement the towards expectations positive o cast and religion nature, basic the Nevertheless, vision and cognition and thereby serve as “the light of humanity.” of light “the as serve thereby and cognition and vision impact them either here or there and sometimes all all sometimes and there or here either them impact 410 prosely “make to order in world the around people scatteredJewish Alm the that Eliezer claimed Talmud where Rabbi the quoted the of passage importance the on stress unusual) a(n with universality of idea the around the world consists of struggles and hoping. hoping. and struggles of consists world the around 414 413 412 411 reaction, a led and namelyto Jewish diametrically it utopi opposed idealism to of experience the sharper: any be hardly could article this utr ad oat bt apa i hs et i for in texts his in appear both loyalty and culture p.3 1931, évkönyv, IMIT in év” 5690. “Az Edelstein, huma of and other each of interest the in religions impa an in“Kínai” Hatvany, Hinduism”. suchof atmosphere that added He Jewishness”. of carriers tha aspect religious its to due “solely was it that loving”. and just good, is what of victory the in belief Jewish animalist “no amazing: most was character moral the Jewish firmness of enli to aimed they as and, educational solely were attempts such cultured humanity that battles for ideas, maintains ideas, for battles that humanity cultured “How much power and confidence do we see […] in such a weak, deeply weak, a such in […] see we do confidence and power much “How specia possesses Jews that wrote he when traits character and humanity”, he wrote in reaction to the Nazi Mac Nazi the to reaction in wrote he humanity”, and report. Bertalan Edelstein, “Az 5692. és 5693. év” 5693. és 5692. “Az Edelstein, Bertalan report. an is hatred blind too; them hurts wound our side, Jews to the stance taken by the (non-Jewish part of part (non-Jewish the by taken stance the to Jews calmin the humanity, of whole the of reconciliation In a passage characteristic of his writing, Edelst writing, his of characteristic passage a In p.336. Ibid., története zsidóság “Akülföldi Edelstein, Bertalan i similar expressed Hatvany Bertalan p.197. Ibid., p.195. Ibid., Bertalan Edelstein seemed genuinely puzzled at what he identifi he what at puzzled genuinely seemed Edelstein Bertalan

IMIT évkönyv IMIT t Jewry, if not oppressed, is still able to turn fo turn to able still is oppressed, not if Jewry, t ideals and enthuses for what is beautiful and true and beautiful is what for enthuses and ideals f mind of Jews make them optimists, full of confide of full optimists, them make Jews of mind f offense not only to us, but to the sacred teachings sacred the to but us, to only not offense ein elaborated further on this observation: “The li “The observation: this on further elaborated ein nity. Jewry demands a share of this work as it is a is it as work this of share a demands Jewry nity. s uh s eey Jws] taa hr te aspirat the share strata [Jewish] “every as such ms a háború utáni évtizedben” in in évtizedben” utáni háború a the) best of humanity: “The best of humanity are o are humanity of best “The humanity: of best the) htergreifung, on the pages of what turned out to be to out turned what of pages the on htergreifung, nII vöy,13,p27 eodti, h topo the this, Beyond p.247. 1933, évkönyv, IMIT in dw o psin ad h sae wr o pols a peoples of work shared the and passions of down g eir own fate and the future in general. They hope f hope They general. in future the and fate own eir deas in his study “Kínai és indiai zsidók”. He main He zsidók”. indiai és “Kínai study his in deas h sfeig opeso, ifrue n injustice and misfortune oppression, suffering, The 08. In another of his reports he contrasted the hat the contrasted he reports his of another In 08. h tm, hud il hm ih h dret pessimi darkest the with them fill should time, the t a ol b fly xre i “h ifntl tol infinitely “the in exerted fully be only can ct 412 , 1933, p.49. p.49. 1933, , Edelstein felt that the stubbornness and stubbornness the that felt Edelstein l power and could remain confident. remain could and power l animosity and violence gave birth birth gave violence and animosity 413 The contrast he expressed in expressed he contrast The ghten, they always showed showed always they ghten, tes join them” join tes 410 IMIT évkönyv IMIT f rsltzto: he proselytization: of Rubinstein combined Rubinstein ic cruelty can kill the can the cruelty kill ic divided, powerless powerless divided, ighty specifically ightyspecifically anism. reign races into into races reign ed as Jewish Jewish as ed , 1929, p.298. p.298. 1929, , 411 – though– of religion religion of .” Bertalan Bertalan .” fe of Jews Jews of fe 414 131 nce and and nce his last last his part of part

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but fortunately poetic beauty has no religion and thus we can res can we thus and religion no has beauty poetic fortunately but p.284. p.284. state” the of citizens loyal be and cultured become happy days the return of which we nowadays so often cry after”, cry often so nowadays we which of return the days happy martyr meant it extent some To martyrs. of crown the wearing i poetry.” his recourse to the classic topoi of Jewish Jewish of topoi classic the to recourse Jewry Hungarian of Age” “Golden the of accounts historicist the over Komlós went on to argue that “József Kiss was assigned a Je a assigned was Kiss “József that argue to on went Komlós artassessment of his and redeeming therefore the supposedly impartial made and him surrounded that rejection and stigmatization incomprehension, surely and the count appreciation future. onwell-deserved in preserved can be due unrecognized temporarily treasures that show to offered was e idea the while world, outside the of present-day hostility the evoke to Hungary) their in Jews by unchangeable as even unchanging, 417 416 415 r that experiences historical of row a and suffering of continuity meant to be a second class creature.” class second a be to meant Jew a be “to that known have must Kiss child a as already that c His end. opposite the from it developed he but contrast, similar Poe Jewish The or: Kiss, József of Memory (The dicsőség” a és Józs “Kiss titled VII), Chapter in length some at discussed Pál Vidor, “Kiss Arnold” in “KissArnold” Vidor, Pál 71-2. pp. Ibid., in “Kiss” Komlós, 416 n hs et Kmó epoe te oin f eih ae (pres fate Jewish of notion the employed Komlós text, this In n o Aaá Kmó’ oeoty otiuin t II (i ies a ideas (his IMIT to contributions noteworthy Komlós’ Aladár of One By 1941, the thesis on the unchanging martyrdom of Jews took precedence took Jews of martyrdom unchanging the on thesis the 1941, By IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1932, p.50. 1932, , 415 , 1941, 62. 1941, , Komlós contrasted his “Jewish fate”, practically the practically fate”, “Jewish his contrasted Komlós Leidensgeschichte . Bertalan Edelstein, “Az 5689. év” in IMIT évkönyv IMIT in év” 5689. “Az Edelstein, Bertalan . ef emlékezete, vagy: A zsidó költő zsidó A vagy: emlékezete, ef : “to be Jewish has always meant meant always has Jewish be “to : wish fate even in immortality, immortality, in even fate wish t and Glory), was build on a on build was Glory), and t t assured about the future of of future the about assured t even in the village of Serke Serke of village the in even o ee i toe l and old those in even dom ritical approach suggested suggested approach ritical 417 of the higher realm of art of realm higher the of he wrote. Ideas on the on Ideas wrote. he to this hostility would would hostility this to istic accomplishments. accomplishments. istic vrnet sc as such nvironments evealed the almost almost the evealed a i Pl Vidor’s Pál in as , him bitter with bitter him ne as ented 132 , 1930, 1930, ,

re re

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epe f h poht” n ti olgtd es o recogniz to Jews obligated this and prophets” the of people published under the title “A zsidó-német irodalmi kapcsolatok kérd kapcsolatok irodalmi zsidó-német “A title the under published basic values I outline above. In his “Maimuni és Aristoteles” he he Aristoteles” és “Maimuni his In above. outline I values basic best results”. results”. best Maimonides). w perspectives” ethical and “intellectual while Aristotle), me and physical in world the of explanation “the was thinking Greek t that declared and thinking, of types alternative between opposition wrote He Jews. and Greeks between contrast evoked often the of version of Judaism and added that “the task of true believe true of task “the that added and Judaism of certain ways. osdrd h ms esnil set f er, aey ht “ that namely Jewry, of aspect essential most the considered we existence historical Jewish of nature hopeless completely on the question of Jewish form he asserted that order “is a tim a “is order that asserted he form Jewish of question the on contempa offered life. balance The between sameJewish article i exceptionally the on perspective critical a presented also r crucial the for argued and Connections) Literary Jewish-German of a ethics of role parallel the stressed instance, for Hevesi, a emerged value single no cases, some In themes. several combine being of traits essential even or distinguishing the describe 419 418 Ferenc Hevesi, “Maimuni és Aristoteles” in Aristoteles” és “Maimuni Hevesi, Ferenc p.77. Ibid., 418 419 n o Jze TrciTote’ (rvosy o qoe) articles quoted) not (previously Turóczi-Trostler’s József of One Although most authors focused on one of these ten themes in their atte their in themes ten these of one on focused authors most Although

IMIT évkönyv IMIT rs” was “to hope and believe that what God does lea does God what that believe and hope “to was rs” , 1935, p.30. He called called He p.30. 1935, , ere central to Jewish thought (as in in (as thought Jewish to central ere nd intellect, combining two of the of two combining intellect, nd mportant role of the intellect in in intellect the of role mportant Jewish, some articles aimed to to aimed articles some Jewish, e certain truths and behave in in behave and truths certain e re in contrast to what Vidor Vidor what to contrast in re eless ideal but it can acquire acquire can it but ideal eless no matter what, we are the the are we what, matter no oranist and ahistorical ideas: ahistoricaloranist ideas: and éséhez” (On the Question the (On éséhez” lbrtd n ahistorical an elaborated micva elevance of ethics, but but ethics, of elevance chanical terms” (as in in (as terms” chanical s paramount. Ferenc Ferenc paramount. s he “eternal type” of of type” “eternal he of an unchanging an of the basis and essence essence and basis the mpts to to mpts 133 ds to the to ds was was CEU eTD Collection

before”. w age, modern the of evaluation his in obvious more the all becomes biases a part of their character flaws. Due to the latter, he believe he latter, the to Due flaws. character of their part biases a i excessive their considered but Almighty, the to close people bűnbocsánat napja” (The Day of Atonement), which mixes the theory the mixes which Atonement), of Day (The napja” bűnbocsánat particularly Jewish mix. He claimed that (understan that claimed He mix. Jewish particularly balance”. balance”. external circumstances. external betwee contrast the of idea the with inheritance Jewish decisive topical relevance in any moment of time”.of moment any in relevance topical not divert Jewry from the road of of road the from Jewry divert not i was the intellect “the although intellect”, sacrificing the of exaggerations “completely for responsible as Enlightenment type. original this to connected still were versions ( intellect the of realm the to “closer 421 424 423 422 420 Trostler). A somewhat more original and even surprising exampl surprising even and original more somewhat A Trostler). t in (as variety critical and Hevesi) Ferenc of example the aff its in both IMIT of pages the on appeared it and exceptional, ikd sa a ad xldd t a be, eas te da f o Ki Yom of idea the because people”. impact onthesubconsciouslyexerted Jewish its been, has it excluded and at spat kicked, rhetoric of self-defense, while sentimentalism and and sentimentalism while self-defense, of rhetoric Bertalan Kohlbach, “A bűnbocsánat napja” in napja” “Abűnbocsánat Kohlbach, Bertalan the7 I.e. in “Wassermann” Trostler, an of use the that stressed Trostler p.271. Ibid., in “Zsidó-német” Trostler, 422 th

and the10 and hs obnto o te w vle o ehc ad nelc i hardly is intellect and ethics of values two the of combination This th theme of this subchapter. subchapter. this of theme 423 IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT In Kohlbach’s view, “thousands of unjust and barbaric years couldyears barbaric and unjust of “thousands view, Kohlbach’s In

humanitas , 1929, p.268. 1929, , , 1934, p.159. 1934, , szellem IMIT évkönyv IMIT alytical intellect and the tone of pathos created a created pathos of tone the and intellect alytical 420 dably) the dialectics of pure reason were combined combined were reason pure of dialectics the dably) rn wr peet n wy ht hwd “disturbe a showed that way a in present were irony Above all else, he saw in Jews ethically serious ethically Jews in saw he else, all Above ta t raiy – n al t ata current actual its all and – reality” to than ) , no matter how persecuted, violently beaten, beaten, violently persecuted, how matter no , 421 , 1934, p.293. 1934, , i sap rtqe f intellectualism of critique sharp His 424 his very article of József Turóczi- József of article very his

a oiat oiin already position dominant a n irmative (as we have seen in in seen have we (as irmative d the Jewish prototype stood prototype stood the Jewish d e is Bertalan Kohlbach’s “A “A Kohlbach’s Bertalan is e ntellectual orientation and and orientation ntellectual itra assmn and assessment internal n eih prt o the to spirit Jewish of subconscious but but subconscious of hich presents the the presents hich ppur has even even has ppur strange and and strange 134 with the the with d d

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belief moral in development. IMIT évkönyv IMIT Guttmann made very similar statements: “Jews are we are “Jews statements: similar very made Guttmann Discussing, above all, the connections between the the between connections the all, above Discussing, tee s o at f h Jws soy hc wud b would which story Jewish the of part no is “there ideas as part of their own heritage. own their of part as ideas pre could that people only the were they role: irreplaceable monotheis the of protector” official “the as serve to was history 426 425 not worldview standards Jewish ethical protect and maintain the to need the i.e. defined conservatism, Lőwinger task, Jewish main the humanity of “preserving people”. These notions were peculiarly combi peculiarly were notions These people”. “preserving of inst for evoking, ideas, conservative some added he this, To mission. unique universally their to pointed and role, global their as well as connecti strong Jews’ emphasized Lőwinger hand, one the On Lőwinger. the in published Perspective) Historical World from Approached megvilágításban” világtörténeti szerepe nép zsidó “A above: s of combination intriguing an offers which articles complex most from the very beginning. very the from all and power of centers important all almost with intertwined Talmudban” in Talmudban” ( egyetemes emberi vonatkozások emberi egyetemes Preserve it in their “complete purity, in the the in purity, “complete their in it Preserve világtörténe szerepe nép zsidó “A Lőwinger, Sámuel ”, Lőwinger emphasized. Sámuel Lőwinger, “A zsidó n zsidó “A Lőwinger, Sámuel emphasized. Lőwinger ”, , 1938, p.143. p.143. 1938, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT Finally, I would like to spend the last pages of this subchapter this of pages last the spend to like would I Finally, oe oceey Lwne woe ht h soy f h Jws pe Jewish the of story the that wrote Lőwinger concretely, More , 1937, p.9. 1937, , 425

in the original). Mihály Guttmann, “Idegen jogrend “Idegen Guttmann, Mihály original). the in He declared that the purpose of existence of the Jewish peo Jewish the of existence of purpose the that declared He 426 Somewhat at odds with this vision of preservation as preservation of vision this with odds at Somewhat language amdc ea sse ad h etra wrd Mihál world, external the and system legal Talmudic etrl fe o hmn erns f uiesl ki universal a of bearings human of free entirely e ll aware of their relation to the surrounding world surrounding the to relation their of aware ll in which the Lord of the world spoke to to spoke world the of Lord the which in ti megvilágításban” in in megvilágításban” ti ép szerepe világtörténeti megvilágításban” in megvilágításban” világtörténeti szerepe ép relevant, but quite special, even even special, quite but relevant, serve the Holy Script and all its its all and Script Holy the serve (The Role of the Jewish People Jewish the of Role (The ned with the articulation of his his of articulation the with ned influential cultural formations cultural influential 1938 yearbook by Sámuel Sámuel by yearbook 1938 tic idea. Theirs was an an was Theirs idea. tic MT évkönyv IMIT vrl da presented ideas everal szerek érintkezési pontjai a a pontjai érintkezési szerek and levels, but by the the by but levels, and ons to world history world to ons ance, the theme the ance, y t ethical its by on one of the the of one on 13, p.128. 1938, , the whole of of whole the pe was ople 135 ple in ple ” and and ” nd” nd” y y CEU eTD Collection

practice of strict preservation functioned as a precondition of t of precondition a as functioned preservation strict of practice “the moral a world state”. was higher towards heading par essential an was it Lőwinger, For development. moral of thought h oiia msin f es wih otne t b rlvn, irres peoples. other relevant, and Jews between relations peaceful andconnections be to continued which Jews, of mission original the were also “still far” from having truly converted all their noti their all converted truly having from far” “still also were both eyes, his in while, Bible the of ignorant completely remained tha was successful completely not was impact its reason the impact successful completely not but huge a had religion Jewish ess this him, to According history”. of “essence the of comprehension 428 427 otiuin t the to contributions options of dual identity were in a dominant position, and thus Hungariann thus and position, dominant a in were identity dual of i options collective of case the in while that important especially of content and importance the on stances different significantly t subchapter the of part second The value. one than more assert al content, their with accordance in groups five to them assigned contradict each other. directly but supported singl a of elements as appeared diffusion through completion future rol universal and task special elements: contradictory seemingly manag thus Lőwinger mission. historical Jewish the of realization Ibid., p.143. Ibid., p.129. Ibid., i suy f eih itr epiil wne t cnrbt t contribute to wanted explicitly history Jewish of study His o umrz te eea fnig o ti sbhpe: great a subchapter: this of findings general the summarize To MT yearbooks IMIT

tepe t dfn fnaetl eih aus I values. Jewish fundamental define to attempted 427

ett dsore te various the discourses dentity onal believers. onal he belief in progress and the and progress in belief he hen attempted to clarify five five clarify to attempted hen hnrd o mlin still millions of hundreds t Jewish history. I consider it it consider I history. Jewish on the outside world – and – world outside the on e, faithful preservation and and preservation faithful e, though some articles could could articles some though ed to create a synthesis of of synthesis a create to ed In this article, the Jewish Jewish the article, Inthis t of Jewish beliefs that beliefs Jewish of t hitaiy n Islam and Christianity e whole that did not not did that whole e pective of the close close the of pective ess figured in most in figured ess ne a ta the that was ence 428 This justified This ubr of number 136 the o CEU eTD Collection

rvdd n nrbeaial rcie ad eual epoe di employed regularly and received unproblematically an provided philosophical questions were at stake. The Hungarian national fr national Hungarian The stake. at were questions philosophical subchapter. is this but contributions, Jewish on discourse leve scholarly higher widespread much a acquired pages, thirty past the in or irrelevant fundamental more such when relevance real no of was which frame n Hungarian The picture. the entered rarely Hungarians Jewish e Jewry on focused historicity and values on discourse their that shows Hungaria by articles of sample representative fairly This denomination a group, religious a of idea the by suggested that than emerges from over 5000 pages of text printed in the in printed text of pages 5000 over from emerges Jewry of subject the concerned exclusively historicity on debate discours the Jewishness, to relations varying in approaches these of es ad i s qie eual. h ntr ad pca faue of features special and nature ( The regularly. quite so did and Jews, charact special the on reflected only identity, dual of versions subscrib predominantly who authors of group same the that is 1943 and 1929 andbasiccharacter the values (Jewry) subject traits carrying and w identity collective of subject primary the Therefore, scholars. magyarság o ee Hnain es a o ltl cnen o Jws Hungari Jewish for concern little of was Jews Hungarian even or )

Arguably, this discrepancy points to a rather more explicit more rather a to points discrepancy this Arguably, IMIT yearbooksIMIT n Jewish scholars in the Horthy era Horthy the in scholars Jewish n ational frame seemed to have have to seemed frame ational discourses (Hungarian Jews) Jews) (Hungarian discourses er and essential features of of features essential and er ame, which was practically practically was which ame, ere not identical. identical. ere not e on basic values and the the and values basic on e o sgiiac i the in significance of l . In other words, what what words, other In . within the larger nation. larger the within discussed in our next next our in discussed crie rm, u a but frame, scursive xclusively, while non- while xclusively, in the years between between years the in self-identification self-identification Hungariandom Hungariandom ed to different to ed an Jewish Jewish an historical- 137 CEU eTD Collection

history and expression of its sentiments” of Jewry. of sentiments” its of expression historyand Our production of as much as data as possible on Je on possible as data as much as of production Our eevs eaae treatment. separate deserves Ho the of age the in apologia Jewish of form scholarly widespread highlighted its beneficial influence or simply discussed its unde Jewish its discussed simply of or influence beneficial impact its highlighted the demonstrate to aimed articles of number 429 novelist). German contemporary a of example an take to Mann, Thomas 431 430 the since that, were empirically kind most this ones. among the detailed t so much so O impacts, these underscore Jewry. to provided of were illustrations property the still sense some in and product Jewish was which Bible, the of impact the on all above focused discourse of German culture and Nazism will be in the center center inwill the be Nazism and culture German of enti its in it address to decided have I but theme, tha elements contains 1937, in published and Horvát sophi and detailed most the of one Culture), German 2007). Littman, (London: T (eds.), Cohen I. Richard Cohen, Jeremy is century tackling volume recent A 154-5. Gábor, pp. 1931, évkönyv, Gyula wrote. he significance”, political has a artifacts Jewish-related of number the in increase aims scholarly achievements, cultural linking for histor law, wealth, “national the once at was Bible 19 from drama and poetry of litera of canons international even or national to central were a non-Jewish outstanding even well-known, of works in mostly contributions t s motn t nt ta “ nmt sdk szere zsidók német “A that note to important is It artifacts Jewish discussion nominally was he While Be Jewry, and Bible the between connections the On Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat Irodalmi Magyar Izraelita In the fifteen fifteen the In II. hs icus on discourse This

Jewish Contributions

IMIT yearbooks IMIT th 430 century, János Arany and Imre Madách, respectively, or even even or respectively, Madách, Imre and Arany János century, MTs uhr sace fr n fud in o these of signs found and for searched authors IMIT’s eih contributions Jewish rety in the last subchapter of the next chapter, wh chapter, next the of subchapter last the in rety from Roman times has not only historiographical sig historiographical only not has times Roman from Bernát Heller, “Zunz Lipót” in IMIT évkönyv, 1936, in IMIT Lipót” “Zunz Heller, Bernát of my analysis. myanalysis. of wish agents of culture active already in the earlie the in already active culture of agents wish he Jewish Contribution to Civilization. Reassessing Civilization. to Contribution Jewish he palladi support, and pride literature, language, y, sticated discussions on a German topic, written by by written topic, German a on discussions sticated since evolved it as contribution Jewish of idea the d oiia (u srcl dfnie proe thus purposes defensive) strictly (but political nd “Római kori zsidó emlékek Magyarországon” in IMIT IMIT in Magyarországon” emlékek zsidó kori “Római released between 1929 and 1943, a remarkable remarkable a 1943, and 1929 between released t are of some relevance to the discussion of my pre my of discussion the to relevance some of are t from Roman times, Gyula Gábor offered explicit sup explicit offered Gábor Gyula times, Roman from pe a német kultúrában” (The Role of German Jews in in Jews German of Role (The kultúrában” német a pe rnát Heller offered a remarkable quote from Zunz: t Zunz: from quote remarkable a offered Heller rnát wanted to publish yearbooks with articles articles with yearbooks publish to wanted a tu b se a te most the as seen be thus can ture (such as Hungarian classics classics Hungarian as (such ture niable cultural role. cultural niable rthy regime and as such it it such as and regime rthy yial cniee a considered typically ften an abundance of of abundance an ften culture, whether they they whether culture, hat several studies of studies several hat 431 It is conspicuous is It uthors who who uthors en the themes themes the en st centuries centuries st nificance. nificance. um of its its of um 429 138 p.64. p.64. the 17 the an Idea Idea an Henrik Henrik : “The “The : This port port sent sent he he th

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borrowing or, as in one case, the special story of the widespre the of story special the case, one in as or, borrowing IMIT évkönyv IMIT only angle from which their works ever received detailed attention. onlyfrom works detailed which angle ever received their primarily dealing articles of subjects the as exclusively aut non-Jewish focus, Jewish decidedly a with but themes diverse on history. From the very beginning, his philological philological his beginning, very the From history. in theemergence role” “acentral played all, above 432 the influence of the Oriental spirit. Bernát Heller Bernát spirit. Oriental the of influence the presentation. ordera balanced provide to the rathersmall, was counter-examples such of number the overall t intentions unfavorable with pursued clearly was that Talmud the i.e. counter-examples, on evidence some provides subchapter the of F contributions. religious and economic social, includes also and diverse, of notion the case, latter the In subchapter. this of half second the will these and theme, this upon touched also have topics different whi articles other of number a but contributions, Jewish of discourse 13. Goldziher wanted to explore the origins and dev and theorigins explore wantedto Goldziher 13. ne te il “z me taéij é a sdk (h Traged (The zsidók” a és tragédiája ember “Az title the under most the of discussion Mohácsi’s Jenő Biblia”, a és Imre “Madách p five the with together here, belong Agg aggádista” az and Mann, Legends“Thomas to Arany János of Relation (The agádához” és legendához Berbyarticles two alone: titles their of basis the on even evaluations of the Bible and of Jewry”. Sándor Sche Sándor Jewry”. of and Bible the of evaluations “measured he history, literary Hungarian on studies hand, other the On p.14. Ibid., influences. mutual t hud e de ta Hle as epaie tha emphasized also Heller that added be should It , 1943, p.123. p.123. 1943, , hs suis ev a te rmr po o sucs n h anal the in sources of pool primary the as serve studies These The studies that constitute the first analytical cluster are cluster analytical first the constitute that studies The

, “Goldziger Ignác emlékezete” in in emlékezete” Ignác “Goldziger , Sándor Scheiber claimed that while Heller wrote com wrote Heller while that claimed Scheiber Sándor of modern Oriental scholarship, cultural history a history cultural scholarship, modernOriental of studies focused on different but connected worldvie connected but different on focused studies elopment of Islam as well as its broader connection broader its as well as Islam of elopment iber, “Heller Bernát élete és tudományos munkássága tudományos és élete Bernát “Heller iber, h hmn rans o Hnain rtr aant t against writers Hungarian of greatness human the Hnain eih coas Inc Inz Goldzihe (Ignaz) Ignác scholars, Jewish Hungarian t with Jewish influences. This was the the was This influences. Jewish with nát Heller, “Arany János viszonya a a viszonya “AranyJános Heller, nát ad reception of an element of element an of reception ad y are necessary to evoke in in evoke to ynecessary are be discussed separately in in separately discussed be o Mn n te Jews). the and Man of y 432 famous work of Madách Madách of work famous wrs es Although Jews. owards

IMIT évkönyv IMIT otiuin i more is contributions arts of Miksa Pollák’s Pollák’s Miksa of arts ch otherwise focus on on focus otherwise ch quite easily identified identified easily quite hors appeared almost almost appeared hors the cases of Jewish Jewish of cases the inally, the last part last the inally, , 1932, pp. 12- pp. 1932, , ss f the of ysis adah) and and adah) nd religious religious nd 139 s and the the sand parative parative ws and and ws ” in in ” heir heir r r CEU eTD Collection

point of view. The analysis of this text features a features this text of analysis The view. of point impacts, whether mutual or one-sided.or mutual whether impacts, Jew of story the beyond went that theme a raised also Heller i Script Holy Our of Characters (The legendájában” iszlám skni ié ad iáy Babits, Mihály and Vitéz Csokonai on impacts Biblical and Jewish with deal articles two Another te atce o at hms Öö Gr i hs “Mag his thoroughly they but late, rather arts fine entered in Gerő Ödön themes: art on articles other gunsmith the on and family Fischer ceramist the on Hungar of pioneers forgotten the of “one was Pollák La these. incorporated Koran the thus Bible, the of Christians. by t common more “much were they only so even but elements, preserved fact in were Aggadahs 433 Bible. the of impact Hungarian general more Thought Hungarian ofEncounter First (The Bibliával”a találkozása fametsző” in IMIT évkönyv, 1942, p.222. Pál Nádai w Nádai Pál p.222. 1942, évkönyv, IMIT in fametsző” at deserved 1930s) the by forgotten practically was József Friedrich, to According “Pollák Woodcutter). Jewish and Fight) Freedom Hungarian the of Brazier 437 Christian the influenced Aggadah the and Bible the 436 435 434 Protestant polemics.Talmud acquiredearly in role the explored Reformation) of Age the of History of Vision R (The történetszemléletében” korának reformáció a szerepe Bernát Heller, “Szentírásunk alakjai az Iszlám lege Iszlám az alakjai “Szentírásunk Heller, Bernát a his in used he approach the was (which Sagenkunde is religious strictly of sphere the beyond contributions cultural Hungarian War of Independence of 1848-49 (the so ca so (the 1848-49 of Independence of War Hungarian 83-4. pp. Ibid., further. Miklós Barabás). Klára Friedrich, “Tyroler József, József, ap drawings his others, Among “Tyroler p.256. 1939, évkönyv, Friedrich, Klára Barabás). Miklós B Szentírás “A Reichard, Piroska and Testament) Old Poetry of Mihály Babits). Babits). Mihály of Poetry These are the studies by Albert Kardos, “Csokonai “Csokonai Kardos, Albert by studies the are These These were her articles “Tyroler József, a magyar magyar a József, “Tyroler articles her were These emerge organic the explore to wanted Heller Bernát v Protestant the to central arguably was role This includes also article this itsoftitle, spite In eie te w atce mnind bv, n i “zníáuk ala “Szentírásunk his in above, mentioned articles two the Besides

433 436 some reflections on modern times. moderntimes. on reflections some made up for their early and involuntary omissions”. involuntary and early their for up made hl Pl aás “ mga gnokds első gondolkodás magyar “A Takács’ Pál while mong my counter-examples. counter-examples. my mong Both of Klára Friedrich’s studies addressed Jewish addressed studies Friedrich’s Klára of Both ter on, Muslims developed these “Mohammedian Aggada “Mohammedian these developed Muslims on, ter ndájában” in IMIT évkönyv, 1931, pp. 83-112. He wro He 83-112. pp. 1931, évkönyv, IMIT in ndájában” tention as the chief creator of Hungarian fashion ( fashion Hungarian of creator chief the as tention Church in a way not dissimilar to its impact on Isl on impact its to dissimilar waynot a in Church Jakab Guttmann. In the yearbook of 1933, there were there 1933, of yearbook the In Guttmann. Jakab Tyroler (who died at 32 and, in the opinion of the of opinion the in and, 32 at died (who Tyroler isions of history, but highly controversial from th from controversial highly but history, of isions ian book art”. Klára Friedrich, “Pollák Zsigmond, a Zsigmond, “Pollák Friedrich, Klára art”. book ian peared on the Hungarian money that was in usedurin inwas money that theHungarian on peared rguably chief scholarly work on the Arabic Antar no Antar Arabic the on work scholarly chief rguably ószövetségi látomása” (The Vision of Csokonai from from Csokonai of Vision (The látomása” ószövetségi 435 rote miniatures on similar themes: in 1939, he publ he 1939, in themes: similar on miniatures rote yar-Mannheimer Gusztáv” wrote that “Hungarian Jews Jews “Hungarian that wrote Gusztáv” yar-Mannheimer a magyar szabadságharc rézmetszőművésze” in IMIT IMIT in rézmetszőművésze” szabadságharc magyar a o Islam”. Mohammed only knew the Aggadic mutations mutations Aggadic the knew only Mohammed Islam”. o szabadságharc rézmetszőművésze” (József Tyroler, th Tyroler, (József rézmetszőművésze” szabadságharc bt Mhl kleéyie” Te oy cit n th in Script Holy (The költeményeiben” Mihály abits lled Kossuth-bankó). Ibid., p.259. Similarly, Zsigm Similarly, p.259. Ibid., Kossuth-bankó). lled h lgns f h Mdl Ae wr fl o such of full were Ages Middle the of legends The Zsigmond, a zsidó fametsző” (Zsigmond Pollák, the the Pollák, (Zsigmond fametsző” zsidó a Zsigmond, 434 c o Ilmc eed i te en f vergleichende of vein the in legends Islamic of nce

ósf adpe’ “g tlui hely talmudi “Egy Waldapfel’s József n the Legends of Islam), Bernát Bernát Islam), of Legends the n ole of a Place in Talmud in the in Talmud in Place a of ole ish-Christian connections and and connections ish-Christian sues or text-based culture.text-based or sues eschatological ideas of the the of ideas eschatological Hungarian authors Mihály Mihály authors Hungarian with the Bible) treats the treats Bible)the with Ödön Gerő, Gerő, Ödön am. Many Many am. alongside alongside 140 e Jewish Jewish e kjai az az kjai author, author, te that that te zsidó ished ished g the gthe two two vel). vel). ond ond hs” hs” the the 437 e e e e

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Next to the abovementioned article on Thomas Mann, a German author w author German a Mann, Thomas on article abovementioned the to Next pronounced words of recognition regarding Hungarian regarding recognition of words pronounced people is to see how they treat Jews, the same way same the Jews, treat they how see to is people been unprecedented”. Lajos Palágyi, “Vajda János és János “Vajda Palágyi, Lajos unprecedented”. been beautiful and valuable in public life. Their readin Their life. public in valuable and beautiful sixty pages is Bernát Heller’s “Arany János viszonya a leg a viszonya János “Arany Heller’s Bernát is pages sixty és a zsidóság” in IMIT évkönyv, 1933, p.34. Palágyi p.34. 1933, évkönyv, IMIT in zsidóság” a és of yearbook IMIT the In contributors. regular most since IMIT) to contributions his (including Zsoldo Libanon category. this to belong not do zsidóság”) a “Bérénice”, Biblia”, a és “Lamartine his are These “group of smart men with that special Pest spirit”. Pest special that with men smart of “group 193 évkönyv, IMIT in “Kóbor” Steiner, cozier). much decisive the to pointed and literature Hungarian in exceptions few the of one As works. literary Jewish Babits) Mihály Madách, Imre Arany, János Csokonai, 439 valu the recognize to ready are they extent what to 438 em who are Jews those than theage of theofspirit arti of capable are “Jews that show accomplishments 1933, évkönyv, IMIT in Gusztáv” “Magyar-Mannheimer impressionism could at times appear rather arbitrar rather appear times at could or impressionism principles defend to aimed never passions, have dre and Hungarianness all, above loved, “he regard: E Jews.” the p.142. 1933, évkönyv, than stewards better no has culture of 17 Frenc in characters historical/Biblical Jewish of fate the of article the in appeared also themes non-Hungarian States, Unites i immediately Switzerland to departure his (following writing relevance for our present purposes. Palágyi claimed Palágyi purposes. present our for relevance zsidósze költé lírai motívumok “Emancipációs irodalmunkban”, András “Fáy irodalmunkban”, zsidószemlélet Zs Jenő of those as such perceived were Jews how on Palágyi probably considered it essential to quote t quote to essential it considered probably Palágyi xmls f nnJws ato pitn t especia to pointing author non-Jewish a of examples an appealing “thatare thethings all supported had valuable part of the Hungarian nation and deserves deserves and nation Hungarian the of part valuable Va János clarified Palágyi Ultimately, p.37. Ibid., Hungar the for value unique w and respectable and greatly was descripti the who with odds know at is even all at not distinguishing did mostly ask, not did utterances were seen as providing especially strong especially providing as seen were utterances Elek wrote altogether four such studies for IMIT t IMIT for studies such four altogether wrote Elek It is conspicuous next to such detailed articles o articles detailed such to next conspicuous is It th century. 438 By far the longest article of the first new first the of article longest the far By

on of Vajda’s views, statements such as “Jewry cons “Jewry as such statements views, Vajda’s of on hem for this reason. reason. this for hem ess to make an effort and offer sacrifices is witho is sacrifices offer and effort an make to ess d valuable in our public life. Their devotion in th in devotion Their life. public in our valuable d braced by their larger cultural community. The trea The community. cultural larger their by braced Steiner, “Ágai” in IMIT évkönyv, 1936, p.219. They p.219. 1936, évkönyv, IMIT in “Ágai” Steiner, n the Jewish impact on canonical Hungarian authors authors Hungarian canonical on impact Jewish the n e of their Jewish fellow being”. Lajos Palágyi, “Va Palágyi, Lajos being”. fellow Jewish their of e “Esther” and “Athalie”. It is important to clarify clarify to important is It “Athalie”. and “Esther” role of Jews (for whom the streets of Pest suppose Pest of streets the whom (for Jews of role y but it was never unauthentic. Standing on the pla the on Standing unauthentic. never was it but y 1933, there is a study about János Vajda by Palágyi by Vajda János about study a is there 1933, d’ sac i te olwn trs “er i a un a is “Jewry terms: following the in stance jda’s there Zsoldos served as editor and was also one of one also was and editor as served Zsoldos there , Lenke Steiner wrote on the way the urban was disc was urban the way the on wrote Steiner Lenke , that the value of an individual can be established established be can individual an of value the that support for the main apologetic thesis analyzed he analyzed thesis apologetic main the for support amt of the greatness of the Hungarian nation, thus thus nation, Hungarian the of greatness the of amt to be appreciated”. Moreover, Vajda maintained that maintained Vajda Moreover, appreciated”. be to here that “One of the ways to measure the excellen the measure to ways the of “One that here stic creation, that there are hardly any truer repr truer any hardly are there that creation, stic ’ da ae drse i getr eal n h cha the in detail greater in addressed are ideas s’ ian nation” as well as “Jews supported everything t everything supported “Jews as well as nation” ian oldos (“Bessenyei és Kölcsey zsidólátása”, “A roman “A zsidólátása”, Kölcsey és (“Bessenyei oldos a zsidóság” in IMIT évkönyv, 1933, pp. 37-8. These 37-8. pp. 1933, évkönyv, IMIT in zsidóság” a o omt o iglr iwons Te otns f t of contents The viewpoints. singular to commit to rnő Naményi, “A zsidók és a képzőművészet” in IMIT IMIT in képzőművészet” a és zsidók “A Naményi, rnő hat were all published in the late 1930s and early early and 1930s late the in published all were hat maintained that Vajda was the truest Hungarian in in Hungarian truest the was Vajda that maintained szetünkben”), and one of Lajos Palágyi (“Vajda Jáno (“Vajda Palágyi Lajos of one and szetünkben”), Jewry. He never differentiated Jews from non-Jews, from Jews differentiated never He Jewry. 8, p.113. Elsewhere, she discussed the emergence of emergence the discussed she Elsewhere, p.113. 8, Hungar modern on articles any hardly are there that l vlal Jws cnrbtos I ses ht su that seems It contributions. Jewish valuable lly mlélete”, “Az első magyar zsidó írók fogadtatása fogadtatása írók zsidó magyar első “Az mlélete”, p.119. Ernő Naményi similarly concluded that the the that concluded similarly Naményi Ernő p.119. s o Jws. Ii. p3. hs on aot not about point This p.37. Ibid., Jewish.” not as h drama history, particularly of the the of particularly history, drama h IMIT yearbookIMIT endához és agádához”.és endához 13) a mvd o the to moved had 1933) n Oszkár Elek analyzing Elek Oszkár of 1929 with over with 1929 of ho by the time of of time the by ho is respect has isrespect 439 ut parallel”. parallel”. ut that studies studies that esentatives esentatives sure house surehouse The art The by seeing seeing by jda János János jda 141 that has has that tform of of tform the two two the titutes a a titutes (Mihály (Mihály did not did he only only he pter on on pter dly felt felt dly re, and and re, overed overed 1940s. iquely iquely Jews Jews hat is is hat ce of of ce tikus tikus

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einn o hs td) oh ugra fl taiin ad h Bible the and traditions folk Hungarian both study) his of beginning MT évkönyv IMIT ouaiy fBrá Aeadra wl shs unju his as well as Alexander Bernát of popularity” but released in IMIT only in 1941. Snouck Hurgronje Snouck 1941. in only IMIT in released but outside the what of independent ventures publishing Aggadah from its original source. He was only familiar with thei with familiar only was He source. original its from Aggadah canconsidered cases. be borderline sp strictly and, kinds legendary the to belonging as poems own his of ei legends of poet no was Arany that fact the by circumscribed usin f oen eih ieaue h msl ref mostly he literature, Jewish modern of question Ibid. authorities. existing supported that humor of f áo Aay ruby osiue a iel ujc sne (as since subject ideal an constituted arguably Arany János of the then current regime brought about by the Ausgle the by about brought regime current then the 440 cultu Jewish of martyr and writer poet, “a appeared and “dogmatic theological arguments”. Bernát Heller Bernát arguments”. theological “dogmatic and Hunga his but Alechem”, Salom Zangwill, Asch, Salom and p.73. 1931, évkönyv, IMIT in emlékezete” Péter a noticed not was he though even literature, Jewish composed hardly anything at all on Biblical themes.Biblical on all at hardly anything composed a drawing recurrently and Bible the of admiration great in though tha noted be to ought It poet. appreciated greatly this of works “here, where it is considered a merit if someone ma someone if merit a considered is it where “here, find happiness there. Vidor, “Kiss” in IMIT évkönyv IMIT “Kiss”in Vidor, there. happiness find successes. posthumous significant him guarantee to p Ibid., different”. be not could Újvári Péter like inspiration of the Bible was evident for all to see to all for wasevident theBible of inspiration oie te tag daiy noe i te Hungaria the in encoded duality strange the noticed for rabbis: they need to see the hardships of every of hardships the see to need they rabbis: for “loy as Kiss Arnold of thebehavior described Vidor a translated his in combination this of strangeness in Goldziher Ignác of example withthe illustrated vissz igazságtalan mellőzésnek, évtizedes hűségéért 1 évkönyv, IMIT in “Harca” Ballagi, in”. themselves press Jewish the of products most “as was, Israelit internal about claim strongest the con made who could Ballagi we than earlier much much Hungary outside ugra ptits o Jws shlr ad h nea the and I scholars Jewish in of Bernát”, patriotism Hungarian “Alexander Sebestyén, Károly decades. Heller spoke of Arany as a person with strong conv strong with person a as Arany of spoke Heller 12, .5 Mroe, elr fimd ht h re the that affirmed Heller Moreover, p.75. 1929, , elr rud ht n l lklho Aay i nt nw h lgns of legends the know not did Arany likelihood all in that argued Heller .81. Peterdi believed that his works only needed to needed onlyworks his that believed Peterdi .81. . . day life and, after disappointments, ought to retur to ought disappointments, after and, life day rticle written shortly after the death of Goldziher of death the after shortly written rticle , p.226. It is characteristic that when Andor Peter Andor when that characteristic is It p.226. , several places. The Dutch Snouck Hurgronje remarked Hurgronje Snouck Dutch The places. several , established because of the unfavorable situation situation unfavorable the of because established , ll that much while alive and active.” Andor Peterdi Andor active.” and alive while much that ll al through disappointments” which he described as e as described he which disappointments” through al ich, these smart (Jewish) men of Pest created a str a created Pest of men (Jewish) smart these ich, , 1941, p.63. p.63. 1941, , 940, p.146. This implied that there were hardly any hardlywere there that implied This p.146. 940, weaknesses: he maintained that the paper Der ungar Der paper the that maintained he weaknesses: nages to shrewdly hide his Jewishness, the fate of of fate the Jewishness, his hide shrewdly to nages st official treatment and disregard (literally: hit (literally: disregard and treatment official st , “Arany János viszonya a legendához és az agádához az és legendához a viszonya János “Arany , re” whose death meant “a great loss for our rather rather our for loss great “a meant death whose re” p.76. He assessed his oeuvre as equal to those of “ of those to equal as oeuvre his assessed He p.76. ol fre o Hnain es Svrl uhr al authors Several Jews. Hungarian on forced world I eiv ta h wl sie n h lgt f recog of light the in shine will he that believe “I vtse ááa klet efzti) e ufrd f suffered he megfizetnie) kellett árával avetésnek re t lrey uie teps T hm Ptr Újv Péter him, To attempts. futile largely to erred , “Goldziher Ignác” in IMIT évkönyv, 1941, p.109. P p.109. 1941, évkönyv, IMIT in Ignác” “Goldziher , asne f hi lcl eonto hs eety b recently has recognition local their of absence r n situation: Károly Sebestyén wrote on the “unique “unique the on wrote Sebestyén Károly situation: n rian reception was narrow-minded and unfair to him to unfair and narrow-minded was reception rian ictions who avoided “petty denominational struggles denominational “petty avoided who ictions MIT évkönyv, 1934, p.94. The strange duality of of duality strange The p.94. 1934, évkönyv, MIT ev hr” h woe Ii. p7. tl, t a E was it Still, p.77. Ibid., wrote. he here”, ceive 440 Heller’s subject of interest was furtherwas interest of Heller’ssubject ligiosity of his soul, the direct artistic artistic direct the soul, his of ligiosity ther – he considered only two two only considered he – ther t Arany, a devout Protestant, devout a Arany, t noted by Heller at the very very the at Heller by noted r popular versions or, more more or, versions popular r rtistic inspiration from it, it, from inspiration rtistic eaking, only few more more few only eaking, visibly impacted the the impacted visibly in the 1920s, 1920s, the in be translated be n to God and and God to n di raised the raised di Jews found found Jews éhez való való éhez ange kind kind ange 142 , “Újvári “Újvári , regular regular ssential ssential on the the on people people Perec, Perec, nition nition ische ische the poor poor

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rcsl, e a wl aae f h ue ae f hm n tw in them of made use the of aware well was he precisely, particular: Heymann Jolowicz’s volume volume Jolowicz’s Heymann particular: Ibid., p.122. Ibid., Frankl. August Ludwig aggádista” in in aggádista” 441 Herder, heAggadah did”. saw as of the as value profoundly poet, non-Jewish other No Eötvös. or Byron Lessing, as fully as soul “manage Arany interpretation, his In values. sentim Jewish appreciated Jewish comprehended who non-Jews of canon the to belonging authors xre ter nlec i te anr n direction and manner the in influence their exerted 445 444 443 tr he it, of review his “in that work this by taken 442 hrb h as rtoaie te t a etn ad hs epd Ar Aggadah”. helped of comprehension thus “congenial and extent an to them rationalized also he whereby compilations. that “if an Assyriologist or an Egyptologist analyz Egyptologist an or Assyriologist an “if that Leg Muslim from (Elements elemek” legendai “Muszlim nepeain f h Bbe n a per ta hd pca val special had that poetry as and Bible the of Aggadah interpretation the of significance the all, above show, to wanted Heller w when him on impacts great exerted works scholarly Oriental and as well as powers creative and imaginative Mann’s that and ones, Mann’s of character main the tha Joseph, remarked Heller though Even ideas. similar rather formulated quality. Ibid., p.107. p.107. quality.Ibid., e legendary many features also literature religious 1853 and Ludwig August Frankl’s Frankl’s August Ludwig and 1853 Heller argued that “the creative powers of the aut the of powers creative “the that argued Heller p.123. Ibid., fo Arany that maintained also Heller p.101. Ibid., th Frankl: distinguished what by attracted was “He Aggadah of garb” “official the that stated Heller IMIT évkönyv IMIT 441 elrs te suy n smlr hm, Toa Mn, z aggádis az Mann, “Thomas theme, similar a on study other Heller’s rn ws ms wrl atatd t oe f hs to works, two these of one to attracted” warmly “most was Arany , 1940, p.69. I consider it necessary to add that add to necessary it consider I p.69. 1940, , 442 Frankl admittedly added at will to the Talmudic core of his st his of core Talmudic the to will at added Frankladmittedly

Helden- und Liederbuch und Helden- Polyglotte der Orientalischen Poesie Orientalischen der Polyglotte Joseph and His Brothers His and Joseph anslated as much of it as from the rest of German l German of rest the from as it of much as anslated 443 lements. He mentioned two direct sources of János A János of sources direct two mentioned He lements. ed this novel, he could show a rich layer of Babylo of layer rich a show could he novel, this ed was the explication of the Bible, but this form of form this but Bible, the of explication the was elr lcd rn i te ey is crl of circle first very the in Arany placed Heller at he served as a mediator of the Aggadah”. Arany w Arany Aggadah”. the of mediator a as served he at rmed judgments about its meaning that were of stunn of were that meaning its about judgments rmed hors were of greatest importance, but even these po these even but importance, greatest of were hors of the Aggadah.” Bernát Heller, “Thomas Mann, az az Mann, “Thomas Heller, Bernát Aggadah.” the of ends). In a balanced manner, Heller also announced announced also Heller manner, balanced a In ends). , originally released in Prague in 1861. Ibid., p.8 Ibid., 1861. in Prague in released , originally 444

a te ie eet German recent time the at o the article also has a section called called section a has also article the were richer than the Jewish the than richer were that was published in Leipzig in in Leipzig in published was that d to understand the Jewish Jewish the understand to d ues. other books of the Bible Bible the of books other orking on his tetralogy, his on orking Msi lgns on legends Muslim t 445 with the exception of exception the with oh n t fr as form its in both any to develop his his develop to any codn t the to According ns and ents traditional traditional iterature”. iterature”. 143 ht of that nian or or nian rany in rany ories, as so so as wers 1. ta” ta” ing ing CEU eTD Collection

presentation of Heller, Thomas Mann made only few direct referenc direct few only made Mann Thomas Heller, of presentation y uóz-rslr I hs ril fo to er later, years two from article his In Turóczi-Trostler. by borrowed some of its materials, but looked closely closely looked but materials, its of some borrowed provided better guidance where the “questionable wi “questionable the where guidance better provided by pointing to the paradoxical situation of the Eur the of situation paradoxical the to pointing by Trostler is to remember that in many of them he pro he them of many in that remember to is Trostler instance, in his “Stefan Zweig (Szellem és forma)” forma)” és (Szellem Zweig “Stefan his in instance, 448 447 446 no nonetheless perhaps is It too. elements Egyptian also the “triumph” thus is of thethat Aggadah. success novel of the stronger”. Ibid., p.72. p.72. Ibid., stronger”. that added He Jews. of that to identical not was memory collective strengthmight intuition enabled Mann remember have his to convincingly Thomas of articl Heller’s criticizing was he that understood readers his m amazingly “learned us Mann that proved the clearly material of Aggadic quality The it. of knowledge his on drew abundantly novel his moral judgments and took its atmosphere as a “model a as atmosphere its took and moraljudgments h ie ws o cus, aosy eeoe b Maur by developed famously course, of was, idea The nvriy f hcg Pes 19) Te ok a or was we work there why question the The answered Turóczi-Trostler 1992). Press, Chicago of University wrote he memory”, collective different a with it approach authors simile a apropos, symbolic a offers It cases. these of most a historical “objective” of subject the as used is and subject Jew bearings. Jewish with works poetic and compositions musical sentim or celebratory the by or number, the by either misled Thomas of novel masterly this to approach Heller’s of usefulness assimilate and use corresponded pasts and collectiv and pasts usecorresponded and assimilate own collective memory fading away”. Trostler, “Háro Trostler, away”. fading memory collective own ha past collective the of images language, the with identi collective “dual the on wrote again Trostler requi the to led rarely and task difficult highly a of memory collective the past, [Jewish] unalienable Trostler, “Zweig” in in “Zweig” Trostler, p.72. Ibid., su had Aggadah Heller, to According 69. pp. Ibid., One of the few instances of open polemic on the pages of IMIT wa IMIT of pages the on polemic open of instances few the of One IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1942, pp.105-6. One of the keys to interpreting t interpreting to keys the of One pp.105-6. 1942, , red complete agreement. Ibid., pp.98-9. A year late year A pp.98-9. Ibid., agreement. complete red ty” of Jews undergoing the process of assimilation: of process the undergoing Jews of ty” e memories, which needed to be harmonized with “the with harmonized be to needed which memories, e a people and its ethics.” He thought this harmoniz this thought He ethics.” its and people a act of partiality to believe that the impact of Ag of impact the that believe to partiality of act opean Jewish artist: with the languages he/she also he/she languages the with artist: Jewish opean ve been assimilated too, but without her [Ricarda H [Ricarda her without but too, assimilated been ve pagated the decisive importance of collective memor collective of importance decisive the pagated sdoms” of characterology and typology failed. Ibid. failed. typology and characterology of sdoms” ” for his own work. Ibid., p.63. p.63. work.Ibid., own his for ” t t poeue land bu is ehd, accept methods, its about learned procedure, its at m” in re so few truly great Jewish poets, painters of com of painters poets, Jewish great truly few so re e elrd ht h rl o cletv mmr clar memory collective of role the that declared he iginally published in French in 1925. Accordingly, Accordingly, 1925. in French in published iginally ch an impact on Mann that he not only frequently frequently only not he that Mann on impact an ch ice Halbwachs, Halbwachs, ice IMIT évkönyv IMIT e, Turóczi-Trostler added that the that added Turóczi-Trostler e, n ntig oe bcue its because more, nothing and , 1943, p.232. 1943, , ental nature of images, statues, statues, images, of nature ental nd spiritual comprehension in in comprehension spiritual nd e xlcty usind the questioned explicitly he n olcie Memory Collective On . Mann: “We should not be not should “We Mann: 448 447 uch”. To make sure that all of all that sure make To

es to the Aggadah, but but Aggadah, the to es an ae intuitive, made Mann ry merely provides a a provides merely ry 446 he articles of Turóczi- of articles he Heller concluded Heller s e ae of made he es s provided provided s (Chicago: (Chicago: r, Turóczi- r, gadah was was gadah “together “together , but his his , but ation was ation 144 had to to had ir own own ir posers posers , p.99. p.99. , uch’s] uch’s] y. For For y. ed its its ed ified ified

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odr o tm lmttos. eod h woe n t on wrote he Second, limitations). time or borders p212 H mitie ta sc atos lyd pi played authors such that maintained He pp.281-2. p.90. p.90. received a treatment full of verve and imaginative imaginative and verve fullof treatment a received applicat of choice own His expressionism). (notably Germans of case the In persons. or books individual the 18the qua and philosophical on mysticism Jewish of Bible impact the of impact the on instance, for wrote, He everywher present are Bible the to or people Jewish ancient “reference that exaggeration) some (with noted Pollák that often Jewishness” was unmistakable: their works combined combined works their unmistakable: was Jewishness” authors and authors Jewish of roles and activities Ibid., met”. age the of impacts the and impressions profound more the of comprehension reaching without T the literature”, rabbinical of parts poetic “the least theol Jewish known have must “he that clear it made impacts These of otherwiseemphatic modern his man approach. into respectably the mixing avoid not could but memory of use emphatic and imaginative Miksa Pollák included the New Testament and apocryp and Testament New the included Pollák Miksa that noted be to ought it time, same At the Madách. 449 “each time Madách tried to play on the strings of t of strings the on play to tried Madách time “each 451 450 distingu clearly to wanted He p.269. 1929, évkönyv, work, outstanding Madách’s 452 interna and phrasings) images, analogies, epithets, bearings, environments, subjects, Jewish on studies adaptation of and contents European on fed being of fo Jewish to happened mutations “what yearbook IMIT h pa “s n t esnil set te ae a the as same” the aspects essential its in “is play the ol ad ny ltr n ih h itrs o poets”. of interest the with on “later only and soul” thir the a “with Bible he the to that turned first and he religious Thus, knowledge. was theological soul his that mind, profound a with thinker that Madách Imre of wrote Pollák Miksa IMIT. in author Hungarian Turóczi-Trostler was also keenly interested in que in interested keenly also was Turóczi-Trostler Ibid., p.87. Ibid., appeare treatment Pollák’s in (that examples These in Biblia” a és Imre “Madách MiksaPollák, th century. Ibid., pp. 274-7. In his eyes, the starti the eyes, his In 274-7. pp. Ibid., century. smlr miaec acmais h eaoae icsin of discussion elaborate the accompanies ambivalence similar A

The Tragedy of Man of Tragedy The IMIT évkönyv IMIT of Jewish origins important. He believed that their that believed He important. origins Jewish of insights as well as several inconsistencies. Ibid., inconsistencies. wellseveral as as insights the primary aim of this series of studies was aest was studies of series this of aim primary the p.278. Third, Turóczi-Trostler considered the stud the considered Turóczi-Trostler Third, p.278. he heart he would take his impulse from the Bible”. the from impulse his take would he heart he , these kinds of Jewish impacts could be studied on studied be could impacts Jewish of kinds these , (da, huhs dsrpin) mat n h wor the on impact descriptions) thoughts, (ideas, l on many forms of literature and also on the more hi more the on also and literature of forms many on oie. h epoain ol nt e opee tho complete be not could exploration The motives. ish between different ways of exerting intellectual exerting of ways different between ish stions of this type: he asked on the pages of the f the of pages the on asked he type: this of stions e ocee n drc ipcs f pc, environmen epoch, of impacts direct and concrete he o o ti rc rsac aed ws asran who Wassermann was agenda research rich this of ion ng points from which to explore this complex topic topic complex this explore to which from points ng Jewish forms, subjects, motives and environments. I environments. and motives subjects, forms, Jewish neig n dmnn rls n eti bace of branches certain in roles dominant and oneering o uoen om? Tote, Ziónmt i IMI in “Zsidó-német” Trostler, forms?” European to rm within German intellectual life: what was the im the was what life: intellectual German within rm and also more mysterious occasions when “individua when occasions mysterious more also and a Jws eape) a a eakbe xenl (in external remarkable a had examples) Jewish as d hal writings among his sources, in order to show th show to order in sources, his among writings hal ipioohcl ok (mat wih epce no respected which (impacts works si-philosophical , Pollák emphasized that the basic idea of of idea basic the that emphasized Pollák , , 1935, p.74. p.74. , 1935, 450 lu ad h Midrash. the and almud aáh rw ilcl aall so parallels Biblical drew Madách mg o sen ftr generations future seeing of image e”, i.e. throughout his works. his throughout i.e. e”, 449 s to the relations of the the of relations the to s

ogical literature” or at or literature” ogical “unmasking irony” irony” “unmasking e a a thorough a was he t f h religious the of st s possessed lso 452 a canonical canonical a pp. 284-94. 284-94. pp. Regarding “immanent “immanent hetic. Thus, Thus, hetic. 145 impact. impact. irst new new irst y of the the of y ly since since ly Ibid., ks of of ks dden dden were bid., bid., pact pact ugh ugh 451 art at at T T t, t, l

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popularizers, later as biographers of Madách and as his his as and Madách of biographers as later popularizers, p.89. In order to avoid potential misunderstandings potential avoid to order In p.89. in Biblical characters. Miksa Pollák, “Madách Imre és és Imre “Madách Pollák, Miksa characters. Biblical popular the that believed also Pollák p.166. Ibid., He also took the case of of case the took also He wa in classics literary Hungarian of success the to contributed discussing borrowing and receptions, Pollák felt th Pollák receptions, and borrowing discussing encountered in rabbinical sources. rabbinical in encountered 453 456 455 454 works. primarily materials Biblical used Madách that maintained even comp their hinders it and them between remains strangeness Some Bible the of words the Madách, of case the “In uncritical: wholly Heller in find we Arany of presentation idealized the to opposed thorny road through education, their Hungarian cult Hungarian their education, through road thorny “unparalleled rebirth” of Hungarian literature in T in literature Hungarian of rebirth” “unparalleled impulse first the provided shown, have we mediati as Bible, “the through took Madách history world from was title) same the under (released article second of its chief organs organs chief its of love, enthusiasm, talent and perseverance”.and talent enthusiasm, love, “Jews that claim the supported evidently they that but merits re contributions these that declared Mohácsi on. so and plays radio c valuable their actors), and directors (as premiers theatre Jenő Mohácsi, “Zsidók” in in “Zsidók” Mohácsi, Jenő imagination of“talent histhis since do to had He in Biblia” a és Imre “Madách MiksaPollák, in Biblia” a és Imre “Madách Pollák, Miksa IMIT évkönyv IMIT 455

, 1943, p.306. 1943, , Jenő Mohácsi wished to show, in a in show, to wished Mohácsi Jenő Erdélyi Helikon Erdélyi IMIT évkönyv IMIT

h Taey f Man of Tragedy The :“I do not refer to them to discuss their merits. T merits. their discuss to them to refer not do :“I 453 , 1937, p.100. Béla Berend wrote in similar ways in ways similar in wrote Berend Béla p.100. 1937, , On the other hand, Pollák’s assessment of Madách (as Madách of assessment Pollák’s hand, other the On IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT ransylvania and particularly on the Jewish particip Jewish the on particularly and ransylvania e need to stress that Madách’s play was unique and and unique was play Madách’s stressthat to need e ity of the play had much to do with the fact that i that fact the with do to much had play the of ity that “the idea of seeing into the future and coveri and future the into seeing of idea “the that was behind the power of his thinking”. Ibid., p.10 Ibid., thinking”. his of thepower behind was ure and loyalty”. Béla Berend, “Egy erdélyi magyar magyar erdélyi “Egy Berend, Béla loyalty”. and ure , particularly giving the impression that he went t went he that impression the giving particularly , for the solution of letting the characters fall in fall characters the letting of solution the for 456 a Biblia (Harmadik közlemény)” in in közlemény)” (Harmadik Biblia a What is more, Mohácsi went on to claim that claim to on went Mohácsi more, is What n f en al rm abncl ieaue wie t while literature, Rabbinical from Paul Jean of on and discussed the roles Jews played in its its in played Jews roles the discussed and , 1935, pp. 107-8. 107-8. pp. , 1935, , 1936, p.157. One of the main conclusions of his his of conclusions main the of One p.157. 1936, , pars pro toto pro pars translators, with the preparation of of preparation the with translators, served many great causes with with causes great many served ys other than authoring them. them. authoring than other ys nrbtos s rtc, as critics, as ontributions argument, what Jews have Jews what argument, ’s study) is certainly not not certainly is study) ’s to fill the gaps in his his in gaps the fill to did not turn into blood. into turn not did vealed no special Jewish special no vealed ee merger”.lete hey were brought to this this to brought were hey IMIT évkönyv IMIT 1943 about the about 1943 to a dream”. dream”. a to 454 ation in one one in ation 8. original. original. ng scenes scenes ng t featured featured t 146 oo far in far oo Pollák , 1937, 1937, , íróról” íróról” he he CEU eTD Collection

New Testament is arbitrary and often almost impossible”. almost often and arbitrary is Testament New entirely not parallelconvincingly. partly only and thus poet of the late 18late the of poet his work from rather far: she started by declaring that “the that declaring by started she far: rather from work his P discussion. elaborate more a of object the as appeared Babits, future greatness of his nation. I would add that Kardos’s examples examples Kardos’s that add would I nation. his of greatness future g future own his was beliefs his of object the that concretely, thing about prophesize him made and future the of visions offered which was noteworthy most the characteristics general Csokonai’s Among good part of this work remained hidden (was written (was hidden workthisremained of part good is evenis conspicuous of the much Western than countries Europe”. more in parti the high, rather is Jews of proportion the “where Hungary, in h pe ad h Poht r tis bt dset rm ihr sp higher from mission.” transcendental descent both twins, are Prophet the and poet the almost identical to those of Rabbi Ammon of Mainz”. of Ammon Rabbi of those to almostidentical 459 458 461 460 457 teache great the of disciple unworthy not but late “the as him prophets Jewish with common in features basic many had he that Cso of interpretation Accordingly, thesis. of of C this his illustration excellent case the that believed and person same the and one often was templomának örömnapja templomának atd o ae eonzd b al en” a ta “ that was means” all “by recognized have to wanted Piroska Reichard, “A Szentírás Babits Mihály költe Mihály Babits Szentírás “A Reichard, Piroska f too went I “perhaps that remarked fact in Kardos all above used Kardos source, his As p.284. Ibid., in látomása” ószövetségi “Csokonai Kardos, Albert in “Zsidók” Mohácsi, Jenő let ads ea hs ril o Cooa, hgl iprat H important highly a Csokonai, on article his began Kardos Albert Last but not least, in the yearbook of 1941, a recently deceased recently a 1941, of yearbook the in least, not but Last th and early 19early and , focusing on the elements it borrowed from theOld from borrowed it theelements on focusing , 458

MT évkönyv IMIT Moreover, Kardos thought that the great poet and the true prophettrue the greatand thepoet that thought Moreover, Kardos th centuries, with the statement that “no one can doubt that that doubt can one “no that statement the with centuries, 13, .0 Mhci a cnicd ht u t con to due that convinced was Mohácsi p.90. 1937, , onto “foreign accounts”). accounts”). “foreign onto Ibid., pp.283-4. pp.283-4. Ibid., ar in looking for similarities and thereby erred”. erred”. thereby and similarities for looking in ar ményeiben” in ményeiben” one of the poems of Csokonai from 1798 titled titled 1798 from Csokonai of poems the of one IMIT évkönyv IMIT h iae ad da ta to hl o Cooa wer Csokonai of hold took that ideas and images the 460

, 1943, p.279. p.279. 1943, , 461 IMIT évkönyv IMIT She then went on to offer a briefa offer to on went then She strict separation of the Old and and Old the of separation strict Testament. Testament. s f h Od Testament”. Old the of rs oy n ta h tutd the trusted he that and lory iroska Reichard approached Reichard iroska . Kardos wanted to present present to wanted Kardos . cipation of Jews in culture culture in Jews of cipation , 1942, p.278. p.278. 1942, , irits and both carry a a carry both and irits his peculiar “memory” peculiar his sokonai aimed show to sokonai suggest a prophetic prophetic a suggest 457 s to come or, more or, come to s oa poie an provided konai

poet, Mihály Mihály poet, ungarian ungarian versions a a versions 147 What he he What A

haza haza 459 e e

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IMIT évkönyv IMIT be found in a whole row of his works in an artistic career of over t over of career artistic an in works his of row whole a in found be spiritual connections with Jews. She added that “es that added She Jews. with connections spiritual I Script”. Holy the was epoch this in literature of full ofimages. religiousfull Catholic religion more similar to her mother”. Mór Fényes, “ Fényes, Mór mother”. her to similar more religion mat f h gad hrces n cpiaig mgs f the of images captivating and characters grand the of impact suffer increasing of years his In impact. its of free stay tha fact the in shocking and overawing something is there Bible, our Babits because “precisely that maintained Reichard Babits. instance, János Arany. János instance, to order Cathol a was who in Babits, in insights and knowledge of denominations, expectations Christian comparing overview historical inherited during later centuries from generation to generation from centuries later during inherited 465 464 463 relig mother the of teachings and institutions We many and Harnack by shared viewpoint” “recognized the 462 ( life of articula complete most the achieved have to supposed was Babits i the of signs that impact this of free” “stay to “unable” t claimed she statements: paradoxical rather some to Protestantis Reichard separate starkly to aimed which contextualization, religi Babits’s that himself. with grappling was he as profound increasingly adding explained, she Testament”, New the Jonas. Ibid., p. 290. p. Ibid., 279. p. Ibid., in “Babits” Reichard, 16the called She 465 géi életérzés egyéni ecad elrd ht hs ok a “n o te ot excell most the of “one was work this that declared Reichard , 1934, p.109. p.109. 1934, , e mi fnig a ta te il hd lre n cncos imp conscious and large a had Bible the that was finding main Her th century “the century of the Bible” and claimed tha claimed and Bible” the of century “the century IMIT évkönyv IMIT 462 n h oiia) hog hs ramn o te yblc iue of figure symbolic the of treatment his through original) the in “Catholic upbringing almost exclusively emphasizes the books of books the emphasizes exclusively almost upbringing “Catholic

, 1942, p.276. p.276. 1942, , bid., p.274. This was accompanied by the Protestant the by accompanied was This p.274. bid., generation”. Ibid., p.275. Elsewhere Mór Fényes wr Fényes Mór Elsewhere p.275. Ibid., generation”. ion acted like an infusion of blood that made the d the made that blood of infusion an like acted ion pecially among Protestants”, knowledge of the Bible the of knowledge Protestants”, among pecially Hagyomány és forradalom a zsidó vallás történetében vallás zsidó a forradalom és Hagyomány llhausen that “in the Reformation, the restoration restoration the Reformation, the “in that llhausen ing he fell more and more under the the under more and more fell he ing nfluence of the Old Testament could Testament Old the of nfluence 463 The result was a series of poems of series a was result The t “the most profound and richest source source richest and profound most “the t was consciously estranged from from estranged consciously was hat Babits was in reality so so reality in was Babits hat tion of his individual sense individual his of tion l Testament.” Old ad ahlcs led Catholicism and m hree decades. Moreover, Moreover, decades. hree ic, as compared to, for for to, compared as ic, t he did not manage to to manage not did he t ous feelings became became feelings ous ent creations of the of creations ent utf lower justify 464 ote about about ote sense of of sense 148 c on act aughter aughter This “was “was ” in in ” of of

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there “at the cradle of the new culture.” new the of cradle the “at there of presence living the and thinking European culture, written Hungarian of wrote He level. general more a on culture Hungarian and Bible Takácsconnect Pál Bible), Thinking a the made with EncounterHungarian of Hungarian spirit as well as of the human spirit in our age.”our in spirit human the of as well as spirit Hungarian (obviously of whose elements Jewry, Bible employed). he composition outstanding his of filled) he cup golden the (i.e. form the Bible”. our is that store treasure cu golden the completely filled Babits Mihály of poetry “the 468 467 466 Mihá such asand Endrethe source for main artists Ady outstanding of inspiration 20 the the of course in and memories, experiences individual form of 19 the by while that explain to aimed t European and literature Hungarian between connection strongest wr Hungarian of completion and source basis, the meant Bible the nesadn ws ady hrd y h Crsin at o Hungar of parts Christian the by shared hardly was understanding indis were tales its all and Bible the that understanding shared believed scholars Jewish Hungarian Jewish confusion. some of source foc the contributions, Jewish emphasize to efforts authors IMIT’s fr unproblematic though Even attention. further deserve Elek Oszkár t on influence artistic Jewish of strength general the demonstrate Pál Takács, “A magyar gondolkodás első találkozása első gondolkodás magyar “A Takács, Pál 299. p. Ibid., 299. p. Ibid., n i “ mga gnokds lő aákzs a iláa” (The Bibliával” a találkozása első gondolkodás magyar “A his In eod hs tetet o Hnain uhr itnig a i wr, t were, it as intending, authors Hungarian of treatments these Beyond

467 In sum, her intention was to argue that Babits borrowed Babits that argue to was intention her sum, In th century the Bible seemed to be present mostly in the the in mostly present be to seemed Bible the century 468 In his view, these three factors were inseparable: were factors three these view, his In a Bibliával” in Bibliával” a IMIT évkönyv IMIT 466 Her final conclusion was that was conclusion final Her putably Jewish. However, this this However, Jewish. putably ta h broe fo the from borrowed he that p hinking. Takács’s narrative narrative Takács’s hinking. iting. It provided by far the far by provided It iting. us on the Bible could be a be could Bible the on us e, h cnrbtos of contributions the hem, th it served once again as again once served it a symbolic trinity of of trinity symbolic a , 1943, p.262. 1943, , om the standpoint of of standpoint the om it to be a commonly commonly a be to it the Bible that were that Bible the ian society. Elek’s Elek’s society. ian from a collective collective a from ion between theion ly Babits.ly 149 First First o CEU eTD Collection

being immersed in the divinely inspired Bible – the artistic vi artistic the – Bible inspired divinely the in immersed being ro ta Jws hsoia mtras ee dpe ad used. and adapted were materials historical Jewish that proof t of impact artistic the washistory drama French on pieces Athalie drama made the audience feel the “finest beats of the female the of beats “finest the feel audience the made drama ok f shr a sm dfcece, u ta te ok f Racine of work the that but deficiencies, some had Esther of Book once created splendid works out of what Jews felt a felt whatJews worksof out splendid created once greatest the of one of soul the impacted tradition comfo so feels fate Jewish “When kind: compensatory artist his to in tradition Jewish the motives of contributions Biblical many discovered Elek Land. Holy “the reawakening to life of a Jewish story by the pen of this of pen the by story Jewish a of life to reawakening “the contributions were written on the basis of such presuppositions: t presuppositions: such of basis the on written were contributions Jews merelyJews the fateHuguenots France). in symbolized of generally allegori playwascontemporary interpreted France the of adaptation the evenconclusions ultimately rather unconvincing on their proved own terms. 473 472 471 470 s Supposing connections. Jewish meant Testament Old a és so“original the towards sentiments noble “Lamartine cherished Elek, Oszkár word”. the of meaning 469 Psalms”. of spirit the and Jewry of fate t him to clear it made lyricism religious of power the more, directly derive much from it, except that Jews still had to to had still Jews that except it, from much derive directly more beautiful way than Racine in his play Esther?”Racine play his in waymore than beautiful Ibid., p.291. Ibid., p.295. Ibid., p.287. Ibid., in “Esther” Elek, Oszkár Lamar presentation, his to according instance, For a sc a ecpinl ok f rnh ieaue ht eih s Jewish that literature French of work exceptional an such was We can observe a similar duality in his text “Athalie”. El “Athalie”. text his in duality similar a observe can We of truth the of favor in argued “who asked “Esther” study Elek’s Esther IMIT évkönyv IMIT includes a rather striking contradiction. On the one hand, he wrote of of wrotehe hand, one the On contradiction. ratherstriking includesa

, 1941, p.286. The question was italicized in the o in the wasitalicized question The p.286. 1941, , ic achievements. Ibid., pp. 262-3. To Elek, connect Elek, To 262-3. pp. Ibid., achievements. ic poets of world literature to such an extent that he that extent an such to literature world of poets nd thought.” Ibid., p.271. p.271. Ibid., thought.” nd urce of his faith,” the Jewish spirit, and “its anc and spirit, theJewish faith,” hisof urce 473 tine had “a Christian soul, in the most honest and and honest most the in soul, Christian “a had tine uch a direct link, the conclusion of this article w article this of conclusion the link, direct a uch n h ohr ad h rcgie ta in that recognized he hand, other the On rtless and severe, it feels good to see that the Bi the that see to good feels it severe, and rtless ila in Biblia” Lamartine’s works and described them as valuable valuable as them described and works Lamartine’s 470 Here he claimed that even the Biblical the even claimed Here that he MT évkönyv IMIT he Bible, which he understood as a a as understood he which Bible,he realize that their “Bible inspired a a inspired “Bible their that realize hat the play was immersed “in the the “in immersed was play the hat heart.” sion, the strong lyricism of this this of lyricism strong the sion, enthusiastic poet”.enthusiastic cally (audiences believed that cally (audiences that believed 469 he main subject of his four his of subject main he 471 t h sm tm, his time, same the At , 1934, p.256. Therefore, he he Therefore, p.256. 1934, , Elek’s presentation of presentation Elek’s lo hwd in of signs showed also ek maintained that that maintained ek elf-esteem could could elf-esteem riginal. riginal. 472 ient soil,” the the soil,” ient Israel in a a in Israel more than than more ions to the to ions What is What 150 serious serious as of a a of as blical blical CEU eTD Collection

be mustered.French the unrelated evidence even to he consciousness, according in Athalie oehls, e ugse ta tee a sm kn o cneto bet connection of kind some was there that suggested he Nonetheless, p.50. In this piece of writing, Heller explored the explored Heller writing, of piece this In p.50. property of sorts, the findings would hardly appear hardly would findings the sorts, of property purity. purity. ol fmu msepee f n o te ot usadn tragic outstanding most the of one of masterpiece famous world subject of the play and its uniquely positive reception (after reception positive uniquely its and play the of subject 474 literature.” 476 475 the considered historians literary and critics that reception of wa there point play, the of reception analytical French the from quoted elaborately the from questionable kind this of writings the impact of the Bible as a sign of Jewish cultural in cultural Jewish of sign a as Bible the of impact tha IMIT in articles were there authors, literary canonical later from literature Jewish traditional of also occasionally appreciators”, respect emotional and warm profound, such received has masterpiece Racine. of genius and inspiration the with subject Jewish a adapt and was attached to our Bible”. Bernát Heller, “Sze Heller, Bernát Bible”. our to attached was and character of Racine stands in front of us as the mo the as us of front in stands Racine of character examples that all showed how much the Church apprec Church the much how showed all that examples 201-2. pp. Ibid., history”. lyrical characters of the Bible. Heller’ main claim was evi was claim main Heller’ Bible. the of characters c of examples the on touch not did he – hyperboles” topic, see newly Susannah Heschel, Heschel, Susannah newly see topic, which Heller wanted to show the absurdity of the cr the of absurdity the show to wanted Heller which the of denials vehement and frequent by accompanied the in 1942, in published was this hand, other the since concepts of the medieval world and medieval C medieval and world medieval the of concepts since Hell 2010). Press, University Princeton (Princeton: ent elr ae h ms pitd ad rm ce a from (and pointed most the made Heller Bernát 212-3. pp. Ibid., in “Athalie” Oszkár, Elek to provide an unexplored source of Jewish self-esteem). The two m two The self-esteem). Jewish of source unexplored an provide to 474 Tee s o te casc rtr f rgde wo ol hv b have would who tragedies of writer classic other no is “There 475 Besides these studies on the influence of Jewish culture (mostly t (mostly culture Jewish of influence the on studies these Besides he concluded. These two sentences together reveal a distortion tha distortion a reveal together sentences two These concluded. he IMIT évkönyv IMIT

The Aryan Jesus: Christian Theologians and the Bibl the and Theologians Christian Jesus: Aryan The , 1942, p.193. On the character of Joad he wrote: “ wrote: he Joad of character the On p.193. 1942, , legends of the Church more closely. He brought up brought He closely. more Church the of legends st splendid dramatic depiction of the prophetic spi prophetic the of depiction dramatic splendid st middle of the implementation of Nazi extermination extermination Nazi of implementation the of middle fluence: “The Church of the Middle Ages greatly res greatly Ages Middle the of Church “The fluence: as surprising, nor would the subject itself merit itself subject the would nor surprising, as dently correct, but had he not considered the Bible the considered not he had but correct, dently er’s focus on the Middle Ages also point in this di this in point also Ages Middle the on focus er’s reating new versions of the stories and new stories new and stories the of versions new reating ntírásunk, mint legendák forrása” in in forrása” legendák mint ntírásunk, eation of such “purified” versions of Christianity. of versions “purified” such of eation hristianity played a pivotal role in modern mytholo modern in role pivotal a played hristianity Jewish roots of Christianity, which explain the ur the explain which Christianity, of roots Jewish iated the Bible and respected “its words, letters, letters, words, “its respected and Bible the iated ti pit f iw aaoia) omlto o the on formulation paradoxical) view of point rtain play to be on a Jewish subject. subject. Jewish a on be to play centuries) on artists, above all all above artists, on centuries) dsusd eeiil Jewish beneficial discussed t all, this is why he considered he why is this all, It is also true that no other other no that true also is It s no concrete sign in this this in sign concrete no s

playwrights of world world of playwrights rm t ciis and critics its from iw Wie Elek While view. ween the Jewish Jewish the ween IMIT évkönyv IMIT atters seemed to to seemed atters e in Nazi GermanyNazi in e he Bible, but Bible, he e al to able een This majestic majestic This 476 a study. On On study. a rit in all of all in rit

t makes t a Jewish Jewish a 151 with the the with nineteen nineteen On this this On policies policies images, images, rection, ge with with ge , 1942, , gies of of gies pected pected

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believed in the world historical contribution of Je of contribution historical world the in believed p.330. sdsg smi s tanai és eszméi zsidóság piece, Heller went further than Venetianer: in his his in Venetianer: than further went Heller piece, elements of Latin and Greek cultures – in spite of in spite – cultures Greek and Latin of elements (based Christianity that way same the in too, Islam t wrote Lőwinger power. state of development the as countries. Lőwinger, “A zsidó nép” in nép” zsidó “A Lőwinger, countries. Wertheimer recalled Bernát Mandl and called the sec the called and Mandl Bernát recalled Wertheimer ht poie eclet ro o te eis Hungar merits “Wertheime nation”. the Hungarian of the with proof amalgamation excellent “provided that hitaiy a fr h ms pr broe fo Judaism”. from borrowed part most the for was Christianity be is “what that Harnack) by attack an to reaction (in prove to and European culture”. Imre Benoschofsky, “Az első első “Az Benoschofsky, Imre culture”. European and Bible “the all-encompassing: almost grandiose, were unintende the about asked író-próféta” első “Az his 478 economic realm. and schola intellectual in religion, the of spheres in made Jews contributions an provide to sought they concretely, More areas. other in influences 477 rema it on, later changed evoked it images the and took it shape the da oldest the in emerged believed he which salvation, of idea the about man is a product of the Bible. This is especially c especially is This Bible. the of product a is man conquest”. Christianity’s of road triumphant the f Hellenists Jewish the and Philon that read we Kohlbach Bertalan 479 aimed to hide the light “we did not have the right right the have not did “we light the hide to aimed eakby iia: hitaiy s t mre i J in emerged it as Christianity similar: remarkably Jews realized that there was a fraternity ( fraternity a was there that Jewsrealized is treasure, ethical common the enriched they which used this concept. Mór Fényes, “A zsidóság erkölcst zsidóság “A Fényes, Mór concept. this used as a strictly Jewish (and thus also non-Christian) non-Christian) also thus (and Jewish strictly a as Ármin Kecskeméti was proud to announce that “weare that announce to proud was Kecskeméti Ármin most precious in human culture”. Kecskeméti, “Mende Kecskeméti, culture”. human in precious most “Zsidó hitterjesztés” in hitterjesztés” “Zsidó “Fogadalom” in in “Fogadalom” Jewry appear in an untruthful way”. Ibid., p.239. I p.239. Ibid., way”. untruthful an in appear Jewry stations on this road are Catholicism, Protestantis Catholicism, are road this on stations that Jewish teachings about conversions to Judaism Judaism to conversions about teachings Jewish that h Selr) e omltd i gnrl da n the on provi keepers idea Sabbath The Bible. the general to connections his formulated he Szeklers) the Five brief general statements serve as illustratio as serve statements general brief Five Kohlbach, “Hellénizmus” in in “Hellénizmus” Kohlbach, in “Venetianer” Winkler,

IMIT évkönyv IMIT 477 On religion, managed for Ernő asserted Venetianer that example, Winkler IMIT évkönyv IMIT Nx t ti, ike sl-rtcly eakd th remarked self-critically Winkler this, to Next . IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1938, p.17. Taking into account the dominant inte thedominant account into Taking p.17. 1938, ,

MT évkönyv IMIT , 1930, p.98. 1930, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT testvériség , 1935, p.239. Winkler here referred to Venetianer’ to referred here Winkler p.239. 1935, , 14, .1. h gad artv ofrd y Lőwin by offered narrative grand The p.211. 1940, , product, even this might be taken as a claim of Jew of claim a as taken be might this even product, writings on the the on writings

the fall of the Roman Empire. Ibid., p.137. Ibid., Empire. theRoman fallof the ws, when he wrote that the main value of Jewish eth Jewish of value main the that wrote he when ws, n a study published in the 1930 yearbook Bernát Hel Bernát yearbook 1930 the in published study a n ns: Mihály Guttmann wrote that “in several respects several “in that wrote Guttmann Mihály ns: m, Unitarianism, Sabbathianism and Jewry”. Bernát H Bernát Jewry”. and Sabbathianism Unitarianism, m, to complain” about our opponents whose “false light “false whose opponents our about complain” to lear in the realm of religious morals, of ethics”. ethics”. of morals, religious of realm the in lear in original, which is gender nautral) between all all between nautral) gender whichis original, in as it was on Jewish sources) passed on the most im most the on passed sources) Jewish on was it as “the concept of humanity”. Alone among ancient peo ancient among Alone humanity”. of concept “the , 1938, p.136. Islam meant the birth of monotheism of birth the meant Islam p.136. 1938, , , the prophetic and Jewish religions, the Christian the religions, Jewish and prophetic the , ded an example “what it means to return to the Bibl the to return to means it “what example an ded d consequensec of Amos’ activities, and found that that found and activities, Amos’ of consequensec d ana” in in ana” ond and third volumes of the the of volumes third and ond hat Jewish culture prepared the way for Greek cultu Greek for way the prepared culture Jewish hat da a te rtco o acet utr i Europe in culture ancient of protector the was udea ee o e cone fr n h lgt f itr. I history. of light the in for accounted be to were eain ewe rlgos n ter aiul str variously their and religions between relation the people of the Holy Script, we gave humanity wh humanity gave we Script, theofHoly people the lssohn” in in lssohn” író-próféta” in in író-próféta” Aof löi enióa in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf r ian Jewry earned in our country and its perfect perfect its and country our in earned Jewry ian 479 IMIT évkönyv IMIT svn an o te te hn, wrote hand, other the on Hahn, István szombatosok IMIT évkönyv IMIT MT évkönyv IMIT , 1939, p.51. Imre Benoschofsky in in Benoschofsky Imre p.51. 1939, , 478 at “as long as Jewish scholarship scholarship Jewish as long “as at (a sect of Sabbath keepers among among keepers Sabbath of sect (a autiful, ideal and eternal in in eternal and ideal autiful, n n o te rils of articles the of one In rom Alexandria “prepared Alexandria rom , 1929, p.160. Mór Fényes also also Fényes Mór p.160. 1929, , rpretation of the Bible in IMIT in IMIT Bible the of rpretation ined a phenomenon that that phenomenon a ined Monumenta account of the positive the of account , 1942, p.243. In 1941, 1941, In p.243. 1942, , ys, and even though even and ys, MT évkönyv IMIT rly life and in the the and in rlylife

his major work major his s book titled titled book s nations and and nations ish impact. impact. ish Guttmann, Guttmann, religions religions ler wrote wrote ler 152 , modern modern , ics, with with ics, ger was was ger , 1941, 1941, , s made made s portant portant as well well as e. The e. n this this n eller, eller, re in in re ples, ples, they they at is is at ong ong an an A A CEU eTD Collection

Judentum in deutschen Briefen aus drei Jahrhunderte drei aus Briefen deutschen in Judentum .7. t h sm tm, an anand ht belie that maintained Hahn time, same the At p.271. Sebestyén, “Levelekben” in in “Levelekben” Sebestyén, seem their Jews, of struggles the on light valuable ol b icmaal poorer”. incomparably be would fruit intellectual the ghetto, the in closed remained Jewry “had lawyer and a pacifist who originated from the Czech the from originated who pacifist a and lawyer t ms slni fruain n Judaism”. in formulation splendid most its t crucial was it him, For epochs. as well as peoples connected 480 others. enriched Jews as much as Jews enriched wrote he Instead, one-sided. merely as impacts positive describe of perspective the from relevant German-l released recently a of contents those covered article s and intellectual Jewish of issue the on turn in focused Letters) articulators excellent most oftradition.religious a universal 482 thought. country the left scholars of number huge a and Hungary” Greater in Wertheimer Maimonides, of 19the of beginnings the since “especially introduction brief his In report. annual an namel status, special a with articles two in attention further the reverse question analyzed in this subchapter) o subchapter) in this analyzed question thereverse 484 483 on could borrowing) non-Jewish (or influence Jewish 481 Messianic poem of classical literature, namely the the namely of literature, classical focus of poem the Messianic in was history literary of question A circulated more widely in later times). Jewish infl Jewish times). later in widely more circulated confu rather was it if (even widespread was matters cl Hahn p.265. Ibid., come). to future ending never versionS could be show to derive from sources of “J of sources from derive to show be could versionS The issue of how Jews benefited from external sour external from benefited Jews how of issue The p.50. Ibid., Vienna in published was question in anthology The preced temporal of question the clarifying Without vallás (Egy eklogáig IV. a “Jesájától Hahn, István Károly Sebestyén’s “A zsidóság története levelekben” (Th levelekben” története zsidóság “A Sebestyén’s Károly IMIT évkönyv IMIT

Geistesgeschichte 483 , 1935, p.47. 1935, , olwn i Kbe’ foses Sbsyn i not did Sebestyén footsteps, Kobler’s in Following th nly rarely tackled in the IMIT yearbooks. yearbooks. IMIT in the tackled nlyrarely uences could be detected in the environment of Virg of environment the in detected be could uences ing successes and inherited suffering in the past 3 past the in suffering inherited and successes ing century, enormous scholarly work was conducted conducted was work scholarly enormous century, IV. Ecloga of Virgil (that presented the ancient pa ancient the presented (that Virgil of Ecloga IV. ewish thinking, history, spirituality”. Ibid, p.272 Ibid, spirituality”. history, ewishthinking, lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, under the title the under Monarchy, Habsburg the of lands 480 i eprcl nlss te rgn o te ot imp most the of origins the analysis: empirical his aimed that in the days of Virgil knowledge about Je about knowledge Virgil of days the in that aimed sed and superficial, similarly to the ideas about J about ideas the to similarly superficial, and sed ly be beneficial in terms of raising the quality of quality the raising of terms in beneficial be ly os gondolat történetéhez)” in in történetéhez)” gondolat os ence, Hahn made it clear that the most complete for complete most the that clear it made Hahn ence, i te esa ws on t on Sni n al la all and Sinai Mount at born was Messiah the in f n in 1935. It was released by Franz Kobler (1882-1965 Kobler Franz by released was It 1935. in Tu, an rt o Jw a teprs and purest the as Jews of wrote Hahn Thus, ces was (especially when compared to the treatment treatment the to compared when (especially was ces . Sebestyén claimed that the book as a whole “throw whole a as book the that claimed Sebestyén . 484 , 482 eih coal ifune received influences scholarly Jewish n re t udrie h tei that thesis the underline to order in 481 y a presidential introduction and and introduction presidential a y

o declare that this idea “found idea this that declare o anguage anthology that were were that anthology anguage o te at w centuries two last the of s on mutual influences that that influences mutual on cholarly influences. This This influences. cholarly IMIT évkönyv IMIT e Story of Jewry in in Jewry of Story e and went on to to on went and stressed that that stressed , 1942, p.273. 1942, , .

messianic messianic Juden und Juden 00 years.” 00 153 st as the the as st ews that that ews il. Ibid., Ibid., il. ortant ortant m of of m wish wish ), a ), ter ter of of s s CEU eTD Collection

oe eeoe eooi clue ol fn poe w proper find could culture economic developed more o the to (referring Büchler’s to idea complementary Engl an Simpson, Hope John Sir from quoted Grünwald zsidóság gazdasági jelentősége Mátyás korában” in in korában” Mátyás jelentősége gazdasági zsidóság in története” és elmúlt which country the of flourishing the to contributed h anvray f amnds brh Wrhie, “ Wertheimer, birth. Maimonides’ of anniversary the uoe a bs weee “hy ie aog economic among lived “they whenever best was Europe She footnote). previous the in quoted (as Grünwald p. Ibid., too.” here impact an had which government favorable treatment of Jews by the Hungarian kings kings Hungarian the by Jews of treatment favorable abo speculating by tol tolerance of Hungarian tradition contemporary Hungarian strong especially the of unfounded to suppose that the complete absence of t of absence complete the that suppose to unfounded otiue o h frhr eeomn o itrainlJws studies Jewish international of development further the to contribute 485 489 488 487 486 country. the for losses economic a (persecuted converts of suffering the and Jews of expulsion the generalin also emphasized.” are Jew which with activities beneficial The life. intellectual ar They everywhere. almost highlighted are Jews of merits se in find solace we mourning current state of “in our 1933, Edelstein argued that true reconciliation between the persecutors and the and persecutors the between reconciliation true Spa in progress and wealth human of terms in created Jews time pi ws nx t Plsie “ pooyia ln wee creat where fashion”. grandiose land in manifested prototypical “a Palestine, to next was, Spain creati and development economic in role Jewish significant the of in situation current the of discussion part recollection, historical part Spain), of Land the (In földön” “Spanyol his In sphere. economic tudománya Büchler, “Spanyol” in in “Spanyol” Büchler, co that asserted Wertheimer 1935, IN p.160. Ibid., in földön” “Spanyol Büchler, Sándor inév” 5693. és “Az5692. Edelstein, Bertalan in Mózes” “Maimuni Wertheimer, Adolf ”. ial, nme o atos oce uo Jws cnrbtos n the in contributions Jewish upon touched authors of number a Finally, IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1939, p.293. p.293. 1939, , 486 , 1930, pp. 170-1. It is worth noting that Büchler Büchler that noting worth is It 170-1. pp. 1930, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT 487 489

e rt o “h eenl au” hc “ne pn a upon “once which value” eternal “the on wrote He n i drcoil eot f 97 a te ie f an of time the at 1937, of report directorial his In MT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT persecuted was on the way, strengtehened by the oc the by strengtehened way, the wason persecuted showed its readiness to accept them”. Fülöp Grünwa Fülöp them”. accept to readiness its showed 162. Emma Lederer took a stance against both Büchle both against stance a took Lederer Emma 162. Endre II and Béla IV were due to the spirit of the the of spirit the to due were IV Béla and II Endre ntemporary Spain showed signs of regret and penance and regret of signs showed Spain ntemporary rne Smwa uuuly h wne t acut fo account to wanted he unusually, Somewhat erance. opined that the economic and social situation of Je of situation social and economic the that opined MT évkönyv IMIT he persecution of Jews in Hungary around this time, this around Hungary in Jews of persecution he , 1930, p.159. He used theusedterm He p.159. 1930, , ne quoted in the main text): “refugees have always always have “refugees text): main the in quoted ne ut the impact of Spanish attitudes: “It is perhaps perhaps is “It attitudes: Spanish of impact the ut Maimuni Mózes” in in Mózes” Maimuni ish expert on refugees, what might be considered th considered be might what refugees, on expert ish ays to get articulated”. Emma Lederer, “A magyar magyar “A Lederer, Emma articulated”. get to ays ly es eeoe pol wee hi srne and stronger their where people developed less ally 13, .1 H ue te em “ term the used He p.11. 1935, , , 1933, p.218. p.218. 1933, , 14, . 3. h mitie ta where that maintained She 233. p. 1940, , s contributed to human development human to contributed s e underlined in scientific and and scientific in underlined e Spain, Sándor Büchler wrote wrote Büchler Sándor Spain, s heretics) led to enormous to led heretics) s MT évkönyv IMIT in”, on of wealth. In his eyes, eyes, his In wealth. of on ive Jewish genius got got genius Jewish ive 488 . 485 klasszikus and maintained that maintained and n i rpr from report his In went against the theme theme the against went travel report, part part report, travel , 1935, pp. 9-10. 9-10. pp. 1935, , nagyvilág zsidó zsidó nagyvilág . . eing that the eing the that casion of of casion 154 Spanish Spanish ld, “Az “Az ld, ws in in ws r and and r , and and , the the not not e e r r

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practical aims of conservatism. Ibid., p.324. In a a In p.324. Ibid., conservatism. of aims practical pp. 329-30. pp. oefl n as srntee te eta ogn o te tt. W state. the of organs central the strengthened also and powerful oreiis n Jw, u as hd mrel anti markedly a had also but Jews, and bourgeoisies cooperation, he supported the Compromise of 1867, b 1867, of Compromise the supported he cooperation, industria of view of point the from issues assessed his by demonstrated as compromises, and concessions that preserved all of Hungary’s rights, i.e. implem i.e. rights, Hungary’s of all preserved that matters of finance, were enormous.” Mérei, “Wahrman Mérei, enormous.” were finance, of matters t here belongs 1943 of yearbook the to contribution ht aran a aant otiar sacs n po in stances doctrinaire against was Wahrmann that trade in Europe, which he considered an achievement an considered he which Europe, in trade helped the development of material culture”. As an an As culture”. material of development the helped gazdasági helyzete az ó- és középkorban” Blau decla Blau középkorban” és ó- az helyzete gazdasági lu xlcty lrfe ta h ws o akn fo asking not was he that clarified explicitly Blau industry and trade until the middle of the 19the of middle the until trade and industry comp almost were Hungarians ethnic that emphasized Munkácsi context, e Hungarian in role Jewish the clarify to needed he felt Munkácsi adopt legislation discriminatory anti-Jewish general first later it as which, wave anti-Semitic visible increasingly took atplace thetook of expense of the Hungarian the “fore state interest in – spac of conquest “Jewish the that was all, above prove, to aimed 490 show they present, were strata bourgeois non-Jewish Jewry”. ac historical the entirely “almost was Munkácsi, economy to according capitalist the by replaced be to was labor of division Hungary of Kingdom the in groups isolated and closed rather foreign, exclusion of Jews might thus be pictured as a sign a as pictured be mightthus Jews of exclusion anti-Jewis Hungarian current to concept her applied li raised Western also the patterns, of Western to closer spread Hungary the to anti-Semitism Hungarian of narrative The p.234. Ibid., competition. Jewish 491 financial markets. “The services he performed in th in performed he services “The markets. manifold financial his of aim main The stability. desired all from the vocabularies from various languages withou languages various from vocabularies fromthe experiences in ancient times not to expect it, he a he it, expect to not times ancient in experiences “Az igazgatóság jelentése a múzeum 1936. évi működ évi 1936. múzeum a jelentése igazgatóság “Az működ évi 1936. múzeum a jelentése igazgatóság “Az 490

hs ot infcn Jws aheeet ae h cuty economica country the made achievement Jewish significant most This dded wryly (he even remarked that the word might be might word the that remarked even (he wryly dded ented the principle of full equality and economic p economic and equality full of principle the ented lists and office clerks. Having recognized the mutu the recognized Having clerks. office and lists of development and Westernization. Westernization. and development of oo. Mérei described Wahrmann as a loyal patriot who patriot loyal a as Wahrmann described Mérei oo. Lederer referred not only to the conflict between C between conflict the to only not referred Lederer h discrimination, we might get an ambivalent explan ambivalent an get might we discrimination, h the level of anti-Semitism, she argued. Ibid., p.2 Ibid., argued. she anti-Semitism, of level the ciiis a t ahee h idpnec o Hung of independence the achieve to was activities e interest of the government and the country, above country, the and government the of interest e t incurring any loss). Ibid., p.13. Ibid., loss). any incurring t es, aran a cery ata: e ecie a perceived he partial: clearly was Wahrmann sense, of Jews. Blau, “Gazdasági” in “Gazdasági” Blau, Jews. of eminent example, he referred to the foundation of w of foundation the to referred he example, eminent ut wanted to reach the kind of kind the reach to wanted ut gaeuns – s es ae nw wl sne thei since well known have Jews as – gratefulness r red that “What the facts show is that Jews have alw have Jews that is show facts the “What that red Wsen prah se iety once te birth the connected directly she approach: -Western iis H ws pamts, sbr esn n favo in person sober a pragmatist, a was He litics. th preference for a liberal form of capitalism and fo and capitalism of form liberal a for preference d tog eemnto t dfn tesle agains themselves defend to determination strong ed n” in in n” century, and that such activities were left to left were activities such that and century, festyles and economic transformations: by bringing bringing by transformations: economic and festyles éséről” in éséről” éséről” in éséről” IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT turned out, paved the way for the the for way the paved out, turned d n h srn o 13, Ernő 1938, of spring the in ed , 1943, p.322. Mérei also explained explained also Mérei p.322. 1943, , complishment of Hungarian Hungarian of complishment ” (e” conomic history. To set the the set To history. conomic te rain f which, of creation the , a Mnás’ polemic Munkácsi’s hat , 1937, p.331. Gyula Mérei’s Mérei’s Gyula p.331. 1937, , térfoglalás , 1937, p.331. In “A zsidók zsidók “A In p.331. 1937, , modus vivendi modus . Later on, this strange this on, Later . IMIT évkönyv IMIT

ign nationalities”.ign letely inactive in in inactive letely ) in Hungary in ) , 1933, p. 15. 15. p. 1933, , with Austria Austria with arity. Ibid., Ibid., arity. al need for need al 35. If we If 35. 155 deleted deleted hristian hristian ation – ation above above all in in all arian arian r the the r

491 orld orld of r ays ays lly of of nd nd

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portion had a tremendous impact lasting for some three decades, so so decades, three some for lasting impact tremendous a had portion framework for it.” for framework hi on Reformation the of views official the of part essential an that aimed to reveal the correct way of counting historical time historical counting correctof wayrevealthe to aimed that of “fate the explored he concretely, More thought. Hungarian century h Mdl Ae, vn fe Sit uutn dcae i false it declared Augustine Saint after even Ages, Middle the apocalyptic Jewish ancient from starting Judeo-Christianity, in much significance. never Catholics although generally calculation, Talmudic this with almost accordance Protestants fact, In prophesies. Biblical 493 492 not take place.) For the larger context, see Jerry Jerry see context, larger the For place.) take not to due that was supposition (The wouldarrive. end Protestan the of part was moment) earlier adjusted, 1940, p.104. The idea that time could be made to pa to made be could time that idea The p.104. 1940, Vision of the Age of Reformation) was an intriguing and complex s complex and intriguing an was Reformation) of Age the of Vision Tal a of Role (The történetszemléletében” korának reformáció “ His Jews. of view of point the from advantageous not certainly was that source Jewish traditional a of influence the on yearbook 1940 Józs is instance such One inquiry. of direction this to examples provide which discourses those at look a take us let domains, important J positive identify to aimed that those as well as influence), pri the as Bible the on focusing controversially, somewhat them, of Oxford University Press, 2008). 2008). UniversityPress, Oxford Ibid., p.98. Ibid., refo a szerepe hely talmudi “Egy Waldapfel, József Having analyzed the texts in IMIT that studied Jewish literar Jewish studied that IMIT in texts the analyzed Having According to Waldapfel, even though chiliasm “was an uninterrupted t uninterruptedan “was chiliasm thougheven Waldapfel, Accordingto 492 It acquired a level of respect equal to that usually assigned usually that to equal respect of level a Itacquired

L. Walls (ed.), (ed.), Walls L. the amount of human sins a part of the last 2000 ye 2000 thelast of part a sins human of amount the t way of measuring historical time and counting whe counting and time historical measuring of way t ss faster (and that the end of time would thus arri thus would time of end the that (and faster ss rmáció korának történetszemléletében” történetszemléletében” korának rmáció The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology of Handbook Oxford The . Waldapfel explained that this that explained Waldapfel . iie hsoia tm in time historical divided mudic Place in the Historical the in Place mudic ism and recurring throughout throughout recurring and ism ws cnrbtos n other in contributions ewish n heretical”. and ef Waldapfel’s study in the in study Waldapfel’s ef Egy talmudi hely szerepe a szerepe hely talmudi Egy tr, rvdn te basic the providing story, mary example of Jewish of example mary much so that “it became “it that so much tudy that dealt with 16 with dealt that tudy considered it to be of be to it considered a part of the Talmud” Talmud” the of part a , rather paradoxically, rather , s ih counter- with us y impacts (most (most impacts y to canonical, to 493 MT évkönyv IMIT h first The ars would would ars (Oxford: (Oxford: radition 156 ve at an an at ve n the the n th ,

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the motive back to the 12 the to back motive the Sche arts. visual but literature not was medium main its although 1770, fac in was distinction the that showed Scheiber 1942. of yearbook same se a received thus and Byron to distinction symbolic this of invention it – Byron before way established was offer) sacrificial acceptance divine of sign the as (serving ground the on stayed that and betwee distinction the that show to aimed He spread. Abel and Cain the of smoke the way the depicting of conventions the on wrote Scheiber role real no played Jews that conclude to only cases certain and prophetic powers and taken as proof of their blindness and stubbornness. and and takenblindness stubbornness. prophetic of as and their powers proof Jews.” theconvert literature anti-Jewish polemical of arguments favorite the of Talm this counted, was Messiah the of arrival the way Throughthe their justifying of intention the with so did but source same the host a that is story the in twist The literature. rabbinical in was p Batizi we time find in the howdivide scheme to the Reformation Prior to on composition of his work. The other source Batizi us Batizi source other The work. his of composition work this of source main the likelihood all in was from Be, Will and Been Have which Things of History millenarian division of history in Hungarian was penned only in the 16the in only penned was Hungarian in history of division millenarian in the work of András Batizi from 1544 that survived in the Hoffgref col Hoffgref the in survived that 1544 from Batizi András of work the in intentions. intentions. just He Talmud. the studying Christians of favor in 496 495 494 Ibid., p.99. Around this time, at the beginning of beginning the at time, this Around p.99. Ibid., 93-4. pp. Ibid., was title full Its Some other studies were also included in the the in included also were studies other Some Meglött és megleendő dolgoknak teremtéstől fogva az fogva teremtéstől dolgoknak megleendő és Meglött 496 The same text could simultaneously be seen as a sign of Jewi of signa as seensimultaneouslybe could text same The th

century, but among the dozens of examples he provided there was there provided he examples of dozens the among century, but since Batizi was his pupil until 1543, i.e. until j until i.e. 1543, until pupil his was Batizi since ed was the world chronicle of an astronomer named C named astronomer an of worldchronicle was the ed the 16 the ified this in a way that revealed his markedly anti markedly his revealed that way a in this ified the Times of Creation until the Judgment. Melancht Judgment. the until Creation of Times the th century, János Reuchling, among others, was also also was others, among Reuchling, János century, was Bernát Heller who ascribed the the ascribed who Heller Bernát was of other Christian writers drew on on drew writers Christian other of IMIT yearbooks IMIT in them. For instance, Sándor Sándor instance, For them. in ítéletig való história való ítéletig that was ultimately meant to to meant ultimately was that own faith against Jews.against faith own udic source provided “one “one sourceprovided udic n the smoke that went up up went that smoke the n iber managed to trace trace to managed iber th and rejection of the of rejection and cond rebuttal in the the in rebuttal cond t widely in use until until use in widely t century: it appears appears it century: lection of songs.of lection sacrificial fire of of fire sacrificial that discussed discussed that or in English, English, in or ust before the the before ust resent only resent only sh wisdom sh 157 -Jewish -Jewish arion. arion. hon hon 495 494

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rdli Társulat Irodalmi positive Jewish impact (in general as well as in specifi in as well as general(in impact Jewish positive h gos eeoe a eiiu piooh ta was that philosophy religious a developed gaons the whole of ancient and medieval Jewish religious phil religious Jewish medieval and ancient of whole accomplishments had barely any echoes in wider circ wider in echoes any barely had accomplishments (th Latin to Arab from transmission the helped they in Jews of importance the that added He p.58. 1942, not a single one of Jewish origin, which he duly acknowledged. duly he which origin, Jewish of one single a not isn) Vdr anand ht Paoim n Aris and “Platonism that maintained Vidor missing). it?”on variation the is which and model the is which is question a and model the are these that obvious becomes immediately it and fr song the read and jaudea>> mi <

a nt xlsvl cnend ihcss f eih contrib Jewish of cases with concerned exclusively not was

rough Hebrew). Ibid., pp. 59-60. He added that even that added He 59-60. pp. Ibid., Hebrew). rough the Middle Ages lay in the role they played as med as played they role the in lay Ages Middle the osophy”. Pál Vidor, “A zsidó vallásfilozófia két fő két vallásfilozófia zsidó “A Vidor, Pál osophy”. les. Ibid., p.61. p.61. Ibid., les. ől szóló legenda életrajza” in életrajza” legenda szóló ől nek” in nek”in totelianism totelianism ather moderate Jewish impact (or rather formulated formulated rather (or impact Jewish moderate ather dto ta cud aall h Gek n ws large was one Greek the parallel could that adition ohsiae ad teghnd eiin ter men their religion, strengthened and sophisticated IMIT évkönyv IMIT c areas) and subjected them to detailed to them subjected and areas) c together defined the direction almost of the the of almost direction the defined , 1938, p.39. p.39. 1938, , ih orwn. hs would This borrowing. wish his discourse dealt with the the with dealt discourse his ssmn o te scholarly the of ssessment 497 498 tried to find examples of of examples find to tried Elsewhere Bernát Heller Bernát Elsewhere , he asked. He concluded He asked. he , eih mat which, impact, Jewish IMIT évkönyv IMIT from the one usually usually one the from ks of literature. Third, Third, literature. of ks to be clarified. Such, Such, clarified. be to onclusions. The first, first, The onclusions. variation. The only only The variation. d 1506 in the city the in 1506 d om the Catechism Catechism the om zalt Magyar Izraelita reated a Jewish Jewish a reated , 1942, p.148. p.148. 1942, , to,bt at but ution, 158 though though típusa” típusa” iators: iators: the the tal tal ly ly CEU eTD Collection

reader ponder. to that point moot a is account, into taken properly are contributions of intention apologetic clearly the and age the of circumstances perspective critical more a such Whether assertions. distorted questionable exaggeratedness) their in least (at some to lead not was relations Christian-Jewish of nature complex the knowing

claims and even to some rather rather some to even and claims is still warranted, once the the once warranted, still is uncontroversial and could could and uncontroversial I shall leave for the kind kind the for leave shall I h dsore n Jewish on discourse the 159 CEU eTD Collection

IMIT yearbooksIMIT 500 c and expected not have “We terms: general more in also epoch unexpe and novel the portray to sought Edelstein etc. savagery, debauchery, as such terms using mercilessness,” of “reign the three subperiods within this decade and a half. decadeand three a half. this subperiods within be shifts intriguing some also but time, and place their of sense days own their ofcomments These other. each with contradiction in others at concurrence, evaluations and interpretations offered nonetheless r annual the in except age, the on reflection extensive of instances topi with dealt rarely authors its agenda, scholarly IMIT’s years fifteen the of course cha the over assessments and the descriptions for account to wish also I age. the assess to ambitioned original (a mirror translation of Kulturmensch). Kulturmensch). translationof mirror (a original of the “horrific disappointment of cultured human beings”,human cultured of disappointment “horrific the of elem overarc of visions well-known and decline cultural of narratives of vocabulary many employed which 1929, of report his in Edelstein Edelstein, “Évtizedben” in in “Évtizedben” Edelstein, I. The aim of this subchapter is to review and compare those text those compare and review to is subchapter this of aim The One of the first interpretations of the postwar world was penne was world postwar the of interpretations first the of One that attempted to describe the contemporary situation and mi and situation contemporary the describe to attempted that

Various Descriptions the of Age

MT évkönyv IMIT A Present the of History 12, .9. Clue hmn en” is being” human “Cultured p.296. 1929, , Chapter V cal questions. There are in fact no fact in are There questions. cal 500 and referred to what he saw as saw he what to referred and tween what I shall identify as as identify shall I what tween ould not have expected how expected have not ould under scrutiny. In line with with line In scrutiny. under cted difficulties of the new new the of difficulties cted eports. Several contributors Several eports. hing crisis. Edelstein wrote wrote Edelstein crisis. hing moral decay, roughness, roughness, decay, moral nging contents of these these of contents nging reveal not only their only not reveal kultúrember , at times in in times at , s printed in the in printed s ents from the the from ents ght even have have even ght d by Bertalan by d 160 in the the in CEU eTD Collection

previouslycaught by mercilesswa surprise by of nature the the the instance, in 1930, Adolf Wertheimer spoke of “the humanistic understanding humanistic “the of spoke Wertheimer Adolf 1930, in instance, opiae ad orby ifcl pae ol tr ot o e the be, to out turn would peace difficult horribly and complicated a hiding place from the world at large.at world the from place hiding a home “narrower his In politics. of boundlessness fearsome new the and dec the escape to order in origin, of place his Somogy, of county the depict laudatory this to according that, significance symbolic deeds evil conspicuously of number growing the and behavior” their of humans between struggle severe “increasingly Marcz the to references 1940 in death his to prior that recalled Tóth Marczali, Henrik IMI in present the of interpretations for frame symbolic the 1929, with together providing, as depicted be might 1943, of yearbook the in “Megállapodás,” in “Megállapodás,” 503 502 the IMIT, between theagreement even 1931 In Jewry. simi a in wrote Wertheimer p.312. Ibid., citizens). 1 late the in already severe extremely difficulties 501 thesemuch strong less imply. twowould what than cont direct and complex more much were epoch the of interpretations i released IMIT of volumes last the and first the between link n poiet lc ta “ic te ol wr Hun war, world the “since that place prominent a in several in accepted generally become have to seemed main the of One p.298. Ibid., war”. the since years Jerusalem, of Temple the of destruction the “since Ibid., p.136. Ibid., in Henrik” “Marczali Zoltán Tóth, to referred obviously here war (The p.295. Ibid., An article by one of the non-Jewish contributors, Zoltán Tóth, which appe which ZoltánTóth, contributors, non-Jewish the of one by articleAn ntal, hr wr ee sm cery oiie statements positive clearly some even were there Initially, IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1931, p.324. 1931, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT 503 920s, at least judging by the following, rather rad rather following, the by judging least at 920s, These two articles provide a somewhat superficial somewhat a provide articles two These lar vein, though in a much less detailed way about about way detailed less much a in though vein, lar reasons behind this assessment was that anti-Jewis that was assessment this behind reasons , 1943, p.135. 1943, , the First World War.) Edelstein must have considere have must Edelstein War.) World First the the hand of fate has not treated Israel as heavily heavily as Israel treated not has fate of hand the Jewish community of Pest and the Jewish Museum sta Museum Jewish the and Pest of community Jewish crucial questions (such as the undesirability of J of undesirability the as (such questions crucial ain es r lvn truh ey ifcl times difficult very through living are Jews garian ion of his life, Marczali fled to to fled Marczali life, his of ion n the Horthy era: overall, the the overall, era: Horthy the n ,” the “worsening roughness roughness “worsening the ,” r.” T. In his remembrance of of remembrance his In T. line of cultural standards standards cultural of line 501 inuities between them between inuities same way we were were we way same

land”, he tried to find to tried he land”, ali made recurrent recurrent made ali . 502 Edelstein’s from from Edelstein’s on the age. For For age. the on characterizing characterizing t s f some of is It ical depiction: depiction: ical Hungarian Hungarian h stances stances h 161 as in the the in as d these these d ewish ewish ared ted ted ”. ”. CEU eTD Collection

propagated already prior to 1989, among others by I by others among 1989, to prior already propagated une wy I the In way. nuanced law”. new, the from thi excluded was prejudicial Jewry, Hungarian “the on stamp that stigmatizing 1930s early the in remarked Wolf, Lucien nominally while Szabolcsi, Lajos suggest. would situation global the pi black the what than light ambivalent more much a in appear 1874-1946 1874-1946 Romsics, Ignác See vein. this in works important the of one to central is era Horthy the of decades modern times”.modern 506 505 meant he for wrote. traders”, future r basic teach and level elementary the on teaching supervise rese qualified most “The 1930s. the in suffered Heller injustices he apologetic: from far was intention his if even development”, of Schei retrospect, In whole. a as Jewry Hungarian for and himself golden new the as appeared nearly 1931 and 1922 between years the War, y the from back looking which, in death), Heller’s after (briefly thought his published Scheiber Sándor until passed decade a than More expli and officially of end temporary) only out, turned it (as the t intentions derogatory its of cancellation the 1920s, late the in law 504 Ignác Romsics (ed.), (ed.), IgnácRomsics h Hnain ain il o “cet as beliefs false “accept moderntimes.” characterizing not will nation Hungarian the ih h pro. hs hss opsn te wholesal the opposing thesis, This period. the with Scheiber, “Heller” in in “Heller” Scheiber, in LucienWolfról” “Emlékbeszéd Szabolcsi, Lajos in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer 505 In other words, Szabolcsi spoke of the successful revision of the n the of revision successful the of spoke Szabolcsi words, other In (Boulder, Colorado: Social Science Monographs, 1995 Monographs, Science Social Colorado: (Boulder, 504 A magyar jobboldai hagyomány, 1900-1948 hagyomány, magyar jobboldai A Other writings presented the postwar Hungarian developments i developments Hungarian postwar the presented writings Other IMIT évkönyv IMIT MT yearbooks IMIT

, 1943, p.104. It ought to be noted that such diffe such that noted be to ought It p.104. 1943, , 506

IMIT évkönyv IMIT te oty r ad h stain f es ol also could Jews of situation the and era Horthy the , influential streams of newer Hungarian historiograp Hungarian newer of streams influential István Bethlen: a great conservative statesman of H of statesman conservative great a Bethlen: István gnác Romsics who has since completed and edited sev edited and completed since has who Romsics gnác e condemnation of the counterrevolutionary regime, regime, counterrevolutionary the of condemnation e ht r s cnrr t te uaitc understandi humanistic the to contrary so are that IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1930, p.317. He wrote that “We are confident that confident are “We that wrote He p.317. 1930, , (Budapest: Osiris, 2009). 2009). Osiris, (Budapest: ). See also the recent collection of studies studies of collection recent the also See ). , 1931, p.30. p.30. 1931, , eligious instruction in a school a in instruction eligious cture painted by Edelstein on on Edelstein by painted cture citly endorsed stigmatization. stigmatization. endorsed citly ber referred to it as “a time time “a as it to referred ber archer on the Bible had to to had Bible the on archer ears of the Second World World Second the of ears owards Jews and thereby and Jews owards discussing the career of of career the discussing did not try to hide later later hide to try not did eie tx o the of text revised rd paragraph, that that paragraph, rd s on Bernát Heller Heller Bernát on s rentiation between the the between rentiation umerus clausus umerus age for Heller Heller for age n a more a n hy dealing dealing hy 162 ungary, ungary, was eral eral ng ” ” CEU eTD Collection

eogd o ugra hsoy n cnetn is utrl n mrl sta moral and cultural its contesting and history Hungarian to belonged h saeot o te aatoh bflig Hungariandom.” befalling catastrophe the for scapegoat the gr the Jewry, Hungarian of life the in relevance special rebir veritable This […] war. the since ascent great a showed “Historica past: recent the of description following the offers dir the Thus War. World First the after and before at line dividing which counter-examples more many are there but of, unheard not thus illusions: “previously we did not dare trust our own eyes and ears. and eyes own our trust dare not did we “previously illusions: bri to meant was which clarification, of process painful a as instance, for Benoschofsky, Imre crisis. the of contextualisations tha authors of group a find we 1919, after or before age” “golden a of Fürst, “Nagymagyarország zsidó középiskolái” in középiskolái” zsidó “Nagymagyarország Fürst, 508 ques Jewry, Hungarian of value national the “denying of forms the took 509 rais in task cultural sole its saw Jewry when times this sum, “in Nagykanizsa: of city the in Trade for wo (non-evaluative) the in detectable also is them) 507 youth.”eyes and parents of many Jewish 19 and the of half second the [in time secularization Jewish of process that observed Kiss Arnold life, religious Jewish of impoverishment the about Writing Jewry. s of loss the in crisis the of causes the for looked however, authors, ie hsdahto lc nte oeto h “gr the of moment the in place took death his life, that while his inauguration as a rabbi in 1895 coin 1895 in rabbi a as inauguration his while that 1941, p.58. p.58. 1941, Arnold Kiss, “Bánóczi József egyénisége” in egyénisége” József “Bánóczi Kiss, Arnold betw break strong of sense similar A p.295. Ibid., in 26.)” dec. (1932. jelentés “Igazgatósági Against the discourse which contrasted the current situation with some version with situation Against the discourse contrasted current which the Such differentiation based on the internal periodization of the Horthy the of periodization internal the on based differentiation Such

th century – FL] still seemed to be a desirable path in the the in path desirable a be to seemed still FL] – century IMIT évkönyv IMIT 509 IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT rds of Aladár Fürst in an article on the Israelite Israelite the on article an in Fürst Aladár of rds cided with one of the happiest periods of Hungarian of periods happiest the of one with cided ing decent and educated citizens for the homeland”. the for citizens educated and decent ing institution provides an interesting opportunity to opportunity interesting an provides institution

avest and saddest” crisis. Vidor, “Kiss” in in “Kiss” Vidor, crisis. saddest” and avest een the historical periods (and the situation of Je of situation the (and periods historical the een , 1933, p.295. , 1933, , 1932, p.172. Pál Vidor wrote precisely on Kiss Kiss on precisely wrote Vidor Pál p.172. 1932, , , 1931, p.214. 1931, , oup that has been widely offered as as offered widely been has that oup ng about the end of an age of age an of end the about ng 507 cncoses n thought and consciousness l h f itrcl huh had thought historical of th described the change rather change the described niJws scapegoating Anti-Jewish We wanted to accept only only accept to wanted We “becoming a rabbi at that that at rabbi a “becoming ectorial report from 1933 1933 from report ectorial piritual values internal to to internal values piritual t proposed different different proposed t tioning that it ever it that tioning rfr o rw the draw to prefer nding.” the consequent consequent the IMIT évkönyv IMIT High School School High 508 recall the the recall era was era ws within within ws 163 Some Aladár Aladár Jewish Jewish , , CEU eTD Collection

postwar relations.” Fürst, “Németország” in in “Németország” Fürst, relations.” postwar hc te is qatr f h 20 the of quarter first the which instinct working instinct us”. in wor unconscious “the were illusions self-enforced these that conviction i received epoch liberal the of critique Jewish Benoschofsky’s with the convert) in a mildly mocking tone packaged in an in packaged tone mocking mildly a in convert) the with assimilant the of efforts the described he where assimilation, eeain hs ouin os o se lk a ae n a al, he all”, at one safe a like seem not does solution his generations blood merciless of age the in today, but baptism, of water holy “T doubt. reasonable any beyond attempts assimilation Jewish of f the proved already had racism of power uncontestable and revival “eight living, struggling and grappling organizatio grappling and struggling living, “eight never could Russia or Romania in possible was what kept that and ourselves convinced seemed We hearts. our by cherished illusions the successful fight in a hostile environment. His conc His environment. hostile a in fight successful 512 511 was but stark admittedly external situation, contrast unrela the not somber to awa This Germany. in all above Jewry”, of “awakening the about a the that critiques, such of side complementary the emphasized Edelstein, “Évtized” in in “Évtized” Edelstein, d was Jewry German organizing. at good and thorough 510 synt new a at aimed movement this that stressed Gedő Renaissance. hs ainl eih omnt apas ee s ver as here appears community Jewish national This Jere Zweig Stefan útja “Aörök Vér, zsidóság Andor “Áron”in Benoschofsky, oeht iial t Bnshfk, no Vr fee a critique a offered Vér Andor Benoschofsky, to similarly Somewhat Writing on Martin Buber, Simon Gedő adopted the periodization acc periodization the adopted Gedő Simon Buber, Martin on Writing IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1929, p.318. Fürst believed that German Jewry fou Jewry German that believed Fürst p.318. 1929, , , 1931, p.249. p.249. 1931, , th IMIT évkönyv IMIT century should be seen as the time of the Jewish Jewish the of time the as seen be should century ns that, amidst hardships, try to navigate the host the navigate to try hardships, amidst that, ns lusion on their secondary education was also that t that also was education secondary their on lusion miásában” in miásában” evoted to the work of self-defense and enlightenmen and self-defense of work the to evoted , 1930, p.252. p.252. 1930, , y similar to other people of its homeland: active, active, homeland: its of people other to similar y IMIT évkönyv IMIT understatement (whom he practically identified practically he (whom ts clearest formulation in his in formulation clearest ts cell research going back four four back going research cell he assimilant chooses the chooses assimilant he ge since the war brought brought war the since ge kening was presented in in presented was kening , 1933, p.171. 1933, , utility and hopelessness hopelessness and utility hesis between tenets of of tenets between hesis wrote. ght a perseverant and and perseverant a ght o sm death some of k since to him the the him to since ted to it. ted to apn here.” happen on repeating to to repeating on 511 Edelstein ording to ording 512 ile seas of of seas ile 164 hese are are hese

of of 510 t. t.

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pp. 121-2. pp. Machtergreifung in E Eastern other in question” Jewish the of solution g sgiiaty and n tegh Saeet o ti kn a increase.quantitative kind this of Statements strength. in gained significantly age h Elgtnet n msia insights. mystical and Enlightenment the 513 (consciousness” Jewish “living the of knowledge attain to wanted undertaking and economic life”. Nor did “the recognition of Jew of recognition “the did Nor life”. economic and 517 516 515 514 mystical of receptive more became audiences Jewish in that claimed he this: echoed developments local experience.their p political severe and poverty desperate there: condition Jewish alter to the e dolittle developments could Jewish certain Polish parallel States.United the in new and “reawakened was knowledge Jewish traditional how discussed also 518 ow their of system school a build to able been have postwar developments.Jewish positive a maintained articles early the of some others, in than h ps” Eesen “z 62 é 59. v in év” 5693. és 5692. “Az Edelstein, past”. the a persecution of level the “both since recognition” atr: h svr pvry f h wr er, h a the years, war immigrants. recent of orientation the of poverty severe the factors: coal wrs n rcie u appreciation.” due receive and works scholarly “dealt now are themes despised” and “mocked previously consequence, As a significant exception, Edelstein expressed a a expressed Edelstein exception, significant a As “they that explained Grünwald report, first his In in év” 5689. “Az Edelstein, in “Évtized” Edelstein, in “Buber” Gedő, 1931, évkönyv, IMIT in Buber” “Martin Gedő, Simon IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1935, p.302. 1935, , i a iauos hleg t Jwy ht itr w history that Jewry to challenge miraculous a is ] However, immediately upon the Nazi seizure of power, voices cri voices power, of seizure Nazi the upon immediately However, 517 eszméletre IMIT évkönyv IMIT In spite of all hardships then, and more emphatically in some c some in emphatically more and then, hardships all of spite In 515 518 IMIT évkönyv IMIT In 1930, he was glad to report that American Jews “awoke to their to “awoke Jews American that report to glad was he 1930, In Remarks, such as Károly Sebestyén’s to the effect that the that effect the to Sebestyén’s Károly as such Remarks,

MT évkönyv IMIT ébresztették , 1931, p.171. 1931, , , 1929, p.329. p.329. 1929, , 13, p 2930 I hs xlnto, hs a d was this explanation, his In 299-300. pp. 1930, , ). nd the greatness of help has superseded anything kn anything superseded has help of greatness the nd 516 MT évkönyv IMIT uropean countries. Fülöp Grünwald, “Az 5694. és 569 és 5694. “Az Grünwald, Fülöp countries. uropean the 1920s (following the “terrible year” of 1919), 1919), of year” “terrible the (following 1920s the n. Still, their new position did not yield results yield not did position new their Still, n. n h ohr ad i te ys f Grünwald, of eyes the in hand, other the On paig mg o Plsie n te oe conservati more the and Palestine of image ppealing might have achieved their cultural autonomy and mi and autonomy cultural their achieved have might s as one of the national minorities provide the exp the provide minorities national the of one as s 513 trends. Csetényi, “Egyenlőség” in IMIT évkönyv, 193 évkönyv, IMIT in “Egyenlőség” Csetényi, trends. ahr piitc pno i 13: ti [.. the [i.e. “this 1933: in opinion optimistic rather oe oceey ti gadoe Jewish grandiose this concretely, More 514 p.163. The narrative offered by Imre Csetényi on on Csetényi Imre by offered narrative The p.163. n h matm, h rpr f Edelstein of report the meantime, the In , 1933, p.221. According to this presentation, presentation, this to According p.221. 1933, , ill recall with words of amazement and and amazement of words with recall ill roblems remained central to to central remained roblems assessment of the internal internal the of assessment Volksseele lso display a measurable measurable a display lso ssential features the ssential of ly strengthened” strengthened” ly (” ih n serious in with néplélek tical of the of tical ue to three three to ue in political political in Hungarian Hungarian own from from own 165 present ontexts 5. év” 5. . In ). ected Nazi Nazi ght ght ve 0,

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possesses was entirely gone. Applying the generational scheme scheme generational the Applying gone. entirely was possesses prepared morally”, he wrote. Ibid., p.344. Ibid., wrote. he morally”, prepared certainty the cease. struggle would not was that history writing developed “rather late“, he discuss he late“, “rather developed writing history historian), József Bergl (who received some rather rather some received (who Bergl József historian), “maestro with universal interests,” but who failed failed who but interests,” withuniversal “maestro ae nation”fated descended had darkness frightening which in slavery” of “house the was had already passed.already had of labor to had Venetianer Lajos time while flourishing, Jewish Hungarian of the at active was the with coincided merrily Kohn Lőw Sámuel of period the development,” Lipót that explained he Krochmal, o te ie o tre eeain hd ot t od trcie p attractive old its lost had generations three of lives the for emancipatory the that wrote on Grünwald Fülöp 1934, other In life. literary the and writing history Jewish Hungarian on one time: this around severe storm of history. history. of storm severe illustr <>” andagainst the the spirit 522 521 520 519 tragical its fulfill to growth of signs shows Jewry wrote. he precision,” any with transformation ongoing the futur the knowing without epoch new a of beginnings the at are we that a know “we future: the about uncertainty complete voiced Munkácsi Ernő 1935, 523 and look for a novel aim.” Grünwald warned that “we are turning away turning are “we that warned Grünwald aim.” novel a for look and Fülöp Grünwald, “A magyar zsidó múlt historikusai” múlt zsidó magyar “A Grünwald, Fülöp ne a for prepare to need we that know also we “Now jelent Igazgatósági Múzeum. Zsidó Magyar “Országos in emlékezete” Lajos “Palágyi Fenyő, László in “Alexander” Sebestyén, 519 nte to artvs igoig aia cags ee release were changes radical diagnosing narratives two Another o Lsl Fnős bevto ta “h ae s eie b dicta by defined is age “the that observation Fenyő’s László or , 523 The ongoing changes forced Hungarian Jews “to search for a new a for search “to Jews Hungarian forced changes ongoing The IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1934, p.96. 1934, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT to address Hungarian topics). topics). Hungarian address to ed three authors: Meier Zipser (presented as the fi the as (presented Zipser Meier authors: three ed y nrae tss n wl hrial srie this survive heroically will and tasks increased ly critical comments), and Dávid Kaufmann (who was the was (who Kaufmann Dávid and comments), critical in in comple be and panoply spiritual acquire struggle, w 522 és” in in és” IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1934, p.152. p.152. 1934, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT 521 Munkácsi declared that the onlythe that declared Munkácsi , 1934, p.225. After stating that Jewish Jewish that stating After p.225. 1934, , , 1935, p.344. 1935, , ower. The “glitter” it once once it “glitter” The ower. idea that defined history history defined that idea ations of this trend.of this ations rpsd y Nachman by proposed highest peak, the time time the peak, highest after the blossoming the after e or the direction of of direction the or e on “our mournfully mournfully “our on from the path our our path the from “constructive nd can feel feel can nd i IMIT in d Hungarian rst cultural cultural rst torships renewed renewed 166 520 idea first first

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slightly angle”. different shal “we too: argument writing his history of impact level visibly distinguishable) normative the and descriptive the as should, (and (since it directly impacted the livelihood of manyof livelihood the impacted directly it(since netr walked”,ancestors would be Jewish”, hewould be forecasted. Jewish”, perc six even not when near seems time the but readers, Hungarian include has population, the of percent six Jewry, Hungarian speak. g even not do ones young the while silent grow ones old The left. some Jewis Hungarian many the “Of society. the of share overall their Jew of underrepresentation potential the and participation Jewish of danger the to referred simultaneously they terms: ambivalent descri presentation His literature. in situation the about speak 526 525 This awoken. already had world the of countries many of conscience w Trianon of curse the while heaven, in Tisza István with dialogue V that suggested He epoch. present the of assessment the to turned colors. national Hungarian the for hopes personalities non-Jewish prominent included also that f in where held was Vadász Lipót to dedicated evening commemorative clouds, would shine brightly on our dear homeland”, dear our on brightly shine would clouds, 527 524 Wertheimer mentioned the emerging new system in jou in system new emerging the mentioned Wertheimer évkönyv “I wish the tree of Hungarian hope would green as green would hope Hungarian of tree the wish “I 1933 az jelentése felolvasó-bizottságának IMIT “Az p.225. Ibid., p.225. Ibid., , 1935, p.114. p.114. 1935, , It is noteworthy that exactly around this time, on the 25 onthe time, this around exactly It that noteworthy is On the 20the On 524 n dcae ta te asv hsoia ad oiia changes political and historical massive the that declared and 525 th

of June 1934, Adolf Wertheimer used his position as president to to president as position his used Wertheimer Adolf 1934, June of

527 aig umrzd ió Vds’ ie tr, ósf Vészi József story, life Vadász’ Lipót summarized Having 526

Jewish writers). writers). Jewish we read. “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki megnyitója” in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer read. we soon as possible and the sky, presently covered by by covered presently sky, the and possible as soon rnalism as constituting an exceptionally serious pr serious exceptionally an constituting as rnalism -34. évi működéséről” in in működéséről” évi -34. “complete disappearance” of of disappearance” “complete l perceive our past from a a from past our perceive l e te iuto i rather in situation the bed h writers, there are barely are there writers, h adász was continuing his his continuing was adász ish writers compared to to compared writers ish ent of Hungarian writers writers Hungarian of ent future were wrapped in in wrapped were future IMIT évkönyv IMIT d ninety percent of all all of percent ninety d as “still alive”, but the but alive”, “still as th would enable Hungary Hungary enable would of November 1934, a of November 1934, et the opportunity to to opportunity the et ront of an audience audience an of ront ee barely were , 1934, p.329. p.329. 1934, , 167 would oblem oblem IMIT IMIT dark dark CEU eTD Collection

before the passing of anti-Jewish legislation, Vészi thus re thus Vészi legislation, anti-Jewish of passing the before of a harmonic unity without exception.” without unity harmonic a of Hungaria the for beats heart Hungarian whose Everyone nation. the of spirit the as forever behind left been “has it) for shorthand ha Orgovány since Terror White the generally more (or Orgovány charac he which Hungary, within situation political the addressed godless “with and “unjustly” her from stolen was what regain soon to other depictions in the the in depictions other 529 528 vsoay wo rvd hrial cmitd t re to committed” p.118. Ibid., “heroically destruction”. proved who “visionary” terrible days of White Terror that, he believed, would never return. terrible never Terror days he of that, would return. White believed, nat of recurrence the envisioned and been had nationalism liberal spiri the useful and noble how emphasized rather He crisis. in held evening celebratory this At discrimination). (i.e. making int harmful and false avoiding on based cooperation national renewed of Hun a as interpreted be can what formulated it audience, Jewish) (bot mixed and distinguished a before spoken because, also but future a rrl dsusd n the in discussed rarely was consequence a “more self-consciously Jewish public life” start life” public Jewish self-consciously mom “more a consequence but brief this of significance primary the interpretation, gener rather in so did he though 1919-20, of period” “tragic the recalled on was Fürst Aladár relevance. continued its question to aimed anyhow Aladár Fürst, “A <> jubileumára” in in jubileumára” Jövő>> és “A <

MT yearbooksIMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , not only because it offered a positive image of the the of image positive a offered it because only not , 528 , 1935, p.139. István Tisza appeared here as a cons a as here appeared Tisza István p.139. 1935, , This depiction of the present was in contrast to contrast in was present the of depiction This IMIT évkönyv IMIT beyond the aforementioned references that that references aforementioned the beyond sisting “misfortune preparing to do the work of of work the do to preparing “misfortune sisting , 1935, p.216. p.216. 1935, , frained from painting an image of of image an painting from frained t of inclusion or, more generally, more or, inclusion of t noble tolerance has revived in in revived has tolerance noble ed to emerge in Hungary. in emerge to ed garian-Jewish political offer political garian-Jewish the mid-1930s, some years some mid-1930s, the nos ie a ta in that was time entous n homeland becomes part part becomes homeland n ional harmony after the the after harmony ional terized by stating that that stating by terized s often been used as as used been often s violence”. Vészi also Vészi violence”. Jws ad non- and Jewish h e of the few who who few the of e ernal distinction distinction ernal al terms. In his his In terms. al 168 ervative ervative 20, 529

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“among the heroes of the counterrevolution, the share of Jews was tr was Jews of share the counterrevolution, the of heroes i the “among He counter-revolution. the and war world the 1848-49), (i.e. fight eve freedom historical Hungarian non-Jewish and Jewish connecting and shared specifi therefore and traditions Jewish Hungarian in counterrevolution people hundred several least at of death causing violence Jewish events that justify these attempted to 1939he from Teachings Jewry) of zsidóság “A his in when respect this in furthest went Fényes here too. In his article on Venetianer, Ernő Winkle Ernő Venetianer, on article his In too. here forradalom a zsidó vallás történetében” (from the y the (from történetében” vallás zsidó a forradalom Rep the Seminary.” ofdeclared the [Rabbinical] the dissolution when communism under grave especially was situation “the evaluate Lőwinger Blau. Lajos of discussion Lőwinger’s Sámuel to Counci of Republic the to reference exceptional truly a quote To damaged the opportunities of Hungarian Jews to make to Jews Hungarian of theopportunities damaged 532 531 530 refl critical of only object the practically was epoch the political-ideologica aof hard consistent 1919 – events reconcile to were that on illiber also but anticommunist only not the and 1848 of revolution lawful as events between kinship a claimed narrative this cooperation, moments as events these propagating controversially to addition shame of the denial of legal rights, itsdiscrimina legalrights, of denial the of shame vallás történetében” in in történetében” vallás be can impact moment negative they that or single strivings antinational no that shows “it that claimed apo an produced Venetianer that fact the discussing Note that Fényes published this article in 1939, t 1939, in article this published Fényes that Note in erkölcstana” “AFényes,zsidóság Mór in “Blau” Lőwinger, The counterrevolution that followed was also only sporadically evoked. evoked. sporadically only also was followed that counterrevolution The This attempt clearly put Fényes at odds with other contributors other with odds at Fényes put clearly attempt This IMIT évkönyv IMIT MT évkönyv IMIT

, 1935, p.236. Thus, “Hungarian Jewry did everythin did Jewry “Hungarian Thus, p.236. 1935, , 13, .7 Mr idrcl, ó Fne’ td “H study Fényes’ Mór indirectly, More p.17. 1936, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT tion as citizens.” Ibid., p.236. p.236. Ibid., citizens.” as tion ed society”. Mór Fényes, “Hagyomány és forradalom a forradalom és “Hagyomány Fényes, Mór society”. ed r addressed the question in a negative manner. When manner. negative a in question the addressed r earbook of 1934 and already analyzed above) can be be can above) analyzed already and 1934 of earbook he year the second anti-Jewish law was passed that passed was law anti-Jewish second the year he logetic narrative of history in the early postwar y postwar early the in history of narrative logetic a living. living. a found which would prove that Hungarian Jews had had Jews Hungarian that prove would which found , 1939, p.38. p.38. 1939, , 530 ections: understandably, these voices voices these understandably, ections:

of crucial Hungarian-Jewish crucial of different as the (admittedly) the as different röctn” Te Ethical (The erkölcstana” ls of 1919, we need to turn to need we 1919, of ls . He tried to re-embed the re-embed to tried He . d this crucial period thus: period crucial this d cally referred to three three to referred cally l significant.”uly included mostly anti- included mostly al counterrevolution al bi o Councils of ublic g not to deserve the the deserve to not g nts, namely the the namely nts, l platform. platform. l . 532 nsisted that that nsisted agyomány és és agyomány Elsewhere 169 severely severely ears, he ears, he was he 531 linked zsidó zsidó Mór In CEU eTD Collection

ecie ste(ahrprdxcl nouaiy f enlight of unpopularity paradoxical) (rather the as perceived eoe gns f n noua enlightenment”. unpopular an of agents become IMIT yearbooksIMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT “Th consequences: negative as rather them presented ilo Jw wr epsd n l ter vulnerabilit their all in exposed S were Northern Jews the from million and Volga the to Rhine the from equality, mercilessly breaking a line of development of a cent a of development of line a breaking mercilessly equality, c towards evolution the in regression catastrophic a brought events Grünwa 1936, in date, Jewis in decline drastic a that bringing as epoch present the understood before Even 1938. beyond strength additional acquired 533 535 534 racism interests). ignoble Semitic (a varied masking “worldview” a humanism and justice of spirit the of the decline the to and enlightenment developments progressive with problems the tendencies, his of teleology accepted previously the contradicted that nature” the that idea the conveyed also Richtmann Mózes yearbook, same the would be ready to counter anti-Jewish hatred behind which many crude many which behind hatred anti-Jewish counter to ready be would s are humanism of love the and justice whom in individuals few select h piooh o hmns wl hv t srgl ju struggle in “Mendelssohn” Richtmann, identical.” to have will humanism of philosophy the Mendelssoh that remarked Richtmann night”), current organized through “productive help” and “appropriat and help” “productive through organized nul eot eesd ht er i nt ra raci treat not did year that released report annual Semitic theorizing about the economy). Fülöp Grünwa Fülöp economy). the about theorizing Semitic and p.312. p.312. and have fewest means to defend themselves. Ibid., p.32 Ibid., themselves. meansdefend to fewest have transitory era” already in 1935 that burdened the w the burdened that 1935 in already era” transitory h aatohcerhuk nese yte world the by unleashed earthquake catastrophic the can easily turn against Jews) and the times of econ of times the and Jews) against turn easily can When he aimed to assess the afterlife of Moses Men Moses of afterlife the assess to aimed he When zsidósá a mint Mózes “Mendelssohn Richtmann, Mózes in 5696” története. év elmult “Az Grünwald, Fülöp , 1936, p.327. A year earlier, Grünwald pointed to to pointed Grünwald earlier, year A p.327. 1936, , h frt eeec t ofcal spotd ugra anti Hungarian supported officially to reference first The was made in 1937 when more and more obvious signs that a discriminat a that signs obvious more and more when 1937 in made was

IMIT évkönyv IMIT omic crisis (which make people more receptive to fa to receptive more people make (which crisis omic eakest strata the most – precisely those, including those, precisely – most the strata eakest 2. e considerations”. Ibid., p.307. Grünwald wrote of wrote Grünwald p.307. Ibid., considerations”. e e worsening of the Jewish question is one of the ef the of one is question Jewish the of worsening e war”. Fülöp Grünvald, “Az elmult év története. 5696 története. év elmult “Az Grünvald, Fülöp war”. y to the whims of fate. Their emigration needed to to needed emigration Their fate. of whims the to y

m n at-eiim s needn peoea but phenomena, independent as anti-Semitism and sm ld, “Az 5694. és 5695. év” in év” 5695. és 5694. “Az ld, n could not have foreseen that “150 years after his after years “150 that foreseen have not could n , 1936, p.99. p.99. 1936, , t o ht tt ad ail eitr wud o bec not would registers racial and state that so st delssohn (who “shines like a star above our heads i heads our above star a like “shines (who delssohn IMIT évkönyv IMIT a o h Bak e srthd h trioy hr s where territory the stretched Sea Black the to ea 534 g védelmezője” in in védelmezője” g hs Rctan ikd hs strange these linked Richtmann Thus, two factors: exaggerated nationalism (which (which nationalism exaggerated factors: two , 1936, p.299. Grünwald maintained that that maintained Grünwald p.299. 1936, , ening work. “There are only a only are “There work. ening ury and a half”, he wrote.he half”, a and ury 535 tory. He reacted to what he he what to reacted He tory. IMIT évkönyv IMIT h fortunes: “contemporary “contemporary fortunes: h

IMIT évkönyv IMIT d h sra o anti- of spread the nd mlt Jws legal Jewish omplete decreasing level of of level decreasing interests hide, and hide, interests r hd “twisted a had era o strong that they they that strong o Smts i the in -Semitism , 1936, p.83. The The p.83. 1936, , , 1935, p.310. 1935, , Jews, who Jews, 170 lse, anti- lse, “painful “painful fects of of fects 533 death death n the the n ome ome ory ” in ” In ld ld be ix ix CEU eTD Collection

president recommended facing the newest chapter in the history history the in chapter newest the facing recommended president settlement of Jews in Hungary (calling them recent, them (calling Hungary in Jews of settlement da o eouin n mdr Elgtnet ee o ogr vkd t t at evoked longer no were Enlightenment modern and evolution of Ideas hi aatto ad h bnft rslig rm th in működéséről” from resulting benefits the and adaptation their for almost two decades. He thought that the two mai two the that thought He decades. two almost for words took place in “a medieval manner but under mo under mannerbut medieval “a in place took words hi cmlt eirto a te ny a t solve to way in története” only the as emigration complete their the question in sentence The transpire. to began making the in was law 536 Hunga of spirit the hurts deeply and humiliates offends, mortally a law Jewish the of adoption recent “the it, ra phrased Wertheimer altered age the on perspectives the context), social given pa Jewish (limiting 1938 in Hungary in law anti-Jewish general 540 539 538 537 t seemed present the though even that wrote Munkácsi Ernő later, 13 the between times the history, Jewish in era” severe pr through necessary, if and, martyrdom. providence” divine in trust “unshakable developm negative of nature exact the of regardless tribulations, aspects that filled Jewry with so much “sadness and much“sadness so with Jewry filled that aspects világtörténeti megvilágításban” in megvilágításban” világtörténeti crisi of chapter a experiences generation “our that “ the that law the of adoption the upon immediately development.” healthy of cause the sphere economic the in space of conquest Jewry’s Hungarian that pe corners, influential from hear to have we “unfortunately that that all the countries of East Central Europe ( Europe Central East of countries the all that Bertalan Kohlbach “Dr. Weisz Miksáról” in in Miksáról” Weisz “Dr. Kohlbach Bertalan in megnyitója” Adolfelnöki “Wertheimer p the of interpretation Wertheimer’s instance, For in megnyitója” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer működésé évi múzeum1936. a jelentés “Igazgatósági Announcements of the Societythe of Announcements MT évkönyv IMIT 539 In 1938, the contemporary situation reminded Bertalan Kohlbach of the of Kohlbach Bertalan reminded situation contemporary the 1938, In IMIT évkönyv IMIT 13, .4. h eplin f es rm uti o Austria from Jews of expulsion The p.242. 1938, , , 1937 pp. 292-3. pp. 1937 ,

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , in the directorial report of the Jewish Museum: it stated it Museum: Jewish the of report directorial the in , 536 IMIT évkönyv IMIT s etoe aoe uo te dpin f h first the of adoption the upon above, mentioned As Közép- és Kelet-Európaés Közép- , 1938, p.127. By this time Grünwald believed it wa it believed Grünwald time this By p.127. 1938, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT s in world history.” Sámuel Lőwinger, “A zsidó nép nép zsidó “A Lőwinger, Sámuel history.” world in s MT évkönyv IMIT bitterness” throughout its history. history. its throughout bitterness” eir work. “Az igazgatóság jelentése a múzeum 1937. 1937. múzeum a jelentése igazgatóság “Az work. eir great attack” against legal equality had been in pr in been had equality legal against attack” great n claims of anti-Semites consisted of contesting th contesting of consisted anti-Semites of claims n temporary immigrants) and denying the obvious sign obvious the denying and immigrants) temporary dern slogans.” Ibid., p.249. p.249. Ibid., slogans.” dern the Jewish question. Fülöp Grünwald, “Az elmult év év elmult “Az Grünwald, Fülöp question. Jewish the eet a ta i “irr ad are” hs pain those carries” and “mirrors it that was resent ről” in in ről” , 1938, p.273. 1938, , , 1938, p.303. In 1938, Lőwinger also declared declared also Lőwinger 1938, In p.303. 1938, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1938, p.274. Ernő Munkácsi maintained maintained Munkácsi Ernő p.274. 1938, , th n 16 and ) considered the “removal of Jews”, i.e. i.e. Jews”, of “removal the considered ) , 1937, p.331. p.331. 1937, , il ad infcnl. As significantly. and pidly ople in governing positions, positions, governing in ople ents it might bring, through through bring, might it ents rian Jewry as a whole”.a as Jewry rian tcpto t 2% n any in 20% to rticipation did not in all cases serve serve cases all in not did th wl a is justification its as well s book of constant Jewish Jewish constant of book appeared on the pages of of pages the on appeared centuries. ccupied by the Nazis in his his in Nazis the by ccupied rsml te 16 the resemble o his point. his 540 eparation for for eparation w years Two s obvious obvious s eparation eparation e ancient ancient e 171 538 szerepe szerepe “most The s of of s 537 évi ful th

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ewe gvrmn rpeettvs t va. e agr He Evian. at representatives government between for to tried also Grünwald globe. the across people details of the future.” the of details severe global problem” whose “center of gravity” was in Ce in was gravity” of “center whose problem” global severe que Jewish “the 1939 by him, to According treatment. elaborate more century, 541 wrote. he again”, force into coming are gone long centuries from known hist through situation deteriorating drastically the interpret 544 543 542 to fund international an establish and emigration Jewish scale appr land a find to order in organized be c should negotiations influential international any from support without alone, left be to seemed These (asnon-Jews. could evoke ambitions he admitted) nohistorical precedents cessati complete the and Jewry of sealing hermetic the at Euro that warned and analogies, such of limitations the recognized he an “absoluteethical priority”. constitute bonds” should wo “stronger through Jews Hungarian linking situation current the in 545 in megnyitója” elnöki the near future in a rather trustful manner. He was He manner. trustful rather a in future near the of emigration right now.” Fülöp Grünwald, “Az elmul Grünwald, Fülöp now.” right emigration of eliminated, forcefully were centers Jewish European ht h trioil itiuin f es ter pr their Jews, of distribution territorial the that oet eut o te etn, u camd ht its that ma “in and issue claimed global a as but emigration recognizing meeting, the of results modest appearing was center Jewish new a hand, one the on present He stratification. occupational “healthier” Ibid., p.267. Ibid., in évtörténete” “Az elmult Grünwald, Fülöp in története” év elmult “Az Grünwald, Fülöp pre the to referred Wertheimer Adolf p.350. Ibid., in jelentés” “Igazgatósági 541 the new times were such that there was simply “no point in s in point “no simply was there that such were times new the Grünwald’s views on the age propagated in the late 1930s deserve a somewhat age deserve 1930s Grünwald’s a thepropagated onthe late somewhat in views One of the most central contemporary problems for Grünwald was was Grünwald for problems contemporary central most the of One IMIT évkönyv IMIT 542 In comparison, Grünwald was rather affirmative: he maintained he affirmative: rather was Grünwald comparison, In IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1940, p.315. p.315. 1940, , , 1940, p.340. p.340. 1940, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT ed the ongoing changes as incorporating two paralle two incorporating as changes ongoing the ed prin i dfeet lcs ol cag, resulti change, would places different in oportions mulate a balanced judgment when he reported on theon reported he when judgment balanced a mulate hoping that tensions would finally ease. His progn His ease. finally would tensions that hoping ny countries, the Jewish question happens to be a p a be to happens question Jewish the countries, ny sent explicitly as “apocalyptic times”. “Wertheimer times”. “apocalyptic as explicitly sent t év története” in története” év t civmns hud o b udrsiae: hs o those underestimated: be not should achievements edn t te vn oe aia satrn o Jew of scattering radical more even the to leading e ta “ay oe wr dspone” y h very the by disappointed” were hopes “many that eed in “the land of our historical traditions”, on the the on traditions”, historical our of land “the in , 1939, p.262. p.262. 1939, , , 1940, p.300. In 1938, Grünwald still spoke of of spoke still Grünwald 1938, In p.300. 1940, , 543

on of relations between Jews and Jews between relations of on IMIT évkönyv IMIT orical analogies: “the restrictions restrictions “the analogies: orical ntral Europe.ntral cover the temporary, but but temporary, the cover orner. He believed that that believed He orner. pean states now aimed now states pean , 1938, p.269. 1938, , stion was made into a into made was stion 545 peculating about the about peculating ll, prta and spiritual rldly, 544 At the same time,same the At opriate for large- for opriate He also tried to tried also He .

that Jewry Jewry that 172 osis was osis l trends: trends: l meeting meeting ng in a a in ng roblem Adolf Adolf other, other, that ish ish f f

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p.75. the sacred, of sacred, the of this was no less than to lead religion “back int “back religion lead to than less no was this of that resembles Yehuda Halevi now seems even more vi more even seems now Halevi Yehuda resembles that ifrn fo wa te (n ovosy o ol te) a previously had they) only not obviously (and they what from different epoc the from excluded time, historical outside live to forced were theyexpress times At pathos. much without but of Jews disappointments The War. World Second the of years the during even pages IMIT’s n h itrainl level.” international the on solvi to themselves dedicate and forces, join governments interested b can question “the solution: future a in hope some expressed still suf prove never would this that and plans urgent these of realization showe Jews only that saw He resettlement. of costs sizeable 546 548 547 increased role for religious experiences. As far as far As experiences. religious for role increased le were processes contemporary that thought He age. liv a “like was Kisteleki that mentioned explicitly of the few last resigned adopting responded by volumes overtones. definitel was age liberal the that realization a at arrive ma 1941 and 1938 between measures anti-Jewish of series a of adoption ofwould consist strengthening bonds. organizational act of course Jewish sensible only the above, noted as while, horizon f tfn wi’ wrd wih olwd iety up directly followed which world, Zweig’s Stefan of him let else anything than more in believed he what évkönyv “Kisteleki Ede emlékezete” in in emlékezete” Ede “Kisteleki József felett” in in no felett” was József world “this that emphasized Sebestyén Károly Exploring spiritual developments, Pál Vidor presen Vidor Pál developments, spiritual Exploring wrote Rubinyi Mózes way the is this of example An p.297. Ibid.,

, 1942, p.108. p.108. 1942, , numinosus IMIT évkönyv IMIT In spite of his calls for action, descriptive voices continued to to continued voices descriptive action, for calls his of spite In can shine”. Pál Vidor, “A zsidó vallásfilozófia ké vallásfilozófia zsidó “A Vidor, Pál shine”. can , 1941, p.52. What is more, he had to face “the wor “the face to had he more, is What p.52. 1941, ,

MT évkönyv IMIT 546 rnads rs i ipoeet cnend h mid-term the concerned improvements in trust Grünwald’s 14, .6. n i cmeoaie peh n Józse on speech commemorative his In p.261. 1941, , can be known, “the trend that started with Schleie with started that trend “the known, be can o its own realm” where “its own special values, the values, special own “its where realm” own its o ing anachronism, he refrained from hatred”. Mózes R Mózes hatred”. from refrained he anachronism, ing down”. Ibid., p.55. In 1942, Trostler spoke of the of spoke Trostler 1942, In p.55. Ibid., down”. ading towards a greater share of sentiments in life in sentiments of share greater a towards ading ted an entirely different narrative on the meaning the on narrative different entirely an ted ctorious and it spreads ever more widely.” The mean The widely.” more ever spreads it and ctorious on Ede Kisteleki’s quiet and peaceful life past 192 past life peaceful and quiet Kisteleki’s Ede on on the First World War. Trostler, “Zweig” in in “Zweig” Trostler, War. World First the on longer his”. Károly Sebestyén, “Emlékbeszéd Vészi Vészi “Emlékbeszéd Sebestyén, Károly his”. longer y over, and some of the contributions contributions the of some and over, y t főtípusa” in in főtípusa” t sm cmimn t the to commitment some d 548 y regularly referred to the to referred regularly y h that turned out to be so so be to out turned that h ng this complex problem complex this ng e solved, but only if all all if only but solved, e ficient. Nevertheless, he he Nevertheless, ficient.

st kind of disappointment: disappointment: of kind st ion in the meantime meantime the in ion ed the idea that Jews that idea the ed de some of them them of some de IMIT évkönyv IMIT expected. rmacher and and rmacher dominate lights of lights 547 173 collapse collapse f Vészi, Vészi, f and an and , 1942, 1942, , ubinyi, ubinyi, The of the the of 0. He He 0. IMIT IMIT ing ing CEU eTD Collection

proper, retrospective viewpoint and reach balanced assessments balanced reach and viewpoint retrospective proper, .8. e lutae te xet f hne y drawi by change of extent the illustrated He p.284. thought that if an age was truly coming to an end, the natural o natural the end, an to coming truly was age an if that thought features. its of any for praise of words no found and hearts their this bury to ready were many that thought He half. a and century liberalism and the national principle were in harmo in were principle national the and liberalism it brought. it libera the of end the on elaborately most reflected he authors, the Mérei, “Wahrmann” in in “Wahrmann” Mérei, or from followed directly that something to rather conceptua this in that noted be to ought it (though (which included the preference for and possibility possibility and for preference the included (which completed their plan of assimilating Jews with decl with Jews assimilating of plan their completed 549 551 550 m significantly offered hisbut elaboration above), situation the on impact its seeing without place take cannot nation grea “truly follows: as formulated he which idea an movements), genera r (i.e. could them to opposed Jews movements and trends historical of overarching situation the that believed Ballagi unfruitful. remembrance. of forms nostalgic flee to tried often hi changes dramatic of by philosophy impacted the negatively transform to tended changes historical great knew of denominational statistics”. Fülöp Grünwald, Fülöp statistics”. denominational of knew na a on developed “always and natio of defense the with “coincided transformation nation, the of forces zsidóság” in in zsidóság” omltd i preto o te eoy f h libe állam “Magyar Kardos, Albert wrote. he the age”, Jewish of memory the of p perception were his life formulated intellectual in role and might economic According to Grünwald too, the traditions of the l the of traditions the too, Grünwald to According c to was Ballagi of goals concrete more the of One conten the resembled that ways in this did Ballagi 549 IMIT évkönyv IMIT Ballagi believed the present constituted the last days of an daysof last the constituted present the believed Ballagi In this respect, Ernő Ballagi’s contributions are particularl are contributions Ballagi’s Ernő respect, this In IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1941, p.227. Gyula Mérei wrote in a similar vein vein similar a in wrote Mérei Gyula p.227. 1941, ,

, 1943, p.320. p.320. 1943, , 551 e huh ta ti ws ul udrtnal, yet understandable, fully was this that thought He ore details. details. ore of assimilation) were responsible for the extension the for responsible were assimilation) of nality at all times”. Ernő Ballagi, “Szabadelvűség “Szabadelvűség Ballagi, Ernő times”. all at nality ny. He argued that liberalism aimed at the unificat the at aimed liberalism that argued He ny. was even simply equal to the declaration of legal e legal of declaration the to equal simply even was l web the word assimilation did not refer to a proc a to refer not did assimilation word the web l aring Jewish legal equality”, i.e. here too nationa too here i.e. equality”, legal Jewish aring férfiak házi zsidói” in zsidói” házi férfiak t of Pál Hirschler’s article on Jewish Messianism ( Messianism Jewish on article Hirschler’s Pál of t iberal age were clearly rejected since those times times those since rejected clearly were age iberal revd n ay onre a to ag. let Kar Albert large. too as countries many in erceived ng attention to the fact that the numbers of Jews, Jews, of numbers the that fact the to attention ng “Az elmult év története. 5697” in 5697” története. év elmult “Az a ea n 99 “oaas t s aial consider basically is it “nowadays 1939: in era ral reate a Hungarian historical narrative which showed which narrative historical Hungarian a reate tional basis, served national goals”. The societal societal The goals”. national served basis, tional IMIT évkönyv IMIT . l epoch and the sea changes sea the and epoch l into the past and develop develop and past the into 550 bligation was to look for a for look to was bligation t changes in the life of the the of life the in changes t in 1943: “The liberal statesmen statesmen liberal “The 1943: in age without any pain in pain any without age Ballagi pointed out that out pointed Ballagi He, on the other hand, hand, other the on He, eactionary, anti-Jewish anti-Jewish eactionary, f es o. f the If too. Jews of epoch which lasteda which epoch tr wie groups while story y interesting: of all all of interesting: y lly be read from from read be lly , 1939, p.106. 1939, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT és magyar magyar és l interests interests l ion of the the of ion of rights rights of 174

quality). quality). ess, but ess, “barely “barely , 1937, 1937, , quoted quoted their their that that ed a a ed dos CEU eTD Collection

propagate more timely cultural notions.propagatecultural timely more fsiaig iiaiis t te urn Jws predicament Jewish current the to similarities” “fascinating since ways profound in soul contemporary the to speak Jeremiah and his expressed he Union, Soviet the attacked Germany Nazi the when Biblical up bring to continued hand, other the on Heller, Bernát as it approach him made and epoch liberal the of end indubitable large,”wrote Hahn. István Hahn, “A törvény vallása” törvény “A Hahn, István Hahn. large,”wrote and endowing them with the right spirit”. Ibid., p. Ibid., spirit”. right the with them endowing and zsidó sorsok” in sorsok” zsidó myste great “the relearn to had they that argued he alone a hundred times, to fall down a hundred times hundred a down fall to times, hundred a alone forcesaimed at the contrary result.” that for account to have we materialize, to failed impact expected i nt mat h cnet o biain. n i ee, hr ws no was there eyes, his In obligations. of contents the impact not did dedication extra required age the that believed He say. to things tw the between difference age of decades four was (there Hahn 555 554 553 552 wrote. she values”, own its of recognition ambiti conscious its of result a as also but self-defense of out “Toda developments. external and Jewish parallel i.e. process, dual t some to similarly rather Steiner, Lenke traditions, religious Concha. Concha. culture thus: “most of Jewish writings that appear appear that writings Jewish of “most thus: culture H solace. find to writers contemporary enable would commit the mistake more and more often that we prov we that often more and more mistake the commit Steiner, “Somlyó” in in “Somlyó” Steiner, histor and belief sentiment, in holy are laws “Our in “Prófétáink” Heller, Bernát in “Szabadelvűség” Ballagi, IMIT évkönyv IMIT Increasingly severe discrimination made Ballagi reflect on on reflect Ballagi made discrimination severe Increasingly nta o deln o te nhne rlvne f eih Bibli Jewish of relevance unchanged the on dwelling of Instead IMIT évkönyv IMIT

, 1938, p.163. Roth believed that knowledge of Jewi of knowledge that believed Roth p.163. 1938, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1942, p.115. Emil Roth wrote that Jewish writers Jewish that wrote Roth Emil p.115. 1942, , , 1941, p.223. Ballagi formulated this in agreement in this formulated Ballagi p.223. 1941, , 554 , 1941, p.9. 1941, , 552

ry of walking above the abyss”. Emil Roth, “Zsidó k “Zsidó Roth, Emil abyss”. the above walking of ry

today lack this sense of mission and service” and “ and service” and mission of sense this lack today 173 and p.168. He also affirmed that the way out co out way the that affirmed also He p.168. and 173 555 y. Today our duty to propagate the truth of them is them of truth the propagate to duty our Today y. and then to begin again each single time”. In othe In time”. single each again begin to then and in in fruae hs eso o te rtqe f h age the of critique the of version his formulated e vn s ae s 92 h mitie ta the that maintained she 1942 as late as Even ide our poor only with bread without giving them bo them giving without bread with only poor our ide IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1943, p.174. , 1943, on – considers and demands the the demands and considers – on a of spoke 1930s, the from exts . 553 o of them) had rather similar similar rather had them) of o to Jewish duties, but that this this that but duties, Jewish to analogies. In 1941, the year the 1941, In analogies. this fact by looking for the the for looking by fact this h mc yugr István younger much The y, when Jewry – not only only not – Jewry when y, an era of the recent past. past. recent the of era an their situations display situations their Amos that conviction ed olo o and for look to need sh books and Jewish fate fate Jewish and books sh what he saw as the as saw he what “have to learn to be be to learn to “have with Győző Győző with a and cal today we today 175 twice as as twice r words, words, r önyvek, önyvek, uld be uld and and oks oks CEU eTD Collection

periods can be distinguished within these fifteen years. Each of t of Each years. fifteen these within distinguished be can periods popularity of the streets of Pest as such. Ibid., p Ibid., such. as Pest of streets the of popularity age in the years prior to the Nazi Nazi the to prior years the in age the of each substantial to voices of plurality a and were periods these of yearbooks they although way, different a in assessed and ped s in o mrt Senr etoe cabaret mentioned Steiner merit. of signs as upheld t products Jewish certain prevail, will assessments a more conscious cultural orientation.cultural conscious more a as self-confidence Jewish lacking sourly previously of restoration appear as appear eye her In autarky. Jewish increased of that namely direction, andgaining the internal Jews attacks of process streng against launched hs a wy o ee te eoy f rez a appr was Graetz of memory the in irányelvei” történetírás even not why was this historical proper of lack the and ingratitude that direct discussing when example, for renewal: Jewish way back to the world”. Ibid., p.173.Ibid., world”. the to wayback same the in articulation concrete first its received Hevesi. Simon on wrote Katona József which pa the on appears it – 1943 of yearbook the in found be can laws” Jewish 556 letters of power “the texts: written through found 558 557 i “Somlyó” Steiner, urgency. new with arose itself Jewr Hungarian whether question the that meant This condemn lack of Jewish preparedness: “we stand as o as stand “we preparedness: Jewish of lack condemn n icsig n tyn t cnet at we te oc o events world.” of force the when facts contest to trying and discussing in lame Szőllősi Zsigmond 1944: of catastrophe the before last the Kohlbach, “Tefillin és Tallith” in Tallith” és “Tefillin Kohlbach, even never have whom of some youth contemporary of Zsigmond Szőllősi, “Kóbor Tamás, az újságíró” in újságíró” az Tamás, “Kóbor Szőllősi, Zsigmond in Simon” “Hevesi Katona, József reeval of process general the that claimed Steiner 558

per seper In conclusion, based on the various interpretations of the present, three present, the of interpretations various the on based conclusion, In condemnable, as it pointed in the direction of Jewish self-knowledge Jewish of direction the in pointed it as condemnable, IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1930, pp. 125-6. Bertalan Kohlbach also felt the the felt also Kohlbach Bertalan 125-6. pp. 1930, , Machtergreifung 556 , 1938, p.176. 1938, , .122. Several others directly questioned her belief her questioned directly others Several .122. The first appearance of the expression “the age of age “the expression the of appearance first The consciousness and rightful pride characterized the characterized pride rightful and consciousness can show the way to Jews, and through Jewry it can can it Jewry through and Jews, to way the show can hat are currently recalled only as part of accusati of part as only recalled currently are hat , 1943, p.79. The expression is “a zsidótörvények k “a zsidótörvények is expression The p.79. 1943, , n uation triggered rethinking around and within Jewry within and around rethinking triggered uation IMIT évkönyv IMIT y could give lasting values to others and provide t provide and others to values lasting give could y rphans in front of our coreligionists, in particula in coreligionists, our of front in rphans IMIT évkönyv IMIT ions of Jewish history writing, Dénes Friedman thou Friedman Dénes writing, history Jewish of ions , , 557 Schlager been to a synagogue in their lives”, he wrote. Bert wrote. he lives”, their in synagogue a to been The sense of helplessness and resignation and helplessness of sense The opriately enshrined. Dénes Friedman, “A zsidó zsidó “A Friedman, Dénes enshrined. opriately

IMIT yearbookIMIT of 1933 displayed certain ambivalences: ambivalences: certain displayed 1933 of s (i.e. hit songs she called kitschy) and the the and kitschy) called she songs hit (i.e. s , 1943, p.35. p.35. 1943, , , 1942, p.112 and p.115. Once these newer newer these Once p.115. and p.112 1942, , nted that there was “no point “no was there that nted s, this development did not not did development this s, well as the development of development the as well hese periods was described described was periods hese that also turned out to be be to out turned also that m. The descriptions of the of descriptions The m. overlaps between the the between overlaps th pointed in the same the same in pointed th is shaking the entire entire the shaking is need to reflect on and and on reflect to need ges of an article an of ges in an internal internal an in present and and present ons will be be will ons orszaka.” orszaka.” r in front front in r show the the show 176 basic basic hem to to hem , the , too. too.

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purposes as late as 1939. The cyclical conception of history and thi and history of conception cyclical The 1939. as late as purposes published simultaneously ofpublished extermina the to policies implementation with efcncoses Sm atos ee vn nlnd o itnus bet distinguish years.subperiods of the postwar to inclined even were authors Some self-consciousness. i in resulting as interpreted be could posi latter the more importantly, much in developments Jewish internal assessed frequently difficulti the of aware clearly were authors the though even dp te eiiaoy icus o te ugra rgm fr H for regime Hungarian the of discourse legitimatory the adapt grow a by a an of appearance joined the of spite in future, were the about uncertainties and stronger, even became voices critical age the on statements of majority the up made crisis and decline various 1938, before Already point. this beyond discourse the dominated age liberal era and, ultimately, the expression of resignation in the in resignation of expression the ultimately, and, era liberal theories the by succeeded were and foreground, the into moved analogies iuto, eual cvrd eeomns n h trioy f the of territory the in developments covered the regularly on situation, reflections included also onwards 1930s later the from and world the discussed which Grünwald, Fülöp and Edelstein Bertalan by reports at eternal, (supposedly) for reserved mostly were pages the of topica and processes historical ongoing tackled reports annual 1933 brought immediate quantitative and qualitative changes. Critiques of Critiques changes. qualitative and quantitative immediate brought 1933 In line with the scholarly and programmatically apolitical a apolitical programmatically and scholarly the with line In II.

Discourse on Zionism Palestineand es of the external situation, they situation, external the of es cesd n ipoe Jewish improved and ncreased emporal matters. These annual annual These matters. emporal l political issues while the rest rest the while issues political l last last synchronic text that tried to tried that text synchronic , but after 1938, explicitly explicitly 1938, after but , nain eih political Jewish ungarian Palestinian Mandate too. too. Mandate Palestinian IMIT yearbookIMIT nking based on historical on based nking the fate of Jews around around Jews of fate the ing expression of of expression ing te European Jews. te European Jews. tive terms. Most Most terms. tive ims of IMIT, the IMIT, of ims of the end of the the of end the of ween different different ween narratives of narratives Hungarian of 1943 – – 1943 of 177 the CEU eTD Collection

yearbooks brother, but she had some publications to her credi her to publications some shebut had brother, published his reports from the Holy Land in book fo book in Land Holy the from reports his published and positions. political subchapter sometime and (implicitly this these analyze and of story Palestinian goals the of One preferences. political and par nevertheless they descriptive, largely reports these kept pos neutral a preserving about concerned were authors both though Even et o Hym amn ilk n 94 n Éa . aa pbihd se published Patai H. Éva and discrimination legal anti-Jewish of period the and in Remarkably, 1934 in Bialik Nahman Hayim of death another made Patai József language. Hebrew the in literature of overview an wrote Hamméiri Avigdor 1932, in between, in year the In 1937. articles, three another published he members: family Patai regular most the was latter The 1931. of yearbook the to contributions w he as Rafael/Raphael, (or György Ervin son, his and he both while appeare Patai József of name the 1929, of volume new first very the n 97 n wre a a eodr sho tahr un teacher school secondary a as worked and 1907 in movemen student Zionist the of member active an was 559 and Ethnology Institute at the Hebrew University, b University, Hebrew the at Institute Ethnology and ntd tts Jze as hd duhe, v who Éva daughter, a had also József States. United af (even 1944 until released subsequently was which aetna dvlpet ad h Zoit oeet lrey u t t the to family contributed Patai the of members to due largely movement, Zionist the and developments Palestinian a of number a Nevertheless, historicity. and values Jewish basic on disc identity collective Jewish of view of point the from relevant and and Ervin György Patai, later Rafael (1910-1996) moved (1910-1996) Rafael later Patai, György Ervin József Patai (Gyöngyöspata, 1882 – Tel Aviv, 1953) Aviv, Tel – 1882 (Gyöngyöspata, Patai József Az új Palesztina útjain Palesztina új Az offer for the study of this topic is far thinner than the volume volume the than thinner far is topic this of study the for offer n uey uniaie em, h aon o suc mtra the material source of amount the terms, quantitative purely In (Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 1938), as well as a biogr a as well as 1938), Jövő, és Múlt (Budapest:

t too. too. t ut from the 1950s onwards he spent most of his time his of most spent he onwards 1950s the from ut rmat: rmat: to Palestine in 1933. He was the founder of the Fol the of founder the was He 1933. in Palestine to t from early on (he joined in 1903). He earned his his earned He 1903). in joined (he on early from t was less active (and is certainly less known) than than known) less certainly is (and active less was i te al 12s I 11 h launched he 1911 In 1920s. early the til e hs eatr t Plsie n h 13s. e al He 1930s). the in Palestine to departure his ter , Hungarian and Hebrew poet, translator and editor. and translator poet, Hebrew and Hungarian , IMIT yearbooksIMIT Feltámadó szentföld Feltámadó in 1933, 1934 and (as Rafael) in in Rafael) (as and 1934 1933, in tly reflected their value choices choices value their reflected tly s explicitly formulated) values values formulated) explicitly s appearance in 1935, upon the upon 1935, in appearance between 1929 and 1943.and 1929 between ourses or of the discourses the of or ourses (Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 1926) 1926) Jövő, és Múlt (Budapest: aphy of aphy the ultimately catastrophic catastrophic ultimately the is to reconstruct their their reconstruct to is d as a poetry translator, translator, poetry a as d rticles were devoted to to devoted were rticles contributor among the among contributor as later called) made made called) later as ition and to that end end that to and ition Herzl he fact that three three that fact he of material that is is that material of in 1932. His son, son, His 1932. in veral poems. poems. veral Hungarian út s Jövő és Múlt 178 degree degree in the the in 559 IMIT IMIT klore klore He In her her so so

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practices. Ibid., p.198. Ibid., practices. panorama the land. of Bialik was admired and proudly evoked but his messa his but evoked proudly and admired was Bialik “dreamer and Apostle” of the reviving land of his e his of land reviving the of Apostle” and “dreamer education, literature, scholarship and arts, Zionis arts, and scholarship literature, education, eih epe Ii. p19. e lo eald Bial recalled also He p.179). (Ibid., people Jewish since that of Herzl: for him, Bialik convincingly s convincingly Bialik him, for Herzl: of that since t of part integral an such was Bialik claimed Patai years. József Patai, “Bialik, a könny és fény költő fény és könny a “Bialik, Patai, József years. and collective existence, his personal tears fallin tears personal his existence, collective and n wa ws isn ws uh ahr h lnug o language the rather much was missing was what and process the of direction different the importantly, erw nvriy f euae, n utrl ie n h Holy the in life cultural on Jerusalem, of p w University György Hebrew Ervin Land”) while Holy Gordon, L. the J. of to dedicated “poetry year commemorative the from translations his counting (not th and Mandate Palestinian the of territory the in situation the dealt contributions abovementioned the of Four family. Zionist important any from appeared contribution other no War World Second the of years 560 561 erw agae eom “ mr futu prle c parallel fruitful in nyelvújítás” more (“a reform language Hebrew special characteristics of the Hebrewspecial reform. language of characteristics reflections Widder’s Salamon such: as movement the discuss not did r closely rather question a is focus main whose article other one aforem the Beyond writings. of palette the to color recognizable shape of of shape intellectual Jewish Zioni organ to much closer a separate remarkable was there though even that, Hungarian Jewish the of members other than a issues different of spoke family this of members contributing serve as a source for the renewal. Thus, the task o task the Thus, renewal. the for source a as serve In his article from 1933, Widder emphasized that H that emphasized Widder from1933, article his In Bia of soul” the reveal “to was aim Patai’s József út s Jövő és Múlt MT évkönyv IMIT rm ht a be sae u t ti pit i cn e ocue t concluded be can it point, this to up stated been has what From 560

13, .7. t h sm tm, e one t some to pointed he time, same the At p.173. 1933, , , IMIT welcomed their texts in the 1930s, thereby adding a a adding thereby 1930s, the in texts their welcomed IMIT ,

g into the sea of Jewish tears that emerged over th over emerged that tears Jewish of sea the into g m would only be a “dead Golem”, and referred to him to referred and Golem”, “dead a be only would m ummarized the “tragic duality” that assimilation me assimilation that duality” “tragic the ummarized je” in je” as there were many scholarly and literary works in works literary and scholarly many were there as he Hebrew renaissance that his death was the greate the was death his that renaissance Hebrew he f the reformers was to create “the new from the old the from new “the create to was reformers the f arlier dreams. In a more critical spirit, Patai lam Patai spirit, critical more a In dreams. arlier lik, the poet, explore his feelings torn between in between torn feelings his explore poet, the lik, ungarian language reform found its worthy counterpa worthy its found reform language ungarian ks nitne ht ihu te eih renaissance Jewish the without that insistence ik’s ges sadly remained without influence on actual Jewi actual on influence without remained sadly ges IMIT évkönyv IMIT ould hardly be drawn”). Salamon Widder, “A héber héber “A Widder, Salamon drawn”). be hardly ould eeya lf, o cud h lnug o te peop the of language the could nor life, everyday f 561

, 1935, p.179. When assessing his oeuvre, oeuvre, his assessing When p.179. 1935, , e ongoing changes there: József József there: changes ongoing e nd drew different conclusions conclusions different drew nd elated to Zionism, even if it it if even Zionism, to elated entioned ones, there is only only is there ones, entioned ad n ltr fee a offered later and Land akd ifrne: most differences: marked elite. It is therefore therefore is It elite. n h hsoy and history the on specifically with with specifically member of this this of member bihd n the on ublished st thoughtst the in rote on the the on rote ousands of of ousands ant for the the for ant ented that that ented 179 Hebrew Hebrew dividual dividual as the the as st loss loss st ” and and ” rt in in rt hat in in sh sh le le CEU eTD Collection

project with a limited scope: “It would be enough if the Holy Land provided if the Holy scope: enough “It limited would projectbe a with oe o Jwy s eee uo Jw rcnetn t ter homeland, their to reconnecting Jews upon renewed is Jewry of power p.175. Compared to the overall length of his discus his of length overall the to Compared p.175. view has been the revival of Palestine.”of revival the been has view fr decade the of event important “most the that declared Edelstein ra es t loe frte xsec fmr fruae exc fortunate more of existence the for allowed it least at or cultural gains are that brought about.” obse Palestine Jewish towards attitudes hostile rather cherish trusted Edelstein accomplishments, Jewish respectable Seeing opportunities emergingopportunities Palestine. in spea elaborately to mean not did that studies in found observations wil I however, sources, these complement To family). Patai the of were which of majority the Land, Holy the about “reports” the and 564 563 562 He the of reform the [in element decisive most “the throu different” entirely almost “something achieve belong of sense the from arising “dynamism the that claimed followin the in process the described he when vocabulary Zionist the 565 eos n prophets.” and heroes év” inév” considering it awkward in English, I decided to tra to decided I in English, awkward it considering of dreams illusionary seemingly once the beyond go improve to began Land Holy “the that fact the words eih ainl oe. bd, .7. oee, Widde However, p.174. Ibid., home”. national Jewish which is why I excluded his text from the main anal main the from text his whyexcluded I is which Edelstein, “Évtizedben” in in “Évtizedben” Edelstein, in “Évtizedben” Edelstein, pp.335-6. Ibid., in “Évtizedben” Edelstein, IMIT évkönyv IMIT n i vr frt eot wih ie t cvr n nie decade, entire an cover to aimed which report, first very his In Elsewhere, his support of the Zionist project seemed rather re ratherseemed project Zionist the of support his Elsewhere, Thus, this subchapter is based mostly on these two sources (the sources two these on mostly based is subchapter this Thus, , 1930, p.333 and p.302. and p.333 1930, , 563 IMIT évkönyv IMIT ihn t acut o te tnig civmns Edelstein achievements, stunning the for account to Wishing IMIT évkönyv IMIT MT évkönyv IMIT , 1929, p.332. 1929, , , 1929, pp. 336-7. What exactly was there to explai to there was exactly What 336-7. pp. 1929, , 565 12, .3. dlti woe f te rb i sin in Arab” “the of wrote Edelstein p.334. 1929, , 562

nslate it into plural. plural. nslateinto it sion, Widder made only a very brief reference to th to reference brief very a made only Widder sion, Edelstein employed expressions well known from known well expressions employed Edelstein ysis above. above. ysis gh “speeding up” the development of the language. I language. the of development the up” “speeding gh the most extreme optimists”. Bertalan Edelstein, “A Edelstein, Bertalan optimists”. extreme most the at a huge pace” and “the results of a single decad single a of results “the and pace” huge a at brew language] was the declaration of Palestine as as Palestine of declaration the was language] brew ws eiat o lbrt o ti tee n furth any theme this on elaborate to hesitant was r eptions. He thought of it as a a as it of thought He eptions. rve it jealously and enjoy the the enjoy and jealously it rve ing together” was at work.at was together” ing ht ee te rb who Arabs the “even that l also rely on a number of of number a on rely also l contributed by members members by contributed m h Jws pit of point Jewish the om t te rbes and problems the to k g way: “the ancient ancient “the way: g the sacred soil of of soil sacred the a home for those for a those home lative and partial partial and lative annual reports reports annual n? In his own own his In n? Bertalan Bertalan ua, but gular, e fact that that fact e e already already e 180 z 5689. 5689. z

bid., bid., the the 564 er,

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benefit the holy cause, and ensure that it continues to enjoy a mig a enjoy to continues it that ensure and cause, holy the benefit precisely the Jewry of his [Herzl’s] homeland that resist that homeland [Herzl’s] his of Jewry the precisely and people.” his new for opportunities hopes”.great with pr political this that assertion his by contradicted strongly the courage of Maccabees”. Ibid., p.308. p.308. Ibid., Maccabees”. of thecourage he “our that wrote He Jews. and Arabs between clash without one in the present”.the in one without Land was “seen as a place of escape and self-preservation [ self-preservation and escape of place a as “seen was Land 570 569 568 567 L Promised the possess to Jews of rights” “ancient the of spoke b would ideal the hoping idea, this of preserver the as there nhsam bt i pooas wih t is sound first at (which proposals mer his but “undeniable enthusiasm” had movement) Zionist the symbolize 571 566 other half of Jewry” dedicate itself to Jewish cult itselfJewish to dedicate Jewry” of half other time”longest discernibly was reports his of one in point clichéd somewhat this E evaporated. had Zionism just to resistance Jewish Hungarian mentioned) the meantime the in but exception, lucky a like seemed have tim a upon once interpretation, his In cause”.) “holy a it calling unmist had that terms in project the to referred Edelstein that separate Jewish and Zionist parties have emerged”. grow emerged”. have parties Zionist and Jewish separate has situation economic and political “the that world”. Ibid., p.304. In Edelstein’s conception, Herzl (wh Herzl conception, Edelstein’s In p.304. Ibid., p.303. Ibid., c his is revealing more even Perhaps p.302. Ibid., p.302. Ibid., in év” 5689. “Az Edelstein, p.336. Ibid., 567 On the other hand, the thesis that Edelstein’s support was qual was support Edelstein’s that thesis the hand, other the On 570 There was an intriguing basic ambivalence to his views of the of views his to ambivalence basic intriguing an was There even though the solution Herzl provided “a new star to follow, new hope new follow, to star new “a provided Herzl solution the though even 568 In one place he even argued that “almost the entirety of Jewr of entirety the “almost that argued even he place one In IMIT évkönyv IMIT

566 In 1930, in a rather similar spirit, he observed that the Holy the that observed he spirit, similar rather a in 1930, In , 1930, p.302. Discussing recent developments in Au in developments Discussingrecent p.302. 1930, , 571 ural work. Ibid., p.305. work.Ibid., ural

Ibid., p.291. Ibid., d aig o ay cn lo e rdtd o making for credited be also can many) to daring ed ose name here, as in so many other texts, can be ta be can texts, other many so in as here, name ose wre ad hrfr i “ant e o surprising too be “cannot it therefore and worse” n hoice of words when he first reported on a more ser more a on reported first he when words of hoice roes fought and repelled the attacks on the colonie the on attacks the repelled and fought roes t” Hs ntaie o ol cue “unprecedented caused only not initiative His its”. ed the thought of Palestine for the the for Palestine of thought the ed mentsvár oject “filled the whole of Jewry Jewry of whole the “filled oject e implemented. This can only only can This implemented. e akable religious connotations, religious akable critically disposed: “it was “it disposed: critically e Hungarian Jewry might might Jewry Hungarian e hty dynamism”. hty ] by Jewry all around the the around all Jewry by ] ifiability of (the often often (the of ifiability delstein’s evocation of evocation delstein’s and and occasionally occasionally and and ified and relative is relative and ified local Arabs: he Arabs: local stria, he noted noted he stria, 569 y stands y 181 (Note ken to to ken s with s that that ious ious “the s

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forrongott promises, and shifted more in favor of the position the of favor in more shifted and promises, and expectations”. Bertalan Edelstein, “Az 5692. és 5692. “Az Edelstein, Bertalan expectations”. and 1929, he spoke of “the loud dissatisfaction of the Jewish collective”. Jewish the of dissatisfaction loud “the of spoke he 1929, m the of reaction In opinions. contrary of existence the of denial the described Arabs as opponents who were “becoming overly courageous overly “becoming were who opponents as Arabs described 572 575 573 invocations.general beyond support, of object the of m a providing of wary remained also Edelstein that was consequence pa of talk than frequent more clearly were Zionism of support and 576 t was indeed interpretation Jewish local mainstream “ their voiced world” the “throughout groups Jewish 574 dissatisfaction”.their of “Jews that claimed he when language homogenizing similarly fact.” thi realize later or sooner shall they and Jews of settlement A since especially wrote, he fine”, just other each to next live optimistic rather a in coexistence of future the saw he more, betw tensions the resolve and problems existing the with away exc “political blocking that trust to seemed he time, same the Ibid., pp.286-7. pp.286-7. Ibid., also claimed that “it was Palestine that caused the caused that Palestine was “it that claimed also Edelstein resorted to a different analogy: “The fan “The analogy: different a to resorted Edelstein move (and new signs of the “Arab unwillingness to a to unwillingness “Arab the of signs new (and move Ch to sentletter soon a MacDonald Ramsay campaign, Orient of instead that text) the of parts different probabl is It outbursts. anti-Semitic of discussion “Az 5690. év” inév” “Az5690. those tremble who put their hopes in theresurrecti hopes their put who tremble those In 1933, Edelstein repeated that “Palestine is the is “Palestine that repeated Edelstein 1933, In 5691. az zsidóság külföldi “A Edelstein, Bertalan in év” 5690. “Az Edelstein, Bertalan cours the in made were remarks These p.308. Ibid., p.307. Ibid., 573

) gis te ht Ppr f od asil md p made Passfield Lord of Paper White the against ”) IMIT évkönyv IMIT His support of Jewish plans occasionally went as far as the s the as far as went occasionally plans Jewish of support His 575 uh eak, mlig h alecmasn Jws cnen fo concern Jewish all-encompassing the implying remarks, Such , 1931, p.290. 1931, ,

IMIT évkönyv IMIT

alist stereotypes that were occasionally used elsew used occasionally were that stereotypes alist y due to this (i.e. it emerged directly out of the of out directly emerged it (i.e. this to due y pain and bitterness” that was the main source of J of source main the was that bitterness” and pain on of Palestine.” Ibid., p.280. p.280. Ibid., Palestine.” of on of the Arabs). Ibid., p.281. As a consequence of t of consequence a As p.281. Ibid., Arabs). the of atics of the Arab world use European methods.” Edel methods.” European use world Arab the of atics 5693. év” in év” 5693. holy land to which the world now turns with amazem with turns now world the which to land holy hat the English betrayed the Jews as well as their their as well as Jews the betrayed English the hat hret rts o ieal: “literally: (or protest sharpest” , 1931, p.287. Literally: “ Literally: p.287. 1931, , évben” in in évben” e of a global report on the fate of Jewry, right ne right Jewry, of fate the on report global a of e aim Weizmann clarifying the British position. Passf position. British the clarifying Weizmann aim ccept any kind of compromise”) made “the hearts of hearts “the made compromise”) of kind any ccept 576 IMIT évkönyv IMIT Based on this evidence, I believe that I believe evidence, this on Based IMIT évkönyv IMIT bi o te 1 the on ublic itation” would automatically do do automatically would itation” s and gratefully accept it as a a as it accept gratefully and s light: “Arabs and Jews could Jews and “Arabs light: een Arabs and Jews. What is What Jews. and Arabs een as ol gie fo the from gained “only rabs the whole globe displayed displayed globe whole the , 1932, p.282. What is more, all all more, is What p.282. 1932, , felzúdult a világ zsidósága világ a felzúdult , 1933, p.239. It is noteworthy is It p.239. 1933, , 574 rtial dedication, but the but dedication, rtial st ore concrete definition definition concrete ore f coe i 13 (the 1930 in October of assacres of August of August of assacres A year later, he used he later, year A Az egész világ zsidósága zsidósága világ egész Az and merciless.” and ilencing and even even and ilencing need of linking linking of need here in IMIT, IMIT, in here ewish hope. hope. ewish his Jewish Jewish his 182 xt to the the to xt 572 ield’s ield’s ”. He He ”. stein, own own At ent ent all all r CEU eTD Collection

rsn “ol lk t gt i o sgiiat at o ter Je their of parts significant of rid get to like “would present be read as expressing the necessity of the Jewish recept Jewish the of necessity the expressing as read be Jews in several countries. Analogously, “countries undergoing economic economic undergoing “countries Analogously, countries. several in Jews heralded they when Ages Middle the of centuries last the from slogans. self-suffici and autarky with wrote, he everywhere”, decline the report. first very his in Zionism of growth the of explanation an Edelst Unlike 1935. in Edelstein deceased the from reports writing Zionismpresent as andimportant a sought universally practically sup to Manda the in development considered he that fact the to point rather [ enc the of one “as Land Holy the of development the saw Edelstein whe reserved overly was yearbooks the of editor the Szemere, Samu theories. theories. ancient Assyria and Babylon”) also appeared in the appeared also Babylon”) Assyriaand ancient spec He set Jewish through dynamic become only “could which p.246. Ibid., wrote. he places”, these into Holy the great surrounding territories the bespoke in settlement that plans expansionist formulated he but explanation, Grünwald’s of cornerstones the were Diaspora the growin the and world outside the in developments negative words, other that the word “world” here clearly referred to the to referred clearly here “world” word the that 580 579 578 577 explains why “Palestine became the main target of Jewish i Jewish of target main the became “Palestine why explains biztató zálogaként biztató Ibid., p.313 Ibid., p.313. Ibid., inév” és 5695. “Az 5694. Grünwald, Fülöp in Bertalan” “Edelstein Szemere, Samu 578 codn t Güwl, h rcn dvlpet floe a scenario a followed developments recent the Grünwald, to According hv aray oe eswee ht üö Güwl to oe te ta the over took Grünwald Fülöp that elsewhere noted already have I – FL] of the future of Israel”.of future the of FL] – IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT Jewish. The greatest novelty in his discourse was t was discourse his in novelty greatest The Jewish. Land and it is hoped that Jewry would slowly push f push slowly would Jewry that hoped is it and Land same context. Ibid., p.246. Ibid., context. same fcly etoe te osblt o stln Tran settling of possibility the mentioned ifically tlements”, but Syria and Iraq (“formed fromterrito (“formed Iraq and Syria but tlements”, ertra abtos “hr i a ag possibili large a is “There ambitions. territorial , 1934, p.317. p.317. 1934, , 577 , 1935, p.313. p.313. , 1935, His publications in the in publications His ion and implementation of autarkic of implementation and ion mmigration in recent years.”recent in mmigration ency providing new, popular popular new, providing ency ih populations”, wish “Economic liberalism is on is liberalism “Economic h gnrl escto of persecution general the his reflections might also also might reflections his ein, he attempted to give to attempted he ein, ported Jewish cause. Jewish ported te territory centrally centrally territory te uaig guarantees ouraging n he observed that that observed he n g dangers of life in in life of dangers g IMIT yearbooksIMIT rss i the in crisis” 579 hat in 1933 1933 in hat familiar 183 which sjordan, sjordan, orward orward sk of of sk ries of of ries 580 ty of of ty

In

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ln t cet a eeain ie te n wrh st worth one the (i.e. federation a create to plans the events there. over taking place all practically that conviction Edelstein’s shared discursively future, after all the painful phenomena in the Galuth.” phenomena the in theall future, painful after assurance us give to ought Land Holy the of renewal The land. ancient healthi better, a of development the the expected we more, expected all is desires unfulfilled some of articulation Grünwald’s 584 583 582 propaganda. Pan-Islamic” and “anti-Jewish of center the strengthenin tha so much so the – ideas Pan-Islamic of to spread the and consciousness lead to likely were developments that warned the in be only can work constructive “the that convinced was he hand, one 585 millio “a that example, for wrote, He concept. this 581 Palestine. in sharp” “rather were tensions inte that emphasized Grünwald unity, Jewish stressed recurrently foundation of the Jewish state”. Ibid., p.322. When p.322. Ibid., state”. Jewish the of foundation enthusiastic work in the interest of the Jewish homeland.” Jewish the of interest the in work enthusiastic lab productive of land “the become to was land the telling, his In nothing had presentation his of out emerging pictureoverall the kind: was developments Palestinian on discourse his colonization”, “Jewish the defender of the global interests of Jewry” (in Jewry” of interests global the of defender the global Jewry and from their own past” or that the J the that or past” own their from and Jewry global védelmét). Grünwald Fülöp, “Az elmult évtörténete. “Az elmult Fülöp, Grünwald védelmét). Fülöp Grünwald, “Az 5694. és 5695. év” inév” és 5695. “Az5694. Grünwald, Fülöp (egyetem Jewry global of concept the employ did He p.322. Ibid., p.320. Ibid., p.319. Ibid., Grünwald responded with a paradox to the moot question of the Arabs: on Arabs: the of question moot the to paradox a with responded Grünwald Even though Grünwald at one point called James de Rothschild the father the Rothschild de James called point one at Grünwald though Even

584

IMIT évkönyv IMIT the original: készül átvenni a zsidóság egyetemes é egyetemes zsidóság a átvenni készül original: the discussing the movement for Islamic unification, G unification, Islamic for movement the discussing n and a half Jews in the Soviet Union are torn away torn are Union Soviet the in Jews half a and n ews of the United States were “about to take up the up take to “about were States United the of ews 5696” in IMIT évkönyv, 1936, p.311 and p.318. p.318. and p.311 évkönyv, 1936, inIMIT 5696” esn i II) a ta i ws drce against “directed was it that was IMIT) in ressing 582 fe Eesens ahr nrtcl attitude, uncritical rather Edelstein’s After es zsidóság), in addition to the reports being base being reports the to addition in zsidóság), es , 1935, p.321. The most relevant aspect of the Arab the of aspect mostrelevant The p.321. 1935, , 583 At the same time, he seemed to have to seemed he time, At the same 585 Thus, he had to face the fact that fact the face to had he Thus, 581 Jews showed special interest in in interest special showed Jews As opposed to Edelstein, who Edelstein, to opposed As or. It requires sacrifices and and sacrifices requires It or. rnal Jewish oppositions and oppositions Jewish rnal er and more just life on the on life just more and er oe osiuu: “We conspicuous: more t Palestine was already was Palestine t to do with imperialism. with do to o ter national their of g f vr different very a of n hp fr the for hope and ir interests”, but but interests”, ir rdekeinek rdekeinek 184 rünwald rünwald role of role from from d on on d the the the of

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rsn stain eurd t es lre wvs f emigrati of waves larger least at required situation present esmsi. e ofse aray n 96 ht e a emigration saw he that 1936 in already confessed He pessimistic. rud ht oh ie poetd gis i wt th with it against protested sides both that argued ecin o eet vns h soe f hneig o “hindering of spoke he events, recent to reaction more than a rump country (though the Arabs were mor were Arabs the (though country rump a than more Britis the outlined briefly He conflict. worse ever never he that noteworthy is It p.299. Ibid., come.” os ta bfr: codn t hs eot te ubek f wave terrorist the acts problem chief of was the day. a of outbreak the report, his to according before: than worse were Jews and Arabs between Tensions deteriorated. had relations previous the of developments financial and economic the of spite in Empire.” Grünwald, “5696” in “5696” Grünwald, Empire.” year. last that strikes of wave a and groups” “terrorist of uprising 589 588 587 586 E “their too: stereotypes Orientalist some employed u storm.”the through pull ground to managed ancient the in roots deep has it since but months, difficult Eretz of Jewry “the entirety: its in quoted be to deserves and strength the and difficulties the both succinctly up summed year he lives, decent lead to opportunity an with them provide to world) the largest the with Poland as (such homelands present their from demand perfe be to it believed still he though Even valve”. “safety year.” t hope has of full Israel, the future of Eretz the vision confident: the land “In of bd, p28 I mgt em ie n motn cha important an like seem might It pp.298. Ibid., in 5697” története. és “Az elmult Grünwald, Fülöp p.327. Ibid., in “5696” Grünwald, 589 588

rnad eotd ht eua otuss f rtss ee acco were protests of outbursts regular that reported Grünwald As we approach the end of the 1930s, Grünwald grows increasingly increasingly grows Grünwald 1930s, the of end the approach we As IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1936, p.310. p.310. 1936, , 587 , 1936, p.321. 1936, , Grünwald’s evaluation from a year later is much less much is later year a from evaluation Grünwald’s theless aimed to balance between the sides descendi sides the between balance to aimed theless i oesdd nesadn o wo ol rmi wit remain would who of understanding one-sided eir pas o iie h trioy hog cantonizati through territory the divide to plans h paeu ceitne n mta tut o ln ti long for trust mutual and coexistence peaceful f sen atse sdc te, hy ra o a Pan-A a of dream they them, seduce fantasies astern IMIT évkönyv IMIT e divided since the supporters of emir Abdullah wer Abdullah emir of supporters the since divided e g i te rnad dsore t is sgt that, sight first at discourse Grünwald’ the in nge , 1937, p.298. p.298. 1937, , ctly justified that the Jews should should Jews the that justified ctly on. 586 d o apoiaey af a half approximately for ed was forced to live through through live to forced was i cnlso fo this from conclusion His of the national movement national the of trig o el much feel to starting as the only remaining remaining only the as ten years, the political political the years, ten Jewish population in population Jewish of frightening Arab Arab frightening of nder its feet, it has has it feet, its nder maintained that the that maintained pne b the by mpanied urned pale this urned this pale ng into an into ng 185 on and and on me to to me h no no h

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rtl ramn a wl a te wfns o ter expulsi their of swiftness the as well as treatment brutal p.235. p.235. rcie ae o. paety ogtig bu hs rvos ass previous his about forgetting Apparently on. later practice both sides would have to make some concessions and show readiness to acce to readiness show and concessions some make to have would sides both that acknowledged He practical. and just as accept could sides both partly at odds with the political desirability of mutual concessions he concessions desirability mutual of the with political partlyat odds s Jews that proposed he Jews, persecuted of millions for place power.” power.” a a epaain n h tro ta hs atd fo lasted has that terror the in explanation an has to need theof idea revisionist the that fact “The not remain hidden though Grünwald wrote of “antiter of wrote Grünwald though hidden remain not however, led him to believe that “large-scale emigration of the next decades wil decades of the “large-scale that next believe emigration however, to him led were goalsbut g him reconcilableBoth to the hardly in seemed necessary developments provided “a sad justification for Herzl”.for justification sad “a provided developments from Europe”. fromEurope”. 592 understanding with the Arabs highly important, due to the necessity the to due important, highly Arabs the with understanding the English but flared up internally too, while vio while too, internally up flared but English the 591 590 protes Arab mentioned even He separation). of favor idea of the righteousness of Jewish demands in some demands Jewish of theofrighteousness idea pp.30 Ibid., ellen”. megcsonkítás a részéről zsidók unacceptable because such a territory “could never never “could territory a such lef because unacceptable have would (which proposals English unfavorable o kp o rfrig o sEez sal togt hs arrangem this thought Israel, Eretz as to referring on kept now eeirtd iuto, rnad xrse hs rs ta a soluti a that trust his expressed Grünwald situation, deteriorated ece b a on committee. joint a by reached rgnlpas o te adt” ie te afu dcaain– a – declaration Balfour the i.e. Mandate”, the for plans original the to on hold and connections” “historical on based rights unquestionable Ibid., p.252. Especially in his assertion that “wh that assertion his in Especially p.252. Ibid., w clearly concessions mutual making of chances The in története” év elmult “Az Grünwald, Fülöp

Witnessing the Nazi persecution of Jews in Austria after the after Austria in Jews of persecution Nazi the Witnessing n 98 te eot ea, o te is tm, ih eeomns n w in developments with time, first the for began, report the 1938, In 590 hl Güwl cniee areet n mutual and agreement considered Grünwald While use antiterror has recently spread among the youth the among spread has recently antiterror use lence between Arabs and Jews was now mutual. This f This mutual. now was Jews and Arabs between lence MT évkönyv IMIT 1-2. This shows that he was certainly not committed not certainly was he that shows This 1-2. r two years.” Grünwald, “Elmult” in in “Elmult” Grünwald, years.” two r o is a foreigner the majority will decide. It is a a is It decide. will majority the foreigner a is o accommodate the millions of people who need to emig to need who people of millions the accommodate ts first: “Tiltakozások hangzottak el már korán az az korán már el hangzottak “Tiltakozások first: ts absolutistic manner. manner. absolutistic ror”, which in fact was another sign of a right-win a of sign another was fact in which ror”, ol a ertr o 5 0 k2 s eih ad was land) Jewish as km2 500 5 of territory a only t orsened. Arab violence was directed not only agains only not directed was violence Arab orsened. 592 , 1938, p.229. On the other hand, one of the the of one hand, other the On p.229. 1938, , The uncertain situation in Palestine, in situation uncertain The on, Grünwald thought that these these that thought Grünwald on, ent did not become regular become not did ent proposal that was at least least at was that proposal n ol b fud which found be would on elaborated elsewhere. in order to achieve this this achieve to order in essment regarding the the regarding essment of urgently findings a a findings urgently of ol miti their maintain hould iven circumstances. circumstances. iven MT évkönyv IMIT platform of “the “the of platform Anschluss pt the decisions decisions the pt l undoubtedlyl of the yishuv yishuv the of question of of question arabok és és arabok 186 hat he he hat , their their , , 1938, 1938, , g shift. shift. g act did did act to the the to

rate rate 591 t t

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aDnl Wie ae fo 13, hc sgae the signaled which financial 1939, from and Paper White administrative MacDonald political, to due that remained the only hope of millions of Jews”.of millions of hope only the remained target Latin America”.Latin target 597 593 stopped. c it policy, colonial British by opposed strongly though – way the on government demonstrate show determinationpower. to was and its willing was resistance Arab that was saw he hope for reason only The des be best could situation the and influence frightening acquired have 596 595 594 politi generous a through solved be only can Jewry of problem human subchapter), tha articulated Grünwald conviction (to be his discussed the next in andemigration remained 1867),resort”. and “final its “t its for fight the givenup not had Jewry Hungarian emigrate, a of spite in Grünwald, to According migration. of wave desperate “doubtful”.became Home National the of future” entire “the 598 imm fight would Committee National the that maintained Jewish limit drastically to aimed but division, we know, had catastrophic consequences. A movement movement A consequences. catastrophic had know, we way in Palestine will continue or the flames of hat of flames the or continue will Palestine in way terrain instance for wrote, the He position. distanced embrace somewhat wholeheartedly not did Grünwald Ibid., p.315. In my reading such lines of his did n hisdid of lines such myIn reading p.315. Ibid., quic which level a at was Mobilization sufficiency. than marked more much was state the of independent onetro i t b hl rsosbe o te new the for “af responsible held formulation be to Grünwald’s is In counterterror ones. aggressive into Fülöp Grünwald, “Az elmult év története. 5700” in 5700” évtörténete. “Az elmult Grünwald, Fülöp p.328. Ibid, clear a took Grünwald point, this At p.312. Ibid., p.306. Ibid., in évtörténete” “Az elmult Grünwald, Fülöp p.269. Ibid., 596 Hungarian Jews were now explicitly mentioned among the sources of sources the among mentioned explicitly now were Jews Hungarian In addition to his rather detailed coverage of the first years first the of coverage detailed rather his to addition In The uncertainty in the Holy Land was all the more saddening since “ since saddening more the all was Land Holy the in uncertainty The 593 A year later he went as far as claim that due to the major the to due that claim as far as went he later year A

IMIT évkönyv IMIT ot aim to mobilize but merely expressed his skeptic merelyexpressed but mobilize to aim ot red will set all accomplishments of Jewry on fire h fire on Jewry of accomplishments all set will red kly transformed even some nominally defensive measu defensive nominally some even transformed kly esn i wud e ey ifcl t ipeet T implement. to difficult very be would it reasons till the last possibility against this severe restr severe this against possibility last the till m He territory. the of division the against stance , that “we cannot know whether the nation building building nation the whether know cannot “we that , gain weey ay es ee hce) Grünwald shocked). were Jews many (whereby igration before and Jews began to make attempts at economic economic at attempts make to began Jews and before IMIT évkönyv IMIT s vcis. bd, .1. n pt o hs prefere his of spite In p.312. Ibid., victims”. est 595 of civic disobedience sprang up, the desire to beco to desire the up, sprang disobedience civic of of political activism: he wished to report from a a from report to wished he activism: political of ter three years of Arab terror, nowadays Jewish Jewish nowadays terror, Arab of years three ter e Egih oiia ln, lo eetd h idea the rejected also line, political English new In the meantime the Alijah of refugees was refugees of Alijah the meantime the In , 1939, p.304. p.304. 1939, , 597

, 1940, p.305. p.305. 1940, , 594 hird emancipation” (after 1849 1849 (after emancipation” hird He maintained that terrorists that maintained He ucl boe oc the once broken quickly growing willingness to to willingness growing ould not be completely be not ould cribed as a civil war. war. civil a as cribed a deed”. cal of the war in 1940 in war the of t “the general “thet iction that, as as that, iction ism. 598 this new, this Palestine clashes aintained aintained 187 ere too”. too”. ere n his In

under under nces, nces, self- of me res res he

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o Zion. to is nml srkn pae ih h Aas n etbihn a J a territory. establishing and Arabs the with peace striking namely aims, Jewis on report to continued He Israel. Eretz in year calmer a spiritual ( spiritual p “material had America which to according Jews among relations remarks such as the one on the Technical School of of School Technical the on one the as such remarks importance. primary of matter Jewish independent an for need “the that essential was it eyes, would soon provide education for the whole of “Euro wholeof the for education provide soon would 599 state”. t above” from organized “emigration through reachable be to situation increasingly the of solution” “ultimate the considered he changed: ghetto”. “mere a to territory Jewish the reduced have would discusse being supposedly were plans new and months for stalled spread war the time this by because also urgent especially 602 601 600 603 Grünw Fülöp homeland.” ancient its in even minority It Mandate. the of holders power the to opposition th discussed also Grünwald As leaving, of difficulties emigration. their organizing with simultaneously d main the eyes, Grünwald’s In case. the was former preferenc his in change the mirrored it extent what independent Jewish army as the most important curre mostimportant the as army Jewish independent 1942, p.351. He continued to see the chief problem problem chief the see to continued He p.351. 1942, ambivalence nevertheless that he expressed his joy joy his expressed he that nevertheless ambivalence Fülöp Grünwald, “Az elmult év története” in in története” év “Az elmult Grünwald, Fülöp could majority Jewish no that regretted explicitly Grünwald, “Elmult” in in “Elmult” Grünwald, t with agreement an for looks “Jewry that wrote He whatext to wording his from clear quite not is It p.308. Ibid., p.305. Ibid., 601 603 602 In his last report published in the yearbook finallywr of could 1942,Grünwald the in In published report last his szellemi In fact, the thesis on the development of intellectual life in in life intellectual of development the on thesis the fact, In

n n motn psae h qoe te fiil ins ve o the on view Zionist official the quoted he passage, important an In ) leadership and the right to determine the direction of the future the of direction the determine to right the and leadership ) IMIT évkönyv IMIT

599 , 1941, p.324. His image of the future in theearly in future the of Hisimage p.324. 1941, , hs elrto o peeecs ih hv seemed have might preferences of declaration This IMIT évkönyv IMIT yet emerge due to the complete blockade of further further of blockade thecomplete to due yetemerge at half a million people in the Yishuv found themse found Yishuv the in people million a half at ent this reflected his sober assessment of the situ the of assessment sober his reflected this ent es and normative stance, but it is highly probable probable highly is it but stance, normative and es in the radical restrictions of immigration and refe and immigration of restrictions radical the in nt Jewish demand. demand. Jewish nt pean youth”. youth”. pean ifficulty was that the livelihood of Jews had to be to had Jews of livelihood the that was ifficulty Haifa and the University of Jerusalem, which he bel he which Jerusalem, of University the and Haifa over the “improvement of relations with the Arabs” Arabs” the with relations of “improvement the over a a udrtnal abvlne n i pr, but part, his on ambivalence understandable an was ald, “Az elmult év története. (5702.)” in (5702.)” története. év elmult “Az ald, e mhszd h sneeses f tyn ad the and staying of senselessness the emphasized he he native population, but no longer wants to be in in be to wants longer no but population, native he , 1941, pp. 321-2. pp. 1941, , 600 By 1941, Grünwald’s position Grünwald’s 1941, By to Palestine, immigration was was immigration Palestine, to homeland” be recognized as a a as recognized be homeland”

atmt t rcnie two reconcile to attempts h d which, if implemented, if which, d rimacy”, but intellectual- but rimacy”, ewish majority in the the in majority ewish desperate Hungarian Hungarian desperate o the “unified Jewish “unified the o Zion was the most the was Zion 1940s is illustrated by by isillustrated 1940s IMIT évkönyv IMIT ation and to to and ation belonged belonged settlement. settlement. rred to an an to rred 188 global global ensured that the the that lves in in lves ite ofite ieved ieved but an an a a ,

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between the days of Gordon’s death and the present times: when Gordon when times: present the and death Gordon’s of days the between showed. showed. Hebrew culture”,Hebrew for higher “the on wrote he 1936 in reports: his of element recurrent ancient land”.ancient 1938, in further” “progressing forGaluth”. the entire become and youth Jewish of educator the into turn increasingly would center”, intellectual Jewish the about Haam Achad of concept the 608 607 606 605 604 and an “impressive reception” of his works was under way in Hebrew. of worksand his was anreception” way under “impressive Hebrew. in afterli yea the dedicated University Hebrew the founded newly the but uncertain, thus, and poet” Hebrew last “the as hailed was twenty years before this portrait was written. Patai wis Patai written. was portrait this before years twenty Pa poems whose and – before years forty forlorn” and “lonely died y hundred a (practically 1830 in born poet Hebrew a Gordon, Leb Yehuda Józs through 1931 of yearbooks the in released first was renaissance a on report A attention. our merit rather much should that volumes the detail the is It proof. special no requires and evident was movement thei of affiliation The themes. Palestinian exclusively with dealtthat Grünwald, “Elmult” in “Elmult” Grünwald, in “5700” Grünwald, in “Elmult” Grünwald, in “5697” Grünwald, in “5696” Grünwald, 607 The second part of this subchapter provides brief overviews of t of overviews brief provides subchapter this of part second The This continuous potential to grow implied no less to him than “Ere than him to less no implied grow to potential continuous This 604 in 1937 he maintained that “the development of intellectual life r life intellectual of development “the that maintained he 1937 in IMIT évkönyv IMIT évkönyv IMIT MT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT évkönyv IMIT 608

606 , 1940, p.310. p.310. 1940, , p.304. 1937, , and in 1940 Jewish intellectual life was “developing in the in “developing was life intellectual Jewish 1940 in and , 1936, p.327. Higher than what political and econo and political what than Higher p.327. 1936, , , 1938, p.241. p.241. 1938, , p.240. 1938, , hed to demonstrate the huge contrast contrast huge the demonstrate to hed fe of his art seemed highly highly seemed art his of fe r authors with the Zionist authors the with r m of flourishing of new new of flourishing of m s of their discussions in in discussions their of s 605 a rnltdfr IMIT for translated tai n aspect of the Hebrew Hebrew the of aspect n r 1930 to his memory his to 1930 r the intellectual center center intellectual the nelcul ie was life intellectual f aa’ prri of portrait Patai’s ef ears earlier) who who earlier) ears passed away, he he away, passed mic developments developments mic hose writings writings hose tz Israel tz 189 ealizes CEU eTD Collection

psychological (i.e. that Jews can be sure there is is there sure be can Jews that (i.e. psychological rel in influence decisive a into Palestine turn to than less no be Aviv, Jerusalem is behind this production”. Ervin G Ervin production”. this behind is Jerusalem Aviv, la the though “even that claimed Patai György Ervin merely could Aviv Tel which thought, Jewish of city real the eyes, his In p.195. Ibid., realized. fully th the and Jerusalem), in learn and teach to coming impor highly was University Hebrew the of existence land”. “highe a to related closely was peoplehood true of emergence multipli its “all in people” a of life the of “development 1934, p.304. p.304. 1934, ie i cntn yann fr h Land”. the for yearning constant in lived 609 t culture opp “artificial” the and Land sharp Holy the of a culture “natural” construed he time, same the At content. spiritual high Jewry.global for gravity of center the t production” cultural its as well as life its of intensity secured.” be shall bases, spiritual of absence so Galuth, the in Jewry of existence the Thus centuries. diasporic o it as orbit spiritual its into Jewry draw irresistibly Israel of Jews the between relations” proper of “recreation 610 the deserved moralargued, weight of ofbasis the well anyway pla was onthe t for goal the Thus, life. economic its in reflected also was land and “clean surroundings” that characterized thelan characterized that surroundings” “clean and 613 612 611 The existence of the Jewish people as a people he people a as people theJewish existence of The p.306. Ibid., in Szentföldön” a “Kultúrélet Patai, ErvinGyörgy egyetem” héber jeruzsálemi “A Patai, György Ervin modern a alakja Zevi “Sabbatai Patai, ErvinGyörgy 613 He added that new works of the Yishuv, although closely tied to the l the to tied closely although Yishuv, the of works new that added He ht e a i te ertr o te adt h itrrtd a interpreted he Mandate the of territory the in saw he What ri Gög Pti none hs ovcin ht te eih people Jewish “the that conviction his announced Patai György Ervin

611 gate to the Jewish spirit ( spirit Jewish the to gate a place they can turn to), another he labeled real real labeled he another to), turn can they place a Beyond the intellectual sphere, the centrality of the of centrality the sphere, intellectual the Beyond d. ird as a cultural center, a role that was admittedl was that role a center, cultural a as ird 609

rgest part of books, journals and dailies are relea are dailies and journals books, of part rgest simultaneously defined by its past and the “miracul the and itspast by simultaneouslydefined IMIT évkönyv IMIT yörgy Patai, “Kultúrélet a Szentföldön” in Szentföldön” a “Kultúrélet Patai, yörgy complement by providing means of modern technology modern of means providing by complement zsidó irodalomban” in in irodalomban” zsidó 610 e lo riuae hs rgoi aot the about prognosis his articulated also He at o tre ai raos oe f hc h calle he which of one reasons, basic three for tant n 94 h woe ofdnl ta “n the “in that confidently wrote he 1934, In in in MT évkönyv IMIT c dd bc i te ie o te first the of times the in back did, nce he Holy Land had already emerged as as emerged already had Land Holy he , 1934, p.295. p.295. 1934, , city and colorfulness.” For Patai, the the Patai, For colorfulness.” and city and the Diaspora. “Palestine will will “Palestine Diaspora. the and szellem r form of connectedness to the to connectedness of form r igious matters too – which, he which, – too matters igious , 1933, p.197. He thought that the the that thought He p.197. 1933, , he near future would have to to have would future near he hat supposedly characterized characterized supposedly hat IMIT évkönyv IMIT threatened right now in the the in now right threatened ) was Jerusalem. He called it the the it called He Jerusalem. was ) sto bten the between osition , 1931, p.253. p.253. 1931, , ce. and, also had also and, 612 IMIT évkönyv IMIT (that Jews are are Jews (that

y yet to be to yet y sed in Tel Tel in sed 190 ous air” air” ous the s have have d . . , , CEU eTD Collection

befalling German Jewry, the continuous weakening of Hungarian Jew Hungarian of weakening continuous the Jewry, German befalling p.253. mat ad i otiuin a a oeht ifrn tn too. tone different somewhat a had contribution his and impacts op the in interested was Palestine) in literature (Hungarian edited a short-lived Hebrew paper titled titled paper Hebrew short-lived a edited where War World First the after Hungary from there 616 Galuth.the of communities Jewish most country which used to be their home thousands of ye of thousands home their be to used which country 614 Palestine. to refer to us” “by understandably, and Mandate the of territory the in lived Hamméiri was Yishuv the of life the different markedly how wrote, he see”, 617 615 re local the discussed also he successes, these of evocation proud the 619 618 t that saying by project the characterized He age”. th “perhaps Zionism hecalled Rafael), as submitted Madác Imre Petőfi, Sándor of works the of successes notable the tha Jerusalem” of city sacred the in canonization first its “had Hebrew culture”.of into Hungarian literature “by broken be to only complete, almost was dominance Its located. se Hebrew the and Union Writers the where center intellectual Hec of city the was Aviv Tel that out pointing by Jerusalem and or the oppression of Yemenite Jews”.or the oppression of Yemenite t Jewry, American of impoverishment the Jewry, Russian of losses évkönyv of Jewish unity in Zion, writing on the social and and social the on writing Zion, in unity Jewish of Ibid., p.254. Ibid., p.254. Ibid., Paleszt élete irodalom magyar “A Hamméiri, Avigdor presence this to contributions madesignificant He “Sz titled contribution later his In p.311. Ibid., p.310. Ibid.,

, 1937, p.247. As opposed to Grünwald, but in agree in but Grünwald, to opposed As p.247. 1937, , Avigdor Hamméiri’s rather sketchy “A magyar irodalom élete irodalom magyar “A sketchy rather Hamméiri’s Avigdor

617 In his study, he described the differences between Tel Aviv Tel between differences the described he study, his In Hajehudi 615

614 . . he Jewish people “aim to peacefully occupy and buil and occupy peacefully to “aim people Jewish he entföldi panoráma” (Panorama of the Holy Land, whic Land, Holy the of (Panorama panoráma” entföldi cultural amalgamation of Eastern and European Jews. European and Eastern of amalgamation cultural e most noteworthy political and economic experiment economic and political noteworthy most e At one point, he even tried to agitate: “come and “come agitate: to tried even he point, one At , for instance, by translating Endre Ady’s poetry. Ady’s poetry. Endre translating by instance, for , ars before”. Rafael Patai, “Szentföldi panoráma” in panoráma” “Szentföldi Patai, Rafael before”. ars 618 he used to publish as Albert Kova-Feuerstein and ev and Kova-Feuerstein Albert as publish to used he According Hungarian literature Hamméiri, to inában” in inában” ment with Edelstein, Rafael Patai painted a picture a painted Patai Rafael Edelstein, with ment IMIT évkönyv IMIT posite way of exerting literary literary exerting of way posite t happened primarily through through primarily happened t h and Endre Ady. Endre and h ction of the Pen Club were were Club Pen the of ction 616 halucianism as well as the the as well as halucianism he misery of Polish Jewry Jewry Polish of misery he one exception: the entry entry the exception: one t h tm f writing, of time the At he used the expression expression the used he , 1932, p.258. He migrated migrated He p.258. 1932, , ry, the constant drastic drastic constant the ry, from “the catastrophe catastrophe “the from ception of Hungarian of ception Palesztinában” Palesztinában” 619 Next to Next 191 d up the the up d of our our of Ibid., Ibid.,

IMIT IMIT h he h en en

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participation. becomes clear that the influence of Hungarian culture on New He New on culture Hungarian of influence the that clear becomes than what could reasonably be expected.” be reasonably could what than tnpit r ih ee fly hr it.” share fully even might or standpoint the approaches that solution of kind another for way the prepared They ac crises spiritual “severe that contended heart of change this Hungary post-Trianon of Jews by unmatched was that extent an (to interes rathemovementproved national Jewish the sincethen but assimilation, keen a had they claimed that theories to subjected be to o borders the outside up ended but 1920 to prior citizenship Hungarian of issue the confronted Fürst article, second his In aspect. this ar territories) Polish and Hungarian imperial German, with deal on articles Fürst’s Aladár of series The data. relevant some c and thematic different with writings in appear that Zionism and mat f ugra genius”. Hungarian of impact als has Palestine of life scholarly “the that concluded and Imma Guttmann, Blau, Lajos Bacher, Vilmos as such giants scholarly Jewish hl tyn t rvre h cihd lis bu te ahr w rather the about claims clichéd the reverse to trying while relati by Yishuv the and Hungary between transfers and relations 622 621 620 referri by platform national Jewish the of adoption widespread Aladár Fürst, “Nagymagyarország zsidó középiskolái zsidó “Nagymagyarország Fürst, Aladár p.261. Ibid., p.260. Ibid., The last source I would like to explore is the scattered remar scattered the is explore to like would I source last The

620 i mr gnrl li ws ht adn al hs u, it up, these all “adding that was claim general more His 621 622 In sum, Hamméiri broadened the history of the of history the broadened Hamméiri sum, In n te wrs h tid o con fr the for account to tried he words, other In ” in in ” IMIT évkönyv IMIT Jewish secondary education (that (that education secondary Jewish , 1931, p.210. 1931, , companied the change of rule. of change the companied ng to its compensatory nature nature compensatory its to ng e particularly rewarding from rewarding particularly e brew culture is way greater greater way is culture brew an enrich my findings with with findings my enrich an ng to non-Jewish authors non-Jewish to ng dctd es h had who Jews educated t in Hungarian national national Hungarian in t ). Fürst’s explanation of explanation Fürst’s ). eak Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian eak r popular among them popular r f Hungary. They used used They Hungary. f nuel Lőw or Mihály Mihály or Lőw nuel fl te profound the felt o Jewish national national Jewish ks on Palestine Palestine on ks 192 CEU eTD Collection

part of the complex produced the best student resul student best the produced complex the of part pupils in Temesvár/Timişoara (gymnasium, Realschule (gymnasium, Temesvár/Timişoara in pupils h tm) hc tuh i Hbe, rpgtd h Je s wasuncertain in an and thus the support state lacked propagated Hebrew, in taught which time) the wrote on the gymnasium of Munkács / Munkacevo (belo Munkacevo / Munkács of gymnasium the on wrote and the defense of minority cultural interests. It It interests. cultural minority of defense the and in the Hebrew language until its forced Romanianiza forced its until language Hebrew the in necessitat steps i school association’s Zionist cultural Tarbuth the the as R in relations well Jewish – Hungarian of transformation as rulers Romanian new Jew various between e gap narrowing to the humiliations, attempted Fürst spirit. religious and national religio the as well as Alliance National Jewish the commitments and insights. In and insights.as commitments well as the artic sentence in single this we who those to especially but – desires cherished generally ancient, to answer up-to-date modern, provided also it hand, other the On nat the from escape to way a them offering them, concerntruly of course the in Jews the on forced choice a be to largely seemed in relation consequences thein Hungarian negative tragedy. to of the 623 short onothershort ideas”. especia power notable acquire to managed it ancestors, their of H the towards feel Jews all nostalgia inherent the with combined pe autonomous and independent of slogans modern its with and, out way a showed self-c “the making situation this in that thought He own”. their as wanted sides multiple on nationalities when patriotism new versus face to had “Jews Poland multiethnic formed, newly the in tw connected: the article, this In developments. political Jewish evaluate the on lessons general some draw to attempted and experiences his on and Jews Polish (On iskoláikról” és zsidókról “Lengyel series, 624 Aladár Fürst, “Lengyel zsidókról és középiskoláikr és zsidókról “Lengyel Fürst, Aladár educatio secondary Jewish discussed Fürst 1931, In Zionism thus appeared as a phenomenon that mostly concerned the young and young the concerned mostly that phenomenon a as appeared thus Zionism 624

is noteworthy that this description included the an the included description this that noteworthy is n Kolozsvár / Cluj that provided education on a nat a on education provided that Cluj / Kolozsvár n ituation and in a rather poor material condition. poor rather in a and ituation us community and, accordingly, education was held i held was education accordingly, and, community us ts in the whole of Romania. The complex was support was complex The Romania. of whole the in ts pan hs y onig o or atr: h am to aim the factors: four to pointing by this xplain omania did not receive any treatment. He also repor also He treatment. any receive not did omania ól” in ól” tion in 1923 and its subsequent closure in 1925. He 1925. in closure subsequent its and 1923 in tion ish groups, the awakening of Jewish national sentim national Jewish of awakening the groups, ish ih ainl ltom n t euainl practices educational its in platform national wish and trading school). He maintained that the gymnas the that maintained He school). trading and n on the example of a school complex catering for 6 for catering complex school a of example the on n nging to the Carpatoukranian part of Czechoslovakia of part Carpatoukranian the to nging ed by the newly gained minority status, but the the but status, minority gained newly the by ed IMIT évkönyv IMIT re young and thus without other without thus and young re , 1932, p.274. 1932, , lly among the youth who were whoyouth the among lly ionalist struggles of non-Jews. non-Jews. strugglesof ionalist their Schools), Fürst reported Fürst Schools), their 623 oly Land and the language language the and Land oly a competition that did not did that competition a mtes eae tightly became matters o to claim <> claim to In article third of the the ncos ins choice Zionist onscious le as a whole, stronger a whole,le as stronger postwar situation and and situation postwar the dilemmas of old of dilemmas the unchanging and and unchanging

imosity of the of imosity ional basis, basis, ional oplehood 193 n it in a a in it n avoid avoid ted on ted ed by by ed , but but , also also ium ium ent ent 50 50 at at CEU eTD Collection

published an article on a crucial person in the history of Zionis of history the in person crucial a on article an published but like here, they tended to be combined with qualifications and a m a and qualifications with combined be to tended they here, like but present of the ancient home of Jews, the land of Pa of land the Jews, of home ancient the of present problem of the Galuth”. Mihály Guttmann, “A Talmud Talmud “A Guttmann, Mihály Galuth”. the of problem dec. 26.)” in 26.)” dec. that even if its materialization would end up produ up end would materialization its if thateven Bernát Mandl mentioned when presenting the life of life the presenting when mentioned Mandl Bernát aiy n Hmér, h atce eis f üs ad h thoug the and Fürst of series article the Hamméiri, and family the thinking of Martin Buber who was widely considered representa considered widely was who Buber Martin of thinking the Jews. (theoretical the being as it justify to tried else rather ident without program national Jewish the of popularity increased re a provide to wished Fürst whether decide to difficult it makes apologetic rather with mixed statements justificatory of kinds 625 626 magyar-török békekötés” in in békekötés” Mandl, magyar-török Bernát settlement. Jewish of purpose the for forerunne of one as seen be well might he name, his t between treaty peace a of interest the in labored that some want to view as arising directly out of t of out directly arising as view to want some that te Guttmann Mihály Galuth, the of life intellectual realization necessary. realization pe of work “sacred the reach to path a offered it that convinced Hor Gréciano, prince of ideas the Discussing Humanity). of Court the ítélőszé humanitás a antiszemitizmus “Az his in dignity Jewish still constitute a significant achievement achievement significant a stillconstitute whatwould bring. the future When plans for the Jewish Museum were discussed in discussed were Museum Jewish the for plans When íté humanitás a antiszemitizmus “Az Horvát, Henrik IMIT évkönyv IMIT In a similar vein, Henrik Horvát, wrote about Zionism as a means a as Zionism about wrote Horvát, Henrik vein, similar a In Besides the annual reports, the contributions made by members of t of members by made contributions the reports, annual the Besides 625 , 1933, p.308. In the middle of the 1930s, we find find we 1930s, the of middle the In p.308. 1933, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT In the early 1930s, hopes were explicitly articulated else articulated explicitly were hopes 1930s, early the In

626

, 1935, p.244. Addressing the question of negative of question the Addressing p.244. 1935, , he Habsburgs and the Ottomans) that even though few though even that Ottomans) the and Habsburgs he cing only more modest results than originally hoped originally than results modest more only cing he Jewish genius, should perhaps be viewed, above a above viewed, be perhaps should genius, Jewish he rs of Zionism. Nasi wanted to acquire an island fro anisland acquire to wanted Nasi Zionism. of rs ntatively formulated the idea that “the literary sh literary “the that idea the formulated ntatively lestine ought to be included”. “Igazgatósági jelent “Igazgatósági included”. be to ought lestine the 16 the Dn ózf áz é a 16. v diáoy osztr drinápolyi évi 1568. az és Nászi Jószef “Don sorsa” in sorsa” lőszéke előtt” in in előtt” lőszéke 1933, it was brought up that “the past as well as as well as past “the that up brought was it 1933, th century “selfless diplomat” Don Josepf Nasi (who (who Nasi Josepf Don diplomat” “selfless century ly as well as practically) right choice for for choice right practically) as well as ly IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT t thought: he briefly explored explored briefly he thought: t two further references to Zionism: Zionism: to references further two hts of Horvát, Simon Gedő Gedő Simon Horvát, of hts , 1934, p.15. 1934, , e lt” At-eiim at (Anti-Semitism előtt” ke -sounding notions, which which notions, -sounding asonable apologia for the for apologia asonable ifying himself with it, or it, with himself ifying tive of the previous three three previous the of tive ace”, and considered its its considered and ace”, oderate level of trust in in trust of level oderate vát stated that he was he that stated vát , 1933, p.161. He added added He p.161. 1933, ,

phenomena in the the in phenomena of regaining regaining of where too, where ortcoming ortcoming he Patai Patai he m Venice , it would would it , és (1932. (1932. és 194 ll, as a a as ll, know know ák- the the CEU eTD Collection

populate the land.” nin hmln. ugra ltrr oiin i nt usin hi right their question not did opinion literary Hungarian homeland. ancient ha “Jews that romanticism” of “air the in natural appeared Literature), clai our Zsoldos View in onJews irodalmunkban” Jenő Romantic (The Jewry.German of decades a mere part of the larger movement of Jewish Renaissance. movement of Jewish larger ofa the part mere Zionis of form ethical” and cultural “spiritual, a through community t was a to currents goal Hasidic particularly mystical, and Enlightenment whose conservatism religious and nationalism” “formal oue f 94 ht h oinain f i pry wa party his of orientation the that 1934 of volume K of reception Hungarian the of signs other several 628 Jew relevance. interconfessional and merit German a Zionist, a considered be once at should Buber reasons, “Kultúrélet” in in “Kultúrélet” 629 627 ecn, aig no osdrto te at ht hr wr to fe too were there that fact the consideration into taking descent, inhabitant Arab of majority the that so much so flows, blood Jewish Pal in Arabs the by maintained best is life Jewish “Ancient Easter Ancient of Mirror as Talmud (The tükre” élet keleti ókori pro- as read be superficially only can which interpretation, chauvinis a offered Klausner, from theory the borrowing who, Blau, Lajos Gedő, “Buber” in “Buber” Gedő, Lajos Blau, “A Talmud mint az ókori keleti élet t élet keleti ókori az mint Talmud “A Blau, Lajos p.167. Ibid., of intentions “high the Gedő, of evaluation the In IMIT évkönyv IMIT y otat i hs itrcl nlss ild A oatks zs romantikus “A titled analysis historical his in contrast, By h ms drn Zoit da n h cus o te 90 ws formul was 1930s the of course the in idea Zionist daring most The IMIT évkönyv IMIT 629

, 1934, p.306. , 1934,

, 1931, p.187. 1931, , 627 Buber was depicted as a humanist standing on the platform of platform the on standing humanist a as depicted was Buber

lausner. For instance, Ervin György Patai wrote in wrote Patai György Ervin instance, For lausner. Buber are among the most effective forces of Israe of forces effective most the among are Buber ükre” in ükre” “acsi ad ainlsi” Evn yry Patai György Ervin nationalistic”. and “fascistic s IMIT évkönyv IMIT 628 Arab. In his “A Talmud mint az mint Talmud “A his In Arab. Gedő emphasized that for these for emphasized that Gedő ve eternally yearned for their their for yearned eternally ve , 1934, p.27. At this time, there were were there time, thisAt p.27. 1934, , chieve the renewal of human human of renewal the chieve sie n hs vis much veins whose in estine n Life), Blau wrote that that wrote Blau Life), n m – which he considered he which – m w Arab conquerors to to conquerors Arab w s might be of Jewish Jewish of be might s snhsz the synthesize o and a person of of person a and to Jerusalem Jerusalem to tically Jewish Jewish tically idószemlélet med that it med it that ated by by ated 195 the same same the l today.” today.” l , , CEU eTD Collection

aaoia apcs f h Jws ntoa poet ht e el he that project national Jewish the of aspects paradoxical franca rnil, hr ws n nes rlto bten h populari the between relation inverse an was there principle, Hebrew well to translate their Jewish historical studies.”historical Jewish their translate to well Hebrew acces become they who knew pupils and his encouraged Blau conviction, life, this shared his Towards end of the once Jewry of whole the of treasure common the H in studies historical “his that maintained he Blau) of works the clearlyargu Lőwinger Sámuel place. first the in emerge Besides the linguistic question, Lőwinger was also interested i interested also was Lőwinger question, linguistic the Besides zrp vlgötnt mgiáíábn (h Rl o te J the of Role (The megvilágításban” világtörténeti szerepe and modern Hebrew, it became an open question which language would ser would language which question open an became it Hebrew, modern and Germ of prestige the of decline VI) Chapter in see shall we either.” dealt specifically and exclusively with the 19the with exclusivelyandspecifically dealt national program bu it, Jewish and as justify entirely thereby normal 632 631 630 i themselves express to have come, to millennia even or centuries of universe the of interest the on count “to wishing authors Jewish that “G the of impact the discussing own: his of ideas similar very such Jewishcould “yearnings.” explain ab some not alone, circumstances and circumstances that meant This earnes in improve to started latter the once Europe: in situation Lőwinger, “Hagyományos” in in “Hagyományos” Lőwinger, in “Blau” Lőwinger, irodalm zsidószemlélet “A romantikus Zsoldos, Jenő f eih coasi i te uue spoig ht n dmnn cente dominant one that supposing – future the in scholarship Jewish of 630 The reader might conclude from these words that Zsoldos wanted to to wanted Zsoldos that words these from conclude might reader The In the 1930s, with the tragic and drastic (but by no means all encompassing, a means encompassing, all (butandno Inby the tragic drastic with 1930s, the IMIT évkönyv IMIT

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1936, p.39. p.39. 1936, , , 1943, p.49. p.49. 1943, , th century. He went on to claim that, as a generala as that, claim to on century.went He unkban” in unkban” ed in favor of Hebrew when (apropos (apropos when Hebrew of favor in ed IMIT évkönyv IMIT 631 Elsewhere, Lőwinger propagated Lőwinger Elsewhere, an and the further rise of English English of rise further the and an ewish People Approached from from Approached People ewish brtd n i “ zió nép zsidó “A his in aborated t, the former rapidly declined. declined. rapidly former the t, n the specific complexity and complexity specific the n ty of such programs and the the and programs such of ty reek-Arab age” he remarked remarked he age” reek-Arab n the n ungarian can only become become only can ungarian , 1935, p.278. p.278. 1935, , t his historical reflections his t solutely valid principle, principle, valid solutely Hebrew language Hebrew Jewry and readers in in readers and Jewry il i Hebrew. in sible ve as the as ve present the present would r 196 lingua ”. 632 s s

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oiin f n o te ot usadn pros f ugra Jws schol Jewish Hungarian of persons outstanding most the of one of position Lőw by text this in complemented conceptually thus was places people wishes to find its way through exploring its past […] past its exploring through way its find to wishes people H confusing. and multifaceted nevertheless was situation their but past. Lőwinger, “Világtörténeti” in “Világtörténeti” Lőwinger, past. text. text. changes, of inclusion and exclusion (closedness was Lőwinger was (closedness exclusion and inclusion of 127-8. pp. Ibid., century”. a otmoay itr sc a te ak f stability, of lack the as t such history referring contemporary After occupied. presently Jews places social fr resulting Zionism of difficulties special the on reflections HistoricalamongIMIT Perspective).World Heauthors alone wit of was the 634 t in that confessed and felt He there. Muslims and Christians with La Holy the in home a find should Jews persecuted that “desired He t towards predisposition negative a with personally) stance this ne the feel not did he (although Land” Holy the to Jews of “homecoming affirmati an combined who someone as appeared scholar Orientalist I of Memory (The emlékezete” Ignác “Goldziher Inhis Goldziher. ( people a Jews calling of mixture 636 635 633 ies fts n attitudes”. and fates diverse p of groups within live to happen units various Their Jewry. for task communities. This is indeed a rare combination: conceiving of a of conceiving combination: rare a indeed is This p.128. Ibid., so been has there “never there that maintained He the of bases power and cultural “the that wrote He 634 he explicated that Jews possessed their own history and had cl had and history own their possessed Jews that explicated he 636 Bernát Heller evoked a different kind of duality when discussing t discussing when duality of kind different a evoked Heller Bernát

635 IMIT évkönyv IMIT TeJws rbe o en satrd vr ay different many over scattered being of problem Jewish The nép , 1938, p.128 p.128 1938, , ad mgnn te a living as them imagining and ) ’s term) but also their relative independence. Not Not independence. relative their also but term) ’s many events of global significance as in the past q thepast in as significance global of manyevents group as a people usually implies not only a notab a only not implies usually people a as group whole of humanity” have become unstable in the rec the in unstable become have humanity” of whole 633 n te ceeain f historical of acceleration the and this poses a particularly difficult particularlya poses this sm gnrl rbes of problems general some o om the diverse geographic and geographic diverse the om he Jewish national program. national Jewish he gnác Goldziher) this major major this Goldziher) gnác he prayers so dear to him to dear so prayers he nd, and live in fraternity in live and nd, e believed that “every “every that believed e ne’ rte unusual rather inger’s e tne oad the towards stance ve ol wt te most the with eople ed to follow up on up follow to ed osed communities, osed h providing some h providing some within rhp Ignác arship, he political political he so in this this in so 197 larger uarter of of uarter le level level le ent ent CEU eTD Collection

becomes apparent: the former, living at the time of the last ( last the of time the at living former, the apparent: becomes eoe h brh f odie) n Tinn en fo meant Trianon and Goldziher) of birth the before together – at least emotionally and spiritually. Pursuing this this Pursuing spiritually. and emotionally least at – together politica across living Jews that implied evidently theme this deeply felt religiosity”, that Goldziher in fact kept his distance from Z from distance his kept fact in Goldziher that religiosity”, deeply felt was “there that added Heller expressed.” was Zion for love the 637 638 these volumes at all. all. volumesat these 639 darkness (referr the Világos between decades the from i.e. Goldziher, glory the at back look should “we denying application Jews.without of to its the difficulties and accept could widely, more spreading was peoplehood of concept writ Lőwinger, while terms), legal in denomination, (a community a Jewry of conceived Monarchy, Habsburg the of flourishing cultural between difference conceptual basic the recollection, this of odie’ rptto o Zoit yptis I wa It sympathies. illustrat Zionist one of this reputation only Goldziher’s provided Heller p.25. Ibid, Jerus from travel would he that announced Goldziher agendathere. su generally were themes, related on contributors occasional the about writing people writers, report i.e. topics, the with of groups three all used), ever hardly was Zionism term the that Zioni the of history and characteristics the to attention less even Pal the of territory the in developments to space limited devoted els te ue f uuts o oe te get ce “great the Rome, to Augustus of rule the Hellas, averse to “bodily contact with those in whom he saw he whom in those with contact “bodily to averse t maintained Sebestyén Károly p.7. Ibid., Germans.” Heller’s attempt to explain the details of Goldzihe of details the explain to Heller’sattempt ember” in ember” On the other hand, openly critical voices and expl and voices critical openly hand, other the On the that arguing by contrast this stressed Heller in emlékezete” Ignác “Goldziher Heller, Bernát IMIT évkönyv IMIT 639 h mi lso o ti sbhpe i ta ee tog the though even that is subchapter this of lesson main The The annual reports dealt with the fate of Jewish groups around t groupsaround Jewish of fate the with dealt reports annual The , 1932, p.48. p.48. 1932, ,

r’s profound religiosity. religiosity. profound r’s golden age of Hungarian Jewry had ended and proposi and ended had Jewry Hungarian of age golden ing to the loss of the War of Independence in 1849, in Independence of War the of loss the to ing IMIT évkönyv IMIT o t spot i cam wih a mat o “clear to meant was which claim, his support to ion icit anti-Zionist polemics cannot be found on the p the on found be cannot polemics anti-Zionist icit signs of the sick age.” Károly Sebestyén, “Goldzih Sebestyén, Károly age.” sick the of signs a oeht nsa cam tog i floe from followed it though claim, unusual somewhat a s a i te at er o hs ie Glzhr a st was Goldziher life, his of years last the in hat alem to Hungary and described this as a “return hom “return a as this described and Hungary to alem r Hungarian Jewry no less than the age of Pericles Pericles of age the than less no Jewry Hungarian r f oa. Ii. p8 I hs nepeain the interpretation, his In p.8. Ibid., today.” of ntury for the French or the Weimar decades for the the for decades Weimar the or French the for ntury , 1932, p.25. In one of his letters from 1889, 1889, from letters his of one In p.25. 1932, , (and usually from) the Yishuv and and Yishuv the from) usually (and 638

l and linguistic borders belonged belonged borders linguistic and l basic thematic obviously cannot cannot obviously thematic basic and arguably most impressive) impressive) most arguably and authors who somehow dealt somehow who authors no national element in his his in element national no st movement (to the extent extent the (to movement st estinian Mandate and gave gave and Mandate estinian odie ad Lőwinger and Goldziher ing in the age when the the when age the in ing pportive of the Jewish Jewish the of pportive ionism. bove all as a religious religious a as all bove ute is s even use its further MT yearbooksIMIT 637 On the pages On the he world andworld he 198 the year year the ages of of ages ng that that ng g of age rongly rongly er, az az er, for for e”. e”. ” ”

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be directly translated as an expression of support for Zionism. for support of expression an as translated directly be perspective to the yearbooks and occasionally brought in what was what in brought occasionally and yearbooks the to perspective Jewish Identity, 1167-1900 Identity, Jewish Overall, however, the attitude of this mainstream forum of Jewish Jewish of was Palestine in initiatives Jewish towards forum discourse scholarly mainstream this of attitude the however, Overall, Land is not believed and is even denied.” Pál Hirsc Pál denied.” even is and believed not is Land cultural life were discussed. relat and developments when expressed H explicitly the and in frequently active Jews of centrality The observers. of role the their of requirements the with line in authors, both and restrained the if even clearly), very this communicated (Edelstein undertaking Pale to moved who Jews that sense the to contributed reports these uodnto o rlgo t eohl urns s we as currents newes the in that writing by critique his concluded epochal to mistake religion the of Among age. subordination modern the of critique sharp 640 country, about Jewish people ruling a land”. Zsigmo land”. a ruling people Jewish about country, and Jewry), where he argued that at the time Jewry time the at that argued he where Jewry), and Telegdi’ Zsigmond is echo” “potential a of case The 90 p22 Tlgi i nt ics t wa extent what to discuss not did Telegdi p.282. 1940, a, arn to io css oe f hc ws eey case a merely was which of one cases, minor two barring War, discrimi legal of years the in examples such any hardly were P of issues the upon touched topics unrelated on articles several sour of pool third the in observed be can decline similar a more, t beyond published longer no were articles such Notably, agitation. Rafa (later György Ervin by articles the particular in 1938, to the theme of the Khazars and the work of Yehuda Hal Yehuda of work the and Khazars the of theme the ea years thousand a from example an about stated he means no by (though possible is it Thus, meantime. In 1941, Pál Hirschler published his ideas on Jewi on ideas his published Hirschler Pál 1941, In Beyond this, the recurrent contributions of members of the Patai fa Patai the of members of contributions recurrent the this, Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). 2008). Press, University (Cambridge:Cambridge

t times “the future renewal of the people of Israel of people the of renewal future “the times t hler, “A zsidó messianizmus” in in messianizmus” zsidó “A hler, s conclusion of his “A kazárok és a zsidóság” (The (The zsidóság” a és kazárok “A his of conclusion s necessary) to suppose an analogous relation between relation analogous an suppose to necessary) “was especially enthusiastic about the existence a a existence the about enthusiastic especially “was rlier and what he wanted to imply about his own age own his about imply to wanted he what and rlier nd Telegdi, “A kazárok és a zsidóság” in zsidóság” a és kazárok “A Telegdi, nd eih ocpin ad tiue hv cagd n t in changed have attitudes and conceptions Jewish ll as its unacceptable reform on essential points. points. essential on reform unacceptable its as ll formulated he which of course the in Messianism, sh evi, see Adam Shear, Shear, Adam see evi, ad rbes h rfre t wa h sw s the as saw he what to referred he problems, and s far from negative (contrary to to (contrary negative from far nation and the Second World World Second the and nation el), added a more committed committed more a added el), What is clear though is that that is though clear is What ces: while in the mid-1930s mid-1930s the in while ces: task, preferred to remain in in remain to preferred task, alestine and Zionism, there Zionism, and alestine l Ln ws particularly was Land oly The Kuzari and the Shaping of Shaping the and Kuzari The unmistakably the tone of of tone the unmistakably f ptnil echoes.” “potential of stine were part of a vital vital a of part were stine ir tone was purposefully was tone ir os n nelcul and intellectual in ions e i-90. ht is What mid-1930s. he IMIT évkönyv IMIT Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1941, p. 95. p. 1941, , mily prior mily in the Holy Holy the in 199 Khazars Khazars Jewish Jewish what what . On On . 640 He He he he a a , ,

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discussed, the agenda of Zionism and its accomplishments were respected. wereZionismdiscussed, accomplishments and the agenda of its respected. t initiatives Jewish While assumptions). widespread still some János viszonya a legendához és agádához” since Ludw since agádához” és legendához a viszonya János we them of Four year. per one than more never was there exception authors such as the five parts of Pollák Miksa’s “M Miksa’s Pollák of parts five the as such authors 641 IMIT. genocide Europeanto and against interpreted in were Jewry, described t of developments the least, not but last and, life of areas most its policy, anti-Jewish state-led radical of beginnings ensuing their Nazis, the of deeds violent and popularity the developments, Ge contemporary shocking and large-scale the how fashion, chronological subchapter this of task important most and third, The Jewries. and b differences and similarities describe to attempted that co few a evokes briefly part second Henri The yearbook. 1937 by the in appeared Culture) German in Jews German zsidók of Role német (The “A kultúrában” history, cultural Jewish German of interpretation three of consists subchapter The themes. German on writings Jewi Hungarian Jewish important centrally this of out emerging ih emn ois s vn larger. even is topics German with of number the and themes, German on pieces twelve altogether were were presented as the central mediator between Jewi between mediator central the as werepresented Some studies ought to be mentioned here that aimed that here mentioned be to ought studies Some s led ntd n h sbhpe itouig the introducing subchapter the in noted already As present, the of history the of version a on subchapter closing This III.

Germany and Nazism IMIT in

641 uh otiuin apae rglry bt ih one with but regularly, appeared contributions Such sh and Hungarian cultures in both cases. cases. both in cultures Hungarian shand adách Imre és a Biblia” and Bernát Heller’s study “ study Heller’s Bernát and Biblia” a és Imre adách ig August Frankl and his German-language publicatio German-language his and Frankl August ig to show the impact of Jewish culture on Hungarian Hungarian on culture Jewish of impact the show to etween German and Hungarian Jews Jews Hungarian and German etween continuation and extension into extension and continuation he Second World War leading War World Second he parts: the first discusses a key key a discusses first the parts: here were only occasionally occasionally only were here sh yearbook series, analyzes series, yearbook sh writings that partly deal deal partly that writings s o eosrc, n a in reconstruct, to is MT yearbooks IMIT rise to power and the the and power to rise re authored by the the by authored re szerepe a német német a szerepe mparative remarks mparative k Horvát, which which Horvát, k

rman historical historical rman the one one the 200 , there there , Arany ns ns CEU eTD Collection

Jahrhunderten focusing on the impact of the Aggadah) misleading. misleading. Aggadah) the of impact the on focusing with effective micro analyses.micro effective with encompass combine to liked who Turóczi-Trostler József Germanist Toa Mn, z gáit” perd n h sbhpe o Jws c Jewish on subchapter the in appeared aggádista” az Mann, “Thomas whi 1, Chapter of end above, footnote a in analyzed was Zunz Leopold on one Szellem és forma” (Stefan Zweig: Spirit and Form), Form), and Spirit Zweig: (Stefan forma” Szellemés in Jewry of Path Eternal Stef útja örök zsidóság “A Vér’s Andor as such history literary including themes, German on works other several by accompanied were Heller’s interpretation of Thomas Mann Mann Thomas of interpretation Heller’s 643 Cla (Three novella” klasszikus “Három Connections), 642 Monarchy, Franz Kobler titled titled Kobler Franz Monarchy, the from originating pacifist a and lawyer a by edited anthology p book German a of summary a offers it since here classified Beyon Zionism. of History Jewish (The levelekben” története German zsidóság “A of Sebestyén’s kind peculiar a of spirit leading de that article single a only was there Germany. thought, Jewish in German schools relevant of coverage his with began articl education three Fürst’s that ago long not mentioned was It Schüler. f eih mat o te n hn, es matd h fnaet of fundaments the impacted Jews hand, one the on impact: Jewish of betw distinguished Horvát study, his of beginning the At 1937. in roles encompassi and elaborate rather a provided which kultúrában” német As quoted above, this article led to a direct, tho direct, a to led article this above, quoted As (O kérdéséhez” kapcsolatok irodalmi zsidó-német “A . . h ky et n hs lse i Hni Hrá’ “ nmt zs német “A Horvát’s Henrik is cluster this in text key The Jeremias

642 Two more were written by Bernát Heller (one of them, the them, of (one Heller Bernát by written were more Two of Stefan Zweig) or Erzsi Szenes’ article on Else-Lasker on article Szenes’ Erzsi or Zweig) Stefan of Joseph and his Brothers Brothers his and Joseph ue ud uetm n etce Bifn u drei aus Briefen deutschen in Judentum und Juden ugh one-sided polemic between them: Turóczi-Trostle them: between polemic ughone-sided ssic Short Stories), “Jakob Wassermann”, “Stefan Zw “Stefan Wassermann”, “Jakob Stories), Short ssic n the Question of Jewish-German Literary Literary Jewish-German of Question the n (written from a Jewish point of view and and view of point Jewish a from (written ublished in Vienna in 1935: an an 1935: in Vienna in ublished an Zweig Jeremiásában” (The (The Jeremiásában” Zweig an Czech lands of the Habsburg Habsburg the of lands Czech er i Ltes ws also was Letters) in Jewry l wt Mri Bbr the Buber, Martin with alt s n eih secondary Jewish on es ing historical panoramas historical ing ng discussion of Jewish of discussion ng German worldview worldview German ontributions een two basic forms basic two een n contemporary On d these, Károly Károly these, d contributions to to contributions idók szerepe a a szerepe idók le the other, other, the le 643 201 r called r , and ), eig: eig:

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belonged to the “specifically national” category. national” “specifically the to belonged be conceived as an agreement, an overlap or a commo a or anoverlap anagreement, as conceived be otoesa i te icus o te ilclclua contributi Biblical-cultural the on discourse the in controversial simil (somewhat impacts Jewish about talk the necessitate Germa to influence contributed former the that they argued Horvát individuals. hand, as achievements other the on while, Christianity through n hw uh hs cnrbtos eae nerl at o Gra c German explored. of parts integral became contributions these much how and J German “what where subjects of kind the provided that arts the I study. of object German specifically no was there therefore, for least (at were problems the all sciences exact the te the of case the in that writing by simplified Horvát question 646 645 He it. of aspects several borrowed also but Judaism tha was stance His IMIT. of pages the on done often 644 D crucial those or salons, maintaining Herz and Henriette creating in Varhagen, played Mendelssohn) Levin Rahel as (such women Jewish sp the emphasized and philosophy” of “sign the under culture German entr the with began Horvát Mendelssohn. Moses of days the beginning, very li national German to German- themselves devoted have of Jews which to narrative according brief a offered even Horvát literature”. mass Jewish the relation of and “attitude the discuss to other, and,quality on the i of basis the on impact cultural such of extent the show to wanted Ibid., p.152. Ibid., kul német a szerepe zsidók német “A HenrikHorvát, impact, this asserting of favour in argued Horvát 645

ovts hoy a ta te mjrt” f emn eih c Jewish German of “majority” the that was theory Horvát’s

was also ready to accept that this impact could al could impact this that accept to ready also was n heritage. nheritage. but in a more concrete and circumscribed way than w than way circumscribed and concrete more a in but t Christianity displayed an essential ethical ident ethical essential an displayed Christianity t túrában” in túrában” 646 His aim was twofold: on the one hand, he hand, one the on twofold: was aim His mally) the same for all peoples and and peoples all for same the mally) IMIT évkönyv IMIT arly to what I have identified as as identified have I what to arly t was literature, the press and and press the literature, was t chnical questions tackled by by tackled questions chnical n f Jews of on ews gave to Germandom Germandom to gave ews , 1937, p.152. p.152. 1937, , ndividuals of exceptional exceptional of ndividuals eih utrl history, cultural Jewish nbe, u dd not did but enabled, ca rl German role ecial places of polite polite of places terature since the the since terature ulture” could be be could ulture” 644 y of Jews into Jews of y rte Veit- orothea es to German es German to ultural work work ultural . h latter The ). n cultural cultural n ternatively ternatively 202 ity with with ity as as CEU eTD Collection

ouaiain f emn uhr ws unquestionable, was authors German of popularization best for his poetry, a rational romantic, a self-ir a romantic, rational a poetry, his for best but rather used the label of Jewish as a racist denunciation of denunciation racist a as Jewish of label the used rather but fact this “recognize” to wanted way no in anti-Semitism Nazi arguably overly) restrained tone and (too) polite formulations, Horvá formulations, polite (too) and tone restrained overly) arguably own. their on popular truly anyone the inhabitants, the of percent one merely constituted Jews since p189 I al ieiod TrciTote would Turóczi-Trostler H that self-irony and sentimentalism of combination likelihood, all In pp.158-9. t of heart the in “present lyricism the articulated oit ad utrd neato. e de ta te eeac o J of relevance the that added He interaction. cultured and society 647 literature”.German in J that recognizes anti-Semitism official even way own its “in Fontaneandauthors Thomas mentioned (Horvát Mann). the of cases Theodor r significant acquire thus could and public reading the of share managed to become the first great German publicist publicist German great first the become to managed 648 650 649 re German literary write skillsto the acquired and und Paris in emigration German of head the liberty, “patriot a as appeared Börne Ludwig genius”. German th in work Jewish German this at “look observation: achievements. artistic outstanding ilaig n h sne ht t neetmtd h ntr o contem of nature the underestimated it that sense the in misleading n “vn Goethe” “even and M Thomas and Heinrich Wedekind, Hauptmann, mentioned himself Horváth – canons Ibid., p.165. Ibid., p.165. Ibid., c the in played Varhagen role the mentioned Horvát approach the questioned Horvát conclusion, his In At this point, Horvát reached a truly controversial question: hequestion: maintained Horvát that point, a reached controversial truly At this 650 649 s uhr wo ee aee “eih o “eiid. sn a(n Using “Jewified”. or “Jewish” labeled were who authors as This claim was intentionally subversive and not unfounded, but still but unfounded, not and subversive intentionally was claim This

648 At the same time, they did constitute a disproportionate a constitute did they time, same the At onic but sentimental author deserved to be mentione be to deserved author sentimental but onic he people” and reflected modern sentiments and thou and sentiments modern reflected and people” he latively late in his life. Ibid., pp.156-7. Heinric pp.156-7. Ibid., hislife. in late latively orvát believed characterized him. him. characterized believed orvát even though he was often negatively discriminated a discriminated negatively often was he though even e interest of understanding and acceptance of the g the of acceptance and understanding of interest e that sought the merits of German Jews exclusively i exclusively Jews German of merits the sought that have qualified Heine as clearly Jewish due to the the to due Jewish clearly as Heine qualified have r h Jl Mnrh. ovt one ot ht Börne that out pointed Horvát Monarchy. July the er of exceptional moral composure,” a satirical fanat satirical a composure,” moral exceptional of ult of Goethe, which led him to the following following the to him led which Goethe, of ult 647 u age aant exaggeration: against argued but ews have shown strong interest interest strong shown have ews certain literary platforms and platforms literary certain (not even in “its own way”), own “its in even (not oles in supporting certain certain supporting in oles y could never have made made have never could y ews in the reception and and reception the in ews t nonetheless sought to to sought nonetheless t porary anti-Semitism: anti-Semitism: porary h Heine, known known hHeine, d because he because d ghts. Ibid., Ibid., ghts. 203 s a Jew Jew a s reatest reatest n their their n ic of of ic ann

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culture”. ability general “the showed and “important” was work cultural this m were quoted he facts the hand, other the On culture”. German universal mer and rank equal of people are they do, non-Jews as line same carriers Jewish German that claimed Horvát hand, one the On study. weakness of Germans, depending on the perspective. theperspective. on depending Germans, of weakness that generally more also remarked Fürst excellence, stigmatization and as exclusion st stigmatization of a Jews seeminglylogical next at delineate and stamp to desire manic the contest and reveal they followed from no specific cause since Jews wer Jews causesince specific no from followed they accusations. The logical problem here was that spec that was here problem logical The accusations. cha essential collective, on discourses question to 653 652 the with comparisons some drew also Fürst situation, 654 of ambivalence The specificities. Jewish notionsof 651 almost was schooling Jewish of cause the Germany in that added he andbehave a collective. not did did special like acti and independent an not was collective Jewish the conception his in analytica Horvát’s bit, a matters simplify To differences. absence the and equality complete prove simultaneously and merits fashion and more consistently” than the one in Budapest. in one the than consistently” more and fashion principl its implements it institutions, German all “like though any than Pest of gymnasium the to similar more was claimed he “speak the unmistakable dialect of their homelands” their of dialect unmistakable the “speak circles. circles. ev but origin, Jewish of expressions certain of use Aladár Fürst, “Németország zsidó középiskolái” in in középiskolái” zsidó “Németország Fürst, Aladár apologe of kind this of characteristics the of One pp.167-8. Ibid., German of masses “the that stated he instance, For 652 Thus his sober polemic wanted to offer a discussion of Jewish cont Jewish of discussion a offer to wanted polemic sober his Thus n i pnrm o Gra Jws shos nx t dsrbn te G the describing to next schools, Jewish German of panorama his In h abvlne f hs icus i ms ntbe t h ls s last the at notable most is discourse this of ambivalence The

racter traits, he needed to defend the Jewish colle Jewish the defend to needed he traits, racter en these, he maintained, were employed well beyond beyond well employed were maintained, he these, en his text derived precisely from the fact that, whi that, fact fromthe precisely derived texthis e supposed to be just like others. likeothers. be just to supposed e it could be considered the most characteristic str characteristic most the considered be could it . Ibid., p.166. They could only be identified throu identified be only could They p.166. Ibid., . ial Jewish accomplishments only happened to be ther be to happened only accomplishments Jewish ial tic discourse was that Horvát did not employ essent employ not did Horvát that was discourse tic Jews cannot be recognized by their speech” since t since speech” their by recognized be cannot Jews 653 MT évkönyv IMIT

Philanthropin l focus was the Jewish collective but but collective Jewish the was focus l 654 As a further point of comparison,of point further a As , 1930, p.239. On this organizational organizational this On p.239. 1930, , all cost that would lead to the the to lead would that cost all it, working in the interest of of interest the in working it, other school in Germany, in school other ep. es in a more determined determined more a in es of German Jews to create to Jews German of in Frankfurt a.M., which a.M., Frankfurt in of Jewish – non-Jewish non-Jewish – Jewish of 651 exclusively taken up by by up taken exclusively of culture “walk in the in “walk culture of ve agent in history: it history: in agent ve

eant to show that that show to eant ributions and ributions ae f the of tage le he wanted wanted he le ctive from ctive 204 ength or or ength gh their their gh erman erman Jewish Jewish ialist ialist hey hey e – – e CEU eTD Collection

Hungarica Judaica Hungarica n the In GermanHungarian and influences reception. c and places two the relating of examples Further comparison. intimacy”. warm of atmosphere the of preservation the rather much but reason], “less was schools these of aim the Thus, forces. conservative 655 656 confessio diverse to belonged schools Jewish German al were publications book their of volume the and journals scholarly to managed nevertheless they that but Jewry, Hungarian of those German of numbers overall and situation material the that was 1933, of basis The activities. Hungarian of state the critique to order “our national perspective”. Ibid., pp. 253-4. pp. Ibid., nationalperspective”. “our with Pest in Gymnasium Girls’ and Boys’ the of that t though – Pest in gymnasium the to one closest the sharp Demonstrating uncertain. remained point this at direction politi frightening the to pages five altogether devoted He 1930. in as quite events German current looking dangerous the with dealt Edelstein expa the of control the under coming territories the on and Germany ong the evaluate and present IMIT of authors the did how Jewry, German n wrs n oil oiy n h Hnain languag Hungarian the in policy social on works and almost the or Germany, in topics Jewish in scholars Hungarian the on light critical similarly throwing afan n Ba) il otne o hw o Hungari to show to continue univewithin possesses Jewry Hungarian significance will Blau) and Kaufmann with at the time, not French, English, Italian or o or Italian English, French, not time, the at with value sum a Kármán, Mór and Goldziher Ignác Bacher, Jewish theological institute in the world could pri could world the in institute theological Jewish scho “the that claiming further, even went Lőwinger évkönyv “Wertheimer Adolf elnöki jelentése” in in jelentése” elnöki Adolf “Wertheimer on encountered have to claimed Fürst p.252. Ibid., 13, .6 Ti cnncl “motl) ru (Lő group (“immortal”) canonical This p.16. 1936, , MT yearbooksIMIT 655 n o te ietra rprs lo rvdd oe comparative some provided also reports directorial the of One n h lgt f hs assmns f emn utr ad h sta the and culture German of assessments these of light the In was not always so: in the age of the Dual Monarchy Dual the of age the in so: always not was hs bif eak ofr h ms sgiiat xmls of examples significant most the offer remarks brief these

IMIT évkönyv IMIT ther Jewries.” Heller, “Goldziher” in “Goldziher” Heller, Jewries.” ther situation such as the much greater interest shown b shown interest greater much the as such situation eisl ihayhn iia” őigr “Blau” Lőwinger, similar”. anything with itself de lars at the Seminary were of such significance that significance such of were Seminary the at lars complete absence of Jewish literary works, Zionist works, literary Jewish of absence complete rsal ( rsal he size of this Frankfurt institution did not even even not did institution Frankfurt this of size he e liberal exception that therefore immediately qual immediately therefore that exception liberal e its 1 300 pupils. Moreover, the fact that the teac the that fact the Moreover, pupils. 300 1 its ns appeared to him as the “most conspicuous fact” f fact” conspicuous “most the as him to appeared ns . ent elr anand ht hs backwardness this that maintained Heller Bernát e. of such magnitude only German Jewry could compete compete could Jewry German only magnitude such of , 1933, pp. 253-5. Not to speak of further differen further of speak to Not 253-5. pp. 1933, , egyetemes an Jews and Jewry at large “the great cultural cultural great “the large at Jewry and Jews an winger mentioned Bacher, Bloch, Goldziher, Goldziher, Bloch, Bacher, mentioned winger ) Jewry”. Ibid., p.56. p.56. Ibid., Jewry”. ) “Jewry gave to Hungariandom Vilmos Vilmos Hungariandom to gave “Jewry to spread that shining light [of [of light shining that spread to this comparison, published in published comparison, this foresight, he pointed out that that out pointed he foresight, ommunities deal rather with rather deal ommunities maintain ten times as many many as times ten maintain so many times higher. times many so cal developments whose whose developments cal reverence and religious religious and reverence Jewry was similar to to similar was Jewry IMIT évkönyv IMIT elaborately as early early as elaborately dn Tid Reich? Third nding oing events in in events oing elcin in reflections nding of the of nding , 1932, p.7. 1932, , y Christian Christian y approach approach 205 no other other no direct in ified as as ified hers in in hers works works IMIT IMIT rom rom ces ces 656 of

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p.288. Concerning Alsace, he mentioned that it rema it that mentioned he Alsace, Concerning p.288. “5696” in “5696” I that announced who Mussolini quoted even and own” Grü 1936, In p.311. Ibid., anti-Semitism”. of forms mid-1930s we also find the opinion about “the Duce” “the about opinion the find also we mid-1930s meeting of national minorities. Grünwald, “5694. és “5694. Grünwald, minorities. national meetingof minorities, national of understanding the on count usin on a solution.” a found question its continue will it that decided Hitler of party the Munich, “in al t ei des” dlti, 59” in “5690” Edelstein, deeds.” evil to calls 657 reputation. t annulled Nazis the of popularity dominant) and (previously deeds the the reasonableness: of collapse the to rise their connecting 660 659 and immature the agitate They Germans. of sobriety 658 communities. religious of life the regulating si especially rule, Mussolini’s from expected be could Jewry ons n h lwis psin o te oe member lower the of passions lowliest the on counts Nazi the before years violent and uncertain perce clearly was situation German the of nature threatening s t a epaie ta “h fsit at ws a fr far was party fascist “the conceptions.” that emphasized was it as ally important an Italy, fascist of assessment The fascism. onain f h Hte scs n h Uie States United the followed jealously previously “the of achievement” in sects Hitler the of foundation discu Germans, about remarks mocking and condemning founders of the party as a reason for this. this. for reason a as party the of founders Edelstein, “5689” in “5689” Edelstein, p.290 Ibid., there”. fashion barbaric a in attacked er erir ih h wrs “yaous ee atta were “Synagogues words. the with earlier years formulated a more condemning statement on the depri the on statement condemning more a formulated Edelstein, “5691” in “5691” Edelstein, in 5693.” és “5692. Edelstein, nation the of leader the “Hugenberg, that wrote He in “5689” Edelstein, IMIT évkönyv IMIT 658

659 The question of anti-Semitism around this time appeared more impor more appeared time this around anti-Semitism of question The Eesen vnblee ta te srnteig n uiiain of unification” and “strengthening the that believed even Edelstein IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1936, p.315. p.315. 1936, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1930, p.284. p.284. 1930, , 657 , 1930, p.293. p.293. 1930, , n 91 h dvtd vn oe teto t te Nazis, the to attention more even devoted he 1931, In , 1932, p.291. In 1935 Grünwald complained that Jew that complained Grünwald 1935 In p.291. 1932, , MT évkönyv IMIT , 1933, p.225. Edelstein evoked the role of Jews am Jews of role the evoked Edelstein p.225. 1933, , . He described the growing problems in Poland alrea Poland in problems growing the described He . nwald stated that Jews “consider the aims of fascis of aims the “consider Jews that stated nwald 5695.” in 5695.” German culture.” Edelstein, “5691” in “5691” Edelstein, culture.” German e ald n nlaat upie hc i “h new “the is which surprise unpleasant an called he ined German in some respect as “a Jewish cemetery w cemetery Jewish “a as respect some in German ined al party and Hitler, the national socialist party l party socialist national the Hitler, and party al kd n dscae, s f hs a clue German cultured was this if as desecrated, and cked irresponsible classes of the people and make defama make and people the of classes irresponsible o uh o ht te nentoa meig f fasci of meeting international “the that so much so , who “directs every movement” that he “condemns al “condemns he that movement” every “directs who , Machtergreifung o scey vn oe hv sae or eif n t in belief our shaken have more, even society of s vation of German Jewish rights” than the internatio the than rights” Jewish German of vation talian and Jewish ideals had been merged. Grünwald, merged. been had ideals Jewish and talian ssing them as the new leading anti-Semitic might. T might. anti-Semitic leading new the as them ssing 660 , 1931, p.300. By 1932, Edelstein made several several made Edelstein 1932, By p.300. 1931, , n h ohr ad te ruln and troubling the hand, other the On IMIT évkönyv IMIT of Hungary, was not so negative, so not was Hungary, of nce a new law had been passed passed been had law new a nce ived: Edelstein saw that in the in that saw Edelstein ived: there was a grave danger of of danger grave a was there , 1935, p.298. In the report from the fromthe the Inreport p.298. 1935, , m cetn anti-Semitic accepting om agitation until the Jewish Jewish the until agitation heir generous previous previous generous heir mg o German of image IMIT évkönyv IMIT s could not even even not could s ong the 120 120 the ong tant than than tant eader who who eader m as their their as m 206 Italian dy two two dy , 1932, , tory tory y!” y!” nal est est sts sts he he he as l l

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prognosis from 1933 provides strong support for the often evoked thesis th thesis evoked often the for support strong provides 1933 from prognosis otne t cl) h pry f ilr ( Hitler of party the call) to continued FL], so proud of his racial might and talent should talent and might hisof racial proud FL],so G the miraculous that “Itisquite statement ironic raet hc ad fear. and shock greatest Germany “being swallowed up in mass anger and the outbreak outbreak the and anger mass in up swallowed “being Germany “the nation of poets and thinkers can hardly be recognized any longer any recognized be hardly can thinkers and poets of nation “the W of formula famous the evoked he regime new the of character the and 663 662 manifested”. is Jews of hatred fright to just even employed terror with suppressed is freedom violenc open of rule “the thus: regime Nazi the of beginnings the improvements” proper could provide remedy. popula the of desperation the to referred Edelstein successes, Jews”. of hatred their issue, one on ground common raging, was war civil undeclared “an that wrote Edelstein 1933: Ge in issue consensual and central a as depicted was Semitism 667 666 665 664 soug He theory.” “Aryan racist the in grounding its 661 dead” Jews its shoot or starve would Reich Third the that maintained Ibid., p.212. Ibid., p.215. Ibid., in 5693.” és “5692 Edelstein, p.293. Ibid., Edelst real, was fear and shock of sense the While p.292. Ibid., in “5691” Edelstein, In 1933, in an attempt to indicate the sharp contrast between Ge between contrast sharp the indicate to attempt an in 1933, In IMIT évkönyv IMIT 663

IMIT évkönyv IMIT s h mi rao o ter nxetd sunn electoral stunning unexpected, their of reason main the As , 1932, p.292. p.292. 1932, , 666 e one t etee u raitc agr: i i often is “it dangers: realistic but extreme to pointed He , 1933, p.211. p.211. 1933, , ermanic [here he used the word “germán” instead of instead “germán” word the heused [here ermanic find his gravedigger in merely 600 000 Ibid Jews”. 000 merely600 in gravedigger hisfind Hitler-párt ht to reveal its absurdity, for instance, through m through instance, for absurdity, its reveal to ht ein also tried to mock the Nazi type of anti-Semiti of type Nazi the mock to tried also ein 664

) undoubtedly continued to cause the the cause to continued undoubtedly ) 662 vn o te ie f wa he (what of rise the so, Even ce to which “only economic economic “only which to ce in which several parties find find parties several which in n ad h ms boundless most the and en, mn oiis vn before even politics rman hs tre, individual started, has e f passions”. of ”. 665 at the Nazis never Nazis the at He characterized He . 667 olfgang Menzel: Menzel: olfgang hs explicit This rman history history rman 661 ., p.232. ., “német” – – “német” aking the the aking 207 Anti- sm and and sm

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beyond the pain and the feelings of sympathy the ch the sympathy of feelings the and pain the beyond Ib autonomy” cultural and independence its preserve 670 idea of a racially defined German defined racially a of idea was Third Reich Germany, the new asserted the that He wrote. consolidation”, he increasingly wor the the continues revolution Socialist National “victorious The situation. on words with contribution such first his began he class status – which he reported already right before the pas the before right already reported he which – status class 669 genocide. rea to way no was there that and intentions, true their hide to tried 668 haveeffects. perverse f detached development technical power: of seizure Nazi the upon also emphasized that “the most important event in J in event important most “the that emphasized also and enable ever greater tragedies. tragedies. greater ever enable and Grün on, Later p.211. 5693.”, and “5692. Edelstein, dominan become have harm do to predilection the and under is scholarship Jewish Jewry, German of force 29.)”, június (1933. jelentés “Igazgatóság Jewry”. consta was which Austria, perspectives: of number a century and a half.” Grünwald, “5696” in “5696” Grünwald, half.” a and century rgtnn nt ny es u al hs “h sil eivd n the in believed still humanity.” of “who improvement those all but Jews only not frightening in hatred spread to managed Nazis means technical newest the t raised successes wild Its propaganda. Nazi and Goebbels drastic turn. Ibid., p.299. turn.Ibid., drastic a dvlpd ad woe utr w hv completel have we culture “whose and developed” was center of Europe, where “our ancestors began to liv to began ancestors “our where Europe, of center of history could no longer be applied since (as we (as since applied be longer no could history of 309-10. an spatial in both Jewry German to close so are who fall in the evolution towards complete Jewish legal Jewish complete towards evolution the in fall This seemingly unsolvable problem is that the deve the that is problem unsolvable seemingly This ju Edelstein, for problem special a constituted It c the that is reaction immediate of sign further A

668

eie h hrii tasomto o Gras te eot als reports the Germans, of transformation horrific the Beside When Fülöp Grünwald took over the task of report writing in the mid-1930s the in writing report of task the over took Grünwald Fülöp When

670

669 dlti rcgie te ev cnrdcin immediately contradiction heavy the recognized Edelstein Volk IMIT évkönyv IMIT and thus, non-Aryan citizens were reduced to second- to reduced were citizens non-Aryan thus, and p.309. This report stressed that “with the destruct the “with that stressed report This p.309. lear sense of the international danger Nazism posed Nazism danger international the of sense lear st as for many others that “passions, blindness, ra blindness, “passions, that others many for as st quoted above) “contemporary events brought a catast a brought events “contemporary above) quoted ewish history is the tragic change in the situation the in change tragic the is history ewish wald also complained that the previously accepted t accepted previously the that complained also wald e early on”, “out of its language jargon [meaning Y [meaning jargon language its of “out on”, early e equality, mercilessly breaking a line of developme of line a breaking mercilessly equality, anges “oblige us [Jewish Hungarian Jewish scholars scholars Jewish Hungarian [Jewish us “oblige anges d cultural terms to accomplish additional tasks.” I tasks.” additional accomplish to terms cultural d id., p.223. The directorial report on the 29the on report directorial The p.223. id., ntly criticized earlier, now made an “admirable eff “admirable an made now earlier, criticized ntly t in a country that we used to think of as highly c highly as of think to used we that country a in t threat too”, which was pointed out in order to stat to order in out pointed was which too”, threat lopment of means can surpass the evolution of moral of evolution the surpass can means of lopment , 1936, p.299. The fact that this was happening in in happening was this that fact The p.299. 1936, , y assimilated” all added to the inexplicability of of inexplicability the to added all assimilated” y he problem of historical time: with with time: historical of problem he sing of the Nuremberg laws in in laws Nuremberg the of sing much more effective ways, effective more much lize them except through except them lize rom moral growth could growth moral rom eprt German desperate k of internal regime internal of k slow but gradual gradual but slow o referred to to referred o th of June 1933 1933 June of built on the onthe built of German German of cial hatred hatred cial ion of the the of ion 208 changed changed ultured”. ultured”. eleology eleology bid., pp. pp. bid., iddish] iddish] nt of a a of nt rophic rophic e that that e – FL] FL] – ort to ort this this the s s , CEU eTD Collection

IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT German Jews “in line with the changing circumstance changing the with line “in Jews German there was a Nazi directive that German Jews ought t ought Jews German that directive Nazi a was there eoe fo te nta sok n te copnig es o des German the from excluded of sense accompanying the and shock initial the from recover cla also he though being”, whole their in and “deeply Jews German etrs Hbe lnug ad ls bt o lat te spectac the observance). least, not but last and, language Hebrew as cultural lectures, of those as (such areas other rem several Grünwald in tendencies Germany”. in unseen previously readership of level a J 1933 after shortly that meant also thus Germandom from separation c own “their for care to started had and community” Jewish the of etme 1935. September 200 000 emigrants in the course of the next ten years. ten200 000emigrants the course in next of the Germa that 1935 in read We widespread. more and more becoming was of raising the launched: also were youth of reeducation the achieve of ghetto”. intention ultimate Nazis’ the that believed and Jews, of exclusion 673 672 ver these of spite In ruin. economic thorough and exclusion encompassing p the discuss and citizenship of rights the of Jews deprived that 674 Germany. Nazi of courtrooms in the and 671 so is leaving which will lead to the “saddestructi the to lead will which isleaving so Grünwald, “5694. és 5695.” in 5695.” és “5694. Grünwald, rec 1937 of year calm relatively The p.296. Ibid., in 5695.” éas “5694. Grünwald discr consistent the took he examples, relevant As 672 , 1937, p.291. p.291. 1937, , , 1937, p.292. p.292. 1937, , 673

The year after Grünwald had to report on the adoption of the Nurembe the of adoption the on report to had Grünwald after year The nupiigy Güwl epand ht h datc hne had changes drastic the that explained Grünwald Unsurprisingly, The preparation for mass emigration took place in hurried ste hurried in place took emigration mass for preparation The 671 e mhszd ht h poes e i mto pitd oad the towards pointed motion in set process the that emphasized He

Volksgenossenschaft IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1935, pp. 293. pp. 1935, , on of Jewry so proud of its Germanness”. Grünwald, Grünwald, Germanness”. its of proud so Jewry of on , 1935, p.296. In 1937, he concluded that everyone everyone that concluded he 1937, In p.296. 1935, , imination being done to Jews in the bureaucratic pr bureaucratic the in Jews to done being imination o exclusively serve Jewish culture. Grünwald, “5697 Grünwald, culture. Jewish serve exclusively o s, continue to develop their own organizations” and organizations” own their develop to continue s, ie mr croy ramn. e ny id u that out find only We treatment. cursory more eived [ német népi közösségnépi német 674

ulture.” The forced cultural cultural forced The ulture.” rocess of their gradual but but gradual their of rocess was setting up a “new kind “new a up setting was oitos sot, Jewish sports, sociations, ular growth of religious religious of growth ular imed that Jews began to to began Jews that imed ewish papers “acquired “acquired papers ewish ], they now feel as part as feel now they ], He-Chalucs (pioneers) (pioneers) He-Chalucs pair. “Being forcibly forcibly “Being pair. n Jews counted with with counted Jews n arked on similar similar on arked ps. Programs to Programs ps. y tangible tangible y able to do do to able “5697” in “5697” 209 rg laws laws rg shaken shaken actices actices that that ” in ”

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ewe Jw ad non-Jews. and Jews between problems, Grünwald called “their humiliations and the denial of huma of denial the and humiliations “their called Grünwald problems, fegyelmezettséget tanúsít fegyelmezettséget Robbing the Jews: The Confiscation of Jewish Proper Jewish of Confiscation The Jews: the Robbing but at first he strongly opposed the opposed strongly he first at but nIay “t ofit ihGetBianoe for over Britain Great with conflict “its Italy, in Jewry” and start supporting the Arabs and Muslims. Muslims. and Arabs the supporting start and Jewry” arou observed be could change temporary) see, shall continuously reach new level of extremity. Grünwald reacted to this this to reacted Grünwald extremity. of level new reach continuously la the in especially but, beginning very the from radical was 675 comple the at directed one the objective: Nazi central more even possessions. their of Jews deprive to mechanisms 678 677 676 ht o ee ti see t stsy h ttl stat total the satisfy to seemed this even not that development.painful most Culture and its and Culture t added He movement”. antifascist the head who Jews anti-Semiti Italian that opined Grünwald later year ofthat new births. dea of rate the that showed Berlin about statistics new that and withi emigrate to have would youth Jewish of half one that arguments he which way, under was community Jewish the of liquidation the that physi of acts public by accompanied was campaign terror” means any from away shy not would Nazis the goal, this achieve supposedly praising remark on the “admirable discip “admirable the on remark praising supposedly “ remained in came measures Restrictive Nazis p.279. Ibid., Empire”. of aim ultimate the that confirmed 2008). Press, University favorably disposed towards the establishment of the of establishment the towards disposed favorably pp. 261-2. These apologetic statements were probabl were statements apologetic These 261-2. pp. the West. theWest. an only not was Mussolini that either forget not us Ibid., p.246. In 1939, he reported on the “increas the on reported he 1939, In p.246. Ibid., p.244. Ibid., in “Elmult” Grünwald, in “5696” Grünwald Informazione Diplomatica Informazione The evolution of Nazi politics posed a remarkable challenge to the to challenge remarkable a posed politics Nazi of evolution The 678

). Ibid., p.268. p.268. Ibid., ). IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT

675 In 1938, we read about the Nazis creating of a whole system of system whole a of creating Nazis the about read we In1938, Anschluss 677 e tesd vn eoe the before even stressed He , 1936, p.302. In the discussion of fascist Italy a Italy fascist of discussion the In p.302. 1936, , , 1938, p.243. On the question of Jewish property, property, Jewish of question the On p.243. 1938, , ) continued to deny the existence of the Jewish que theJewish of theexistence deny continuedto ) which would have brought the Nazis till the border the till Nazis the brought have would which inplc wseog oluc natc n Zioni on attack an launch to enough was policy eign important ally of Hungary since the second half of half second the since Hungary allyof important e. Grünwald, “Elmúlt” in in “Elmúlt” Grünwald, e. to force gradually. It is deeply troubling to read read to troubling deeply is It gradually. force to sm “was not aimed at Italian Jews, but those intern those but Jews, Italian at aimed not “was sm ingly rapid march of emigration and dying out” and and out” dying and emigration of march rapid ingly Jewish state. Grünwald, “Elmult” in in “Elmult” Grünwald, state. Jewish line” Jews manifested in reaction to them (them to reaction in manifested Jews line” nd this time. Even though Jewish legal equality was equality legal Jewish though Even time. this nd y offered to calm down worried Hungarian Jews – and – Jews Hungarian worried down calm to offered y Grünwald, “5697” in “5697” Grünwald, ty in the Holocaust, 1933-1945 Holocaust, the in ty h rmvl f h ls Jw rm h trioy f t of territory the from Jew last the of removal the hat the Italian state (or more precisely, its Minis its precisely, more (or state Italian the hat 676 rnad drse aohr perhaps another, addressed Grünwald cal terror. His interpretation was was interpretation His terror. cal ter years of the regime, it would it regime, the of years ter ths was five times higher than higher times five was ths Kristallnacht IMIT évkönyv IMIT MT évkönyv IMIT e esto o contact of cessation te – their “psychological “psychological their – n dignity to them” the the them” to dignity n n the next five years five next the n (Cambridge: Cambridge Cambridge (Cambridge: certain (though, as we as (though, certain , 1937, pp. 293-4. A 293-4. pp. 1937, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT upre b the by supported rcs wt an with process ht n re to order in that stion and was again wasagain and stion , 1939, p.263. He He p.263. 1939, , see Martin Dean, Dean, Martin see csodálatraméltó csodálatraméltó of Hungary in in Hungary of analyst: it analyst: Grünwald’s Grünwald’s the 1920s, 1920s, the 210 sm and and sm , 1938, , ational ational intact intact added ter of of ter let let he he CEU eTD Collection

process into the center of his interpretation, arguing that “We that arguing interpretation, his of center the into process einn o smtig loehr oe osru. e none hs fear his announced He monstrous. more altogether something of beginning back, we find for instance that in 1933, IMIT, or m or IMIT, 1933, in that instance for find we back, been “true fans and admirers” of theof admirers” fansand “true been historians, perhaps most notably Hans Mommsen. Mommsen. Hans mostnotably perhaps historians, ald ih o Boe Gas ( Glass Broken of Night called declaring that “an epoch of Jewish cultural history is coming to to coming is history cultural Jewish of epoch “an that declaring assessed Grünwald Germany. Nazi in abolished were exceptions, in a rather different way from this though) functio though) this from way different rather a in treatment”. our justify to them rai to need we more the Jews, the hurting on go we more the so, and hurt self-stre the put to managed he manner, this In hatred. by fuelled at marveled he theory: non-political essentially intriguing, often expelled from mining towns.” Henrik Guttmann, Henrik towns.” mining from expelled often 679 680 században” in században” 16the boyc versioncampaign ofa the “Aryan cases. Polish for paragraph” as such economic for calls Polish qualified he Germany: of influence anti-Semitism of growth the for accounted directly he Moreover, Ge the for fatal prove could countries other with war outbreak the kind any of birth “The words: following the in war the of outbreak “Adalékok a magyar zsidók történetéhez a tizenhatod a történetéhez zsidók magyar a “Adalékok es bcue hs a te agae n hc ms o most in which “Hagyományos” Lőwinger, in language the was this because least Lőwinger claimed that Mihály Guttmann released his released Guttmann Mihály that claimed Lőwinger inaccurate, but as the justification of Guttmann’s Guttmann’s of justification the as but inaccurate, oneeape to we h hd o eot n h d in “Elmult” Grünwald, further”. it spreading the to on report to “fanati were they that recalled Grünwald had community, he when too: counterexamples for subjects, Jewish in Germans non-Jewish by shown hs niGra ln ws elce i sm histor some in reflected was line anti-German This in “Elmult” Grünwald, th Century) affirmed that “It is to be put to the Aus the to put be to is “It that affirmed Century) IMIT évkönyv IMIT The internal Jewish situation dramatically worsened in the af the in worsened dramatically situation Jewish internal The IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1939, p.165. An even more interesting sign of thi of sign interesting more Aneven p.165. 1939, ,

IMIT évkönyv IMIT Kaiserstadt 679 , 1938, p.244. Later on the thesis of cumulative ra cumulative of thesis the on Later p.244. 1938, , Kristallnacht e nutvl fl ta wa h sw a mrl the merely was saw he what that felt intuitively He , 1943, p.58. The second part of this reference is reference this of part second The p.58. 1943, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT . Grünwald, “Elmúlt” in in “Elmúlt” Grünwald, . 1927 decision it does not sound too credible. (When credible. too sound not does it decision 1927 ned as the key element in the explanation of some G some of explanation the in element key the as ned ore specifically Adolf Wertheimer still praised the praised still Wertheimer Adolf specifically ore cs of German culture and were enthusiastically comm enthusiastically were and culture German of cs ik században” (Date on the History of Hungarian Jew Hungarian of History the on (Date században” ik which he could not find Hungarian parallels.) Ther parallels.) Hungarian find not could he which Das Judentum und seine Umwelt seine und Judentum Das “Adalékok a magyar zsidók történetéhez a tizenhato a történetéhez zsidók magyar a “Adalékok te ok mkn te poie uget appeared”. judgment opposite the making works the f cl tde to Fr ntne Hni Gtmn in Guttmann Henrik instance, For too. studies ical ): institutions of Jewish culture, with few few with culture, Jewish of institutions ): estruction of the highly cultured Viennese Jewish Jewish Viennese cultured highly the of estruction trian or rather German influence that Jews were so so were Jews that influence German rather or trian , 1938, p.252. In 1939, he remarked that Jews had had Jews that remarked he 1939, In p.252. 1938, , IMIT évkönyv IMIT how resourcefulness could be be could resourcefulness how start to hate whom we have have we whom hate to start s stance was that in 1943 Sámuel Sámuel 1943 in that was stance s rman Jewish community”. community”. Jewish rman in other countries by the the by countries other in of internal opposition or opposition internal of ngthening nature of the the of nature ngthening 680 coe te eid of period the close, a this development by by development this ott and the ongoing ongoing the and ott , 1939, p.271. 1939, ,

in 1927 in German “not “not German in 1927 in dicalization (defined (defined dicalization termath of the so so the of termath se hatred against against hatred se ahead of the the of ahead not necessarily necessarily not 211 we look look we interest interest e were e erman erman itted itted s in in s dik dik his his

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battlefield of war once again”, he pointed out to set the scene f scenethe set to out pointed he again”, once war of battlefield properly respectful and essentially just. properlyessentially just. respectful and ertre. Te ot esl ppltd eih ad n h wor the in land Jewish populated densely most “The territories. i practices anti-Jewish on focus particular a with events the on encouraging conviction that later evaluations of the German Jewish Jewish German the of evaluations Grünw later that eyes, conviction encouraging observing his of front in destroyed was Jewry German unpre and suddenness brutal the of face the in future: the of image hi enabled events contemporary the from distance historical a such which he claimed was planned as a reservation for over half a m a half over for reservation a as planned was claimed he which t deportations and people Polish the from separation forced their territories the from Jews of exclusion complete the mentioned He scholarship and science, poetry and art in a fair manner.” fair a in art and poetry science, and scholarship most the philosophy, in interaction and cooperation German-Jewish after coming Those it. to prior time of depth the into disappeared Ar the and Hellenic-Jewish the like just culture, German-Jewish 684 683 682 681 done European to Jewry. wa and what war of the on the events and information reliable Grünwald extended had t of accuracy the assess to hard is it writing, of date exact Sinc million. a of quarter around be to victims Jewish of number the Ibid., p.291. Ibid., pp.294-5. Ibid., in “Elmúlt” Grünwald, in “Elmult” Grünwald, In 1940, after the outbreak of the war, Grünwald published rather elab rather published Grünwald war, the of outbreak the after 1940, In IMIT évkönyv IMIT évkönyv IMIT 684

, 1940, p.290. p.290. 1940, , p.270. 1939, , 681 his, but it shall become clear that that clear become shall it but his, Imagining that once there will be will there once Imaginingthat or his dramatic descriptions. dramatic his or n the newly occupied Polish occupied newly the n ab-Spanish-Jewish centuries centuries ab-Spanish-Jewish illion Jews. illion o the area around Lublin – – Lublin around area the o us will assess the results of of results the assess will us cedented force with which which with force cedented ld, Poland, has become a a become has Poland, ld, the Nazis had occupied, had Nazis the e we do not know the know not do we e m to paint a positive positive a paint to m community would be be would community aid rnhs of branches varied ald articulated his his articulated ald 683 He estimated He 212 s being being s orately orately 682

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of Łodz had around 100 000 people in it, in people 000 100 around had Łodz of for mentioning ghettos, created newly the in conditions extreme the most important tasks towards this order”. this towards tasks important most [ question Jewish the of rid getting and Europe, fought was war ongoing the general in that claimed He developments. the Nazis were still not satisfied and continued to “call for it for “call to continued and satisfied not still were Nazis the it of 2/3 than more lost having négligeable”, “quantité a constituted be to was complete depopulation of Czech and Moravian Kehilla Moravian and Czech of depopulation complete 688 687 686 Ax the with alliance closest in policies its conducts “Hungary acquiredThis states. allied to also but territories, occupied Re the to only not applied was aim principal their that declared 690 689 in “Elmúlt” Grünwald, “completed”. 685 them. horrorsextreme threats might have soon. and Hungarian that Jews the face to a communicated Grünwald courageously how reveal statements two these deport the last Viennesse Jew by the 18the by Jew Viennesse last the deport since way under again are temporarily, stopped have which Lublin, tra “Jewish that reported he Jews: Viennesse remaining 000 45 all that in the17 thatin Ibid., p.304. Due to its special relevance for Hun for relevance special its to Due p.304. Ibid., “Litzmann thecity as to referred He p.303. Ibid., in “Elmúlt” Grünwald, wa this of consequence practical The p.308. Ibid., p.300. Ibid., in “Elmúlt” Grünwald, 690 He also wrote on the “horrible bloodbath” causing the death of many of death the causing bloodbath” “horrible the on wrote also He th Judenfrei and 18 and In 1941, Grünwald once again published rather explicitly on recent recent on explicitly rather published again once Grünwald 1941, In Grünwald wrote explicitly on the new round of deportations which conc which deportations of round new the on explicitly wrote Grünwald th centuries served as the mother towns of Hungarian Hungarian of towns mother the as served centuries ( IMIT évkönyv IMIT évkönyv IMIT zsidómentes

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1941, p.302. p.302. 1941, , p.300. 1941, , , u hd o d ta wti te mie er already Jewry Empire the within that add to had but ), th 689 685 of April.of , 1940, p.296. 1940, , stadt (Lodz)”. (Lodz)”. stadt while Warsaw cramped a staggering 500 000 of 000 500 staggering a cramped Warsaw while garian Jewish history, he stressed the significance the stressed he history, Jewish garian He reiterated that the aim of the new Germany new the of aim the that reiterated He s that the creation of a separate Jewish legal stat legal Jewish separate a of creation the that s s, “such as Nikolsburg, Ungarisch-Brod, Prossnitz, Prossnitz, Ungarisch-Brod, Nikolsburg, as “such s, a zsidókérdés elintézésezsidókérdés a 688 He referred briefly but revealingly to revealingly but briefly referred He extra meaning when he added that that added he when meaning extra Jewish communities”. Ibid., p.303. p.303. Ibid., communities”. Jewish s disappearance”. s s powers”. is s members – even though though even – members s ich, including its newly newly its including ich, instance that the ghetto the that instance February” and should should and February” sot t te ra of area the to nsports “for the reordering of of reordering the “for – FL] is one of he he of one is FL] – bout the ongoing ongoing the bout 687 Jews that took that Jews u together Put 686 Grünwald 213 of “the “the of us was was us erned erned etc.”, etc.”, CEU eTD Collection

place in Romania when the Iron Guard was forcefully defeate forcefully was Guard Iron the when Romania in place moderately useful to comprehend the times in the early 1940s. earlymoderately useful the 1940s. comprehend in to the times ubr Jw i Gray el wl blw 0 00, t institu its 000”, 100 below “well fell Germany in Jews numbers that added He started. already had root” its at question Jewish banks the to Ocean Atlantic the from stretching as described terr the in that assertion the from w starting facts, he crucial Nevertheless, punishment. his to lead would war of events the of 693 692 691 collective this criminal in wayeven they were the more treated the to point, acc the brought which accusation the of nature terrible most and unfounded “the su justice of court aimage of the was how all, history”. After as such notions misleading employ to continued he time same to sufficient be not would analogies historical that realization Ages. admit were that up set also were camps labor though – again” havoc,wreak responsible for the outbreak of war and has to be severelypunished be to has and war of outbreak the forresponsible of justice of court the to brought currently are they which with ac terrible most the but homelessness, of millennia two almost the of Jews the against attacks launch to pretexts many were Grünwald, “Az elmúlt év története. (5702.)” in (5702.)” évtörténete. “Azelmúlt Grünwald, p.316. Ibid., p.314. Ibid., 692 The analogies suggested by this historically conscious author would would author conscious historically this by suggested analogies The 691 In the course of his last report published in 1942, Grünwald wrote t wrote Grünwald 1942, in published report last his of course the In Grünwald was explicit in communicating that any nearly accura nearly any communicating that in explicit was Grünwald and observed that in Slovakia “medieval restrictions were com were restrictions “medieval Slovakia in that observed and

IMIT évkönyv IMIT , 1942, p.333. 1942, , itory of Greater Germany, which he he which Germany, Greater of itory pposed to be reconciled with thebe reconciled with to pposed of the Don, “the solution of the of solution “the Don, the of describe the present, but at the at but present, the describe d but nevertheless managed to to managed nevertheless but d cusation of them all is the one the is all them of cusation Galuth in the course of their their of course the in Galuth history: international Jewry is is Jewry international history: tedly unknown in the Middle Middle the in unknown tedly ”. tions could no longer be be longer no could tions t a rpre ta the that reported was it 693 Hereby he voiced his voiced Herebyhe court of justice of of justice of court proceeding? proceeding? rote down many many down rote used there and, and, there used te descriptions descriptions te ing into force into ing rv only prove hat “there hat 214 CEU eTD Collection

Ansiedlungsrayon re fo te atr h war.” the after them from freed at o rcn Gra mvs fr ntne te rain f h sp the of creation the instance, province Czech-Moravianthe from expulsions forced and Theresienstadt (for moves German recent on facts i see to order in lines the between read to need real no is there the of spite in and, murder mass of image the communicates whole maintained and thus, the “shared life of Germans and Jews dissolved c dissolved Jews and Germans of life “shared the thus, and maintained vn uig h eplin o te 14 the of expulsions the during even J emphasized, he as since, either this for analogy historical te Polish pre-war to involuntarily Jews of masses taking was i way, under was Jews of movement forced the emigration, compulsory stres he where deportations, of wrote also Grünwald murder, mass eprr maue sne te ra European great “the a since measures presented temporary Grünwald interned. were Jews 000 350 1 altogether knowledge, next ghettos sealed there, reservations” Jewish “closed created 695 question”), Jewish thi the of in solution “final (andthe expression Slovakia of territory the from deportations the on wrote 698 697 Jews war. the of thetime for ghettoized of Europe Central 696 of “clearing” the that wrote 694 ofexpectation finishing quickly the as war victors. (a of awareness his with do to had also it probably but censors, Ibid., p.338. Ibid., p.336. Ibid., circumstanc the to due that added He p.336. Ibid., d these explain to tried nevertheless he Elsewhere p.335. Ibid., Why do I think that there was an intention to mislead? Because the Becausethe mislead? to intention an was there that think I do Why known from Tsarist Russia. Russia. Tsarist known from

696 hs otxulzto ws ehp add o mislead to added perhaps was contextualization This th n 15 and evelopments through the use of an analogy, namely, analogy, an of use the through evelopments es of the war and the lack of materials, Jews were were Jews materials, of lack the and war the of es th Lebensraum centuries. would lead to the quasi reemergence of the the of reemergence quasi the to lead would 698 ews could choose their destination destination their choose could ews the institution of forced labor in labor forced of institution the 695 [ ai ad hi collaborators their and Nazis s we know, mistaken) Germanmistaken) know, we s élettér to townships in which, to his to which, in townships to t. In addition to offering the the offering to addition In t. rritories. He could find no no find could He rritories. use of some coded terms, coded some of use sed that instead of mere mere of instead that sed hs o e completely be to has ] ompletely”. .e. the German state German the .e. s s context used the the used context s 697 ), Grünwald also Grünwald ), ecial camp of of camp ecial ll these as as these ll article as a a as article 694 Next to Next 215 215 he he CEU eTD Collection

rdsoe twrs t mnrte. rnad eetd n o te m the of one repeated Grünwald minorities. its towards predisposed by <>, the Jews of America”.byreserve Jews army>>, <

700 703 that this would not take cruel forms. Grünwald, “El Grünwald, forms. cruel take wouldnot this that ghettos set up and stigmatizing signs forced on signs stigmatizing and up set ghettos

702 hought that the near future would bring the consist the bring would future near the that hought

race protection law and the annulment the and law protection race to the idea of the state of Saint Saint of state the of idea the to eport of 1942. All these were these All 1942. of eport wise supposedly generously generously supposedly wise towards genocide (namely (namely genocide towards ntirely lawful,” but went on on went but ntirely lawful,” tria which, as we know, led know, we as which, tria o the ideas of [Ferenc] [Ferenc] of ideas the o case, parallel practices) practices) parallel case, f hlig u the out “helping of ain slogans meant to to meant slogans ain of the age of the the of age the of was “taken over “taken was c xlso, the exclusion, ic of Jews under under Jews of ttd n this in stated 216 múlt” in in múlt” ions ions ent ent CEU eTD Collection

ulse i Bdps oe a er eoe a 14, n pt o ce of spite in 1944, May before year a over Budapest in published would not have remained unheard and ineffectual. unheard havewould not remained and ineffectual. implem the of midst the in War, World Second the during uttered they on people of conscience silenced completely seemingly the of the of crime the of time the at truth horrible the pronouncing of f and courageous the become have could Hungary, continent, the geographica of countries the of one in residing scholars Jewish the how is this And di and its under Germany Nazi with alliance close Front in the Eastern to Hungar Second the when and steps monstrous in progressingwas Jews t when time the at published all were They overlook. to difficult century, serving as the voice voice the as serving century, he mass murder of European European of murder mass he the Axis side – if the words the if – side Axis the ian Army was brought brought was Army ian nsorship and dangers dangers and nsorship entation of the Shoah the of entation rect military control. control. military rect l rte central rather lly ortunate agents agents ortunate 217 CEU eTD Collection

Libanon Libanon

the future.the expr and developments contemporary to reactions veiled) rather their publish still could intellectuals Jewish Hungarian Jewish re few the of one was it War, World Second the of years the During f search desperate increasingly the of forums central the of

thirty years earlier, in 1906 merely 12. By 1943 on 1943 By 12. merely 1906 in earlier, years thirty 19 in once least at released periodicals such 53 of 704 the organ of the National ( National the of organ the és folyóiratok bibliográfiája 1847-1992bibliográfiája folyóiratok és Sándor Scheiber lists 14 new Hungarian Jewish orga Jewish Hungarian new 14 lists Scheiber Sándor Ti iprat ra pbihd loehr 4 sus ewe 13 and 1936 between issues 34 altogether published organ important This . started off at the peak of Hungarian Jewish intellectual a intellectual Jewish Hungarian of peak the at off started The Hungarian Jewish Journal Journal Jewish Hungarian The 704 In this respect, In this hs hpe ofr a eald nlss f h Hnain Jewis Hungarian the of analysis detailed a offers chapter This I. Models of Culture and Historical Changes Changes of CultureHistorical Models and

for life and death of this pluralistic community.” community.” pluralistic for life of and this death s the of picture the drawing of consist shall historian future that fille be to have will faults, as well as virtues its with J of life the which into story this of bones bare the provide only provisions anti-Jewish many so all […] difficult more prove will dec last the of events the approaching historian the of task “The Introduction Országos

Libanon Libanon ) Hungarian Jewish Museum. See Sándor Scheiber, Scheiber, Sándor See Museum. Jewish Hungarian ) (Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1993), 1993), Kutatócsoport, MTA Judaisztikai (Budapest: is unique: there is no other Hungarian Jewish periodical HungarianJewish other no is thereunique: is Chapter VI 36. By comparison, ten years earlier there were onl were there earlier years ten comparison, By 36. ly 13 were allowed to be released, among them them among released, be to allowed were 13 ly ns (which were not necessarily in Hungarian) and a a and Hungarian) in necessarily not were (which ns Ilona Katzburg, in Libanon

ideas, formulate their (usually their formulate ideas, r retto ad direction. and orientation or ess their hopes and fears for for fears and hopes their ess (1936-1943) (1936-1943) ctivities and served as one one as served and ctivities maining organs where where organs maining Libanon Magyar zsidó hírlapok hírlapok zsidó Magyar d in. The task of task The in. d p.216. p.216. , 1943, p.85. Libanon journal h 218 y 22 and and 22 y truggle truggle ewry, ewry, 1943. can total total ade ade , as ,

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presuppose different perspectives. The first section models t models section first The perspectives. different presuppose Libanon One of the aims of this chapter therefore is to provide an provide to is therefore chapter this of aims the of One Hungaria in either date, to attempted been has it of exploration hi intellectual for source exciting exceptionally an journal this eih utr. t s hs neetd n ycrnc iest. h s The diversity. synchronic in interested thus is It culture. Jewish c and focus of matter a only not are them between differences the foundational idea of of idea foundational the of their main advocates. main their of this ceasejournal to this neverreleased and again. be to orga of form unprecedented an took it and times its of initiative sense, practical this In 1943. ri years, war the into long survived and mid-1930s the in started which n ery 90. h itouto ofr a oeve o te eea charac general the of overview an offers introduction The 1940s. early and int Jewish Hungarian of part precious this of exposé detailed of momentous and drastic historical and of changes onthe pages momentous drastic journal. of this different models of early modern Polish Jewish cult Jewish Polish modern early of models different 705 Moshe Rosman “Hybrid with what? The Relationship be Relationship The what? with “Hybrid Rosman Moshe expl culture of models contributors explores first The lenses. analytical Moshe Rosman, Rosman, Moshe inspiration and source of ideas for the second subc thesecond for ideas of source and inspiration n i bo o Jws hsoigah ad h quest the and historiography Jewish on book his In floe b a icsin f h cnet o ti junl agd through gauged journal this of contents the of discussion a by followed , , , and identifies five central ones, illustrating them by excerpts by them illustrating ones, central five identifies and How Jewish is Jewish History? Jewish is Jewish How Its high average quality, striking inner plurality and special and plurality inner striking quality, average high Its ah f hs to usin i dsusd n sprt sub-cha separate a in discussed is questions two these of Each 705

The second offers a diachronic analysis, scrutinizing the reflecti scrutinizingthe analysis, diachronic a offers second The Libanon Libanon , namely specifically Jewish and peculiarly Hungarian Hungarian peculiarly and Jewish specifically namely , a te ot atn Hnain eih intellectual Jewish Hungarian lasting most the was (London: Littman, 2007), pp. 82-110. This article article This 82-110. pp. 2007), Littman, (London: hapter. hapter. ure that were employed by various groups of histori of groups various by employed were that ure ion of postmodernism, Moshe Rosman analyzes four four analyzes Rosman Moshe postmodernism, of ion tween Jewish Culture and Other People’s Culture” in Culture” People’s Other and Culture Jewish tween analytical summary analytical he heterogeneous conceptions of conceptions heterogeneous he ellectual discourses of the 1930s 1930s the of discourses ellectual nized collective violence for for violence collective nized n, or in any other language. language. other any in or n, storians, but no detailed detailed no but storians, icitly articulated by its its by articulated icitly ontent, but they in fact fact in they but ontent, cn epoain is exploration econd ght until the end of end the until ght from the writings the from timing all make make all timing , a relatively a , eitc of teristics served as an an as served tr The pter. 219 ans. See See ans. two two on

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Libanon be considered potential contributors, wrote for this organ. All thre All organ. this for wrote contributors, potential considered be history. bet differences and similarities the discuss and journal the of eő slo pbihd n ah f them. of each in published Zsoldos Jenő Fülöp authors, two only while volumes, eight the of one only in appeared 52 full their under published who contributors 107 had it period, this Over most of the all appearancemost the changing of certain new and analogies ideas (Budapest: Anna Frank Gimnázium, 1992), especially especially 1992), Gimnázium, Frank Anna (Budapest: icrnc i rcntut iprat hfs hogot h yas of years the throughout shifts important reconstructs it diachronic: motn cnrbtr ms hv be coe ad ay f h leading the of many and close, been have must contributors important 707 708 706 the same time, my decision to narrate a story is un a is theofjournal aspects morepermanent additional, story a narrate to decision my time, same the ke several of birthdates The initiative. generational a considered er, ósf . rzne, otn on n Jn Zods wr em were Zsoldos, Jenő and gymnasium. Kohn Zoltán Grózinger, M. József years, focus journal’s the mind in bearing who, Pest of Gymnasium Girls’ betv (u fo te icrie on o ve ls substantia less view of point discursive the from (but objective self-definition. generational of instance any hardly were there Kohn is missing from the year 1943, unless he publi he unless 1943, year the from missing is Kohn not did Grózinger volumes: seven for wrote authors contributors in this last volume, and having added added having and volume, last this in contributors afterwards, and György Balázs who was active in yea in waswhoactive Balázs György and afterwards, are rule this to exceptions greatest two The high. the of six in published Turóczi-Trostler József On the Gymnasium see the study of László Felkai, Felkai, László of study the see Gymnasium the On undan presenting avoid would to like I said, This Libanon Libanon lo hrd ntttoa aflain ms o te eces f t of teachers the of most affiliation: institutional shared also Libanon compiled a list of contributors for every year of i of year every for contributors of list a compiled 708

Prior to tackling these two questions, let me introduce the basic the introduce me let questions, two these tackling to Prior Generational discourses were only infrequently employed in in employed infrequently only were discourses Generational released eight volumes, had altogether 34 issues on a total of 1132 of total a on issues 34 altogether had volumes, eight released

Libanon György Goldberger who wrote in the first four years four first the in wrote who Goldberger György nd cannot do full justice to the diversity of voice of diversity the full to justice do cannot nd them to the previous lists I arrived at the number number the at arrived I lists previous the to them shed under the initial K. Sámuel Kandel, Lenke Stei Lenke Kandel, Sámuel K. initial the under shed contribute to the shortest volume of volume shortest the to contribute uly homogeneous story of some kind of linear evolut kindlinear of some of story homogeneous uly avoidably based on a selection of evidence. It leav It evidence. of selection a on based avoidably rs 5 to 8 but not previously. previously. not but 8 to 5 rs 72-75. 72-75. 707 volumes. Fluctuation between the volumes was not t not was volumes the between Fluctuation volumes. A budapesti zsidó fiú- és a leánygimnázium történet leánygimnázium a és fiú- zsidó budapesti A esnl eainhp bten h most the between relationships Personal ts publication except 1943. except publication ts ween the two main periods of its of periods main two the ween y contributors show that they that show contributors y oee, n nte, more another, in However, ) sense l) e editors of the first four four first the of editors e on the humanities, could humanities, the on

Libanon he Jewish Boys’ and and Boys’ Jewish he name, out of whom whom of out name, Libanon of Jewish fate. of Jewish Libanon

esnlte of personalities There were ten new new ten were There ployed at this this at ployed characteristics characteristics ’s publication, publication, ’s Grünwald and Grünwald Libanon, Libanon, (that of 1939), 1939), of (that s either. seither. ih be might 107. Two Two 107. 220 but not but pages. pages. ner and and ner ion. At ion. es out out es 706 and oo oo

e

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ora bcm bodr n hs hs, bv al hog te prese the through all above phase, this in broader became journal Művészeti Egyesület tudományos és művészeti folyóirata művészeti és tudományos Egyesület Művészeti Judit Molnár (eds.), (eds.), Molnár Judit the early years, were somewhat less active after 1940. after active less somewhat were years, early the the set practically who authors two the Grózinger, M. József and become not did certainly it but period, second its in journal the to Zsoldosand editors. twomain as Jenő served its on, then from and members seven to expanded was board editorial the 1942, launched when th and 50 between 40 and were thus 1900, to halfand prior a decade were born the in their wives hid and saved him and his family in Kis in family his and him saved and hid wives their 710 712 Ernő and Zoltán Kohn Gróziner, M. József Grünvald, 711 was and Museum Jewish the of director the as served p its as well as Pest of Community Israelite the of in 18 Zsoldos and 1892 in Komlós in 1891, Grózinger 709 from 37 to 24, and it was precisely at this time that the that time this at precisely was it and 24, to 37 from the role of role the chapters already, was newly appointed chief editor. chief appointed newly was already, chapters encounter we name whose Museum the of Director the Munkácsi, Ernő 1940, Nati Hungarian the of Association Artistic and Scholarly the of simultaneously with the imposition to highlight the category the highlight to imposition the with simultaneously folyóirat kritikai és tudományos cover, Their contributions are explored in detail in the in the in detail explored are contributions Their an Kanizsai Ernő were 1942-43 in members seven The 1950), Budapest, – 1896 (Páncélcseh, Ernő Munkácsi au significant five of birthdates the highlight To Libanon Libanon Libanon The role of the teachers of the Jewish Gymnasium was somewhat was Gymnasium Jewish the of teachers the of role The In 1940 the number of Hungarian Jewish periodicals was drastically was periodicals Jewish Hungarian of number the 1940 In adopted the subtitle subtitle the adopted A világ igazai Magyarországon a második világháború második a Magyarországon igazai világ A in 1936. in ’s publisher. Until then, Until publisher. ’s

709

(Jewish Scholarly and Critical Journal), but after 1940, 1940, after but Journal), Critical and Scholarly (Jewish Az Országos Magyar Zsidó Múzeum Tudományos és és Tudományos Múzeum Zsidó Magyar Országos Az second part of this chapter. chapter. this of part second Jewish the of secretary chief the later rosecutor, thors: Grünvald was born in 1887, Turóczi-Trostler Turóczi-Trostler 1887, in born was Grünvald thors: tarcsa, just outside Budapest. See Kinga Frojimovic Kinga See Budapest. outside just tarcsa, Libanon 96. 96. Munkácsi as board members. members. board as Munkácsi also active as an art historian. The Fittler broth Fittler The historian. art an as active also the son of linguist Bernát Munkácsi, lawyer, secre lawyer, Munkácsi, Bernát linguist of son the 711 d Jenő Zsoldos as editors, and György Balázs, Fülöp Balázs, György and editors, as Zsoldos Jenő d

710 was published under the subtitle subtitle the under published was Two years later, at the beginning of beginning the at later, years Two 712 (The Scholarly and Artistic Journal Artistic and Scholarly (The National Jewish MuseumJewish National In some respects, the focus of the of focus the respects, some In Zsidó lap Zsidó alatt tone of the entire journal in in journal entire the of tone onal Jewish Museum). In In Museum). Jewish onal (Budapest: Balassi, 2009). 2009). Balassi, (Budapest: irrelevant. Jenő Zsoldos Zsoldos Jenő irrelevant. tto o te ie and life the of ntation (Jewish Paper) (Jewish ed in previous in ed Ernő Kanizsai Kanizsai Ernő less central less took over took Council. He He Council. reduced, reduced, 221 in 1888, in1888,

ers and and ers on its its on Zsidó s and and s tary tary ey

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journal – the sections Studies, Criticism and Smaller Contributions Contributions Smaller and Criticism Studies, sections the – journal thr the leaving peripheral, rather otherwise were changes the but publications that were covered by Grózinger. by Grózinger. werecovered that publications first the In each. on words few very spent only but ossin o te Museum. the of possessions Javne eae hre a wl, n sm nw ril sre were series article new some and well, as sharper became ok oe, n te ora ol pbihd 6 revie 16 published only journal the and notes, book below 20. 20. below the discrimination general of age the of beginning direction of direction French, Italian and English journals under review. review. under journals English and Italian French, hs years. these reviewed 61 books (40 reviews and 21 notes), in 193 in notes), 21 and wer reviews (40 there books 61 1941 reviewed Until 1944. and 1941 between volumes 713 715 714 ofvolumes. emphasis shifts important between the various 716 appea Review Journal section The heading. different o At size). font the in difference the by concealed ti at could Contributions Smaller in pieces either: weret possession theMuseum’s in documents written belonging objects important of communication visual Hungarian Jews). eiw eto cvrd arwr rud fauig fr xml, ot o most example, for featuring, ground, narrower covered section review othe the years, war the of restrictions radical more ever the to other ha modern On the times. directions spiritual in discussing Jewish various volume of 1939 only 21 (13 and 8), in 1940 again 53 again 1940 in 8), and (13 21 only 1939 of volume modification, rather than as a genuine change of direction, the dual the direction, of change genuine a as than rather modification, As already stated, these shall be the theme of par of thetheme be shall these stated, As already between transition a represented these of last The on modeled was undertaking Zionist This pr reports, annual assemblies, annual of Summaries book series of the the of series book 715 Libanon t h sm tm, ls raig eel mjr differences major reveals reading close time, same the At It would still be exaggerated to write of a conscious and consiste and conscious a of write to exaggerated be still would It In spite of the fact that the shifts in the early 1940s are be are 1940s early the in shifts the that fact the of spite In 714

in the 1940s. The contours of the sections might have become sharper, sharper, become have might sections the of contours The 1940s. the in Magyar ZsidókMagyar

713 The contours of different sections of of sections different of contours The

cokn Verlag Schocken Pro Palesztina Szövetsége Palesztina Pro ther times book reviews were released in this secti this in released were reviews book times ther average was close to 60, while in the last three vo three last the whilein 60, to close was average mes be longer than those in Studies (though this wa this (though Studies in those than longer be mes Most attention was usually devoted to German and He and German to devoted usually was attention Most t three of this chapter. chapter. this of three t red until 1939, going through publications in six l six in publications through going 1939, until red the former two, without being strictly distinguish strictly being without two, former the he concrete manifestations of this. this. of manifestations heconcrete su o 13 tee ee ugra, erw German Hebrew, Hungarian, were there 1939 of issue ws in 1941, 20 in 1942 and 15 in 1943. Thus, until until Thus, 1943. in 15 and 1942 in 20 1941, in ws (25 and 28). In the last three years there were no were there years three last the In 28). and (25 o h Msu a wl a rpoutos f importan of reproductions as well as Museum the to 7 54 (31 and 23), in 1938 60 (34 and 26), in the br the in 26), and (34 60 1938 in 23), and (31 54 7 esentations of exhibitions, descriptions of explora of descriptions exhibitions, of esentations e book reviews and book notes. In 1936, Libanon Libanon 1936, In notes. book and reviews book e . . Javne 716

books included altogether seventeen seventeen altogether included books introduced such as the one one the as such introduced rwise highly prominent book book prominent highly rwise periodization of periodization ee basic elements of the the of elements basic ee (Alliance for Palestine of of Palestine for (Alliance – untouched throughout throughout untouched – st understood as a as understood st Libanon f the items in the the in items the f n otn and content in nd, largely due due largely nd, nt change of of change nt arguably lumes it fell fell it lumes on under a a under on Libanon anguages, anguages, 222 ed from from ed s partly partly s more tions, tions, brew brew the the ief ief t t , ,

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Libanon publication, publication, of story the since beginning yearbooks oe f hs ulctos sc as such publications, these of some dou were activities publishing of boom this and renewal internal anti-Sem increasingly an in crisis of sense The severe. yet ori of crisis the and ripe was directions for search the when 1930s oofl ne dvriy Nt en srcl cmitd o any to committed strictly being Not diversity. inner colorful when of picture overall The passed. was Law Jewish Second called in pages 40 altogether on issues two meager a release to managed otoesa qetos A te ae ie a aray illustrat already as time, same the At questions. controversial icmtne datcly osnd n te el lo gradually also zeal the and worsened drastically circumstances than 128 pages per annum. than 128 pages annum. per ye each issues four or three were there stability: greater niaos a b te et a t spot hs li: n the in claim: this support to way best the be may indicators year The level. another on scrutiny closer to up holds clearly cooperation softened the differences and led Hungarian Jews to seek grea seekdifferencescooperationand to led Hungarian Jews the softened ne the of perception the and opportunities narrowing drastically when matter of course, contributed to a highly pluralistic intellec pluralistic highly a to contributed course, of matter Libanon ol rglry xii sgs f nenl ifrne ad polar and differences internal of signs exhibit regularly would cncosy ed nr-eih nmste wr o te ae n t in wane the on were animosities intra-Jewish held consciously , Libanon a isiuinly medd ie pbihd y h Msu, hw muc shows Museum, the by published i.e. embedded, institutionally was Libanon Hungarian Jewish periodicals experienced a period of flourishing flourishing of period a experienced periodicals Jewish Hungarian had six issues on 276 pages, but in the following years the the years following the in but pages, 276 on issues six had has a special place among Hungarian Jewish journals that have, that journals Jewish Hungarian among place special a has Libanon Libanon was basically one of decline until 1939. Quantitative 1939. until decline of one basically was , Jewish intellectual life was manifested in its its in manifested was life intellectual Jewish , ar, never less than 96 but never more never but 96 than less never ar, tual realm. It would be wrong to to wrong be would It realm. tual itic environment, the search for for search the environment, itic 1940 can be considered a new new a considered be can 1940 d n h cs o the of case the on ed the four years (1940-1943) (1940-1943) years four the btlessly strongly related. In related. strongly btlessly entation perceptible but not not but perceptible entation political-ideological line, line, political-ideological 1939, the year when the so so the yearwhen the 1939, is ya o enthusiastic of year first disappeared. ed for closer defensive closer for ed ter unity. unity.ter zto o certain on ization e a years war he in the mid- the in Libanon 223 IMIT IMIT as a a as h

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parallel and alternative venues, venues, alternative and parallel period. the of publications Jewish Hungarian the among profile publications. Even the authors who left a strong mark on mark strong a left who authors the Even publications. yearbooks Nyugat notably by László Németh) as the symbolic negation negation symbolic the as tört magyarországi „zsidókérdés” A kora. Csalódások Németh) László by notably half of the 20the of half as such journals Jewish cultural themes. insightful offer to and ideas, programmatic publish regularly to falsely understood assimilation “kills Jewish peopl Jewish “kills assimilation understood falsely self-sufficiency” did not emerge. Fülöp Grünvald wa Grünvald Fülöp emerge. not did self-sufficiency” most debated problem of our political and societal societal and political our of problem debated most controversy and debate. For instance, in the monogr the in instance, For debate. and controversy connections to other organs and there were some substantial overlaps substantial some were there and organs other to connections conceive of this special place as implying some sort of isol of sort some implying as place special this of conceive involvement in various undertakings. various in involvement undertakings. acquaintance personal turn, In personally. other each knew typically each to attention paid only not elite intellectual Jewish Hungarian clea is It too. contributors as appear to reviewed were works the in studies longer their H published have other may they numerous organs: for wrote publication this into time their of amount 718 717 task to establish a forum for “the smoldering interests of H of interests smoldering “the for forum a establish to task in appeared them “Beköszöntő” in “Beköszöntő” to ought that Jewishness of kind the and level The authors is presented as the fatal step in Hungaria in step fatal the as presented is authors , but there were similar connection with with connection similar were there but , th century. In spite of these close connections and overlaps, overlaps, and connections close these of spite In Libanon Libanon Libanon ayr sd Szemle Zsidó Magyar 717 , 1936, p.1. The contributors identified several su several identified contributors The p.1. 1936, , Nyugat officially conceived of its role as “filling a gap” with awith self-declagap” a “filling role as officially its conceived of

What is more, it was quite common in in common quite was it more, is What , the most prestigious Hungarian artistic journal of the first the of journal artistic Hungarian prestigious most the , Libanon remains one of the few Hungarian Jewish attempts Jewish Hungarian few the of one remains ehood,” which means that in spite of being excluded being of spite in that means which ehood,” as well as in one or more of the six six the of more or one in as well as life,” there were simply no reliable historical stu historical reliable no simply were there life,” aph of Tamás Ungvári, the retrospective, racial div racial retrospective, the Ungvári, Tamás of aph rned that even though “the Jewish question has beco has question Jewish “the though even that rned be attributed to to attributed be énete n literary life. Ungvári views such polemic (pursue polemic such views Ungvári life. literary n (Budapest: Scolar, 2010), p.302. 2010), Scolar, (Budapest: of the contract of assimilation. Tamás Ungvári, Ungvári, Tamás assimilation. of contract the of Múlt és Jövő és Múlt Libanon Nyugat ungarian Jewry”. ungarian ation: the authors of authors the ation: MT yearbooksIMIT r that members of the Jewish the of members that r and up-to-date coverage of of coverage up-to-date and continues to be a source of some some of source a be to continues and even (nominally) non- (nominally) even and Libanon Libanon and invested a substantial substantial a invested and other’s scholarly work but but work scholarly other’s ch gaps. One opinion was that that was opinion One gaps. ch ihu fretn about forgetting Without in content with other with content in often meant shared shared meant often did have a special special a have did for authors whose authors for 718 ungarian Jewish Jewish ungarian It managed to managed It and some of of some and Libanon dies on the the on dies 224 “Jewish “Jewish Ararát ision of of ision me the methe had had red red d d CEU eTD Collection

Libanon Libanon Libanon Libanon .. oevr al ebr o te uems associat Museum’s the of members all Moreover, p.1. its creators and impacted its contents creators more theits caseits than was the and with impacted were still alive, Bernát Heller, Sándor Büchler and Béla Bernstein al BélaBüchler and Bernát Sándor Heller, alive, were still genera the of those (among alive still were who life scholarly e id ht h Msu cniee is institutiona its considered Museum the that find we impressive and multifaceted contemporary culture of the group of a of group the of culture contemporary multifaceted and impressive that in that 92, u sm o te ot rmsn mmes f h yugr genera for wrote István Hahn too. writings journal this to early several of their younger the of members promising most the of some but 1942), had obvious repercussions in this respect. this the tackl issues in time, Atthe same had repercussions obvious censoria the on later while – topicalities many too addressing i even life, public of problems topical and community Jewish cain, ádr cebr a frt etoe a a tdn, later student, a as mentioned first was Scheiber Sándor occasions, relations of Jewish culture. Jewish of relations nat the define to attempts with insights historical and cultural to ambition the and quality high of articles combine consistently intellectual life, but let’s be frank, we do not ha not do we frank, be let’s but life, intellectual 719 Pá by authored likely most 1941, jogá in Agnon zsidók of review A István: “Virág Grünwald, Fülöp theme. ed ht ti junl big net n raig H creating on intent being in journal, Kakasviadal” “this that read historical self-consciousness and the publication o publication the and self-consciousness historical t agenda, its shall we as ways, markedlydifferent in – identity discourses Múzeum Mendel prefektus-emlékérme. (Örkényi Strasse (Örkényi prefektus-emlékérme. Mendel Múzeum “Múzeumegyesületi közlemények” in in közlemények” “Múzeumegyesületi There are further instances of explicit self-defin explicit of instances further are There Libanon , 1941, p.89. p.89. , 1941, clearly suggest that large-scale historical changes interv changes historical large-scale that suggest clearly not only attracted a attracted only not Libanon “only scholarly matters are dealt with”. “Válasz B “Válasz with”. dealt are matters scholarly “only Libanon o nrdcin of introduction No lo ogt o uls rfetos n urn ise o te Hungari the of issues current on reflections publish to sought also , 1939, p.12, while elsewhere we encounter the prou the encounter we elsewhere while p.12, 1939, , 719

representative sample of the grand old men of Hungarian Jewish HungarianJewish of men old grand the of sample representative Thereby, the authors of of authors the Thereby, Libanon Libanon , 1941, p.95. 1941, , ve it”. Is Jehudi, “Smuél Joszéf Agnon: Tengerek sz Tengerek Agnon: Joszéf “Smuél Jehudi, Is it”. ve f ition scattered around the pages of of pages the around scattered ition Libanon ol b cmlt wtot nt o the on note a without complete be would ts t b te rtcin n mitnne f Jewi of maintenance and protection the be to task l l Hirschler, we read the following: “if we had a Je a had we “if following: the read we Hirschler, l ungarian-Jewish culture”. Pál Kardos, “Zsolt Béla: Béla: “Zsolt Kardos, Pál culture”. ungarian-Jewish ion would automatically receive a copy of of copy a receive automatically would ion ls Mgaosáo” in Magyarországon” llása r István szobrászművész alkotása)” in alkotása)” szobrászművész István r was part of this effort. Ernő Munkácsi, “A Zsidó “A Munkácsi, Ernő effort. this of part was Libanon ibliophilnek” in in ibliophilnek” see. As a less prominent item on item prominent less a As see. l supervision of the journal also journal the of supervision l f there were reservations about reservations were there f wanted to influence collective influence to wanted d (and somewhat elitist) statement statement elitist) somewhat (and d in on rud 80 who 1870 around born tion ure as well as the external external the as well as ure ened with the intentions of of intentions the with ened l published in in published l uthors contributing to it. it. to contributing uthors omnct scholarly, communicate IMIT yearbooks IMIT Libanon Libanon on his own writings writings own his on

Libanon Libanon ed onthe pages of , 1936, p.136. Later p.136. 1936, , in contributed tion 13, .8 I a In p.68. 1937, , . In one place we we place one In . on numerous on numerous Libanon Libanon ívében” in in ívében” . . 225 Libanon , 1940, 1940, , wish

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A zsidóság Magyarországon, 1526-1945Magyarországon, zsidóság A p.103. Later on his name appears as Schalem. G.M.J. Schalem. as appears name his on Later p.103. agt t ouba nvriy rm 1930. from University Columbia at taught Jewish intellectuals of the first half of the 20the of half first the of intellectuals Jewish vkd hn h rcpet o a rtn cmeiin wr wr an were award competition writing a of recipients the when evoked in teacher (a Gonda László of name the while well, as appeared dividing the periods. Gonda’s volume was published published was volume Gonda’s periods. the dividing 720 Messianism, and mysticism Jewish into s started first who researcher the instance, for Scholem, Gershom Re on. later reputations admirable acquired but time, this at known 721 Bergmann, 724 723 722 in Askenezi” l decades decided Scheiber and he since him mention ye (seventy appeared just have philosophy of history the in works on,later States United the in circles conservative become to was and Berlin in dissertation his completed just had who perhaps or Jerusalem others. Zsoldos, and Jenő among J Komlós, Aladár Grünwald, Fülöp Grózinger, M. belonging József – generation authors of cohort abovementioned the was there importantly, in a peculiar way: he saw in Lurianic Kabbalah and and Kabbalah Lurianic in saw he way: peculiar a in Heschel was employed at the at employed was Heschel Messiahs.” Messiahs.” aou – s poe t te eih ieaue f th of literature Jewish the in to irodalomban” opposed as – Baroque Zoltán Kohn, “A vallási és prófétai lelki típus” i típus” lelki prófétai és vallási “A Kohn, Zoltán in “Folyóiratszemle” pro igazság az és “Az ismeret Grózinger, M. József Gerh name German original his with mentioned is He in Barátainak…” Gimnázium Zsidó “A 722 Libanon h pioohr h sre a te etr f h Hbe Universi Hebrew the of Rector the as served who philosopher the Libanon In addition to this, we find references to a good number of the most most the of number good a to references find we this, to addition In , 1940, p.61. György J. Weisz applied the theory of theory the applied Weisz J. György p.61. 1940, , Libanon 13, p1-3 Wiz lo eerd o h “Baroq the to referred also Weisz pp.19-23. 1939, , the Jewish Theological Seminary America. of Seminary Theological Jewish leading Jewish historian in 20 in historian Jewish leading

, 1936, p.176. 1936, , (Budapest, 1992). 1992). (Budapest, Libanon 723 98 .6 od eevdpas o i submiss his for praise received Gonda p.96. 1938, , the Kabbalistic poets of Safed the manifestation of manifestation the Safed of poets Kabbalistic the 721 n th after his death (and the change of regime). László László regime). of change the (and death his after blémája” in blémája” , “G. Schalem: Chalomotav sel hasabatai R. Mordecha R. hasabatai sel Chalomotav Schalem: “G. , century, several of whom were not that widely widely that not were whom of severalcentury, te rfrne icue Arhm Heschel, Abraham included references Other Libanon tr o rt te itr o Hnain er togeth Jewry Hungarian of history the write to ater u as t itletas uh s Hugo as such intellectuals to also but e Middle Ages. György J. Weisz, “Barokk a zsidó zsidó a “Barokk Weisz, J. György Ages. Middle e 724 r Shlm “oyiasel” in “Folyóiratszemle” Scholem. ard Ernst Cassirer some of whose impressive whose of some Cassirer Ernst , 1937, pp.25-29. Between 1946 and his death, death, his and 1946 Between pp.25-29. 1937, , Libanon th century America, Salo Baron who who Baron Salo America, century

Scholem and the concept of Baroque Baroque of concept the and Scholem , 1936, p.257. p.257. 1936, , Debrecen at this time) was time) this at Debrecen ue impatience of self-appointed self-appointed of impatience ue erious scholarly inquiries inquiries scholarly erious ars later) in Hungarian Hungarian in later) ars ferences were made to to made were ferences ózsef Turóczi-Trostler Turóczi-Trostler ózsef nleta i more in influential nounced. to the middle middle the to Libanon 720 exciting exciting 226 Most Jewish Jewish Gonda, Gonda, 1937, 1937, y of ty ion. I I ion. er, er, j CEU eTD Collection

Libanon by Katalin Scheer and published by Atlantisz in 200 Atlantisz by published and Scheer by Katalin ok o Jws topics. Jewish on works thi at was who but later, decades Neoconservatives American for mhss n h frt af f h 19 the of half first the on emphasis Hungari exploring on keenparticularlywas He aspects. Jewish two, published mostly, though not exclusively, literary historical literary exclusively, not though mostly, published two, the indubitably Zsoldos, culture. of models their between contrast muc so ways, many in distinguished be can platform and interests b volumes, first its to especially articles many great a t defining in prominent equally less or more were They Grózinger. translation, analysis of cultural models. analysis cultural models. of t of topic main the to background a provides and internationally, as culture high Jewish contemporary with been have must contributors 727 726 n o te wt TrciTote. eő slo and írónemzedék Zsoldos magyar-zsidó Jenő Turóczi-Trostler. with them of one 1 in 196 and 1939 between doctorate director the was and Gymnasium his received and Latin and Hungarian of appearance the is these among important Most 95. 725 (ed.), (ed.), slo Jn (uaet 19 – uaet 17) li 1972), Budapest, – 1896 (Budapest, Jenő Zsoldos in törvény” és “Filozófia Grózinger, M. József Le Descartes Cassirer: “Ernst Grózinger, M. József Magyar irodalom és zsidóságés irodalom Magyar , it is safe to argue that Zsoldos was primarily interested in the Hunga theZsoldos in safe interested is was, it argue that to primarily 725 and, last but not least, Leo Strauss who would serve as a source of source a as serve would who Strauss Leo least, not but last and, The two most productive authors of authors productive most two The II.

Models Models Jewish Cultureof Bdps: et Ireia ikzé Leánygimnáziu Hitközség Izraelita Pesti (Budapest:

726 hs mrsie it lutae hw aiir oe f the of some familiar how illustrates list impressive This (Budapest: 1943). 1943). (Budapest: th etr ad t a esr xet te ilcl (Judeo- Biblical the extent, lesser a to and, century Libanon . 7.

Die Philosophie der Philosophie Die hre, Persönlichkeit, Wirkung” in in Wirkung” Persönlichkeit, hre, 2. trig n 90 h tuh a te eih Girl Jewish the at taught he 1920, in Starting 923. József Turóczi-Trostler (eds.), (eds.), Turóczi-Trostler József 5. In the period under question, he edited two volu two edited he question, under period the In 5. eay itra, igit pdgge H graduated He pedagogue. linguist, historian, terary , 1937, pp.23-24. pp.23-24. , 1937, Libanon sds evn a is dtr. Their editors. its as serving esides were Jenő Zsoldos and József M. M. andZsoldos József wereJenő

an-Jewish connections with an with connections an-Jewish Aufklärung s time still writing his early his writing still time s articles. he journal and contributed and journal he more well-known of the the of well-known more h so that there is a stark stark a is there that so h ma, 1940) and Jenő Zsoldos Zsoldos Jenő and 1940) ma, e et ucatr the subchapter: next he it was just developing just was it in Hungarian, translated translated Hungarian, in 727 Libanon Száz év előtt. Az első első Az előtt. év Száz On the basis of basis the On rian past and its and its rian past , 1940, pp.94- 1940, , inspiration 227 mes, mes, in in s’ s’ CEU eTD Collection

be among the most urgent scientific tasks. Years la Years tasks. scientific urgent most the among be en a itrse adec. svn iá, A magy “A Virág, István audience. interested an being Libanon perspective ought to be compared with that of Józse of that with compared be to ought perspective Márton írói munkásságához” in munkásságához” írói Márton slo cnrbtd suy n h (ak hn bare then) (back the on study a contributed Zsoldos in seregszemléje” Ének László: (“Bródy Bródy as well as in Chapter VII. VII. Chapter well in as as expressed in in expressed who, in his eyes, constituted the canon: József Kis József canon: the constituted eyes, his in who, Theater who later on became famous at the Viennese Viennese the at famous became in Színházban” on later who Theater cease almost completely”. Ibid., p.145. Virág consi Virág p.145. Ibid., completely”. almost cease literature of Jewish religion”. Endre Sós, “Emil Ma “Emil Sós, Endre religion”. Jewish of literature a be to Jewry Hungarian of life intellectual the of “only that claimed Virág more, is What p.148. 1937, supported by István Virág who referred to a vacuum vacuum a to referred who Virág István by supported és az Athenaeum” in in Athenaeum” az és Ignác (“Benedek 1848 in pamphlets pro-Jewish wrote why the accusation of anti-nationalism was unjust w unjust was anti-nationalism of accusation the why evening of László Bródy, Zsoldos wrote on the Hunga the wroteon Zsoldos Bródy, László of evening in története” drama magyar a és (“Rachel added Zsoldos which 1851, in Rachel actress Jewish ih h fre o JdoCrsint t bcm the become to Judeo-Christianity baráts “Éneka Turóczi-Trostler, József centuries”. of forces the with symbolic worldviews. For him, the Greek idea of of idea Greek the him, For worldviews. symbolic nar friendship” about “Song article His dimensions. also accounted for this absence: he believed the re the believed he absence: this for accounted also did not even think of it and it had no place in the in place no had it and it of think even not did ground. common Christian) Catholic poets”. Albert Kardos, “Debreceni teológus “Debreceni Kardos, Albert poets”. Catholic manifeste be again will Testament Old the of tha spirit hope and believe “We that wrote Kardos 1943, in “Irod Zsoldos, Jenő was”. Hungarian as Bible the to 728 value”. scholarly real of have history not Hungarian-Jewish do “we and unwritten” remains assimilation cultural Jewish 730 729 Zsigmond Hirsch (“Egy ismeretlen magyar-zsidó író” magyar-zsidó ismeretlen (“Egy Hirsch Zsigmond in drámájában” magyar századvég from Bod Péter by anecdotes of book the in sources h apaac o frt Hnain ugra Jw o Jew” Hungarian “Hungarian first of appearance the in Talmud” n h bss f el ucvrd sources. uncovered newly of basis the on precious many present to labored he end this to and assimilation, Jenő Zsoldos, “A zsidóság szerepe Pest és Buda meg Buda és Pest szerepe zsidóság “A Zsoldos, Jenő Euro other no is there “perhaps that maintained He i abto yedd h floig xlrtos a explorations: following the yielded ambition His , his intention was, above all, to inquire into the broadly conceived stor conceived broadly the into inquire to all, above was, intention his , Libanon Libanon Libanon , 1936, pp.212-213. He also wrote on Jews in Hungar in Jews on wrote also He pp.212-213. 1936, , , some of which resonated with these thoughts, are are thoughts, these with resonated which of some , Libanon , 1938, pp.17-18.). András Vág discussed the “missi the discussed Vág András pp.17-18.). 1938, , , 1940, pp.6-11.); on the beginning of the career o career the of beginning the on pp.6-11.); 1940, ,

Libanon 728 Libanon As he stated in one of his articles, “the story of Hungarian- of story “the articles, his of one in stated he As , 1943, pp.93-96.). 1943, , Libanon , 1937, pp.63-65. Moreover, he published on a Hunga a on published he Moreover, pp.63-65. 1937, , curricula of Hungarian universities either. Zsoldo either. universities Hungarian of curricula Libanon ágról” in ágról” paideia ligious strata were not preoccupied with it, the wo the it, with preoccupied not were strata ligious ter Endre Sós also maintained that “It is the most the is “It that maintained also Sós Endre ter ware of and do justice to the authors of Hungarian Hungarian of authors the to justice do and of ware dered a monograph on the hundred years of emancipat of years hundred the on monograph a dered d in Hungarian poetry, in the works of Protestant a Protestant of works the in poetry, Hungarian in d , 1941, pp.52-56.). Later on, on the occasion of th of occasion the on on, Later pp.52-56.). 1941, , rated world history through the dialectics of alleg of dialectics the through history world rated hen levered against Zsigmond Saphir (“A Pesther Tag Pesther (“A Saphir Zsigmond against levered hen s, Emil Makai, Zoltán Somlyó, Tamás Emőd and Lászl and Emőd Tamás Somlyó, Zoltán Makai, Emil s, almunk új talmudszemlélete” in talmudszemlélete” új almunk kai” in in kai” f Turóczi-Trostler who seemed to think in world his world in think to seemed who Turóczi-Trostler f könyörög Izráelért” in in Izráelért” könyörög to by covering the references to her in Hungarian l Hungarian in her to references the covering by to in Jewish scholarly policies which existed in spite in existed which policies scholarly Jewish in rian-Jewish poetic tradition, enumerating the main main the enumerating tradition, poetic rian-Jewish y nw bgnig o Mro Dóys aer (“Diós career Diósy’s Márton of beginnings known ly by us, in Hungary did the research into the Jewish the into research the did Hungary in us, by pean literature which for centuries was as closely as was centuries for which literature pean ar-zsidó történettudomány célkitűzéseihez” in in célkitűzéseihez” történettudomány ar-zsidó 70 Jn Zods “o Ptr zn Hlrua s a és Hiláriusa Szent Péter “Bod Zsoldos, Jenő 1760. t another epoch will emerge when this conception, t conception, this when emerge will epoch another t és emancipációs röpirata” in röpirata” emancipációs és in in 730 piece on the Talmudic borrowings and its concrete concrete its and borrowings Talmudic the on piece magyarosodásában” in magyarosodásában” cultural humanism that encompassed and defined defined and encompassed that humanism cultural n stage in 1820. Jenő Zsoldos, “A zsidó a XVIII. XVIII. a zsidó “A Zsoldos, Jenő 1820. in stage n , 1941, pp.29-30.). In the very last issue of of issue last very the In pp.29-30.). 1941, , and the Roman idea of of idea Roman the and

lmns ht ol b ueu i the in useful be could that Elements Libanon Libanon Libanon Opera (“Csillag Rózsa pályakezdése a Nemzeti Nemzeti a pályakezdése Rózsa (“Csillag Opera 729 ugn fo hs otiuin to contributions his from Judging , 1937, p.169. , 1937, , 1940, pp.44-46.), on Ignác Benedek who who Benedek Ignác on pp.44-46.), 1940, , , 1941, p.45. The ideas of Aladár Komlós Komlós Aladár of ideas The p.45. 1941, , discussed elsewhere in this subchapter subchapter this in elsewhere discussed ian plays of the late 18 late the of plays ian on” lasting six nights of the French French the of nights six lasting on” Libanon details of this story, often often story, this of details Libanon f Róza Csillag at the National National the at Csillag Róza f humanitas Libanon , 1943, p.26. This national national This p.26. 1943, , Libanon , 1937, pp.125-128. He pp.125-128. 1937, , an overview of of overview an “had to be infused infused be to “had , 1942, p.16. Even p.16. 1942, , , 1937, p.90.); on p.90.); 1937, , y of cultural cultural of y rian article by by article rian th s’ thesis was thesis s’ century and and century urgent task task urgent rldly strata strata rldly orical and and orical 228 s well as as well s of there there of e poetry poetry e Libanon Libanon iterature iterature national national figures related related torical torical ion to to ion eblatt eblatt past past he he t t ó ó y

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Libanon pp.2-4. pp.2-4. by László Peresényi Nagy in 1802, one of the earlie the of one 1802, in Nagy Peresényi László by ái Cvtigr a ivne truh misinterpr a through invented was Czvittinger Dávid Czvittinger Specimenjében” in in Specimenjében” Czvittinger another instance, Zsoldos set out to show that a su a that show to out set Zsoldos instance, another h peiul uepoe aes f eih prta ad materia and spiritual Jewish of areas unexplored previously the discovered era Romantic the that adding homeland”, our in manner fair Tal the and Bible <> the when time the is centuries i pieces. his occupied traditions political-cultural positive of strengthening etmn wt seil eoin i fe t d so]” do to free [is devotion special with misfortunes Testament many patri so preaching from not suffering am Jewry, I Hungarian and poem a for explanation Egylet Magyar Izraelita in active Arany László that Hönigh, that explained he twice: corrections his in 731 those of inspiration. anti-Semitic lit Hungarian a of development the to contribute could he traditions 733 wi in joined Kardos Albert Kölcsey, of death the of 732 which to according statement generalized but similar, a made irodalmunkban” in irodalmunkban” 1 the of beginning the at so did He Jews. Hungarian collection a compile to first the was who Thewrewk t on specifically more and general in rationalism on wrote often were Hungarian in writing Jews first the as well as Jews it especially and history” Hungarian of period “Romantic terms) the Hungarian National Anthem, National Hungarian the on Hungarian worldly literature. Imre Waldapfel, “M Waldapfel, Imre literature. worldly Hungarian on eih aalls srnig rm sae acet source. ancient shared a from springing parallelism Jewish Jenő Zsoldos, “Irodalmunk új talmudszemlélete” in in talmudszemlélete” új “Irodalmunk Zsoldos, Jenő in Jeremiás” és “Kölcsey Zsoldos, Jenő automatical neither was Jewish label the that Note , 1938, p.98. p.98. , 1938, 731 n l lklho, slo hpd ht y aig h raes aware readers the making by that hoped Zsoldos likelihood, all In In the very first issue of of issue first very the In Libanon , 1942, pp.82-83. Somewhat earlier Imre Waldapfel w Waldapfel Imre earlier Somewhat pp.82-83. 1942, , Libanon

Hymnus , 1937, pp. 148-152. 148-152. pp. 1937, , Libanon Libanon by Ferenc Kölcsey, Zsoldos wrote of a Hungarian- a of wrote Zsoldos Kölcsey, Ferenc by pposedly Hungarian rabbi who appears in literary hi literary in appears who rabbi Hungarian pposedly active in the 1820s, was not a Hungarian Jewish au Jewish Hungarian a not was 1820s, the in active , 1936, pp.28-29. In the same spirit, on the 100 the on spirit, same the In pp.28-29. 1936, , during the early 1860s was not the son of János Ar János of son the not was 1860s early the during st signs of the direct impact of Jewish traditional Jewish of impact direct the of signs st 830s. Jenő Zsoldos, “Az első talmudi <> >> th n t

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promote tolerance in abstract while preaching harsh preaching while so abstract in tolerance though promote sorts, of Voltaireian (a Bessenyei p.256. presented the pro-Jewish views of Péter Vajda, who believed t believed who Vajda, Péter of views pro-Jewish the presented magyar szellemi életben” in in Mendelssoh életben” szellemi magyar of veneration” profound most “the p. showed “Bessenyei”, Zsoldos, argued. he Eötvös”, József of freedom. Ibid., p.266 and pp.281-2. pp.281-2. and p.266 Ibid., freedom. of under and ethnography and characterology of genres religion. Zsoldos, “Romantikus”, p.261. He added th added He p.261. “Romantikus”, Zsoldos, religion. of works in the started already ideas) Voltaireian Mo of thedefense letters Hungarian in that claimed religion in all its forms. Jenő Zsoldos, “A romanti “A Zsoldos, Jenő forms. its pp.207-1 all in Ibid., religion age. the of spirit the to adjust to prt Kznz dd o se n cnrdcin betw contradiction any sense historical the display to managed completely see not did Kazinczy spirit. s could hand, other the on Emotion, pp.216-7. 1932, Zsoldos maintained that he found the right balance balance right the found he that maintained Zsoldos Jews of treatment Rousseauia humanistic the a promoted from Kazinczy Starting development. of opponent Kazinczy was “justified by posterity” and his spiri his and posterity” by “justified was Kazinczy emotions. of veneration sentimental the and reason Zsoldos published on Bessenyei and Kazinczy, claimi Kazinczy, and Bessenyei on published Zsoldos Romanticism and the Enlightenment. the and Romanticism Adam Sutcliffe, Sutcliffe, Adam 734 Central Europe more generally.Central Europe more ab scholarship contemporary by self-evident less much considered emancipatory themes in Hungarian poetry in the IMIT the in poetry Hungarian in themes emancipatory 736 735 p but superstitious, fanatical, a was Jewry thought reason (though it accepted Jews as humans) could no could humans) as Jews accepted it (though reason irodalmakban religious-Biblical knowledge.religious-Biblical p vivid a had past Jewish the discovered, was past Hungarian the reser any without problem national general a into emancipation was Vajda interpretation, Zsoldos’ In related. were languages Kölcsey zsidólátása” in zsidólátása” Kölcsey Je to devoted particularly writers Hungarian of canon a create reason and that of emotion, and thus their views on views their thus and emotion, of that and reason On the relations between the Enlightenment and Jud and Enlightenment the between relations the On Jenő Zsoldos, “Vajda Péter zsidószemlélete” in in zsidószemlélete” Péter “Vajda Zsoldos, Jenő Bojtár, Endre See (Szekszárd: Typotex, 2008), 20-21. 2008), Typotex, (Szekszárd: Judaism and Enlightenment and Judaism Many of his contributions to to contributions his of Many Hzt s ée ámdn.. Fliáooá é roma és Felvilágosodás álmodánk...” népet és “Hazát IMIT évkönyv IMIT IMIT évkönyv IMIT

736 735 , 1932, p.206. He maintained here that through its through that here maintained He p.206. 1932, , Zsoldos also wrote on Viktor Cholnoky’s theory that placed that theory Cholnoky’s Viktor on wrote also Zsoldos

, 1933, p.61. In his article on the Romantic image image Romantic the on article his In p.61. 1933, , (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003). In the 1932 yearb theIn1932 2003). UP, Cambridge (Cambridge: 734 It seems he took this opposition for granted which is which granted for opposition this took he seems It certain rationalists who aimed to reconcile reason reason reconcile to aimed who rationalists certain assive and immoral nation with blind faith who was who faith blind with nation immoral and assive . lehr h add ht ainls cnend po condemned rationalism that added he Elsewhere 0. ses (which simultaneously meant the loosening of th of loosening the meant simultaneously (which ses kus zsidószemlélet irodalmunkban” in in irodalmunkban” zsidószemlélet kus of the Romantics ahead of time. In his eyes, tradit eyes, his In time. of ahead Romantics the of fdfnigJw ws flydvlpdi h wor the in developed “fully was Jews defending of t anti-Jewish tenets. Zsoldos, “Bessenyei” in “Bessenyei” Zsoldos, tenets. anti-Jewish between rationalism and Romanticism, between the cu the between Romanticism, and rationalism between Libanon Jews were worth comparing. Jenő Zsoldos, “Bessenye Zsoldos, Jenő comparing. worth were Jews at for the Romantics, under the influence og the de the og influence the under Romantics, the for at ense the Jewish fate and recognize the value of the of value the recognize and fate Jewish the ense the impact of Herderian ideas, Moses was an ancient an was Moses ideas, Herderian of impact the eht oe oeae n i ves n eiin coul religion) on views his in moderate more mewhat slo, A oatks in romantikus” “A Zsoldos, t approach the specificities of Jewry. 18 Jewry. of specificities the approach t Libanon ng that they represented the spirit of two epochs, epochs, two of spirit the represented they that ng 2. n nte o hs tde, e ed ht Kazinc that read we studies, his of another In 221. yearbook of 1943. Here Zsoldos discussed the belie the discussed Zsoldos Here 1943. of yearbook e rao ad atr o te er. e lo almost also He heart. the of matters and reason een n h itrss f utrl siiain Ii. p (Ibid., assimilation cultural of interests the in aism see the excellent work in intellectual history intellectual in work excellent the see aism peie ht hi opeso ld o hi vices, their to led oppression their that premise n n among all Hungarians. Zsoldos, “Mendelssohn a a “Mendelssohn Zsoldos, Hungarians. all among n , 1936, p.50. Zsoldos even published an article on on article an published even Zsoldos p.50. 1936, , can be read as parts of his attempt to attempt his of parts as read be can hat the Hungarian and Hebrew Hebrew and Hungarian the hat the first to turn “the idea of idea “the turn to first the wry. In the second issue he he issue second the In wry. vations”, adding that, when when that, adding vations”, ntika a közép- és kelet-európai kelet-európai és közép- a ntika MT évkönyv IMIT eec i Hnay as Hungary in resence out Hungary and East East and Hungary out presentist convictions convictions presentist IMIT évkönyv IMIT of Jews, Zsoldos Zsoldos Jews, of th century reason reason century IMIT évkönyv IMIT 13, p.270. 1935, , ook of IMIT, IMIT, of ook and revealed revealed and ion was no was ion not ready ready not 230 veloping veloping e grip of of grip e Jewish Jewish , 1935, 1935, , that of that .218). .218). sitive sitive ks of ks hero hero lt of of lt f in in f i és i by by zy zy d d , ,

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y áo Sletr Zods “ mga zió nyelvr zsidó magyar “A Zsoldos, Sylvester. János by oiin Fy fe rfre t te ead o huma of demands the to referred often Fáy position, m emancipatory the of arguments the all practically költészetünkben” in költészetünkben” Hungarian might be due to some Biblical-Hebrew infl Biblical-Hebrew some to due be might Hungarian Fokos-Fuchs, “Bibliai hatások a magyar nyelvben” in nyelvben” magyar a hatások “Bibliai Fokos-Fuchs, ufrn o Jwy hog te oe o hs heart”. his of power the “o through Fáy Jewry that of declared suffering Zsoldos 1937, of yearbook IMIT example. Ibid., p.200. p.200. Ibid., example. Jewish 19 Jewish ucso o Vajda. of successor r tellingly he here and Turanian”, “the to next Semitic” “the similar attempts by contemporary authors: Dávid Fok Dávid authors: contemporary by attempts similar in nyelvrokonító” magyar-zsidó egy “Még Zsoldos, wor poetic Hungarian in appeared ever hardly (which yearn the and emancipation) Jewish supported always socie of sins the to due emerged had Jewry of state r of spirit subjects. his among the appeared also Protestantism”, validated “consistently words his in who Fáy, András days. his of Hungary in activities trading Jewish “respec single supposedlythe was who rationalist” and romantic 739 738 rather similar, a on reported he later years Three 737 poli of idea the him), save would emancipation that in interpretation allegorical its (and Messiah the opponents. its on also propagators, but its on only not focusing and against spirit, culture, the Jewish anti-Semitism”. it and within attempt who someone as FranyóZoltán to referredspecifically 741 740 xrse dcddy hsoia ies fr instance for ideas, ahistorical decidedly expresses évkönyv ugr ad o iety nw t rlgos societa religious, its knew directly so and Hungary Jerusalem, he provided an excellent short history of this idea, be idea, this ofhistory short excellent an provided he Jerusalem, references literary Hungarian the Discussing fate”. common of Jenő Zsoldos, “Jeruzsálem pusztulása a magyar irod magyar a pusztulása “Jeruzsálem Zsoldos, Jenő in Zsidógyűlölet” Zoltán: “Franyó Zsoldos, Jenő műveiben” András Fáy képek “Bibliai Zsoldos, Jenő Hetényi zsidószemlélete: “Irodalmunk Zsoldos, Jenő kultúra” semi a és Viktor “Cholnoky Zsoldos, Jenő , 1937, p.188. At the same time, Fáy was responsibl was Fáy time, same the At p.188. 1937, , th century author, Herman Bauer-Márkfi, to apply the apply to Bauer-Márkfi, Herman author, century In the second volume of volume second the In IMIT évkönyv IMIT 737 lehr, e eoe atnin o áo Htni a “progressive, a Hetényi, János to attention devoted he Elsewhere, , 1943, pp.286-304. pp.286-304. 1943, , Libanon particular), the motif of the wandering Jew (and th (and Jew wandering the of motif the particular), rudimentary thesis developed by Móric Kaufmann in 1 in Kaufmann Móric by developed thesis rudimentary hn icsig h at f éa ééz e rts t writes he Révész Béla of art the discussing when Libanon ty at large and the inappropriate laws in place, th place, in laws inappropriate the and large at ty tical-societal responsibility (which claimed that t that claimed (which responsibility tical-societal ovement can be found. Ibid., p.191. In order to jus to order In p.191. Ibid., found. be can ovement Libanon

os-Fuchs pondered whether the repetition of word ro word of repetition the whether pondered os-Fuchs , utrl iuto. bd, .9. n i literar his In p.198. Ibid., situation. cultural l, Libanon Jenő Zsoldos, “Fáy András zsidószemlélete” in in zsidószemlélete” András “Fáy Zsoldos, Jenő itc ramn, h ntoa itrs ad h Eur the and interest national the treatment, nistic uence – or at least to the same way of reasoning. D reasoning. of way same the to least at or – uence alomban” in alomban” s. e eő slo, Eacpcó mtvmk líra motívumok “Emancipációs Zsoldos, Jenő See ks). János” in János” n fr h poie ln ad h cnus b Moses by conquest the and land promised the for ing kná tréeée” in történetéhez” okonság in nly managed to reach an honest assessment of the the of assessment honest an reach to managed nly in in , Zsoldos narrated the history of “the fiction fiction “the of history the narrated Zsoldos , , 1937, p.162. 1937, , Libanon Libanon 738 739 , 1940, p.125. At the same time, time, same the At p.125. 1940, , e for collecting data on the Jewish population of population Jewish the on data collecting for e , 1937, pp.10-12. pp.10-12. 1937, , h Bbia iaey f h bos of books the of imagery Biblical The Furthermore, in one of his reviews, he reviews, his of one in Furthermore, theory of linguistic relations originally invented invented originally relations linguistic of theory Libanon Libanon 1936, p.225. He quoted the attempt by a a by attempt the quoted He p.225. 1936, , 1939, p.7. Discussing András Fáy in the the in Fáy András Discussing p.7. 1939, , , 1938, pp.131-138. pp.131-138. 1938, , 740 ed to “defend universal human human universal “defend to ed , 1937, pp.91-92. Elsewhere he also also he Elsewhere pp.91-92. 1937, , to the destruction of ancient of destruction the to ginning with the 16the with ginning tfully objective” evaluator of of evaluator objective” tfully

eferred to Cholnoky as the the as Cholnoky to eferred 741 Libanon Nevertheless, it is clear is it Nevertheless, toaim n his in ationalism , 1937, pp.195-196. pp.195-196. 1937, , Libanon e conviction conviction e th he current current he y oeuvre, oeuvre, y century us almost almost us 231 featured featured tify his tify opean opean ots in ots hat it it hat IMIT IMIT

841. 841. ávid ávid i i

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Grózinger announced that he originally wanted to write in Hebrew, but Hebrew, in write to wanted originally he that announced Grózinger Hungarian culture. Jewish assimilation-i his of illustration last excellent an provides and expr two the used he that (note ideas Hungarian-Jewish Zsoldos’ of utr. rzne pbihd i mi wr o te itr o Jws p Jewish of history the German. on work main his published Grózinger culture. most of his pieces in the first period of of period first the in pieces his of most writings in in writings d the regarding evidence the although culture, Jewish German cherished Testament”. of role the on “took Kölcsey while Messiah” the with identification his of end-point the reach to “wanted Komjáthy Moses”, similar of leadership poets of role the “made Petőfi view, this to According mi “our of three for equivalents Jewish or Biblical found he ideas: his presented he Kölcsey, on Riedl Frigyes of book the with dealing promot to wanted also Zsoldos extent, certain a to least at that, “Révész Béla és a zsidóság” in in zsidóság” a és Béla “Révész 743 742 soul Jewish the of motives original “the approaches agae ore ok eulse i Dbee, where Debrecen, in republished book course language h of sign strongest the found I identity. Hungarian metukevet” in in metukevet” Gr M. József redundant”. words of equivalent German His articles in in articles His in Ferenc” Kölcsey Frigyes: “Riedl Zsoldos, Jenő 743 motnl, n h itouto o ti wr, hc h rlae i 1930, in released he which work, this of introduction the in Importantly, 742 Libanon Libanon This peculiar principle of convergence is probably the mos probably is the convergence of peculiarprinciple This ósf . rzne, h ohr ot iiet uhr of author diligent most other the Grózinger, M. József Libanon , 1938, 1938, , p.126. ugss ht e nraigy retd isl as twrs H towards also himself oriented increasingly he that suggests were obviously written in Hungarian but even here here even but Hungarian in written obviously were Libanon , 1938, pp.6-9. 1938, , is Hungarian consciousness in a review of a Modern Modern a of review a in consciousness Hungarian is Libanon Libanon ad xrse “tra Jws sdes. eő Zsol Jenő sadness”. Jewish “eternal expressed and ” ózinger, “Ch. C. Groszmann: Szifrénu mahadurasémit mahadurasémit Szifrénu Groszmann: C. “Ch. ózinger, e eakd ht W cnie te nlso o the of inclusion the consider “We that remarked he , 1939, p.34. p.34. 1939, , s itr. e a a hlspe who philosopher a was He history. ’s e the idea of similarity. When When similarity. of idea the e tgains prpcie on perspective ntegrationist o h people-liberating the to he hardly ever expressed his his expressed ever hardly he the Prophets of the Old the of Prophets the essions with a hyphen), a with essions ssion-devoted” poets. poets. ssion-devoted” own, rather striking striking rather own, olve through worldview eventually decided decided eventually Libanon, t radicalexpression t evelopment of his his of evelopment hilosophy in in hilosophy published published 232 Hebrew Hebrew ebrew ebrew

dos, dos,

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based on the conviction that religion and scholarship/philosophy made u made scholarship/philosophy and religion that conviction the on based presenting them in the form of accessible content summaries. content accessible of form the in them presenting edlsh bs u Ggnat I: o Mss Mendel Moses Von I.: Gegenwart. zur bis Mendelssohn his two main tasks to be, on the one hand, the coherent presentation of Je of presentation coherent the hand, one the on be, to tasks main two his It view. of point Jewish the from relevant aspects the on focusing interpretation of Holy Scripture. agai was this that remarked indignantly somewhat he reaction, e was this and scholarship and religion of irreconcilability the s Sestov unscholarly. ideas Sestov’s declared Grózinger Sestov, Lev on i For someone. with argue to opted he when occasions those on accessed convicti his but preferences, personal his with resonated who authors H and German in published works of amount impressive an reviewed in works philosophical Jewish-related important of summaries tr Hungarian providing i.e. languages, communicatingacross other, the on and, theory that there was no opposition between scholar between opposition no was there that theory ak f eih hlspy i ad a awy be t rational to been always has and “is philosophy Jewish of task appeared German. in rea to able be would philosophers Jewish of presentation his that 745 744 Fényes, “Laikus vallásszemlélet a hit és tudomány e hit tudomány ésa vallásszemlélet “Laikus Fényes, Grózinger was born in the eastern part of Hungary i Hungary of part eastern the in born was Grózinger Budapest and (for his doctorate) in Pécs. His other His Pécs. in doctorate) his (for and Budapest and pedagogical works. Some of his his of Some works. pedagogical and Alexan Bernát of and German) and Hungarian in (both released as booklets. booklets. as released József M. Grózinger, “Leo Schestow vallásfilozófia Schestow “Leo Grózinger, M. József Grózinger: Joseph In hn umrzn te da o Wlem oe Góigr elrd t declared Grózinger Sole, Wilhelm of ideas the summarizing When Libanon, ecihe e jdshn hlspi ud e jüdisc der und Philosophie jüdischen der Geschichte 744

e nlzd aiu mmns n h hsoy f philosophy, of history the in moments various analyzed he Libanon 745

articles (for instance “A jiddis nyelv pszichológi nyelv jiddis “A instance (for articles gységéről” in gységéről” main publications include a study of Kantian metap Kantian of study a include publications main n the small village of Csengerújfalu in 1891. He st He 1891. in Csengerújfalu of village small the n ship and religion Fényes called a “flippant slogan” “flippant a called Fényes religion and ship der from the late 1920s as well as shorter philosop shorter as well as 1920s late the from der i elmélete” in elmélete” i sh bs aoo Maimon Salomon bis ssohn Libanon Libanon , 1938, p.77. p.77. 1938, , foreign languages. Grózinger Grózinger languages. foreign He mainly chose to write on write to chose mainly He , 1942, pp.110-113. Grózinger’s Grózinger’s pp.110-113. 1942, , ven worse in his eyes. In In eyes. his in worse ven appears that he considered he that appears s te rdtoa Jewish traditional the nst ch a larger audience if it if audience larger a ch e Pioohn o Moses von Philosophen hen ly explain and thereby thereby and explain ly ons can be most easily most be can ons upported the thesis of of thesis the upported nstance, in his study study his in nstance, p a harmonious unit harmonious a p Bri: hl, 1930). Philo, (Berlin: wish spiritual life spiritual wish ebrew, usually usually ebrew, anslations and anslations ája”) were also also were ája”) 233 a the hat udied in udied hysics hysics . Mór Mór . hical hical CEU eTD Collection

both of which must have appealed to Grózinger. to appealed have must which of both hlspy te bvmnind ro a n dut cetc n somewha and eclectic doubt no was trio abovementioned the philosophy, philosophy”. believer, stating that he was religionbeliever, both freedo to a he that committed saint stating and a well as philosopher rationalist a him considered and panteist philosophy was centered on Jewish authors: at one point, he even expl evenhe point, one authors:at Jewish on centered philosophywas ates, hc imney asd neet n i t be Imagination his European the and in Heresy Interrupted. interest raised immensely which pantheism, religion as a universal function of reason and thought of Jewry as its as Jewry of thought and reason of function universal a philosopher as religion favorite his among clearly was Cohen Hermann Kantian, Ma the Benoschofsky, Imre to contrast clear In him. for important 77 and 84. 84. and 77 teghn h dvn oii o faith”. of origin divine the strengthen xuso fo te community. the from expulsion caus ideas Spinoza’s that f and sources Jewish had thinking his that denied also Cohen misfortunes. stance the took Cohen Crucially, selected. monot only not thought European given has “Prophetism that show to wanted Jewry that maintained who Renan of ideas the revise and reject 750 749 748 747 of canon basic his time, same the At differences. Jewish inner commonaliti stress to meant evidently was canon his contradictions: philosophy. monotheist European offounder the 751 aroun peaking was nation) Jewish the of concept new 746 Lazier, Lazier, centuri for heretic a considered was Spinoza While maifilozófi a és “Maimonides Grózinger, M. József in Hermann” “Cohen Szemere, Samu legújab a útja “A prófétizmus Grózinger, M. József Kulturprobleme Sole: “Wilhelm Grózinger, M. József God , 85-88. 85-88. , 747 n pt o apaig et o ah te o Góigrs plat Grózinger’s on other each to next appearing of spite In In this quest, Hermann Cohen, Maimonides and Spinoza proved particularly proved Spinoza and Maimonides Cohen, Hermann quest, this In

Libanon 751 rzne cruvne sc cmlxte and complexities such circumvented Grózinger 746 , 1942, p.35. 1942, , hs i ws mn hs ot motn gas to goals important most his among was it Thus, b gondolkodásig” in in gondolkodásig” b es, his symbolic reintegration as a Jew (which requ (which Jew a as reintegration symbolic his es, a” in in a” tween the World Wars World the tween hinking. On these matters see Benjamin Lazier, Lazier, Benjamin see matters these On hinking. des Judentums” in in Judentums” des 749 d this time, parallel with another great debate on on debate great another with parallel time, this d 748 Libanon He also contested that Spinoza was everawas Spinoza that contested also He Moreover, he referred to Maimonides as Maimonides to referred he Moreover, , 1936, p.120. p.120. 1936, , Libanon Libanon (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008), UP, Princeton (Princeton: a ytcl n fanatical and mystical a s was unphilosophical. He He unphilosophical. was rburg-based leading neo- leading rburg-based the whole of modern modern of whole the , 1941, p.79. 1941, , es and not to highlight to not and es icitly remarked that “in that remarkedicitly , 1940, p.30. 1940, , p.30. most ancient source, ancient most m. irmly supported his his supported irmly s. Cohen viewed viewed Cohen s. 750 ed Jewry great great Jewry ed om f Jewish of form t paradoxically paradoxically t

heism but also but heism 234 ired a a ired God God

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philosopher can only be Jewish. It has a Judeogenic basis and is r is and basis Judeogenic a has It Jewish. be only can philosopher philosopher – whether he creates Platonic philosoph Platonic creates he whether – philosopher Jüdische Philosophie und Theologie nach 1933 nach Theologie und Philosophie Jüdische philosophical “soul searching” in Germany see, most see, Germany in searching” “soul philosophical Disassimilation Cartesian mathematical formulas in Amsterdam or whe or Amsterdam in formulas mathematical Cartesian col n abr – t las ece Jws piooh. h thi The philosophy. Jewish teaches always it – Marburg in School e or Amsterdam in philosophy of system geometric a builds it Plat be to happens it Whether ideas. Jewish declared always has discus have we as philosophy, “Jewish culture: of model his understand origins”. they thought, of rudiments the modify can influences external though writes Jewish philosophy”. József M. Grózinger, “Be Grózinger, JózsefM. philosophy”. Jewish writes idea with those developed in the new work of Pierre of work new the in developed those with idea Jewish themes in their main works, if at all. Pierr all. at if works, main their in themes Jewish significa most the that fact the to points Birnbaum thinkers. Hermann from Henri Marburg Paris”. Cohen Bergson from […and] t been have conductors the […] philosophy modern of concert polyphonic the 752 754 753 and mentality”.emerging soil of out the Jewish t sought be only can life and existence Jewish of goal and meaning 755 in Juden” der themes?” written nor problematic, Jewish a with concerned neither works reveals that is fluid mysterious “that what be would future the with different levels of seriousness. (The eight au eight (The seriousness. of levels different with Berlin, Walzer and Yerushalmi). The book was origin book The Yerushalmi). and Walzer Berlin, in interest vivid a shared they that though notice József M. Grózinger, “A zsidó filozófiai időszerűs filozófiai “A zsidó Grózinger, M. József irracionalizmu Freud “Sigmund Grózinger, M. József Philosophisc Sternberg: “Kurt Grózinger, M. József in “Bergson” Grózinger, M. József 753 754 On another occasion, Grózinger announced that the great scholarly ques scholarly great the that announced Grózinger occasion, another On Libanon lehr h asre ta te maig f ie n existen and life of “meaning the that asserted he Elsewhere (Stanford. Stanford UP, 2008), p.11. When their p theirWhen p.11. 2008), UP, Stanford (Stanford. fn te olwn saeet xetoal rvaig hn try when revealing exceptionally statement following the find I , 1938, p.123. He employed an almost identical form identical almost an employed He p.123. 1938, ,

Libanon (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2008). 2008). Ruprecht, and Vandenhoeck (Göttingen: some kind of Jewish problematic though in different in though problematic Jewish of kind some 14, .. n h cneprr Jws theological Jewish contemporary the On p.8. 1941, , thors analyzed are Marx, Durkheim, Simmel, Aron, Ar Aron, Simmel, Durkheim, Marx, are analyzed thors e Birnbaum, e nt social scientists of Jewish origin have hardly d hardly have origin Jewish of scientists social nt y in Alexandria, builds on Aristotelian bases in Sp in bases Aristotelian on builds Alexandria, in y rgson” in rgson” ége” in in ége” ally published in French in 2004. in 2004. French in published ally Birnbaum that recently appeared in English transla English in appeared recently that Birnbaum recently, Thomas Meyer, Meyer, Thomas recently, he Probleme im biblischen und apokryphren Schrifttu apokryphren und biblischen im Probleme he 755 ther he propagates antimechanistic vitalism in Pari in vitalism antimechanistic propagates he ther sa” in in sa”

Libanon Libanon Geography of Hope. Exile, the Enlightenment, Enlightenment, the Exile, Hope. of Geography Libanon rivate writings are taken into account, we can we can account, into taken are writings rivate , 1936, p.212. 1936, , , 1941, p.12. 1941, , , 1940, p.39. It is worth comparing this this comparing worth is It p.39. 1940, , ulation three years later: “The Jewish Jewish “The later: years three ulation onic in Alexandria, whether Alexandria, in onic h Jws oii ee of even origin Jewish the ooted in Jewish soil. Even soil. Jewish in ooted stablishes a new Kantian Kantian new a stablishes Vom Ende der Emanzipation. Emanzipation. der Ende Vom on specifically Jewish Jewish specifically on hrough a philosophy philosophy a hrough nking of the Jewish Jewish the of nking sed in several places, places, several in sed cannot change their their change cannot 752 e te peculiar the ce,

wo Jewish Jewish wo ways and and ways ain, spins spins ain, 235 ealt with with ealt n to ing tion of tion and and endt, endt, tion. tion. s – – s m CEU eTD Collection

Libanon rsnain f ilks hoy f ult o i hs eiw f Dez of review his in or duality of theory Bialik’s of presentation Jewish thought play a central role in Grózinger’s philosophical r philosophical Grózinger’s in role central a play thought Jewish will” of the Hebrew spirit, which supposedly knew “no which limits”. supposedly ofwill” the Hebrew knew spirit, mor even and culture Hebrew of vitality” “the discussed he namely categori so he expressions those precisely employed he volume Cracow, Hebrew a on wrote he when though: more reveals vocabulary His be to endeavors ought human that believed he for notablyNietzsche) (t of concept the on views their based who thinkers the to challenge 759 German. in expressions 758 757 Yi of psychology “The on article his In p.30. 1936, “Mendelss Grózinger, M. József it”. by uninfluenced a centuries spaces, and times through speeds lines, 756 Hasidism, this inclusive: rather be to seems tradition Jewish of image Wille zur Wahrheit zur Wille express the of two language: his in standard double or ambivalence isolate himself but was “an integrated type”. Józse type”. integrated “an was but himself isolate J a of more, is what and, specificity Jewish of idea the around instrumental history considered and spirit Jewish philosophical and 1936, p.157. p.157. 1936, József M. Grózinger, “Széfer hasanah lijhudé polán hasanahlijhudé “Széfer Grózinger, M. József világt a szerepe gonoszság “A Grózinger, M. József h legújabb neokantianizmus “A Grózinger, M. József though of path “The that wrote Grózinger Elsewhere , some of his remarks contradict the notion that his thinking was excl was thinking his that notion the contradict remarks his of some , sekrsk Kráo alatt Kárpátok a Istenkeresők vn huh uh teps o itnus ad setaie h qualitie the essentialize and distinguish to attempts such though Even o u u: rzne rfetd n h bsc characteristi basic the on reflected Grózinger up: sum To 757 and

Wille zum Wertzum Wille . 758 f M. Grózinger, “A jiddis nyelv pszichológiája” in pszichológiája” nyelv jiddis “A Grózinger, M. f nd nations unstoppably and no one and nothing can r can nothing and one no and unstoppably nations nd ddish” it was part of his explanation that “the Jew “the that explanation his of part was it ddish” . On the other hand, there is an interesting interesting an is there hand, other the On . ohn Mózes, a német filozófia stilusművésze” in stilusművésze” filozófia német a Mózes, ohn Most probably, he meant these expressions as a expressions these meant he probably, Most ija…” in in ija…” örténelemben” in in örténelemben” ts is unlimited, it does not know borders or demarc or borders know not does it unlimited, is ts éber rendszerezője” in rendszerezője” éber Libanon , 1938, p.88. ,p.88. 1938, can, for instance, be seen in his his in seen be instance, for can, Libanon 759 ewish essence with universal universal with essence ewish

Libanon eflections on the pages of of pages the on eflections , 1940, p.120. He used both both used He p.120. 1940, , cally rejected elsewhere, elsewhere, rejected cally e strikingly “the absolute absolute “the strikingly e he will to) power (most (most power to) will he both logical and ethical.logical and both ions he employed were were employed he ions ső Schön’s novel on on novel Schön’s ső ly, building a canon canon a building ly, , 1938, p.51. p.51. 1938, , cs of the religious religious the of cs usionary. ulse in published ” did not did ” 236 Libanon Libanon 756 emain emain s of of s ation ation His , , CEU eTD Collection

philosophical relevance. philosophical ae o cas saig ht W fe clua assi cultural feel “We that stating class, on based Életem történetei Életem Libanon Libanon positive local, Hungarian and Hungarian Jewish traditions, pointing traditions, Jewish Hungarian and Hungarian local, positive p.121. She also discussed that as a consequence of consequence a as that discussed also She p.121. mere instrument to […] building the future” for him. for future” the building […] to instrument mere eredete” in eredete” and sometimes both. sometimes and Katzbur versi inclusive an to or Ilona tradition humanist the to either referred of writings the in found be can model integrationist - similar to each other.” Jenő Zsoldos, “Zsolt Béla: “ZsoltBéla: bourgeoisie Zsoldos, Jenő other.” each to similar petit Christian and Jewish The assert. the with (compare differences inventing of accused 760 762 761 in a few years ago. It is an important primary source source primary important an is It ago. years few a 763 beca fate,” Hungarian to Jewry connect “unbreakably were an organic part of Hungarian heritage, see Ilo see heritage, Hungarian of part organic an were Szegő reflected critically on assimilation already already assimilation on critically reflected Szegő dissolve in the new, leading them to a “loss of bal of “loss a to them leading new, the in dissolve making time, of out people lifted him to according krónikában” in krónikában” an presented Zsoldos while ra cmuiy f h hmnss o ep ae Europ save seems situation help contemporary to the of humanists interpretation the of community great dtr trig n 1940). in starting editor encompassing sense by Imre Waldapfel who called Kár called who Waldapfel Imre by sense encompassing of assimilation”. Imre Waldapfel, “Pap Károly: Irga Károly: “Pap Waldapfel, Imre assimilation”. of argued and way” “rooted a in Hungarian clearly art Délolaszországban” in in Délolaszországban” exp and units”, cultural larger of part organic and ihn hs lre ntoa fae, e Ioa Katz Ilona see frames, national larger these within through a list of obsessions, biases [and…] interest [and…] biases obsessions, of list a through and evoking the idea of common fate. common of idea the evoking and 1937, p.199. p.199. 1937, An excellent illustration is provided by Zsoldos’ Zsoldos’ by provided is illustration excellent An forward-looki was Jew” “the Grózinger to According The autobiographical writing of Bernát’s father, o father, Bernát’s of writing autobiographical The the of image the and humanism on all, of most See, Libanon 13, .0 Mroe, h ue te rns n char in trends the used she Moreover, p.70. 1938, , , was the person of Bernát Munkácsi (the father of Ernő Munkácsi, w Munkácsi, Ernő of father (the Munkácsi Bernát of person the was , Libanon . Next to Zsoldos, the most articulate expression in favor of such an assimi an favor in such of expression articulate the most Zsoldos, to . Next Libanon (Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 2002). 2002). MúltJövő, és (Budapest: , 1937, p.194. , 1937, Libanon , 1940, p.14. Elsewhere she went on to generalize: to on went she Elsewhere p.14. 1940, , 762 A practical illustration of this model, often evoked on the pages pages the on evoked often model, this of illustration practical A 760

14, .3 Te ocp o asmlto ws used was assimilation of concept The p.53. 1940, , We might call this a this call might We 763 siiains - integrationist - assimilationist ent ukci a tpcly eitd s scholar a as depicted typically was Munkácsi Bernát 761 in 1937 (when reviewing Ákos Molnár’s Molnár’s Ákos (whenreviewing 1937 in Grózinger’s model of culture had no close parallel close no had culture of model Grózinger’s A Wesselényi utcai összeesküvés” utcaiösszeesküvés” AWesselényi ance, in exchange for a questionable gain that they that gain questionable a for exchange in ance, on 19 on iain a md sc fciiu dfeecs impos differences fictitious such made has milation s”. Endre Szegő, “Molnár Ákos: A hitehagyott” in in hitehagyott” A Ákos: “Molnár Szegő, Endre s”. that Pap should be seen as having reached the “high the reached having as seen be should Pap that esd e ble ta Jws hsoy a ol b e be only can history Jewish that belief her ressed na Katzburg, “Magyar-zsidó oklevéltár” in oklevéltár” “Magyar-zsidó Katzburg, na riginally written in Hebrew, was released in Hungar in released was Hebrew, in written riginally ug “ zióá tréei s űéztötnt em művészettörténeti és történeti zsidóság “A burg, the struggle against the Ottoman Turks, Jews entere Jews Turks, Ottoman the against struggle the ie ihn h sm scea hrzn n ae becom are and horizon societal same the within live o e vdn. ln Ktbr, Bdi sdk g sv egy zsidók “Budai Katzburg, Ilona evident. be to lom” in in lom” hm ev bhn te l bt ihu alwn them allowing without but old the behind leave them da o Aaá Kmó) Zods rpsd discour a proposed Zsoldos Komlós). Aladár of ideas József M. Grózinger, “Az individuálpszichológia zs individuálpszichológia “Az Grózinger, M. József me stronger. She added that Hungarian Jewish charte Jewish Hungarian that added She stronger. me tep t dsac hmef rm éa sl wo he whom Zsolt Béla from himself distance to attempt oly Pap a “programmatic Jewish writer” but labeled labeled but writer” Jewish “programmatic a Pap oly th Jew: Ilona Katzburg, “Humanista zsidószemlélet” in zsidószemlélet” “Humanista Katzburg, Ilona Jew: ng, “protection of the past and respect for history for respect and past the of “protection ng, century Hungarian Jewry. See Méir Ávráhám Munk, Munk, Ávráhám Méir See Jewry. Hungarian century ean culture – here a tacit call for an analogous analogous an for call tacit a here – culture ean universalist - essentialist- universalist Libanon ters to demonstrate how the links which which links the how demonstrate to ters , 1936, p.268. On the other hand, Endre Endre hand, other the On p.268. 1936, , oe truh mhszn the emphasizing through model on of organic national unity – – unity national organic of on “Jewry has always been a member member a been always has “Jewry to shared cultural bases bases cultural shared to Libanon in the broadest and most most and broadest the in , h recurrently who g, model of culture, of model A hitehagyott A , 1937, p.99. p.99. 1937, , ho served as served ho Libanon lationist shall see see shall 237 Libanon est level level est ), which ), sible to to sible xplored xplored ian just just ian , 1938, , d the the d lékei lékei are are ájci ájci idó idó ing to to his his of se rs rs ,

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Magyar polgárosodás Magyar szempont felvidéki zsidóságnak” in in zsidóságnak” felvidéki a years twenty after that mentioned also but years 766 Lenke Steiner, “Das Lied von Bernadette” in Bernadette” von Lied “Das LenkeSteiner, recommended and circumstances) different radically explored the possibilities of Jewish writers to “ar to writers Jewish of possibilities the explored of Upper Hungary”. Kohn maintained here that they h they that here maintained Kohn Hungary”. Upper of of such an irredentist stance were exposed in the f the in exposed were stance irredentist an such of d sbtnily o u kolde f hs dsore – hy il ap will they of historical chapterssubchapter though.reflection onthe – discourses these of knowledge our to substantially add works” Jewry. to simultaneously committed who was deeply w patriot a Hungarians, ancient researching enthusiastically 764 nationa number of Apart Hungarian Komlós. also a five, from small was there these Turóczi-Trostl József by articulated those were models coherent an outrage against nature”. Ábrahám Klein, “Rási ér “Rási Klein, Ábrahám nature”. against outrage an in magyar” Anyanyelve Rózsa: “Ignácz the of discussion the in already formulations such upon touched m supportive and positive a in movement national and rebirth” “Jewish utterances irredentist even occasionally of pages the on place their found alternatives other each “rooted be to happened also which movement, workers Szilágyi Ernő last the in Szefarim, Mocher Mendele 767 redu the break-up, the empire, unified a as Hungary Gidó, Attila is in Hungarians Jewish of Fajok” Hungarianness enthusiastic Pál: “Sándor Steiner, Lenke literature”. 765 “Zsidó Gerő, András 1990s. early the in integration Gerő, András assimilation, on debate the continuing evidence from from evidence n h frt oue Slmn idr elce o t on reflected Widder Salamon volume, first the In asserted Klein when was these of peculiar most The tha observation Steiner’s Lenke instance, for See, Jewish of hero a as appeared Munkácsi Bernát Thus, Libanon (Budapest: Polgart, 2005). 2005). Polgart, (Budapest: tn Edli sd traao- s eztpts kí nemzetépítési és társadalom- zsidó Erdélyi Úton. volume. volume. In addition to these two, most elaborately presented models of cult of models presented elaborately most two, these to addition In Libanon (Budapest: Atlantisz, 1993), p.316. This convictio This p.316. 1993), Atlantisz, (Budapest: Libanon , hardly amounting to comprehensive models of culture, would not not would culture, of models comprehensive to amounting hardly ,

, 1939, p.39. p.39. , 1939,

Libanon Libanon 766 , 1937, p.97. For comparison, see the materials ass materials the see comparison, For p.97. 1937, , ourth volume: in the review of the work “Justice fo “Justice work the of review the in volume: ourth and some statements referring to the contemporarythe to referring statements some and rive at lyrical occasions” four years later though though later years four occasions” lyrical at rive utak és magyar keretek a XIX. Században” in András in Században” XIX. a keretek magyar és utak shocking tragedy awaited them. Zoltán Kohn, “Igazsá Kohn, Zoltán them. awaited tragedy shocking ction of which is not only a historical sin and inj and sin historical a only not is which of ction telmező módszere” in módszere” telmező a well-known fact in occupied territories”. Lenke S Lenke territories”. occupied in fact well-known a among others, proposed the exploration of the opti the of exploration the proposed others, among , 1941, , p.94. Libanon to them the concern for their “own natural communit natural “own their for concern the them to rt o “h cmlt clue o te ins poli Zionist the of culture” complete “the of wrote ad struggled in the interest of Hungariandom for tw for Hungariandom of interest the in struggled ad in the soil.” Similar topics and phrases can be fo be can phrases and topics Similar soil.” the in that even Rashi believed that “nature itself has c has itself “nature that believed Rashi even that he Hebrew Renaissance on the basis of the works of of works the of basis the on Renaissance Hebrew he t a certain book was “Hungarian, therefore quality quality therefore “Hungarian, was book certain a t integration (as opposed to assimilation). Instead Instead assimilation). to opposed (as integration , 1937, p.30. Elsewhere she declared that “the “the that declared she Elsewhere p.30. 1937, ,

sérletek Libanon riting “universally valid scholarly scholarly valid “universally riting 764 n also inspired his later work later his inspired also n (Csíkszereda: Pro-Print, 2008). She She 2008). Pro-Print, (Csíkszereda: Libanon

. Of these, the three most most three the these, Of . er, Imre Keszi and Aladár Aladár and Keszi Imre er, MT yearbooksIMIT , 1940, p.43. Contradictions Contradictions p.43. 1940, , anner, pear in the next next the in pear 767 ure, several several ure, but I have I but list r the Jewry Jewry the r (i.e. under under (i.e. n the and embled in in embled ustice but but ustice 238 765 A zsidó zsidó A und in und teiner, teiner, Gerő, Gerő, reated reated on of of on got a a got and enty enty tical tical y”. y”. of of CEU eTD Collection

popular term, these ideas depict the depict ideas these term, popular Ir Ksi eitrd oe rcs f lsia Gre classical of traces some registered Keszi (Imre h eoh o dret poiin ad eps isolation.” deepest and oppositions darkest of epochs the will assimilation of process the and forms and values of exchange whic increased constantly has culture of transmitters non-Jewish Renais the since “ever that stated Turóczi-Trostler style), rha his with accordance in say might one (though unexpectedly somewhat one In references. Jewish some only had which of some contributions, long 770 769 768 transmission. of agents andoverlaps devoted were pages its of number significant a borrowing: and to researched widely relatively and fashionable also currently empirically, though elsewhere (as we have seen in our discussion of discussion our in seen have we (as elsewhere though empirically, b other isolationisms and contest to Jewish it Turóczi-Trostler formulated of eyes, fusions. such, his in partial ke a showed he and types mixed represented exchange multicultural (unfinishe the undergoing Jews that thought he so, Even seek. to futile and – nearl were content” Jewish “authentic with non-Jews of works contents, unavoi its and memory collective of power molding the to due that argued etn pt En Mnás as woe ht te itr o te Je the impacts.” cultural mutual of summary of history “the that wrote also Munkácsi Ernő pot: melting For instance, there were several studies on the mi the on studies several were there instance, For k <> könyvtár vatikáni “A Munkácsi, Ernő vilá fölfordult “Fenékkel Turóczi-Trostler, József mr chrn mdl mre fo TrciTote’ sever Turóczi-Trostler’s from emerges model coherent more A He was not the only one to conceive of the current state of Jew of state current the of conceive to one only the not was He

770 multiculturalism 769 These articles tackled various kinds of cases and thus,and cases of kinds various tackled articles These A number of other articles in in articles other of number A g” in g”in xed nature of Jewish musical tradition in the first the in tradition musical Jewish of nature xed kLtn ui i SaihJws msc wie Bence while music, Spanish-Jewish in music ek-Latin éziratai” in éziratai” Libanon (or interculturalism) of modern times. modern of interculturalism) (or , 1941, p.35. p.35. , 1941, Libanon 768 sance the number of Jewish and and Jewish of number the sance pic of intercultural transmission transmission intercultural of pic o orw rltvl recent relatively a borrow To , 1936, p.252. 1936, , to influences and receptions, receptions, and influences to asrs ht h mutual the that assures h the not be overshadowed in in overshadowed be not en interest in the results the in interest en Libanon wish Diaspora is the the is Diaspora wish y impossible to find to impossible y oth normatively and normativelyand oth IMIT yearbooksIMIT dably different different dably ish culture as a a as culture ish psodic writing writing psodic of his articles, his of addressed theaddressed d) process of process d) al unusually unusually al 239 volume. volume. ) he he )

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utf hs tne n h Jws qeto b plmcly expres polemically by question Jewish the on stance his justify IMIT yearbooks igahcl Lexicon Biographical thought of László Németh, whom he called the “most authentic Hungaria authentic “most the called he whom Németh, László of thought rather complex, the Discussion movement. national Jewish modern the not tr ancient – Hungary and Tel-Aviv) not (emphatically c Jerusalem their that and Jewry, of past historical the with identified ht eih rtr ad hi “ieay oeet dd o belong not did movement” “literary their and writers Jewish that interes particularly is It self-knowledge. Jewish than more no Né eyes, his In Jews”. of fiction “the merely was Semitism neet o suig a assuming to inherent ambivale the exposed unavoidably contribution his time, same the At ntne f paig n h nm o a useiid olcie n the on collective unspecified an of name the in speaking of instance that declared He identity. collective Jewish prop unproblematized instead and role-playing”, “ill-intended and “mask-wearing” the apologetic discourse on Jewish contributions was not as dominant dominant as not was contributions Jewish on discourse apologetic the eih eoy rte aon 10 fr h Sn o S of kot legrégibb Song a nyelvemlék: zenei “Zsidó Szabolcsi, the for 1400 around written melody Jewish woman a on reported Szabolcsi Hungarian, in Writing 771 (intra-Jew of idea the of illustration complex most v the of origins the understand to sought Szabolcsi started his publishing career as a poet and musicol and poet a as career publishing his started studied and German and Hungarian in specializations otne t wie n ui al i lf. n h pe the In removed life. was He critic. his literary communist resented) all music on write to continued völkisch response pointed to a number of factual mistakes in mistakes factual of number a to pointed response one of the youngest contributors.) contributors.) youngest theof one of examples spectacular most the Perhaps writings. me ez (9017) br Káe, a fo a i an from was Krámer, born (1910-1974), Keszi Imre ( népi – populist or peasantist) ideas. He pressed for a peculiar J peculiar a for pressed Heideas. peasantist) or populist – By contrast, Imre Keszi’s model of Jewish culture was based was culture Jewish of model Keszi’s Imre contrast, By . . etos i “acsial sap oe, rcs of traces tone”, sharp “sarcastically his mentions népi tne s Hnain e: ez age vhmnl against vehemently argued Keszi Jew: Hungarian a as stance ish) transmission in another one of Bence Szabolcsi Bence of one another in transmission ish) ogist. He soon quit writing poetry and switched to to switched and poetry writing quit soon He ogist. arious elements of Yiddish dancing songs, etc.). I etc.). songs, dancing Yiddish of elements arious ázott bibliadallam” in bibliadallam” ázott the accusatory piece. It ought to be added that Ke that added be to ought It piece. accusatory the from his teaching position in 1957. (Even the the (Even 1957. in position teaching his from id fe 14, ez bcm a ooiu (n deep (and notorious a became Keszi 1944, after riod hs r hs l-nedd cuain o Kmó who Komlós of accusations ill-intended his are this from Cracow who found in Cairo a score of a Spanis a of score a Cairo in found who Cracow from musicology (music history as well as folk music). music). folk as well as history (music musicology ongs – and published this finding in German. Bence Bence German. in finding this published and – ongs ntellectual family. He attended the university university the attended He family. ntellectual meth’s relevant pieces demanded demanded pieces relevant meth’s which can be found in his his in found be can which they (thereby providing a rare a providing (thereby they Libanon ting that while Németh argued argued Németh while that ting rucial reference points were were points reference rucial adition and current country, country, current and adition ig ht éehs anti- Németh’s that sing , 1941, p.67. , p.67. 1941, nces and contradictions and nces gtd n pn and open an agated ewish authenticity.ewish in in o h ltrtr of literature the to ae of pages n”, Keszi sought to to sought Keszi n”, Libanon on Hungarian Hungarian on metaphorical as in the the in as Libanon Hungarian Hungarian ’s studies. studies. ’s prose, but prose, found the the found 240 Libanon szi was szi

771 in in He He h- ly )

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published by Aladár Schöpflin, Keszi quoted that “the actual bour actual “the that quoted Keszi Schöpflin, Aladár by published between Jews and Hungarians andabetween striking “fraternal alproposed and of the Hungarians Jews proposed the establishment of an academy training Jewish cantor Jewish training academy an of establishment the proposed on the pages of of pages the on Aladár Schöpflin, Schöpflin, Aladár eih ieaue f itra acutn ad efkolde f the [ of self-knowledge and accounting “internal of literature Jewish wished have would he too here but Jews”, by up taken be to left uh oe nlsv ta what than inclusive more much major articles of his in in his of articles major reoclbe pin. nta, ez woe f ftfl har “fateful of wrote Keszi Instead, options. irreconcilable Német what between choose to obligation the rejected but words” of stance “the that hope his expressed paradoxically rather op supposedly between choice a them upon forcing thus “Hungariandom”, tne ihu reoia forse. n o tee rils exp articles these of One flourishes. rhetorical without stance 774 773 772 1937). 1937). 97 Pl ua lopoaae Jws isiuinbidn o a on institution-building Jewish propagated also Budai Pál 1937, ojntr” ee nuy elce b Schöpflin. “re by of neglected unduly years were the conjuncture” in played Jews roles the with dealing works to replace the “Unjewish” grand opera style and spread spread and style opera grand “Unjewish” the replace to Budai suggested an unusual combination of combination Zionist religious Budai andan unusual suggested nemzetiségi Pál Budai, “A zsidó templomi zene kérdése” in kérdése” zene “A templomi Budai, zsidó Pál i szerepe” irodalmi magyar zsidóság “A Keszi, Imre in zsidóság” a és László “Németh Imre Keszi,

önismeret In 1937, when reviewing a new history of modern Hungarian literature literature Hungarian modern of history new a reviewing when 1937, In Last but not least, Aladár Komlós also formulated his model of Je of model his formulated also Komlós Aladár least, not but Last A magyar irodalom története a XX. században században XX. a története irodalom magyar A Libanon ]” – just as he thought that relevant aspects of Marxist liter Marxist of aspects relevant that thought he as just – ]” . He relied on the notion of its distinctiveness, but his concept wa concept his but distinctiveness, its of notion the on relied He . Libanon

népi where he laid out his otherwise eminently controversial controversial eminently otherwise his out laid he where itrrttos fee. e id utrlies n two in ideas cultural find We offered. interpretations Libanon Libanon , 1937, p.47. p.47. 1937, , n , 1937, pp.78-81. , 1937, Libanon 773 n h sm vlm of volume same the In (Budapest: Grill Károly Könyvkiadóvállalata, Könyvkiadóvállalata, Károly Grill (Budapest: népi , 1937, p.108. The work under review is is review under work The p.108. 1937, , songs instead. This implies that implies This instead. songs mony” that in his eyes existed existed eyes his in that mony” Hungarians is revealed in his his in revealed is Hungarians népi s and grand choirs in order in choirs grand and s volution, emigration and and emigration volution, h admittedly presented as as presented admittedly h geois functions […] were […] functions geois népi licated his approach to to approach his licated to see a report on new new on report a see to ideas. ( liance”. völkisch Jewish nationality nationality Jewish posed sides, Keszi Keszi sides, posed 774

772 wish culture wish Libanon ) basis. He He basis. )

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esetvs bt eas te eih sca stain was situation” “social Jewish the because but perspectives, points. tha body a of organs merely were communities these that belief ide of spread the on notions Turóczi-Trostler’ (compare population How Jewish How rts aant xlso: rő aéy dcae th declared Naményi Ernő exclusion: against protest a discussion of its centrality, see Moshe Rosman “S Rosman Moshe see centrality, its of discussion a historiography American in ellipsis an of idea the cultural in program a offered also Nyilas-Kolb Jenő well as external forces, which are, if complete not are, which forces, external wellas lacked unity”. E.N. “Az OMIKE képzőművészeti csopor képzőművészeti “Az OMIKE E.N. unity”. lacked i provided was exhibitions of years five on summary n ao o icuig l atos f eih rgn, o bcue e a he because not origins, Jewish of authors all including of favor in Kom formerquestion, the On assimilation. Jewish Hungarian of history other the while history, literary and literature Jewish Hungarian 775 777 776 idea which Komlós illustrated by comparing the Jewish soul to to soul Jewish the comparing by illustrated Komlós which idea possible, eminently was solidarity dual Therefore nation. the of situa societal the with overlaps to in reference any without saw and way undifferentiated he difference the to referred Komlós taboos peculiar in indifference, dishonest) manifest or be (honest displaying these may – well as literature in marks many grave its of one through going been had collective Jewish the opinion kultúrmunka” in in kultúrmunka” eoiainl eogn” En Nmni “sd műv “Zsidó Naményi, Ernő belonging”. denominational and how significant they have become for Jewry. We We Jewry. “Kóbo Steiner, Lenke Horváth”. by János recommended for become have they significant how and analyz to have would we evaluation: of task another sphere the in merely if even literature, decid Hungarian we modestly, and cautiously today, “If ideas: Aladár Komlós, “Egy megirandó magyar-zsidó irodalm magyar-zsidó megirandó “Egy Komlós, Aladár irodalm magyar-zsidó megirandó “Egy Komlós, Aladár that Note 777 As opposed to Grózinger’s belief in some Jewish spiritual es spiritual Jewish some in belief Grózinger’s to opposed As , pp. 45-6. This idea is based on the notion that J that notion theon isbased idea This 45-6. pp. , Libanon Libanon Libanon lo ulse sacs poe to opposed stances published also , 1936, pp.177-182. When writing on Tamás Kóbor, Le Kóbor, Tamás on writing When pp.177-182. 1936, ,

y tlatlreyidpneto ahohr other. each of largelyindependent least at ly, was largely due to the impact of the works of Salo Salo of works the of impact the to due largely was of the history of objects, then we would have to ac to have would we then objects, of history the of history and sociography. Jenő Nyilas-Kolb, “Magyar Nyilas-Kolb, Jenő sociography. and history ome a Priori Issues in Jewish Historiography” in Ro in Historiography” Jewish in Issues Priori a ome e to what extent these writers expressed their Jewi their expressed writers these extent what to e writer Jewish of values the account into take to ed n 1943, he maintained that these exhibitions “compl exhibitions these that maintained he 1943, n r Tamás” in in Tamás” r tjának V. kiállítása” in in kiállítása” tjának V. t atss ant e aeoie acrig o thei to according categorized be cannot “artists at ae o prt wt te picpe f usle” a ourselves” of “principle the with operate to have észek kiállítása” in in kiállítása” észek

otörténet elé” in elé” otörténet the concept of Jewish art, partly motivated by the the by motivated partly art, Jewish of concept the otörténet elé” in in elé” otörténet ewish historical existence is impacted by internal internal by impacted is existence historical ewish Libanon upsdy different. supposedly Libanon t together composed the body body the composed together t d n rfrne hw for shown preference in ed , 1942, p.38. 1942, , Libanon and was also very real, an an real, very also was and Libanon Libanon n liss ih w focal two with ellipsis an fee rfetos n the on reflections offered the Christian parts of the the of parts Christian the r otherwise. or nke Steiner expressed similar similar expressed Steiner nke , 1936, p.5. Not much later later much Not p.5. 1936, , , 1936, p.5. The spread of spread The p.5. 1936, , as), he expressed his his expressed he as), in f es n an in Jews of tion lós expressed himself himself expressed lós sence with universal with sence , 1940, p.20. When the the When p.20. 1940, , , 1943, p. 81. p. , 1943, st crises which left left which crises st ccepted racial racial ccepted 776 775 Baron. For Baron. Though complish complish 242 n his In shness shness -zsidó -zsidó sman, sman, s for for s etely etely as as s r r CEU eTD Collection

rbes msnesadns n proa taeis f assimilat of tragedies personal and misunderstandings problems, IMIT yearbooksIMIT but didn’t he forget that it is equally impossible to want to m to want to impossible equally is it that forget he didn’t but impossible, yet theimpossible, tragedyassimil understandable so composes truths of T alike? completely as accepted be to demands making while influenced by his origins – the way Ignotus was eventually discarded discarded fate”. eventually “Jewish his was revealing Ignotus way the – origins his by influenced were fate his and took Ignotus positions the eyes, Komlós’ In day. his interests the of representative true a and Jew Hungarian a as the founders of founders the among and was and 1949 between 1869 Hugó Veigelsberg, lived Ignotus(who both only was exp He origins. of nature decisive the of theory his of application eeac, olss utrl oe fruae o te ae of pages the on formulated model cultural Komlós’s relevance, specificity and its particular relevance: it wasspecificity it decidedly particular relevance: and its histori 779 778 demand assimilation and to complain that the assimilated differs assimilated the that complain to and assimilation demand t maintaining in right was “Ignotus wrote: Komlós them, saw he as i betwe mediate to aiming and the agreement Hungarian-Jewish and Hungarian on Building assimilation. of consequences tragic potentially and Ibid., pp.44-45. pp.44-45. Ibid., in “Ignotus” Komlós, Aladár In another of his his of another In Nyugat , one of the crucial passages of this article addressed the confl the addressed article this of passages crucial the of one , ) managed to succeed both at being a leader in Hungarian lite Hungarian in leader a being at both succeed to managed )

Libanon 778 In accordance with the identity option he formulated in the in formulated he option identity the with accordance In , 1943, p.47. p.47. , 1943, Libanon rils Kmó poie a ae td o the of study case a provided Komlós articles, of the best Hungarian writers of writers Hungarian best the of aintain his racial characteristics characteristics racial his aintain cal, cal, he conflict between these two these between conflict he from the receiving nation, nation, receiving the from particularist ion as well as a concrete concrete a as well as ion ressed his conviction that that conviction his ressed Libanon hat it is impossible to to impossible is it hat ation”. ultimately deeply deeply ultimately en two half-truths half-truths two en dea of a partial partial a of dea tesd Jewish stressed he qualified as as qualified he . 779 ictual nature nature ictual

rary life rary 243 CEU eTD Collection

Libanon continent we treasures spiritual those […] keep must we and this in trust to c the of end the signalingdove the welcome to Jewry Hungarian allow 780 of aims explicit the among were contemporary on reflections publishing nor life, political Jewish ongoing historical process. In other words, other In process. historical ongoing understood be only can community the facing dangers and chances the of H of evolution the time, same the At pages. its into way their fundam many too – written be could narrative historical the of version of t At Jewry. Hungarian of survival the for hope all against hoping despair in Jewry, European of extermination the witnessed authors i in and discrimination, anti-Jewish encompassing increasingly and be shortly appearing started journal The period. this in reflection to study the evolution of their agendas and positions in the course of these eight the course in their study agendasto and of positions the of evolution these and, period crucial this in difficulties mounting and discrimination int Hungarian Jewish consciously of group sizeable a of reactions “Az Országos Magyar Zsidó Múzeum közgyűlése” in in közgyűlése” Múzeum Zsidó Magyar “Az Országos Libanon is a fascinating primary source on historical developments and and developments historical on source primary fascinating a is we read: “We do not know what divine providence has ordered, whether it it whether ordered, has providence divine what know not do “We read: we almost alonealmost Neither providing analyses on the current European, Hungarian or Hun or Hungarian European, current the on analyses providing Neither Due to its special though certainly unintentional “timing” (1936 to to (1936 “timing” unintentional certainly though special its to Due III.

The Reflection of Historical Changes

have the chance have protect”. to the Libanon . On the basis of this source alone not even a partial partial a even not alone source this of basis the On . Libanon Libanon can provide important insights into the into insights important provide can 780 , 1943, p.110. Italics added. added. Italics p.110. , 1943,

ungarian Jewish interpretations interpretations Jewish ungarian above water, which on our our on which water, above his, last, stage of the history the of stage last, his, fore the beginning of harsh harsh of beginning the fore historical developments developments historical more generally, allow us us allow generally, more letas o worsening to ellectuals ental facts never found found never facts ental ataclysm. But we have have we But ataclysm. ts very last issue its its issue last very ts and uncertainty, and and uncertainty, and in relation to the to relation in their discursive discursive their years. 244 garian 1943) 1943) will will CEU eTD Collection

place, to the growing but hardly ever openly discussed discrimina discussed openly ever hardly but growing the to place, dou of voices by replaced gradually were Nazism with polemic journal. properly scientific (scientific properly of kind some of situation the presupposed This Nazism. with polemic life and death of scholarship depends on the truth truth the in maga a zsidóságáról” Freud “Sigmund on depends scholarship of death and life individual either by influenced be cannot failures daie vrin f h itrait oe o schol of model internalist the of version idealized in “Shylock” Klein, Ábrahám truths”. than 781 d ta, ahr rncly ter ny eevtos ee bu t about were reservations only their ironically, rather that, add t in found be also can Shoah the to references clear some destruction, unprecedented the expressing up end to changed revealingly highly analogies the While well. as appeared program national Jewish justifying pieces occasionally and light positive a in Orthodoxy sever renewal religious for demand the with parallel in on, Later sc of power the in trust hope, of sense Their 1943. by culture Jewish the towards responsibility of sense the and culture a of remains t to 1936 in culture Hungarian-Jewish a creating agendaof the from eern t te ncetfc aue f aim a a ti poi this at as racism, of nature unscientific the to referring surpr it is Nor contributions. these of tone the set neverthe and addressees but conceived, practically nor meant, literally neither Ábrahám Klein remarked that “In this strange world strange this “In that remarked Klein Ábrahám oe pcfcly m am s o hw hog wa stages what through show to is aim my specifically, More One of the most intriguing aspects of the first volumes of volumes first the of aspects intriguing most the of One tudományos

) ideas to determine the future seemed unshaken – one might might one – unshaken seemed future the determine to ideas ) Libanon Libanon , 1937, p.119. , 1937, whims, or by national interests and political ideol political and interests national by or whims, , 1936, p.251. At the same time, Zoltán Kohn formul Kohn Zoltán time, same the At p.251. 1936, , rhp “t pt o cnurn goy n is quiet its and glory conquering of path “Its arship: au o wa i dsoes n epess” otn K Zoltán expresses.” and discovers it what of value of terrible realities fairy tales acquire greater greater acquire tales fairy realities terrible of nt their belief in the power of of power the in belief their nt future of the entire European European entire the of future bt. This was due, in the first the in due, was This bt. of contemporary Jewish fate fate Jewish contemporary of tion within Hungary itself. itself. Hungary within tion e present. he he necessity of saving the the necessityhesaving of less defined the virtual virtual the defined less r vn rpgtn the propagating even or sn t fn te authors the find to ising holarly means and open open and means holarly al articles reinterpreted reinterpreted articles al nature of the ongoing ongoing the of nature he last volume of the of volume last he eae wih was which debate, Libanon Libanon 781 t s more is It is the open the is ogies. The The ogies. credibility credibility arrived 245 ated an an ated mute , ohn ohn CEU eTD Collection

blood” he aimed to uncover the hatred of Judeo-Christianity, but als but Judeo-Christianity, of hatred the uncover to aimed he blood” hlspia atrplg ad atrplgcl scooy” Grózing psychology.” “anthropological and anthropology philosophical pantheism, atheism and the self-serving love of sci of love self-serving the and atheism pantheism, Libanon vn ald h ifmu wr o Afe Rsneg h “il of “Bible the Rosenberg revelation” Alfred of work infamous the called even Eastern Semitism, which gave rise to monotheism. to risegave which Semitism, Eastern or Western between significance historical world of opposition an in Paganism”, New and “Old Kohn’s Zoltán is these of encompassing their opp shape into ideas Nazi of their and connotations rewriting changing recurrent this that view of point contemporary the from unexpected te eih eiin s h ata wrd eiin a religion world actual the is religion Jewish “the 785 784 783 pe not was life to close philosophy a of idea the whether question subvers of method peculiar a used but futile, attempts Jaensch’s humans. of hatred the of causes indirect the of one as the origins of Christianity. It is not the Greek wh Greek the not is It Christianity. of origins the Jüdisch-chri Schoeps: “Joachim Grózinger, M. József em “truly a into turned millennia two of debate the North. the of ecstasy” 782 belongedoften opposed, and and theoretically ultimately Judaism Christianity eve that show to is here aim crucial Kohn’s sum, In hearts. their were Germans the that maintain to i.e. connection, Greek - German Revelation at Sinai”. József M. Grózinger, “M.Stei Grózinger, M. József Sinai”. at Revelation A stronger formulation appeared when the thought o thought the when appeared formulation stronger A in pogányság” új “Régiés Zoltán Kohn, chain genealogical the to referred specifically He contrast Italy, to even opposition this applied He , 1938, p.26. The same polemic can be detected when detected be can polemic same The p.26. 1938, , 784 ad oknl add ht ehp Rsneg a cret o bel to correct was Rosenberg perhaps that added mockingly and , Grózinger took on the ideas of Erich Jaensch, the representative fig representative the Jaensch, Erich of ideas the on Grózinger took he rmral atce o Nzs dsre teto. h mos The attention. deserve Nazism on articles remarkable Three

Libanon ence were successively derived. derived. successively were ence pathic dialogue” in the 20the in dialogue” pathic o provided the Christians with their Old Testament, Old their with Christians the provided o n: Dath Vedaath” in Vedaath” n:Dath , 1936, p.65. p.65. 1936, , d h Crsin hrh evs goa Jws miss Jewish global a serves Church Christian the nd n te Gek to” f h Suh ih h “religi the with South the of ethos” “Greek the ing hrb mcaitcntrlsi wrdiw monist worldview, mechanistic-naturalistic whereby f Joachim Schoeps was discussed who maintained that maintained who discussed was Schoeps Joachim f tihs eiingsrc i 1. arudre” in Jahrhunderten” 19. in Religionsgespräch stliches 782 Grózinger declared that “The Holy Scripture is at at is Scripture Holy “The that declared Grózinger In the Nazi “insanity that is the myth ofmyth the is “insanitythat Nazi Inthe 783 With a clear sense of irony, Kohn irony, of sense clear a With Libanon th n though in practice they are they practice in though n century. Schoeps also opined that that opined also Schoeps century. ion: he asked the rhetorical rhetorical the asked he ion: , 1939, p.36. p.36. , 1939, re aa das and ideals pagan Greek o highlighted rationalism rationalism highlighted o rhaps directly borrowed borrowed directly rhaps polemic often took the took often polemic which Kohn construed construed Kohn which pagans at the heart of of heart the at pagans the new German German new the er not only called called only not er osites. osites. together. ure of Nazi Nazi of ure ee n the in ieve 246 but the the but 785 ion”. ion”.

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Libanon Libanon psychology of bunglers”. Keszi also shared his rath his shared also Keszi bunglers”. of psychology wor the discrediting on hespent theeffort between and that the threat it posed should not to be to exaggerated. not and should the that threat posed it Nazi the thought many years early its in since surprising that to clear become yet not did posed it threat the of magnitude the the either,Hungarian inlife manifestationsintellectual its signs of the intellectual struggle against anti-Semitism in H in anti-Semitism against struggle intellectual the of signs from f iain” ulse b Ljs eé udr h ti the under Fehér Lajos by published citations” of m politically categorized and one-sided “unfortunately as Germans of rejection Bokor György instance, For music”. science, culture, le the are “they as such nation German the on statements laudatory 788 787 of authors the while ofnation Dilthey!” u once that forget not us Let pain. inner some feeling without this whether sure not am “I observed: Keszi opponent, his than cultured confide the With 1930s. the of beginning the at worldview” Socialist himself committed who 1920s the in revolution conservative the of thinkers Geisteswissenschaften 789 786 nutfal fo te eiiu pit f iw uns view, of point religious the from unjustifiable into German”. Imre Keszi, “Az asszimiláció kora a m a kora asszimiláció “Az Keszi, Imre German”. into Literature Hungarian in Assimilation of György Bokor, “Ázsia lelke” in lelke” “Ázsia György Bokor, “The titled article an published Kecskeméti György Vorh literarische Die Stapel: “Wilhelm Keszi, Imre n a és filozófia német mai “A Grózinger, M. József homo iudaicushomo . In the same volume, Imre Keszi offered an overly overly an offered Keszi Imre volume, same the In . p.32. , 1937, In the same volumes of of volumes same the In 787 Libanon ?

786 o te ai o te da o Wlem tpl oe f h importa the of one Stapel, Wilhelm of ideas the of basis the on ” Similarly, Imre Keszi discussed the “arsenal of our enemie our of “arsenal the discussed Keszi Imre Similarly,

considered anti-Semitism a serious enemy and did not disregard not did enemyand serious a consideredanti-Semitism Libanon , even suspecting that this book was written “in or “in written was book this that suspecting even , , 1936, p.209. 1936, , Libanon k and the attention it truly deserved). He called a called He deserved). truly it attention the kand er sarcastic ideas on Gyula Farkas’s infamous work, infamous Farkas’s Gyula on ideas sarcastic er agyar irodalomban” in in irodalomban” agyar tle tle acionálhumanizmus” in in acionálhumanizmus” inii ad pei” sen i i “h sociology “the it in seeing “poetic”, and cientific Sociology of Anti-Semitism” in the very first issu first very the in Anti-Semitism” of Sociology rshf dr ue i Dushad 98bs 93 i 1933” bis 1918 Deutschland in Juden der errschaft Jewry from the mid-1930s, alongside some early early some alongside mid-1930s, the from long polemic with what he called the “aggregation “aggregation the called he what with polemic long (Keszi himself referred to the lack of balance balance of lack the to referred himself (Keszi monstrosity of the Nazi regime and Nazi the monstrosityof ungary, regime would not last for long long for last not would regime Libanon Libanon them. This might not be all all be not might This them. otivated”. 788 pon a time this was the the was this time a pon we can rejoice over all all over rejoice can we there were still clearly still were there , 1939, p.27. p.27. 1939, , ading nation today in in today nation ading nce of someone more someone of nce , 1936, p.242. p.242. 1936, , Bertalan Hatvany’s Hatvany’s Bertalan der to be translated translated be to der to the “National “National the to 789 It seems that seems It nti-Semitism nti-Semitism s in the in s 247

The Age Age The and and e of of e nt n

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part in hindering clearer appreciations of the emerging politi emerging the of appreciations clearer hindering in part c German towards respect held deeply their and bilingualism Nazi ideas becomes more understandable, but it does not change change not does it but understandable, more becomes ideas Nazi properly value Ferenc Hevesi’s merits” – let us rem us let – merits” Hevesi’s Ferenc value properly ehp apa sihl srne ht hr ae hard are there that strange slightly appear perhaps fact and this subversive strategy into account, their attempt t attempt their account, into strategy subversive this and fact “intellectual the than culture German legitimat more and knowers intimate more as themselves fashioning the used intellectuals Jewish Hungarian some counterparts, German 790 Hessen in 1941, a pro-Western and anti-Nazi philosopher who aimed to compare a Hessenanti-Nazi philosopher who aimed 1941,a and in to pro-Western non- a by work a on reflections Grózinger’s was exception single i found be longer no could three aforementioned the as such articles more positive opinions about Germans,more opinions positive creating certain ambivalences in foll be often still would Nazis of belittling occasional the 1930s n n cs, nie n the in unlike case, any In sharp overly an to attest not did pursued they polemic cultured and (instead of Birobidzsán), Sestov appeared as Schest as appeared Sestov Birobidzsán), of (instead to utter barbarism. What can be stated with certainty is tha is certainty with stated be can What barbarism. utter to admirable from turn shocking their Germans”: of perversion thorough “Dr. Hevesi Ferenc: Az ókor zsidó bölcselete” in bölcselete” zsidó Azókor Ferenc: Hevesi “Dr. in Haftárák” a és Könyve state was it year, same the in discussed was above) emn ws edrd n emn n 92 We IMIT’s When 1942. in German in rendered was Reymont Grózinger stated that “The German summary included included summary German “The that stated Grózinger Germa “a noted) already were Jewishness felt deeply cal Rubinyi Mózes 1943, in either: coincide to have were positive remarks even on the contemporary Germ contemporary the on even remarks positive were Mózes past”. the of age beautiful shiningly a of us There are several interesting smaller signs of thi of signs smaller interesting several are There On the other hand, Hungarian Jewish elites were well-known for t for well-known were elites Jewish Hungarian hand, other the On It is a remarkable development in in development remarkable a is It Libanon

MT yearbooks IMIT 14, .1) Hmln ad da ntoa scienti national ideal and Homeland p.61.). 1942, , Führers Libanon Rubinyi, “Bernát Munkácsi” in Munkácsi” “Bernát Rubinyi, ember that this also appeared in 1943. József M. Gr M. József 1943. in appeared also this that ember led Bernát Munkácsi (whose committed Hungarianness Hungarianness committed (whose Munkácsi Bernát led s German orientation: Birobidjan was spelled Birobi spelled was Birobidjan orientation: German s y n piooia rfrne” Ot Kmó, “Móze Komlós, Ottó references”. philological any ly ow (instead of Sesztov) while a quote from Polish w Polish from quote a while Sesztov) of (instead ow d that “For readers used to German commentaries it commentaries German to used readers “For that d n scholar in the classical sense” who shall “foreve shall who sense” classical the in scholar n , there is little reflection in in reflection little is there , an scholarly community: in his review of Ferenc Hev Ferenc of review his in community: scholarly an ” of the new regime at this time. Taking this this Taking time. this at regime new the of ” at the end of the book enables the scholarly world world scholarly the enables book the of end the at , 1943, p.85. 1943, , Libanon’s British style style British t in the in t discussion of Nazi Germany that that Germany Nazi of discussion cal realities.cal ulture might well have played a played have well might ulture o have an open debate with the the with debate open an have o Pentateuch owed by different and much much and different by owed Libanon Jewish German, Johannes Johannes German, Jewish the fact that the reserved reserved the that fact the sense of political realism. political of sense subversive strategy of of strategy subversive Libanon levels of culturedness culturedness of levels (The Hertz Bible quoted quoted Bible Hertz (The ltr oue. The volumes. later n judgment. judgment. rpeettvs of representatives e 790 i cmuiy i not did community fic issues of the mid- the of issues Similarly to their to Similarly Libanon , 1943, p.63. There There p.63. 1943, , nd contrast contrast nd heir active active heir on “the “the on 248 r remind remind r ózinger, ózinger, dschan dschan riter riter s öt öt s will and and esi, esi, to to CEU eTD Collection

philosophers”. brutality”. emancipation”. sprin <> the “in understatement: strong a of Gr Fülöp by Uttered Hungary. in discrimination potential of mention Prophetism with Platonism. with Prophetism read in 1938 when in the in when 1938 in read me even not does “Hessen publications: in them) with concurrence expectati Nazi of aware those to value surprise little of 793 792 effectively”. more balance economic and societal assure to law ab wrote he euphemisms: official the of employment Grünwald’s necessities”. “arriva the ahead of infrastructure upthe set to order in urgently needed was now all with way under is war religious “a that added Fenyvesi vein, precisely is great is “what movement mass Nazi the in that 797 796 795 794 791 Geisteswelt in strukturvergleichender Betrachtung strukturvergleichender in Geisteswelt shocking image of the quiet, cruel and well planned gradual erasure of German Jew gradual cruelshocking planned of German erasure and the quiet, well image of “an printed: were lines following the issues), the of end very the Fülöp Grünvald, “Bakonyi László: A kongresszusi zs kongresszusi A László: “Bakonyi Grünvald, Fülöp zsidós A budapesti Sándor: “Eppler Grünwald, Fülöp Magyaro Azsidókérdés Samu: “Stern Grönwald, Fülöp in “Folyóiratszemle” Vádira Béla: LajosTábor és “Szabó Fenyvesi, Andor legújab a útja “A prófétizmus Grózinger, M. József Hessen, Johannes is question in work The 793 796 mr cnrt rfrne o h ogig etuto ta thes than destruction ongoing the to reference concrete more A 792 Even less straight forward than the striking understatement just understatement striking the than forward straight less Even This assessment of the German situation came only a little ahe little a only came situation German the of assessment This 795 Only Imre Keszi and Andor Fenyvesi used explicit wording. Kesz wording. explicit used Fenyvesi Andor and Keszi Imre Only At the same time, he expressed that the organization of Jew of organization the that expressed he time, same the At Libanon

Libanon , 1938, p.32. p.32. 1938, , 791 In a footnote Grózinger felt compelled to remark what can be can what remark to compelled felt Grózinger footnote a In section Journal Reviews (which appeared in small font at font small in appeared (which Reviews Journal section ltnsu ud rpeims De nie n de bi die und antike Die Prophetismus. und Platonismus (München: Ernst Reinhardt, 1939). 1939). Reinhardt, Ernst (München: b gondolkodásig” in in gondolkodásig” b t a szellemin a t ellen” idó hitközségek statisztikája” in statisztikája” hitközségek idó in munkája” szociális ág rszágon” in in rszágon” ons and their fulfillments (or at least least at (or fulfillments their and ons g of 1938 when some wish to revise revise to wish some when 1938 of g Libanon what is terrifying.” In a similar similar a In terrifying.” is what Libanon Libanon , 1938, p.53. p.53. 1938, , out “the debate around the around debate “the out 797 Libanon unknown author paints a paints author unknown ünwald, it took the form the took it ünwald, , 1941, p.79. 1941, , t per ta i his in that appears It , 1936, p.272. p.272. , 1936, Libanon t fntcs and fanaticism its , 1938, , p.54. 1938, ish social work social ish ad of the first the of ad to Jewish ntion cn is be first can e , 1938, p.90. p.90. , 1938, quoted was quoted l of obliging obliging of l ry”. 249 i wrote i 794 blische blische

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published writings”. (-ö), “Ararát évkönyv. Zsidó Zsidó évkönyv. “Ararát (-ö), writings”. published htrcl usin a psd “h cud on o te ok f nw ge new a circumstances?”current the of to amidst scholars work the on count could “Who posed: was question rhetorical of fai not could and place taking were that changes the of indicator in connection with the with connection in author”? its of intention the of spite in expose an ideal of objectivity, in spite of its obvious practical an obvious expose of ideal spite its in of objectivity, difficult c a maintain to preferred Grünwald 1930s, late the from writings Spain in the 15the in Spain expuls the on Sommer Ernst of book the reviewing when 1938: as early utopian desire: “oh, how I wish that the fight of the silenced mor silenced the of fight the that wish I how “oh, desire: utopian need not ofapproval seek scholarship. to the he where published were scholarship of unreliability the on ideas 801 800 799 798 today?” peaceful more and better be truly could “life whether t of question to even but fleeing, possibility the in was left hope only the Europ outside youth living of the to possibility HeJewish worldwide. referred reflec as 1938 in youth Jewish German of condition tragic the of thought is discrimination under suffering intellectuals Jewish Hungarian Zoltán Kohn, “Günther Friedländer: Jugend zwischen Jugend Friedländer: “Günther Zoltán Kohn, i 1492” Granadában Kelt Sommer: “Ernst Kardos, Pál in előtt” ajtók Becsapott Endre: “Sós (-ld-), on later from references rare the of one that Note Libanon 801 on fewrs on sue mc mr mltn viet express to voice militant more much a assumed Kohn afterwards Soon . In the discussion of Endre Sós’ “In Front of the Doors Slammed Shut” Shut” Slammed Doors the of Front “In Sós’ Endre of discussion the In . h wy dut aot h ftr satd o per rvds much a provides appear to started future the about doubts ways The n ruby vn oe hrceitc ypo o te uncert the of symptom characteristic more even arguably An th century, Pál Kardos asked whether “its topicality would not re not would topicality whether“its askedKardos Pál century, Ararát yearbook Ararát

that “the air of law XV. from 1938 defines the top the defines 1938 from XV. law of air “the that Libanon 800 magyar almanach. 1939” in 1939” magyaralmanach. oevr ti a h tm we Mr Fényes’ Mór when time the was this Moreover, also refers to the anti-Jewish law in a neutral wa neutral a in law anti-Jewish the to refers also , 1938, p.62. , p.62. 1938, gestern und morgen” in morgen”in und gestern 799 n Libanon Some sings of fatalism were expressed as expressed were fatalism of sings Some , 1938, , p.86. 1938, ertain air of detachment and and detachment of air ertain anywhere for Jewish youth Jewish for anywhere concluded that religion did did religion that concluded Libanon l to impact the contributors the impact to l the fact that Zoltán Kohn Kohn Zoltán that fact the his he added the doubtful doubtful the added he his al law in the spirit of the the of spirit the in law al Libanon ies. , 1939, p.15. p.15. ,1939, 798 ting the tragedy of tragedy the ting , 1938, p.110. 1938, , o o Jw from Jews of ion icality of some of the the of some of icality

e, claiming that e, that claiming main eternal – eternal– main eain of neration ite of ainties a rather a y, stating, stating, y, 250 better better the the CEU eTD Collection

p.59. (E.M. stood as M.E. in the original.) in theoriginal.) M.E. as stood (E.M. p.59. nrcdne i teps 20 years”, 2000 past the in unprecedented generation “lives through tim yet his historical analogy: another we find t hs on ta h rvee a emn ok o th for translation. work German a reviewed he that point this at ago” – essentially problems related to the lack of emanci of lack the to related problems essentially – ago” t as now same “the were Jewry Hungarian of currentproblems concluded thus and constants, historical uncovering in indulge to chose he when rpes ol bgn s on s osbe gis te a godless mad the against possible as soon as begin would Prophets diabolicum 20the of decades four first “the of face distorted 806 805 804 803 swamp”. 809 808 807 802 right legal without condition a and restriction legal of suffering of rights the of possession complete the and equality legal from centuries”.for endure to had ancestors their and they w suffering and dangers troubles, same the later generations ha not could “They that wrote he when similarly 1940 in situation the uncertaint wrote. resignation, suffering, despair, see we everywhere doubts: his merely revealing than further much went also Grózinger Ibid., p.68. Ibid., történ feliratos zsidóság “Azókori Munkácsi, Ernő tavas 1941. szombatosok “Azerdélyi György Balázs, tükrében vezércikkek újta zsidóság Magyar “A E.M., in Hűség” László: “Fenyő Imre Keszi, irracionalizmu Freud “Sigmund Grózinger, M. József in kórkép” “Vallásfilozófiai Grózinger, M. József szemléle Ziegler Ignaz “Aprofétizmus Zoltán Kohn, 803 805 By this time he believed that when a future historian of the spi the of historian future a when that believed he time this By ”.

804 y otat EM (ot iey rő ukci apae nal opti nearly appeared Munkácsi) Ernő likely (most E.M. contrast, By o me ez, i ae perd s a otmes pti and putrid bottomless, “a as appeared age his Keszi, Imre To

Libanon 808 , 1940, p.26. p.26. , 1940, aey thd ops “t ne al f sudden, a of all once, “at pass to had it namely Libanon eti forrásai (I. közlemény)” in közlemény)” (I. forrásai eti frt ie o i is rgnl eso bt n its in but version original its in not time first e tében” in in tében” zán” in in zán” sa” in sa” . Összeállította: Dr. Ballagi Ernő” in Ernő” Ballagi Dr. Összeállította: . th century, he will call this century this call will he century, , 1940, p.19. It might be just a coincidence but it but coincidence a just might be It p.19. , 1940, Libanon Libanon 807 Libanon In another article of Ernő Munkácsi Ernő of article another In pation. , 1940, p.37. p.37. , 1940, ill await their descendents, which descendents,which their await ill , 1941, p.22. p.22. 1941, , , 1939, p.6. 1939, , hey used to be a hundred years hundred a be to used hey 806 y and hopelessness”, he he hopelessness”, and y iies o h pi and pain the to citizens s.” György Balázs assessed Balázs György Libanon 809 “wherever we look, look, we “wherever ve imagined that two that imagined ve es which were almost almost which were es rit would observe theobserve would rit forces.” t h sm time, same the At , 1940, p.68. p.68. ,1940, Libanon 802 n 1940, In seaculum seaculum insidious ht the that 251 Hebrew Hebrew mistic mistic , 1940, 1940, , is is CEU eTD Collection

Idea of Renaissance in Modern Judaism Modern in of Renaissance Idea p.118. He also expressed his conviction that the an the that conviction his expressed also He p.118. civilization, a civilization which enables pogroms, the persec the pogroms, enables which civilization a civilization, the means Palestine of up building “The statement: following the tim first the for perspective wider new, a in appeared movement previous in already movement Zionist the of supportive lines some n Zion. in c agathering humane truly of the sacred “the of and idea among quotes people the re the on wrote Buber, Martin of ideas the to around referring stronger Kandel, became searching soul of type new a of voices The Renaissance in modern Judaism see the recent work: work: recent the see Judaism modern in Renaissance fot o rae maigu itleta ad prta li spiritual and intellectual meaningful a create to effort fact the to pointing decay”, of “causes the of talked Zsoldos Jenő a Discussing 1940s. early the by accusatory more sounded tone their managed while staying religion. adapt to its to loyal accordi desirable, model” ancient “the considered clearly Munkácsi out ofout the current catastrophe”. “reemerge would belief divi this that convinced of was Grózinger order maintained. the by governed was world the that belief the that 812 811 814 813 810 partlyonly though collectively a in observations similar voiced deeds and in eternal life amidst great misfortunes misfortunes great amidst life in eternal and deeds Jenő Zsoldos, “Kardos Pál: Levél egy kibujdosott b kibujdosott egy Levél Pál: “Kardos Zsoldos, Jenő világt a szerepe gonoszság “A Grózinger, M. József megújhodá zsidóság A Buber: “Martin Kandel, Sámuel in Ödön” “Gerő Herman, Lipót történ feliratos zsidóság ókori “Az Munkácsi, Ernő 812 rzne as rltd o h osblt o rlgos rebir religious of possibility the to related also Grózinger t s nte smtm f h cagn tms ht ee tog there though even that, times changing the of symptom another is It References to the lack of Jewish self-defense also became m became also self-defense Jewish of lack the to References

Libanon 813 (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2009). UP, Stanford (Stanford:

, 1940, p.13. p.13. 1940, , and world-shattering events”. events”. world-shattering and cestors from ancient times could “trust in the rewa the in “trust could times ancient from cestors arátom után” in arátom örténelemben” in in örténelemben” Asher D. Biemann, Biemann, D. Asher t fráa (eeeő ölmn) in közlemény)” (Befejező forrásai eti 810 a in sa”

e o Jws youth. Jewish for fe Libanon Libanon Libanon ution and murder of Jews”. of murder and ution Inventing New Beginnings: On the On Beginnings: New Inventing self-accusatory way: “We did did “We way: self-accusatory e when Lipót Herman made made Herman Lipót when e , 1940, p.59. p.59. 1940, , 14, .8 O te da of idea the On p.88. 1940, , newal of religious beliefs beliefs religious of newal , 1940, p.121. 1940, , that there was hardly any hardly was there that ne necessity should be be should necessity ne ees o hnr for honor of defense oue, n 90 this 1940 in volumes, th. He argued namely argued He th. book by Pál Kardos, Kardos, Pál by book renewed and reborn reborn and renewed g o hc Jewry which to ng hs ie Sámuel time: this ore frequent and and frequent ore 814 Libanon nr Sós Endre ommunity” ommunity” rd of good good of rd 252 1940, , were 811

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plans and seemed at worst painful but corrigible absences sta absences corrigible but painful worst at seemed and plans the report of the annual assembly held on the 21the on held assembly annual the of report the losses, as proofs of sinful negligence. as losses, proofs of sinful iety t s ee tog tee cuain a tms mutd t shape.” literary seemingly amounted times at accusations these though even us, at addres directly accusations of mass the against resistance enough show not undisciplined behavior and internal splits?”internal and behavior undisciplined r our when miracle divine the deserve we Do […] it? from r conclusions recognize to ready isn’t need, critical of hour its in Israel, the it “isn’t asked he when Prophets of fanaticism and idealism t tk ws h br sria o Hnain es n h mdl of middle the in Jews Judeocide, Hungarian of survival bare the was stake at 819 818 817 816 815 our treasures”. spiritual saving the “besides now was aim Jewish Hungarian declared the masses”. the among Messianic, times, apocalyptic horror-filled, these In filled. cup the that feel us of “Many t words. written thanrestrained were presentation oral this of formulations the sharper much prta rnwl i te eod su o 14 w fn fr h first the for find we 1942 of issue second the in renewal, spiritual Ibid., p.96. Ibid., in közlemények” “Múzeumegyesületi p.57. Ibid., in Közgyűlése” Múzeum Zsidó Magyar “Az Országos in Emil” “Makai Sós, Endre 818 the historical analogy with Spanish Jews of the 15analogy Jews Spanish with the historical Still, the most dramatic expressions from the very early 1940s c 1940s earlyvery the from expressions dramatic most the Still, In addition to the growing awareness of terrible dangers and the y the and dangers terrible of awareness growing the to addition In 816 ee ukci tepe t aot h tn a wl a displa as well as tone the adopt to attempted Munkácsi Here 819

Libanon 815 What only a few years earlier were still formulated as p as formulated still were earlier years few a only What , 1941, p.46. p.46. , 1941, Libanon , 1941, p.95. p.95. 1941, , 817 As the understanding emerged that what was what that emerged understanding the As Libanon st of September 1941. It is remarkable how remarkable is It 1941. September of , 1941, p.56. p.56. , 1941, of our misfortune is close to being to close is misfortune our of miraculous beliefs are spreading spreading are beliefs miraculous rted to appear as irredeemable irredeemable as appear to rted th aiy n da appropriate draw and eality century gained century prominence: sin of sins that Hungarian that sins of sin of our lives, the saving of of saving the lives, our of ie dcddy pro- decidedly a time o <> in in libel>> <

be found in front of which the modern Jew has to bow down. These values ar values These down. bow to has Jew modern the which of front in found be presented León Klein Pollák as an appropriate role anappropriate as Pollák León Klein presented moral commitment to accept sacrifices and, if needs to be, be, to needs if and, sacrifices accept to commitment moral hplsl Ujws” n iea rfres f uas, Wei Judaism, of reformers liberal in Unjewish” “hopelessly alter Neolog its from also but Orthodox its from only not different spir free a with traditions of maintenance presented faithful he of time, combination same the At Frankel. Zacharias of vein the propagating Orthodoxy, from it distinguished He Judaism. Conservative ldr ols n t eie a iia smay “the summary: similar a merited it in Komlós Aladár Jewishness, but that of the present day returned to returned day thepresent thatof but Jewishness, Orthodox stance. Orthodox 822 821 modern its vallásrefor magyar-zsidó even egy “Gondolatok Groszmann, and Talmudism” from diverged never basis Rabbinite unified a from diverged never Jewry in szín-jelképei” halál a of color the as black of rejection its that example 820 would have and pieces living turn into be Bible”, to he of elevated wrote. the ones: current their beyond well roles new assume to have would they f to order in that believed he mission, necessary the accomplishing inf institutional Jewish existing the considered he Although means”. desire “the of continuation the than more no saw he assimilation in of lack a and powerlessness their by mainly distinguished were charact his In today. until admitted) he as form, peculiar in (though w life national Jewish that Orthodoxy through was it eyes, Kandel’s Ibid., p.45. Interestingly, when the current current the when Interestingly, p.45. Ibid., in útja” maizsidó “A Kandel, Sámuel of volume first the In The next issue of issue next The 820 According to Sámuel Kandel, in today’s Orthodoxy “all those forces those “all Orthodoxy today’s in Kandel, Sámuel to According Libanon Libanon

13, .4.. sgod rsmn epaie i 1 in emphasized Groszmann Zsigmond p.146.). 1936, , baá Ken rt plmcly n cnevtv J “conservative on polemically wrote Klein Ábrahám Libanon, Libanon, Libanon IMIT yearbook IMIT mourning was incomprehensible. Ábrahám Klein, “Az “Az Klein, Ábrahám incomprehensible. was mourning , 1942, p.45. p.45. , 1942, it.” K., “Évkönyv” in in “Évkönyv” K., it.” model. model. still in 1942, featured an article by Pál Weisz on Weisz Pál by article an featured 1942, in still ,” never served as the basis of “religious radicali “religious of basis the as served never ,” modern Jew of the turn of the century left behind behind left century the of turn the of Jew modern mátor körül” in in körül” mátor character was based on traditionalism. Zsigmond Zsigmond traditionalism. on based was character was reviewed in in reviewed was even to accept martyrdom”. accept to even Libanon Libanon true community. Moreover, Moreover, community. true z eivd hy provided they believed sz , 1942, p.127. p.127. 1942, , Libanon , 1937, pp.49-56.). Groszmann Groszmann pp.49-56.). 1937, , native. Seeing something something Seeing native. as successfully preserved preserved successfullyas rastructure adequate for adequate rastructure ulfill their urgent tasks tasks urgent their ulfill erization, modern Jews modern erization, moderate reform as a a as reform moderate t n tu essentially thus and it to convert by other other by convert to al u institutions our “all moderate reform in in reform moderate in 1942, the article of of article the 1942, in 937 that “Hungarian “Hungarian that 937 822 ewry,” saying for for saying ewry,”

e there in the the in there e 254 sm and and sm élet és és élet 821 can In his his CEU eTD Collection

presented it even as “more Jewish.” Kanizsai pictured libe pictured Kanizsai Jewish.” “more as even it presented Libanon parallel to the Jewish, religiously based Enlighten based religiously theJewish, to parallel book on the religious Enlightenment. David Sorkin, Sorkin, David Enlightenment. religious the on book Arguably, one of the main motivations of Sorkin was Sorkin of motivations main the of one Arguably, thoug of areas different six from today, known less Vienna to London from Catholics the main culprit. “The distancing of modern Jewish soul from religi from soul Jewish modern of distancing “The culprit. main the dif crucial a with but Weisz’s, to similar lines the along te ouin ol nvr be.” never could solution “the the only that distinction the accepted thereby and law”, eternal what of arbiter the reason and conscience their consider to tended time same the At too. it taught but essence the for searched lukewarm substitutes that unavoidably led to bankruptcy. to led unavoidably that substitutes lukewarm raig Jws hmln i te ad f h acsos lw natur flows ancestors the conservatism.” of land the in homeland Jewish a creating position: Zionist religious a for support his expressed also he 826 825 824 desired. be to something left mos the became self-defense collective of organization the when spiritual of accumulation and discovery the to conducive proved undoubtedly 823 in shifts the behind be to seems reconciliation, Jewish inner for n o te ot epce rsaces f emn Je German of researchers respected most the of One in zsidóság” “Aliberális Kanizsai, Ernő p.72. Ibid., in zsidóság” “Konzervatív Weisz, Pál . 824 Contrary to Weisz, Ernő Kanizsai declared liberal Jewry “more Jewry liberal declared Kanizsai Ernő Weisz, to Contrary rud h sm tm, otn on omltd i cmrhnie critique comprehensive his formulated Kohn Zoltán time, same the Around

(Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008). Sorkin deals with deals Sorkin 2008). UP, Princeton (Princeton: 826 This emerging realization, next to the perception of the need the of perception the to next realization, emerging This 825 Libanon hs ltom otd n h rlgos Enlightenment religious the in rooted platform This Libanon , 1942, p.70. p.70. , 1942, ment. ment. , 1943, p.18. p.18. , 1943, ht. The most famous among them is Moses Mendelssohn Moses is them among famous most The ht. to show that there were phenomena within Christian within phenomena were there that show to h Rlgos nihemn. rtsat, es and Jews, Protestants, Enlightenment. Religious The r, ai Sri rcnl pbihd i revisionis his published recently Sorkin David wry, ference: for Kohn, emancipation was was emancipation Kohn, for ference: 823 ral Jews as the group that not only only not that group the as Jews ral Towards the end of his article, his of end the Towards , he admitted that liberal Jews Jews liberal that admitted he , he maintained that “the task of of task “the that maintained he task of religion was solid, but solid, was religion of task t urgent task, its potential potential its task, urgent t emphasis we observe in in observe we emphasis qualified as “inspired and “inspired as qualified on and faith started with with started faith and on six authors, most of them them of most authors, six ly rm Jewish from ally valuable” and valuable” wealth, but but wealth, 255 ity ity t t . .

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pp.27-28. pp.27-28. but it is certain that a Jewry broken in its soul – soul its in broken Jewry a that certain is it but eiin n faith”. and religion “a of time a at substitute” “religious a than more no offered nice study that appeared a few years ago”. Zoltán K Zoltán ago”. years few a appeared that study nice “the be be to humanity”. aout sacredhumanity of kind turn shall that would developments current of consequence the that stating of close he hope that ideas expressed previously his on twist surprising the in so did he history, of stage current the of nature have never forgotten about the Jewishness of Béla R Béla of Jewishness the about forgotten never have p few “Only justified: retrospectively was approach seems to have broken not only Jewry but also its fa its also Jewrybut only not broken have to seems fate. Developments indubitably point towards a a towards point indubitably Developments fate. a religious renaissance, it does not make it imposs it make not does it renaissance, religious a (Budapest: Balassi, 2008), p.19. p.19. 2008), Balassi, (Budapest: Frojimovics, Kinga instance, for Jewr within trends two these that places various in Kinga Frojimovics analyses the social history and o and history social the analyses Frojimovics Kinga process this of culmination the see we and emancipation European 827 831 830 829 828 ee itre aaoy f h oiia ad primary: and original the (Folytatás helyzetképe) maizsidóság (A “Holtponton of analogy distorted mere culture. its of character religious the maintain to needed s of interest the in that and religion and culture between connection argued explicitly Kohn faith. of weakening general the to led and beginning the from Jewishness lacked form of independent faith Jewishness, to essential been always had form assessment, Kohn’s mai zsidóság helyzetképe) (Folytatás)” in (Folytatás)” helyzetképe) maizsidóság faith capable of recreating its spiritual life, the life, spiritual its recreating of capable faith of dissolution”.of its defended Jewry loyal traditionally and closed of minority Zoltán Kohn, “Holtponton (A mai zsidóság helyzetké zsidóság mai (A “Holtponton Kohn, Zoltán helyzetké zsidóság mai (A “Holtponton Kohn, Zoltán p.108. Ibid., of concept the of meaning “the Kohn, to According No book the on writing this, than earlier much Not 830 So while Kohn presented the narrative of decline and stressed the de the stressed and decline of narrative the presented Kohn while So 829 ne gi, rhdx apae a a oiie xml: “ny t “Only example:. positive a as appeared Orthodoxy again, Once

Szétszakadt történelem. Zsidó vallási irányzatok Ma irányzatok vallási Zsidó történelem. Szétszakadt Libanon life that is currently at a dead end”. Zoltán Kohn Zoltán end”. dead a at iscurrently that life népi like that of today – will not be able to face up t up face to able be not will – today of that like , 1942, p.108. 1942, , y largely defined themselves in opposition to each to opposition in themselves defined largely y ith. We cannot yet tell where Jewry’s tragic road w road tragic Jewry’s where tell yet cannot We ith. ible that Jewry would emerge out of its tribulation its of out emerge would Jewry that ible pposition between Orthodox and Neolog Jewry. She cl She Jewry. Neolog and Orthodox between pposition eople know […] but experts, professional literary sc literary professional experts, but […] know eople type of rebirth, but this does not exclude the pos the exclude not does this but rebirth, of type )” in )” ohn, “Révész Béla: Max Nordau élete” in Libanon, 19 Libanon, in élete” Nordau Max Béla: “Révész ohn, évész and, what is more, our journal remembered it remembered journal our more, is what and, évész rdau by Béla Révész, he argued that Libanon’s forme Libanon’s that argued he Révész, Béla by rdau Jewry as a religious phenomenon”. Zoltán Kohn, Kohn, Zoltán phenomenon”. religious a as Jewry Jewry cannot be transformed so much as to become a a become to as much so transformed be cannot Jewry pe)” in in pe)” Libanon pe) (Folytatás)” in in (Folytatás)” pe) Libanon , 1942, p.109. p.109. 1942, , 828 In his presentation, Neolog Jewry Neolog presentation, his In elf adequately against the danger the against adequately elf , 1942, p.79. The recent monograph of of monograph recent The p.79. 1942, , 831 d his lines with words of trust, trust, of words with lines his d 150 year-long short circuit of of circuit short year-long 150

that there was an unalterable unalterable an was there that Libanon religious rebirth. It is a a is It rebirth. religious and any attempt to make make to attempt any and today,” he wrote.he today,” l-rsrain Jewry elf-preservation , quite unsurprisingly, quite , , 1942, p.110. “Suffering “Suffering p.110. 1942, , gyarországon 1868-1950 gyarországon eit o Jewish of rebirth , “Holtponton (A (A “Holtponton , o its doomed doomed its o other. See, See, other. ould lead, lead, ould sibility of of sibility 256 s with a a with s cisive 827 holars holars aims aims in a a in In 41, 41, he r r

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published in the in published presented as if they were in equilibrium. This verbal exercis verbal This equilibrium. in were they if as presented best place for Jews revived. Ernő Munkácsi, “Cecil Munkácsi, Ernő Jewsrevived. for place best night”. dark the in consolation and light provided ild Zoim b En Siáy. zlgi dniid h eve the identified Szilágyi Szilágyi. Ernő by “Zionism” titled genocide of European Jewry on the pages of of pages the on Jewry European of genocide reference unmistakable first The 1943. of course the in even Budapest s relative the nevertheles were references than such that fact the was information remarkable more much probably mind, in that appli censorship of type and level the to related evidently was references was partly due to the partial lack of information of lack partial the to due partly was references an unavoidable part of this reorganization”. this of partunavoidable an settlement the and reorganization, major a of ahead just is “Europe paralle his to similarly wrote, who Grünvald Fülöp by sentence a ugra Jws itletas rtn for writing intellectuals Jewish Hungarian 833 832 appear disloyal and provoke direct Nazi occupation).appearand direct provoke Nazi disloyal the to enoughcontributing still was country the while Allies, the (Hungary’s tim at ofresurfacedDouble the time theagain Kállay made to the Hungarian translation of Cecil Roth’s w Roth’s Cecil of translation Hungarian the to made Ern original.) the in used were Sz.B. initials (The “Mohác Sz. B. time. this around Rózsavölgyi Márk of Zsid afterw Magyar Országos “Az “soon Grünvald, Fülöp turn: homeland”. Hungarian later the the by discussed declared unexpectedly yet not was emancipation his review of Jenő Mohácsi, “B.Sz.” (most probably probably (most “B.Sz.” Mohácsi, Jenő of review his üö Güvl qoe a etr f Jw ul f co of full Jew a of letter a quoted Grünvald Fülöp in Lipót” “Lőw Grünwald, Fülöp n h ogig as udr hr wr ol fw od. hs scarci This words. few only were there murder mass ongoing the On In 1942 the sense of immeasurable tragedy and hope for rebirth c rebirth for hope and tragedy immeasurable of sense the 1942 In IMIT yearbooksIMIT

Libanon , must have been very partial indeed) and, more crucially, more and, indeed) partial very been have must , , 1942, p.76. p.76. 1942, , ő Munkácsi also complained that no Hungarian additi Hungarian no that complained also Munkácsi ő Munkácsi thus wanted to see the idea that Hungary w Hungary that idea the see to wanted thus Munkácsi Roth: Zsidó középkor” Ibid., p.29., Ibid., középkor” Zsidó Roth: 832 ritings on the Jewish Middle Ages, since these “cou these since Ages, Middle Jewish the on ritings Bence Szabolcsi) wrote of the “ideal national assim national “ideal the of wrote Szabolcsi) Bence Libanon Libanon The other main sign of the hope for survival ofsurvival for hope the ofsign main other The rs h Jws yuh f et ure t dfn the defend to hurried Pest of youth Jewish the ards si Jenő: Hegedű és koldusbot” in koldusbot” és Hegedű Jenő: si pan ta ws rte i Arl 88 we Jewish (when 1848 April in written was that mplaint ó Muzeum levéltárából” in levéltárából” Muzeum ó eouinre) bt t h ed f i atce he article his of end the at but revolutionaries), 833 s ht ocs f ainl commitment national of voices that is is from 1943. It appeared in an article article an in appeared It 1943. from is

e can be detected, for instance, in in instance, for detected, be can e (which, in the view of what was was what of view the in (which, s published and distributed in in distributed and published s ed in wartime Hungary. With With Hungary. wartime in ed cause of the Axis side not to not side Axis the of cause t s h dsrcin f the of destruction the as nt id attempts to negotiate to attempts with id of the Jewish question is question Jewish the of l discourse in IMIT, that that IMIT, in discourse l Libanon carcity of detailed detailed of carcity to the widespread widespread the to Libanon , 1942, p.121. In p.121. 1942, , ould still be still ould , 1942, p.128. p.128. 1942, , 257 ons were ons ilation” ilation” ld have have ld y of ty as the the as

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lmnay n upeeetd hne hc te edto o Easter to.” amounts of perdition the which change unprecedented the and have not elementary do see, yet not do “We that stated he when “Ostjude” hlrn n od epe ae eoe itm o fros ail str racial furious of victims become have innoce people old women, and weak children men, weaponless more year, last of course the In Jer of siege the at that Flavius Josephus in read “We analogy: trage contemporary Jewish the that the first time for announced is hand, it i an introduced it time same the at but did, Szilágyi than terms detai more a in past recent the of catastrophe the described 836 835 term, German contemptuous Or slightly religiously – victims Holocaust of group thos largest excludes Holocaust the of symbol as “Auschwitz 834 31 the on place took that assembly annual they here get theeverywhere come Galuth, all in will the that should message up grow to starts grass the when “And misfortune: immeasurable nati Israeli of prognosis a read we article, his of end the “none but reality, a well as idea an was Zion “Ostjude” the for could either be taken to mean merely the disappearance of Jews of disappearance the merely mean to taken be either could Na the of deployment The question”. Jewish the of solution final “the threatening the to linked was it though possibility, extreme most deportation” “complete Jewry, Hungarian of fate the discussing when European Jews. To some degree, they continue to be be to continue in Reality” Ignored The they “Holocaust: Snyder, Timothy degree, some To Jews. European See also Yehuda Bauer, Bauer, Yehuda also See “Az Országos Magyar Zsidó Múzeum igazgatóságának j igazgatóságának Múzeum Zsidó Magyar “Az Országos in “A Szilágyi, cionizmus” Ernő in cionizmus” “A Szilágyi, Ernő 834 In the very last issue of issue last very the In Szilágyi addressed the horror from the Zionist point of view: in in view: of point Zionist the from horror the addressed Szilágyi The Death of the the Shtetl of Death The

Libanon Libanon Ostjuden Ostjuden , 1943, p.51. p.51. 1943, , , 1943, p.49. Compare this with the intriguing stat intriguing the with this Compare p.49. 1943, , Libanon (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). 2009). Press, University Yale (New Haven: wr clual ain rm et uoen, includ Europeans, West from alien culturally were – hdx n Ydihsekn Jw o Pln, r in or, Poland, of Jews Yiddish-speaking and thodox

The New York Review of Books of Review York New The st wo ee t h cne o te itrcl vn. T event. historical the of center the at were who e (the fourth of volume eight), the report of the the of report the eight), volume of fourth (the of October 1943 was printed. This report report This printed. was 1943 October of marginalized from the memory of the Holocaust.” Holocaust.” the of memory the from marginalized elentése az 1942-43. évről” in évről” 1942-43. elentéseaz onal rebirth emerging out of this this of out emerging rebirth onal usalem a million Jews perished. Jews million a usalem led way and in more concrete concrete more in and way led on the millions of new graves graves new of millions the on nteresting duality. On the one one the On duality. nteresting of this exists any longer.” At longer.” any exists this of from Hungary through their their through Hungary from but unspecified notion of notion unspecified but uggle.” was mentioned as the as mentioned was , Volume 56, Number 12. 12. Number 56, Volume , org t se the see to courage dy had no historical no dyhad n European Jewry Jewry European n i xrsin here expression zi Libanon 836 t n helpless and nt n h other, the On ement of Snyder: Snyder: of ement ”. his opinion, his , 1943, p.112. p.112. 1943, , 835

ing West West ing 258 the the he CEU eTD Collection

published regularly during the years of the Second World War al War World Second the of years the during regularly published precious sources on Hungarian Jewish intellectual discourses of thi of discourses intellectual Jewish Hungarian on sources precious 1930s and1930s early 1940s. Je Hungarian of palette narrowing ruinously though rich and colorful intellectuals and its special historical “timing” together m together “timing” historical special its and intellectuals of searching soul the documenting nature pluralistic its contributors, conte impressive The Holocaust. Hungarian the before year the 1943, Jewis few the among up ended thus and discrimination, stricter ever b still mid-1930s, the in launching its after years eight for agendas. it as and intellectuals Jewish Hungarian Jewish of segment a process historical ongoing the understand us help can it culture, conce competing simultaneous, into provides it insights the to addition

Jewry”. the but else nothing be could – stated repeatedly was as – which solut final the for prepare to wish manner their in […] movements decre and laws “State follow: quickly would that genocide imply who possessed be those by rightly orcomplete interpreted deportation, 837 Ibid., p.118. Ibid., 837

Libanon

IV.

Conclusion de a pca sae n md sgiiat otiuin t the to contributions significant made and shade special a added Libanon

proved to be the only periodical that continued to be released be to onlyproved released be continued that to theperiodical ean that that ean efore the beginning of severe and and severe of beginning the efore impacted their positions and and positions their impacted Libanon ion of the Jewish question, Jewish the of ion l the way until the end of end the until way the l s it was seen by a crucial crucial a by seen was it s complete deportation of of deportation complete s momentous period. In period. momentous s s at-eih societal anti-Jewish es, mporary culture of its its of culture mporary enough information to to enough information wish journals of the the of journals wish is one of the most the of one is Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian junl t be to journals h tos f Jewish of ptions 259 CEU eTD Collection

rcse ta dd o eiiae infcn dfeecs u cl but differences significant eliminate not did that processes – a crisis that in his eyes existed irrespective of and beyond and of irrespective existed eyes his in that crisis a – severe a in resulted which assumed, life shared Hungarian-Jewish was assimilation way the with problems basic were there larg at people Jewish by or scholars, by either overlooked be not decisive of such and were societal specificities position their Jewish c Jewish the of fate distinguishable peculiar, the of idea the on a forprogram his based Komlós Aladárideas, such to Opposed forms. p the of one were Jews eyes, his In them. by influenced being and pr global this of part integral an as Jewry saw he scale, i his Formulating culture. each defining partly as exchanges and time modern in barriers of existence the denied He away. step Turóczi of ideas The history. literary in explorations his through Hungarian-Jew of idea the present and traditions Hungarian-Jewish above wanted, Zsoldos Jenő that explicated chapter the Thus, writings. severalimpor or by takenone position theby illustrated becan pa (or relevance particular with specificity Jewish of model essentiali – universalist (or relevance universal with essence (rather ambivalent) ambivalent) (rather expressed in in expressed of heterogeneity the reveal which culture, of models articulated Iidentif have utterances, nationalist Hungarian and decodableJewish Libanon o umrz te idns f hs hpe: n diin o oe eas more to addition in chapter: this of findings the summarize To népi . These were the assimilationist - integrationist, the multicul the integrationist, - assimilationist the were These . , the model founded on the idea of Jewish philosophical-spiritual philosophical-spiritual Jewish of idea the on founded model the , ocess, as a group influencing others others influencing group a as ocess, rticularist). Each of these models models these of Each rticularist). the frightening anti-Semitism of anti-Semitism frightening the conceived and with the forms forms the with and conceived st) and, last but not least, the the least, not but last and, st) tant authors and traced in their their traced in and authors tant early resulted in more mixed mixed more in resulted early ommunity, emphasizing that emphasizing ommunity, adpeetd interactions presented and s -Trostler can be placed one one placed be can -Trostler crisis of Hungarian Jewry Jewry Hungarian of crisis historical world a on deas articipants in intercultural in articipants relevance that they could could they relevance that e. Komlós believed that that believed Komlós e. ied five central and well well centraland five ied the foundational ideas ideas foundational the ish community of fate fate of community ish Jewish literary history history literary Jewish all, to revive positive revive to all, turalist, the turalist, 260 ily CEU eTD Collection

Libanon diin o e, oe oiie tiue twrs ins ad t depic its and Zionism towards attitudes positive more new, to addition to present tragic the of out way a as appeared have must which religious Jewish a of possibility the discussed authors many 1940s ceased. debate” “virtual aforementioned the and doubt, by accompanied hope of expressions recurrent still the onwards, 1938 from increased extent the as Understandably, audience. non-Jewish i.e. “external,” le at of climate a presupposed ideas Nazi and anti-Semitism retd n idctn srn omtet t ntae n t creat to and initiate to commitments strong indicating and cultural oriented 1930s, the of half second the In publication. its of years the been have thereforms, elaborate more rarelytook developments rea intellectuals’ Jewish Hungarian Jewish though even that, suggest hc hd pcla aosis n otmoay ugr. ez gr Keszi Hungary. the contemporary applying of ambivalence in acoustics peculiar a had which even glorifying words for László the Németh, idea glorifying he ofevenfor criticized words eih rdtos Ls u nt es, me ez ald for called Keszi Imre least, not but Last traditions. Jewish heterogene rather a presented he of time, same qualities the At relevance. essential from deriving ideas that implied obviously of greatest the and thought their in Jewish entirely both were Jew perception, Grózinger’s In world. non-Jewish the shaped it although rem and exceptional was it that arguing spirit, religious) and specificities the explored Grózinger M. József world. outside the the belief in in belief the Such reflections of historical changes as are available on t on available are as changes historical of reflections Such Wissenschaft népi agenda to Hungarian Jews: in spite of his supportive and supportive his of spite in Jews: Hungarian to agenda was still dominant and the open intellectual polemic with polemic intellectual open the and dominant still was ast relatively open debate and an an and debate open relatively ast Jewish Jewish modern philosophers, which which philosophers, modern several important shifts over shifts important several ained largely self-enclosed, self-enclosed, largely ained ous and inclusive image of of image inclusive and ous of the Jewish (philosophical Jewish the of völkisch many of them. Third, in in Third, them. of many völkisch . n h erypae of phase early the In e. of legal discrimination discrimination legal of ctions to contemporary to ctions n ntoa renewal, national and were now increasingly increasingly now were Jews had universal universal had Jews Second, by the early early the by Second, he pages of of pages he ln wr future- were plans exclusivity. exclusivity. pld ih the with appled ish philosophers philosophers ish self-knowledge tion in a more more a in tion Libanon 261

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but tangible improvements in the assessment of conservative Juda conservative of assessment the in improvements tangible but emphatic light, several articles critical of Neolog Jewry Neolog of critical articles several light, emphatic the model for the suffering Hungarian Jewish community as athe for community model whole. the Hungarian suffering Jewish of volumes last the in that so much so

Libanon

Orthodox Jews were occasionally depicted as as depicted occasionally were Jews Orthodox appeared simultaneously with partial partial with simultaneously appeared ism and even Orthodoxy – – Orthodoxy even and ism 262 CEU eTD Collection

detailed analysis of the the of analysis detailed W Second the during formulated crisis of narrative historical various ideas political Jewish Hungarian literature, Jewish Hungarian

hs hpes is o dniy ugra Jws pas o de to plans Jewish Hungarian identify to aims chapters This I. Political Platforms and Narratives of Crisis of Crisis Narratives and Platforms Political

the written word.” and the spoken of power the through community moral their improve and hope raise of sense a achieve souls, shaken the in beliefs instill can they ow its courses, lectures, possesses schools, pulpits, associations, still literature, organs, Jewry existence, its maintain to has w under are circumstances the restrictive how of “Irrespective o h Hnay f h Sii ad iet, rm hc n fre can force no us.” expel which from Liberty, and Spirit the of Hungary the to Hungar Eternal and Other that to turn and road the on stop shall we again, hands our into forced is history our from known stick walking anc that when – witness our as serve shall mixed are fathers our of bones the which into our land this well, is as us to which mother and homeland landscape, Hungarian the from us eliminate to about contine European entire the shaking currently earthquake the „[I]f Introduction The The rrt yearbooks Ararát Ararát Marcellné Denker, in the MarcellnéDenker, the in Chapter VII

Yearbooks . As already mentioned, there were many more more many were there mentioned, already As . Béla the in Vihar, (1939-1944) (1939-1944) Ararát yearbookArarát Ararát yearbookArarát n pafrs s el as well as platforms and rd a truh a through War orld fine and create create and fine of 1941, p.41. p.41. of 1941, of 1942, p.64. of 1942, p.64. n press press n 263 clarity, hich it it hich nt is is nt ient ient and and y,

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Libanon periodical between 1940 and 1943. 1943. and 1940 between periodical Libanon n cneprr suc, hs hrtbe nttto crd o 10 orp 110 fi for reliable a provide to sufficient cared proved also funds Association’s institution charitable this source, contemporary one operated it Girls for Orphanage the specifically, more and, i base its with Pest) of Women Israelite of Association (the 1930s, 1930s, Hunga Jewish multiple the Of radically. and onwa swiftly decreased 1930s late the i.e. worsen, to began discrimination anti-Jewish after, or before ever than 1930s the in publications Jewish Hungarian 1898 and 1927: Katalin Gerő, Gerő, Katalin 1927: and 1898 before year the founded was Pest of Women Israelite 839 838 Museum Jewish the role the embeddedness: institutional their in found Grózinger, was subsequently taken over by the Jewish Museum and p and Museum Jewish the by over taken subsequently was Grózinger, Zolt Zsoldos, Jenő Pest, of Gymnasium Girls’ and Boys’ Jewish the laws were already in place and more restrictive ones were were ones restrictive more and place in already were laws for the catastrophic yearoffor 1944. the catastrophic diverse contents were printed on altogether 944 pages. This also make also This pages. 944 altogether on printed were contents diverse i and calendar) Jewish the to according 5704-05 and 5699-5700 between (or 1944 in length to to length in culy infcnl shorter. significantly actually The orphanage was opened in 1867. After 1923, it w it 1923, After 1867. in opened was orphanage The c israther yearbooks lengththeofindividual The Libanon after 1940 is comparable in case of of case in comparable is 1940 after in that it continued to appear well into the war years, with it with years, war the into well appear to continued it that in Libanon Edited by Aladár Komlós, Komlós, Aladár by Edited proved the most lasting, as this journal, originally edited by thre by edited originally journal, this as lasting, most the proved tog de o h sz ad est o te rne pages, printed the of density and size the to due though , A szeretet munkásai: A Pesti Izr. Nőegylet Izr. Pesti A munkásai: szeretet A

838 mr sbtnil aall ewe te w, oee, is however, two, the between parallel substantial more A Ararát Ararát began somewhat later, when general anti-Jewish general when later, somewhat began onstant, the number of pages range between 135 and and 135 between range pages of number the onstant, , in 1866. Its history was covered by its director director its by covered was history Its 1866. in , Ararát as operated at 9 Hungária körút. The Association of Association The körút. Hungária 9 at operated as was released six times between 1939 and and 1939 between times six released was to those of the of those to on Hungária körút. According to to According körút. Hungária on n Dessewffy utca of Terézváros of utca Dessewffy n (Budapest: Izr. Nőegylet, 1937). The The 1937). Nőegylet, Izr. (Budapest: in preparation. It is similar to to similar is It preparation. in rian Jewish initiatives of the of initiatives Jewish rian nancial base for base nancial Pesti Izraelita Nőegylet Izraelita Pesti án Kohn and József M. József and Kohn án s last volume published volume last s s s ublished as its official its as ublished but from the moment moment the from but Ararát d, hi numbers their rds, played in case of of case in played as n the and hans roughly equal equal roughly e teachers of teachers e ts rich and and rich ts Ararát Ararát 264 between between 170. . is 839

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Libanon published posthumously, republished or translated for its purpose its for translated or republished posthumously, published Memory, and Judaism and Memory, h Ascain se h suy f ui Rces “J Richers, Julia of study the see Association, the als 23 authors, 106 these of Out latter. the to Goda Gábor and Mohácsi Jenő oe’ Ascain 16-93” n Jdt as, A Gazsi, Judit in: (1866-1943)” Association Women’s h ciein f t es tre ics ee n participati and here pieces three least at of criterion the iok Reichard Piroska Á Vihar, Béla Komlós, Aladár volumes: four in as well as five Five volumes. six all for wrote Szép, Ernő and Pap Károly authors, mat f h lf o te uem n h cnet of contents the on Museum the of life the of impact orphans today in spirit” in today orphans “al in as speech, of figures some entered occasionally theme the w specifically them of some and childhood of theme the with dealt contr few a though contents, its on impact any hardly left connection circulation of circulation indi which readership, supposed the of three-quarter or submissions, for receiv instance, essay competitions, One of its would lead believe. to us num the than interest public more much attracted yearbooks these no is volumes the of one in mentioned number the copies: of number Pest of Women Israelite of Association the time, same the At association had 1528 members in the mid-1930s. It w It mid-1930s. the in members 1528 had association remain orphaned”. of her poems were also reprinted (the number of con of number (the reprinted werealso poems her of 842 841 840 Reichard passed away in 1943. Gyulai Márta wrote a wrote Márta Gyulai 1943. in away passed Reichard in “Előszó” in “Előszó” , but only three of them can be regarded as regular contributors in in contributors regular as regarded be can them of three only but , Ararát Ararát Ararát Ararát Altogether 106 authors contributed to the to contributed authors 106 Altogether 842 , 1941, p.7. p.7. 1941, , p.5. 1940, , (Budapest: Balassi, 2007), pp. 123-141. 123-141. pp. 2007), Balassi, (Budapest: 841 eog o h fre gop Bl Zot Lsl Bóy Gz S Géza Bródy, László Zsolt, Béla group, former the to belong

must have been much greater. As opposed to the relevance and visible and relevance the to opposed As greater. much been have must 840 or “if we did not carry it in our hearts, the cause of Jewry woul Jewry of cause the hearts, our in it carry not did we “if or tributions above also includes this one) one) this includes also above tributions as officially abolished in 1945. On Katalin Gerő as Gerő Katalin On 1945. in abolished officially as hna iciz Ktln eö ad uaets Jewis Budapest’s and Gerö, Katalin Bischitz, ohanna bout her in the last the in her bout ndrea Pető and Zsuzsanna Toronyi (eds.), (eds.), Toronyi Zsuzsanna and Pető ndrea on in at least three editions there: there: editions three least at in on Ararát yearbooks Ararát Libanon kos Molnár, Zseni Várnai and and Várnai Zseni Molnár, kos Ararát s. Only two eminent literary eminent Onlytwo s. ol ol spot limited support only could Jw ae oeht like somewhat are Jews l ith the life of orphans and and orphans of life the ith e o is rne copies printed its of ber edition of 1944 where some some where 1944 of edition authors can be found in in found be can authors , ibutions over the years the over ibutions Ararát ae ta te actual the that cates more than 150, but but 150, than more ed as many as 112 ased 112 as many , excluding those those excluding , both cases, using using cases, both o contributed to contributed o ’s institutional institutional ’s 265 zilágyi, Gender, Gender, well as as well

d h

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being, first, the publication of the winning entries of competit of entries winning the of publication the first, being, Ararát smaller editions); two last the (in year the of publications Jewish sketches second, Jewry; of duties timely most the and literature La documents). with elements, diverse) similarly of (i.e. similar of consisted reproductions included that illustrations visual more past one drawings, (three art of works of reproductions as well as syna Bergson, capitalism, and Jewry Jewry, of situation legal the studi brief them of most label, specific without pieces eleven its introducing text accompanying an and calendar a forewords, let two play, a whi of fragment one of stories, short three translation), (one poems seven included in yearbooks: individual the of contents of Jew?” Jew?” majority of Hungarian Jews in the last year War. Second World the last in majority of the of Hungarian Jews the until right growing output steadily a with articles new stable of source n 14 (opld n 93 fute nw ae wr add o h ls. T list. the to added were names new fourteen 1943) in (compiled 1944 and only in once published (3-5). Keszi Imre and (4-5) Bródy László (5-3), Komlós Aladár hmtc hed unn truh hs yabos i ams al of all almost in yearbooks: these through running thread thematic 843 the lessons to be drawn from it, and in 1944 a numb a 1944 in and it, from drawn be to lessons the in laws, anti-Jewish) (i.e. Jewish the questionand Enquête is spelled spelled is Enquête was successful in involving new authors until the very end and was a well estaba well and was end the very until authors involving new in was successful enquêtes n pt o te iest o te ye f aeil, e a ide can we materials, of type the of diversity the of spite In The following list, taken from the 1939 yearbook, illustrates well illustrates yearbook, 1939 the from taken list, following The . 843 ankét

Ararát n ugra. n h yabo o 14 svrl cont several 1940 of yearbook the In Hungarian. in

. It is especially noteworthy that in the yearbookIt. of 1943eleven especially the in that is noteworthy 1943 there was a discussion on the current crisis crisis thecurrent on wasdiscussion a there 1943 er of authors tried to answer the question “Why am am “Why question the answer to tried authors of er the three most important novelties important most three the and third, the organization of of organization the third, and es (on such diverse themes as themes diverse such (on es ions on the themes of music, music, of themes the on ions ters (by a single author), two author), single a (by ters There were 64 authors who authors 64 were There on the most important new important most the on gogue music or politeness) or music gogue meaning and significance, significance, and meaning el, one painting and seven and painting one el, ributors discussed the racial racial the discussed ributors them there are studies studies are there them murder of the large large murder the of his shows that that shows his e yearbooks ter ntify a strong strong a ntify the variety variety the of Jewry and and Jewry of h a a was ch 266 lished, lished, I a a I CEU eTD Collection

probable that these brief studies covering Jewish cultural a cultural Jewish covering studies brief these that probable the 708, that is how the overall number of 784 name 784 of number overall thatthe is how the708, h teai fc o te erok, t ean cnpcos ht more that conspicuous remains it yearbooks, the of foci thematic the in is it though Even non-Hungarians. non-Jewish 116 and Jews non-Hungarian 72 non-Jewish 152 individuals, Jewish Hungarian to belonging names 311 names, overview of the pool of any to assigned clearly be not could that names 81 from Apart n te cn e sind o ogl fv ctgre ta ae of are that categories five roughly to assigned be can they and wri various the in mentioned names personal 784 altogether are There names personal to references of analysis an series, yearbook Grünwald presented the story of Jewish historians in Hungarian hist Hungarian in historians Jewish of story Jew the presented Grünwald on wrote Csergő Hugó Literature”, Hungarian in Poets “Jewish Linguistics”, Hungarian in Scholars “Jewish discussed Balassa Hungarian and Jewry “Hungarian on published Gerő Ödön contributions, b name To culture. Jewish Hungarian modern of fields various covering analyzed in Chapter III on the on III Chapter in analyzed the employ articles these of some editors: the by commissioned 854 (leaving us with 708). From the 133, 55 appear appear 55 133, the From 708). with us (leaving 854 on more than one. The repetitions have to be subtra be to have repetitions The one. than more on 844 Jewish reception Jewish mind. in st released IMIT while Jewish primarily was discrimination, hs eel ta te nedd uine of audience intended the that reveals This Jew strengthen to help and achievement Jewish of sense a provide to The number of names mentioned in the articles adds articles the in mentioned names of number The n re t poie bte oeal es o te nelcul c intellectual the of sense overall better a provide to order In Ararát

’s references is as follows: 52 ancient historical and/or Biblical and/or 52 ancientfollows: ’s references historical as is IMIT yearbooks IMIT s can be arrived at. arrived be scan in the other list too, 78 are new. This needs to be to needs This new. are 78 too, list other the in cted from 987. There are 148 redundant items among among items redundant 148 are There 987. from cted up to 987. 854 appear only on one page of a piece, a of page one on only appear 854 987. to up , but their basic aim seems to have rather been been rather have to seems aim basic their but , Ararát , started already in the age of legal legal of age the in already started ,

ctivities in modern Hungary were were Hungary modern in ctivities udies with both Jewish and non- and Jewish both with udies on its pages might be useful. useful. be might pages its on neet o hs analysis. this to interest Komlós contributed his his contributed Komlós cnrbto discourse” “contribution f hs, h quantitative the these, of ish cultural self-respect. cultural ish oriography. It is highly is It oriography. tings of its six volumes six its of tings ish journalists and and journalists ish than two-third of of two-third than ut the most central most the ut Fine Arts”, József József Arts”, Fine ontext of this this of ontext Hungarians, Hungarians, line with with line added to added 267 133 133 the the 844

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unn ise o pbi lf o cncos teps o influence to attempts conscious or life public of issues burning former, the in compositions literary to accorded role prominent ics i oe f hc h apas n or ae bt l te other the all but pages four on appears he which of one in pieces, 7 Italians. All the other national groups werepres groups national other All the Italians. 7 their considered I so Kings, Hungarian and Kaisers icuss I fc, h opst ws h cs: while case: the was opposite the fact, In discourses. direc of questions concerning reservations greater implied means sophisticated and well grounded argumentation and featured at most most at featured and argumentation grounded well and sophisticated the foreigners mentioned werethe foreigners mentioned Jewish. not more hand, other the On Hungarians. Jewish were to referred Hungarians more than once. pi three in only appears name Szekfű’s Gyula Falk. Miksa and Eötvös Kossut (Louis) Lajos Second, the Joseph Emperor once: than more appear at leas is there that way a four such in times at least names recur that more twice articles, four in present is name Herzl’s Theodor than a single page. Next to the three of them, we find Lipót ( Lipót find we them, of three the to Next page. single a than different nine in appears Ady Endre articles. three than more a to one only the is he articles), seven in (evoked Kiss József and, pieces ten altogether in Moses of name the find we Thus them. non-Je a and Jewish Hungarian a Biblical, a is there above: noted William Shakespeare fourtimes. Shakespeare William Aran János times, five Abraham times, six Heine and 846 the of members assigned not have I – Germans called 845 Besides these, eight more authors appeared at leas at appeared authors more eight these, Besides German-spe in lived 43 individuals, 116 these From n o te rca dfeecs between differences crucial the of One The three most frequently evoked names come from three different three from come names evoked frequently most three The 846

ent with only few names. names. few withonly ent 845 “national status” uncertain), 33 were French, 15 En 15 wereFrench, 33 uncertain), status” “national

t four times but each time on only one page: king D king page: one only on time each but times four t y, Lipót Kecskeméti, Tamás Kóbor, Sándor Petőfi and Petőfi Sándor Kóbor, Tamás Kecskeméti, Lipót y, House of Habsburg here, as they were both Austrian both were they as here, Habsburg of House kn lns bsds Asras 3 o te cn be can them of 35 Austrians, 8 (besides lands aking Ararát Libanon ppear on more than one page in in page one than more on ppear than once. There are four more more four are There once. than pieces but only twice on more on twice only but pieces Leopold) Lőw’s name in six six in name Lőw’s Leopold) though this orientation by no by orientation this though and eih olcie identity collective Jewish t one piece in which they which they one t in piece was characterized by by characterized was wish Hungarian among among Hungarian wish together with the name name the with together five times only once. once. only times five Libanon pltcl relevance, political t cs bt ah time each but eces, then three-fifth of of three-fifth then utrd reserved cultured, h, József (Joseph) József h, s h more the is categories categories glish and and glish 268 avid avid s s

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polemics and tended to only indirectly touch upon topical politica topical upon touch indirectly only to tended and polemics yearbooks context of crucial utterances will be a centrally important important centrally a be will utterances crucial of context p positions political of spectrum the map to order in situation asse diverse and manifold the analyze I Second, contested. was it li Jewish Hungarian create and define to attempt his explore to of pages the on ideas his towards themselves positioned others how i the from themes Jewish on publications other his on draw also I K Aladár author, and editor their by formulated as yearbooks these t scrutinizes first The inquiry. of lines main three follows and Jewish compromises. Jewish sugge to wanted that agency political of kind different wholly a inte Jewish of manifestations of instead however, times, other At 848 considered subversive: Aladár Komlós published a po a published Komlós Aladár subversive: considered 847 critical tone and offered more straight-forward observations observations straight-forward more offered and tone critical iety peld o te org ad oet” f writers. of honesty” and courage “the to appealed directly t that respect this in indicator important an is It future. the e least at (or plans also formulated and challenges current authors to solutions of number a while situation, Jewish disheartening more alone the alone short story titled “Berenike” written by Iván Vándo Iván by written “Berenike” titled story short mour not are and mud the in unburied/ dead lie sons s ht t xss – hs s lshmu, lrs E “Berenike” Vándor, Iván stepchildren.” have cannot Florus. blasphemous, is This – exists. it that is o ut js to ntne fo te hr yearboo third the from instances two just quote To in “Előszó” IMIT yearbooks, yearbooks, IMIT we find much more explicit discussion of the ongoing drastic changes and the eve and the changes drastic of the ongoing discussion more explicit find much we Ararát The analysis in this chapter focuses on the non-fictional materia non-fictional the on focuses chapter this in analysis The , 1939, p.3. p.3. 1939, ,

and on occasion even featured explicitly subversive statements. subversive explicitly featured even occasion on and eyn hs h rgt o ie eeyn wo s born is who everyone live, to right the has veryone r we find the following dialogue: “– The sin of you of sin The “– dialogue: following the find we r ned”. Aladár Komlós, “Sirató” in in “Sirató” Komlós, Aladár ned”. in in em “Mourning” which features lines such as “Ouch, o “Ouch, as such lines features which “Mourning” em Ararát k (1941), which, given the historical context, can can context, historical the given which, (1941), k , 1941, p.126. 1941, , he foreword to the first yearbook first the to foreword he than was typical of of typical was than 847 resented in in resented terature and the ways in which which in ways the and terature

st ways to reach Hungarian – – Hungarian reach to ways st he programmatic aspects of of aspects programmatic he Ararát llectual opposition, we find we opposition, llectual nter-war period, and show show and period, nter-war xpressed their desires) for for desires) their xpressed omlós. In this subchapter, subchapter, this In omlós. l questions, in the in questions, l ocpul ol f my of tool conceptual Ararát set o te current the of ssments lal ue a more a used clearly Ararát Ararát offered potential potential offered . The aim here is is here aim The . , 1941, p.72. In the the In p.72. 1941, , . The primary primary The . Libanon, Libanon, ls in in ls 269 r people people r Ararát Ararát Ararát . States States . 848 let let be be ur r

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Irodalomtörténeti tanulmányok és bírálatok bírálatok és tanulmányok Irodalomtörténeti these two successfully together was the “precondition of ascensi of “precondition the was together successfully two these present the of needs pressing the on outlook and quality “European” Je on focus its combine to ambitioned yearbooks of series the Komlós, War. y the during existed that them between interrelations the understand future-orient and programmatic their and situation contemporary the rela be turn in will fragments narrative these of contents The t during crisis of sense and understanding historical Jewish Hungarian t explores It form. narrative in developments historical Jewish

interpretation. in o siiul poiin n cuaeu resist courageous and opposition spiritual of signs 850 852 851 i historical literary and nature novel their assess p certainly these Although fiction. of those mostly ko és “Kontextus Gyáni, Gábor see approach critical 849 winner the and assessed were competitions the of one to submissions be fundamental their of some about statements explicit rather literature. ethos andhonest” of contribute Jewish the Jewish development to definition, történelem “Előszó” in “Előszó” in “Előszó” amon it consider not did I that noted be should It kontex elsődleges az érv “Nyolc Takáts, József See 850

(Budapest: Typotex, 2007), pp.241-258. pp.241-258. 2007), Typotex, (Budapest: Ararát Ararát Ararát 849 codn t oe f h frwrs end by penned forewords the of one to According Persons responsible for the contents of the yearbooks occasionally yearbooks the of contents the for responsible Persons II. The last subchapter focuses on those parts of of parts those on focuses subchapter last The

sought to employ and spread the voice of a “more intense and more more and intense “more a of voice the spread and employ to sought , 1943, p.3. p.3. 1943, , p.8. 1941, , A Contested Plan

(Budapest: Kijárat, 2007), pp.78-91. For a more com more a For pp.78-91. 2007), Kijárat, (Budapest: mportance would have been beyond the scope of thisof scope the beyond have been would mportance resent an interesting source in themselves, serious themselves, in source interesting an resent g my tasks in this chapter to directly present and and present directly to chapter inthis tasks my g ne Sc cn e on i dzn o pee o writ of pieces of dozens in found be can Such ance. ntextualizáció a történetírásban” In Gábor Gyáni, Gábor In történetírásban” a ntextualizáció u mlet I Jze Takáts, József In mellett” tus ted to the authors’ positions on positions authors’ the to ted he concrete manifestations of manifestations concrete he Ararát liefs. For instance, when the the when instance, For liefs. on” Ararát ears of the Second World Second the of ears 851 ed utterances, aiming to to aiming utterances, ed . For Komlós, to bring to Komlós, For . he Second World War. World Second he s he eio, Aladár editor, chief ’s . According to its self- its to According . that present modern present that none, n of one announced, seő iee terep. idegen Ismerős wish subjects with with subjects wish 852

prehensive and and prehensive formulated formulated analyze the the analyze research. research. attempt to to attempt 270 Relatív Relatív ing, ing, CEU eTD Collection

ewe pol rpeetn dfeet ugra Jws p Jewish Hungarian different representing people between potential usefulness of distinguishing Jewish phenomena. phenomena. usefulnesspotential of Jewish distinguishing agendas.. som and varied representing authors of self-presentation the include position, editorial the of characteristic honorably committed to betteringhonorably to committed life”. Jewish Jewish each ofrepresentatives the which “on stage a as serve embedded in the historical consciousness of popular unity and directed directed and mission”. unity popular of consciousness historical the in embedded cultural ideals, morals, and aims common with well, as spirits com a created but fruition, come to of kind solidarity an external only made furnace of kind a into today of generation Jewish the thrown has which that declared Dénes Lajos board, making decision the of members most basic differentiation on which these yearbooks were based, na based, were yearbooks these which on differentiation basic most 855 854 853 criterion”.denominational judgme for room no be can and is “there value, cultural and commitment argued he when liberalism national of stance traditional the on took ins For undertaking. this of assumptions fundamental most the contested editorial liberal relatively its in as well as yearbooks Hugó Csergő, “Zsidó vallású újságírók” in in újságírók” vallású “Zsidó HugóCsergő, in “Előszó” in “Pályázásijelentés” Dénes, Lajos 853 Ararát

Ararát hs pnes o iest ws lal mnfse i te content the in manifested clearly was diversity to openness This n pt o sc srnl wre saeet, hc cn e seen be can which statements, worded strongly such of spite In wanted to provide a forum for mutual acquaintance and exchange of ide of exchange and acquaintance mutual for forum a provide to wanted , 1943, p.3. p.3. 1943, ,

855 n te wrs Ceg ocd xlct iareet ih the with disagreement explicit voiced Csergő words, other In Ararát Ararát , 1941, p.37. p.37. 1941, , Ararát , 1943, p.61. 1943, , was clearly not a partisan organ: it was keen to to keen was it organ: partisan a not clearly was 854

policy. Some of the contributors even contributors the of Some policy. latforms. It explicitly wanted to to wanted explicitly It latforms. direction can speak, if he/she is is he/she if speak, can direction ead. l o tee are these of All demands. that, in terms of national of terms in that, “the community of fate, fate, of community “the mely the possibility and and possibility the mely etimes even opposed opposed even etimes tance, Hugó Csergő Csergő Hugó tance, nts according to the the to according nts of history, has not not has history, of munity of revived revived munity of at a historical historical a at s rather as f the of 271 as as CEU eTD Collection

rga hd mnn pltcl mlctos s ute spotd b supported further is implications political eminent had program programmatic formula it offered was the following: its agenda its following: the was offered it formula programmatic ubek f h Scn Wrd a, hn es ee led legally already were Hungary? Jews when War, World Second the of b outbreak initiative programmatic this at arrived Komlós how of question the r ht t akd hmtc oi n a eaiey oil esta solidly relatively a and foci thematic lacked it that or that implies meanspages no by its on contradictions 858 857 have world. a impact onthe direct a offer to was today” writing of point “the that remarked Komlós defined Komlós by entirely not if mostly, all in that foreword unsigned this since program, this of formulation self-consciousness”. mea a as literature to referred explicitly foreword same shap to supposed was activity literary purposeful conception, this Second World War, he was employed the Jewish Gymnas Jewish the employed was he War, World Second 861 860 859 856 way.” moral a in life lives and sacrifices make of sense Jewish “the for refuge a offering people,” declining aim of “educating and improving the Jewish public spirit through spirit public Jewish the improving and “educating of aim the collective spirit”collective the Komlós Aladár (1892-1980), writer, poet, literary literary poet, writer, (1892-1980), Aladár Komlós in útjai” író zsidó magyar “A Komlós, Aladár p.5. Ibid., p.5. Ibid., p.7. Ibid., in “Előszó” 861 What were his main concerns and ideas in the interwar years? interwar the in ideas and concerns main his were What Ararát Before I enter the discussion of the contents of of contents the of discussion the enter I Before On the other hand, the fact that it allowed contestation and even such such even and contestation allowed it that fact the hand, other the On , 1941, p.5. p.5. 1941, , 857 858 The basic function of Jewish literature was conceived as “awa as conceived was literature Jewish of function basic The . A certain sense of exceptionalism and mission also accompanie also mission and exceptionalism of sense certain A .

860

Ararát Ararát itra daig oty ih yi. n h yas o years the In lyric. with mostly dealing historian , 1939, p.131. p.131. 1939, , ium of Pest, teaching Hungarian and Latin. He start He Latin. and Hungarian teaching Pest, of ium in opposition to “the decadent products of a a of products decadent “the to opposition in 859 Ararát h preto ta ti intellectual this that perception The ns of reaching a “healthy and cleaner and “healthy a reaching of ns possessed no character of its own its no characterof possessed community that is prepared to to prepared is that community blished conceptual basis. The The basis. conceptual blished should revolve around the key the around revolve should Ararát literature”. political contribution and and contribution political y the fact that elsewhere elsewhere that fact the y e collective identity: the the identity: collective e likelihood was written was likelihood , it is worth addressing addressing worth is it , te ie f the of time the y discriminated in in discriminated 856

My analysis in in analysis My According to According 272 kening d the d f the the f ed ed CEU eTD Collection

prestigious below). below). posthumously, most recently as Aladár Komlós, Aladár as recently most posthumously, hc otishswiig nJws hmspbihdbten12 a 1921 between published themes Jewish on writings his contains which Illyés after the death of Mihály Babits, in the pe in the Babits, Mihály of thedeath after Illyés 1915 and his consequent “semiconscious ideas” triggered the strengtheni the triggered ideas” “semiconscious consequent his and 1915 experie His 1914. in out broke War Great the once justice of sense internationalist an became he which in stage brief a by followed assimilatory Hungarian, his of times the War, World First the to of periods three between distinguished Komlós text, this In time. over streng and choices identity changing his of summary excellent Hungarian edition in 2009 under the title title the under 2009 in edition Hungarian publi Jewish his of collection the on heavily draws regard this to write an overview of Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian of overview an write to sense)and (in the Popperian thus unscientific. s renders which logic circular to recourse his namely theories, offer sub-chapter this of sections last the Finally, sickness. that thinking, his in opposition conceptual central a consider I what will I self-criticism. Jewish his and view of point Jewish the the t of criticism his identity, formulated narrativistically own of his 863 862 in first appeared explicitly in mostly published originally were articles Bdps: út s öő 20) H fe t Switzerl to fled He 2008). Jövő, és Múlt (Budapest: Komlós, Aladár ayr Csillag Magyar Nyugat The focus here is on Komlós’ collective identity discourse, the mul the discourse, identity collective Komlós’ on is here focus The Jw o te rsras, n al pee y i fo 12 provide 1921 from him by piece early an Crossroads”, the on “Jews s utmrl cniee te ucso o Nyugat. of successor the considered customarily is Bevezetés a magyar-zsidó irodalomba magyar-zsidó a Bevezetés út s Jövő és Múlt and one more and in one and four in the the in four and Geistesgeschichte Magyar riod between 1941 to to 1944. between 1941 riod A magyar zsidóság irodalmi tevékenysége a XIX: szá XIX: a tevékenysége irodalmi zsidóság magyar A

Csillag and as one of the passengers of the Kasztner train train Kasztner the of passengers the of one as and nrdcin o ugra-eih Literature Hungarian-Jewish to Introduction (Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 2009). 2009). MúltJövő, és (Budapest: prior to 1944. This unfinished work was published published was work unfinished This 1944. to prior MT yearbooks IMIT . 863

Jewish organs: eleven of them them of eleven organs: Jewish s a more critical assessment of his of assessment critical more a s It was initiated and edited by Gyula Gyula by edited and initiated was It also devote some reflection to to reflection some devote also ome of his ideas unfalsifiable, unfalsifiable, ideas his of ome thening Jewish identification Jewish thening due to the awakening of his his of awakening the to due though oppositional phase, oppositional though ain rlae i a new a in released cations nces in Chyrov, Galicia in in Galicia Chyrov, in nces – but also three in the the in three also but – imes of assimilation from assimilation of imes his life: the days prior prior days the life: his between health and and health between ng of his sense of of sense his of ng nd 1944.nd tiple layers layers tiple 862 273 These zadban an s

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process could also play out in a condensed format in some “sensitive ain processalso individual in play condensed could out format de of model this reformulated Komlós 1944, of catastrophe the before practice, however, he must have perceived the conflict as rat as conflict the perceived have must he however, practice, prioritize to refused thus and Jewishness, and Hungarianness points, e rt ta “vr Jw h aqie a oeg clue n nevert miracl a is and individuality his of consistence organic culture the maintain foreign a acquires who Jew “every that wrote he according to him when compared to Jewish ones. Jewish “ to compared when him to according be only could sentiments Hungarian home, one’s milieu, primary the the to due hierarchy: a in believed also but forms”, “transitory elements. three these reconciling of possibility the formulated eih oiia-nelcul eeain. t h sm tm, he time, same the At generations. political-intellectual Jewish radic nationalist, of succession about wrote he generations: onto it of the to point subsequentJewishness dominance. its a cent Nearly quarter of impact of “origins, character and external world” but his choice his but world” external and character “origins, of impact emp he them, of one In writings. his of many in resurfacing keep hierarchi and identity trial or dual between forth and back shifting 868 867 866 865 864 a maintain from to “tactfulought Hungarians. Jews motivate distance” to consciousness “living the that argued he when 1943 until unchanged less or (Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 2009), pp.43-4. pp.43-4. 2009), MúltJövő, és (Budapest: “Kiss József emlékezete, vagy: a zsidó költő és a a és költő zsidó a vagy: emlékezete, “KissJózsef elé” irodalomtörténet magyar-zsidó megírandó “Egy p.60. in Ibid., magyarság,Európa” “Zsidóság, p.21. Ibid., in válaszúton” “Zsidóka Aladá in lélektanához” magatartás zsidó nyugati “A lehr h cmae te eih ol o n liss wih a t had which ellipsis, an to soul Jewish the compared he Elsewhere Komlós 1921 from identity personal on reflections and narrative his In

dicsőség” ” in Ibid., p.193. in Ibid., ” dicsőség” in Ibid., p.80. p.80. Ibid., in 865 r Komlós, Komlós, r His position on this issue remained more remained issue this on position His eeeé a ayrzió irodalomba magyar-zsidó a Bevezetés her sharp: in 1932, for instance, instance, for 1932, in sharp: her of words revealed a different a revealed words of Jewishness of what he called called he what of Jewishness e”. still maintained that this this that maintained still cal ordering of its elements its of ordering cal 868 hasized the simultaneous simultaneous the hasized either one of them. of one either e rud n ao of favor in argued He al and self-consciously self-consciously and al This ambivalence, this ambivalence, This velopment, projecting velopment, 866 heless manages to to manages heless

very superficial” superficial” very ury later, shortly ury shortly later, ” of Jewishness Jewishness of ” s”. 864 o focal wo

274 867 In

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sides”. i assimilation of dangers and “possibilities the that stressed H of attitudes the and assimilation of questions the age, modern the of hi in the discussed first He self-critique. Jewish of elaboration care of my garden, I am not refusing the fruits of myofneighbor fruits refusing the not Iam garden, my careof individuality.their were that communities various accommodate to able be would which intolerance”. stat of unification complete the on embarked “it illusions: ugly and “foreign environments” on the“foreign other.environments” on one the on origins” “blood of community the of namely spoke he conception: 871 870 started Hungarian life. public be in to active accordin and, Jews” of infancy slave-like the of sign humiliating his in but philo-Semitism Hungarian of strain certain a mention inferiority”. implies Jewish being that was era i even public the of understanding hidden or open “the that wrote He mere was Jewish being while advantageous considered was Hungarian 875 874 873 872 869 Jewish”, being ceased they if only but valuable equally “Válasz Móricz Zsigmondnak” in Ibid., p.95. p.95. in Ibid., Zsigmondnak” Móricz “Válasz elé”, irodalomtörténet magyar-zsidó megírandó “Egy p.240. in Ibid., “Ignotus” p.94. in Ibid., Zsigmondnak” Móricz “Válasz p.39. Ibid., lélek”, “A zsidó zsid a és irodalom magyar a kora, “Az asszimiláció in Ibid., magatartásléletanához” zsidó nyugati “A 870 ols tre wt te su o smoi ieulte, hc p which inequalities, symbolic of issue the with started Komlós 874 Another significant element of Komlós’ discourse on Jewish themes w themes Jewish on discourse Komlós’ of element significant Another According to Komlós’ presentation the 19the presentation Komlós’ to According Instead of homogenization, he propagated a “more flexible” na flexible” “more a propagated he homogenization, of Instead 875 One of his remarkable justifications of this stance was that was stance this of justifications remarkable his of One

869

873 p.42. p.42. ók” in Ibid., p.291. in Ibid., ók”

in Ibid., p.78. p.78. in Ibid., 871 r-a lbrls “cetd es as Jews “accepted liberalism Pre-war th century was chasing unattainable unattainable chasing was century 872 s an essential question for both both for question essential an s , through doing this I can much Imuch can this doing through , s eyes closely related problems problems related closely eyes s e rt eswee H did He elsewhere. wrote he gly, it decreased once Jews Jews once decreased it gly, eyes this was merely “the “the merely was this eyes e and nation with blind with nation and e n the so called liberal liberal called so the n ungarian society – he he – society ungarian ly a tolerated option. option. tolerated a ly intent on preserving preserving on intent osited that to be to that osited tional concept tional hand and of and hand “by taking “by 275 as his his as CEU eTD Collection

hs acsoe t hiding”. to accustomed those coupled was world outside the of hatred” “stifled the epoch: the in reflected not was and paper on remained It completed. not integration: societal of lack the to pointed also Komlós Jews, of symb consequent the and nation homogeneous the of ideal ugly unattainable, mniain ny ok lc “half-way”. place took only Emancipation rather hope to provide him with something in the future”.the in something with him provide to hope rather 880 879 878 877 orig separate of memory the neglect to began education Jewish when of others too. them and despised simult while once” at him despise and him of jealous are others s from “excluded up ended Jew” “the as embarrassing and unnatural 884 883 882 881 876 world” creat not could they Hungariandom, from distance any keep to not decided calling”. splendid our indeed be to that belief our stole “it that was drive assimilatory sem f hs acsoe t hiding”. to accustomed those of esteem w world outside the of hatred” “stifled the epoch: liberal the “Beszélni kezdenek a zsidóról” in Ibid., p.62. p.62. in Ibid., zsidóról” a kezdenek “Beszélni p.61. Ibid., p.60. in Ibid., magyarság,Európa” “Zsidóság, p.108. in Ibid., közösség” zsidó – írók “Zsidó p.62. in Ibid., zsidóról” a kezdenek “Beszélni p.97. in Ibid., útjai” író magyar-zsidó “A p.41. Ibid., p.38. in Ibid., lélek” “A zsidó p.103. in Ibid., könyvek” “Zsidó 883 and vacuum, ended increasingly experiencing a upin crisi an severe identity n ols dpcin a ifruae ymty hrceie t characterized symmetry misfortunate a depiction, Komlós’ In In Komlós’ depiction, a misfortunate symmetry remained in place place in remained symmetry misfortunate a depiction, Komlós’ In

881 884 Even though assimilation “started to expose problems right problems expose to “started assimilation though Even 879 n ols oiin te gets sn o te assimilatory the of sin” “greatest the opinion, Komlós’ In

880 n ols oiin te gets sn o the of sin” “greatest the opinion, Komlós’ In 878 e osdrd h esig iuto both situation ensuing the considered He Jewish was something attractive and and attractive something was Jewish 876 as coupled with the “lack of self- of “lack the with coupled as Next to raising the issues of the of issues the raising to Next with the “lack of self-esteem of of self-esteem of “lack the with aneously he was also jealous jealous also was he aneously “the inclusion of Jews was was Jews of inclusion “the reality of social life”. social of reality ociety but only half way, way, half only but ociety ins”, e a “valuable own own “valuable a e 882 olic inferiority inferiority olic ic Jews since throughout throughout he liberal liberal he 276 s. s. 877

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biases, provebiased but when overly them”. attacking even sleekness since (using the words of Ignotus) “they are less bi less are “they Ignotus) of words the (using since sleekness even bet extremes, between oscillating behavior their in consisted world” own create“valuable a not splendid calling”. splendid s was Jewish be to that belief our stole “it that was drive o er, u sfeig o hmevs n te wr as a burde a also environment”, were they and themselves to suffering but Jewry, to not This wounded. continuously were they there but standing, superior of compenter to them led vanity Their vain. merely self-esteem, they were something lacked theysourly that felt who people Jewish raised matter a completely and alreadywas assessment, Komlós’ in orig separate of memory the neglect to began education Jewish when “sta attempt assimilation their Thus, crisis. of sense severe 887 886 891 890 889 888 885 Jewishness.their of consequence direct a as be to tended Jews because lowly comedy their and decadent Pest of morally detestable” behavior.detestable” morally conside he what about complained and peoplehood Jewish of dissolution the Hungarianization widespread and eager the in saw He assimilation. “Három zsidó megy a vonaton (A zsidóvicc)” in Ibid (Amegy zsidóvicc)” vonaton a “Háromzsidó p.3 in Ibid., névmagyarosításról” a “Különvélemény p.241. in Ibid., “Ignotus” p.67. in Ibid., középiskoláért”, “A zsidó p.60. Ibid., p.61. in Ibid., magyarság,Európa” “Zsidóság, p.108. in Ibid., közösség” zsidó – írók “Zsidó 888 n sprt dsuso, ols eund o h problematic the to returned Komlós discussion, separate a In he continued in this crucial paragraph. For him, the tragedy of m of tragedy the him, For paragraph. crucial this in continued he 885 Jews decided not to keep any distance from Hungariandom, they could they Hungariandom, from distance any keep to not decided Jews

890 He found the Jewish jokes that were featured in the cabarets the in featured were that jokes Jewish the found He 886 and ended up in a vacuum, experiencing an increasinglyan experiencing vacuum, a in up endedand 891 0. ., p.49. p.49. ., He also lamented that the epoch of (Jewish) of epoch the that lamented also He 889

omething attractive and indeed our indeed and attractive omething of the past, “raised sick souls. It souls. sick “raised past, the of rted to expose problems right right problems expose to rted ween revolt and conformity, conformity, and revolt ween and instead of having proper proper having of instead and of Jewish names signs of signs names Jewish of ased and thus can notice notice can thus and ased presented as ridiculous ridiculous as presented ins”. o ter Christian their on n anies they considered they anies 887 only meant losses losses meant only red “subservient, “subservient, red This epoch that, epoch This set of aspects odern Jews odern 277

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eair Jws idfeec ad omnt laes eey interes merely leaders community and indifference Jewish behavior, wrote he 1941 In importance. primary of was elements its between should be the main objects of be criticism should the objects main h otie ol, u as bcue f u on is, e rt, dig tha adding wrote, he sins”, own our of because also but world, outside the becaus only not suffer We kind. spiritual a of all of “first was Discussing the specificities of the “Jewish soul” he announced that announced he soul” “Jewish the of specificities the Discussing crampe and insecurities inner their noted and occasions several refer He reason. on focus strong their in one-sided as even reason, character. Jewish contemporary the of assessment Komlós’ is had nothing to show but “humans suffering because of Jewish problems Jewish of because suffering “humans but show to nothing had without world a was it as writers to rarelyappealed dissolution was tormented and cold. wascold. tormented and the assimilation of age golden supposed the in even that concluded Komlós osiue ol oe tog te oiat ye mn Hnain Jews. Hungarian among type dominant the though one, only cow constituted and frivolous amoral, were Jews gentry-wannabe” assimilated conceptions self-delusional by replacement its and unity” Jewish su his to due was assimilant the of state sorry the Komlós, to li worm” aa call “spineless, cowardly him and sick 1921, he asfar to went as 895 894 893 892 Ibid., p.26. Ibid., p.20. and p.12 Ibid., in válaszúton” “Zsidóka p.107. inIbid., közösség” zsidó írók, “Zsidó felboml kultúra vagyegy regényról zsidó “Vázlat a n h ohr ad “h asmln” a te bet f i fierc his of object the was assimilant” “The hand, other the On Complementary to this criticism of assimilation and Jewish i Jewish and assimilation of criticism this to Complementary

893 . ása” in Ibid., p.91. p.91. Ibid., in ása” ppression of the “lively sense of of sense “lively the of ppression e of the laws imposed on us by by us on imposed laws the of e He described Jews as men of of men as Jews described He character – literary depictions depictions literary – character d way of self-disciplining. self-disciplining. of way d that the problem of Jewry Jewry of problem the that red to their vigilance on on vigilance their to red creating inner harmony harmony inner creating . Moreover, “externally “externally Moreover, . ted in personal gains gains personal in ted ardly creatures, but but creatures, ardly ”. 895 892 nvolvement in it in nvolvement ar. world for Jews Jews for world Nevertheless, From all this all From 894 atc. In attack. e unworthy t According 278 CEU eTD Collection

profound depth”profound hns eih ht aietd aog tes i hs tes n wha on stress inponderabilities”. “unprovable his in others, among manifested, that Jewish things combative his – writing of pieces early these in observed whoeverwas hiding” of his coward, “in denial remained a wrote. he clear a In symptoms. its least at or al sickness valid the a revealed denial consider not did He health. of sign a as all above his behavior. his and Jewishness his about open is who assimilant of kind alternative to pointed and assimilation gradual continuous, of program alternative in unconsciousin ways. hi by moved was assimilant typeof this even Komlós, to according 897 Jew.remaininga self-conscious it offer, to had Christianity Western what of best “the himself 901 900 899 898 896 mai solely “Jewi their with touch can in were they if originally and individuality Jewry assimilating of poets the that declared detecta is This origin. Jewish of people of self-identification “Zsidók a válaszúton” in Ibid., p. 25. p. Ibid., in válaszúton” “Zsidóka 363. p. Ibid., in I pöréhez” költészet magyar-zsidó hatvanéves “A p.26. Ibid., p.15. Ibid., p.20. Ibid., in válaszúton” “Zsidóka 897 n o te ot rbeai apcs f ols mto cn alre can method Komlós’ of aspects problematic most the of One o hs ye f amu asmlto Kmó rsodd ih i o his with responded Komlós assimilation harmful of type this To This kind of assimilant would try to fight his vices and aim to deve to aim and vices his fight to try would assimilant of kind This 900 . In his articles from the 1920s and 1930s, Jewish consciousness appears consciousness Jewish 1930s, and 1920s the from articles his In . 896

899 898 He occasionally went as far as to contest the freedom of freedom the contest to as far as went occasionally He

bid., p. 362. 362. p. bid., and somewhat mystical approach to to approach mystical somewhat and ble, for instance, in the way he he way the in instance, for ble, instance of circular reasoning, reasoning, circular of instance fn mrlt” wie also while morality”, fine s sh existence’s unconscious unconscious existence’s sh s Jewishness, even if only only if even Jewishness, s ti ad eeo their develop and ntain 901 can thus be confident in confident be thus can

entv – t merely it – ternative t he himself called called himself he t the strength of an an of strength the 279 d be ady lop in lop wn CEU eTD Collection

being cured from a sickness”.a from cured being rcniin f aig er hatir n rnwn i mrly is morally it renewing and healthier Jewry making of precondition instance, Komlós formulated his agreement with Károly Pap in the in Pap Károly with agreement his crite formulated Komlós instance, evaluative primary the as functions often and articles writing his in motif employed frequently most the is illness and T will. dignity, self-esteem, self-consciousness, origins, community, be obviously could list (the connotations positive having all concepts, revolve themes Jewish on publications His maladjusted. visibly his in that one current the replace to supposed was It Jewry. up in differentup in environments. othe of those than “healthier” was soul their that emphasized again 903 condition”. “ill an as insecuri inner the of scrutiny his in resurface concepts same 907 906 905 904 902 culture. and soul lacked consci Jewish Western than “healthier” also was values”, Jewish ald a’ cl fr eih ainl ioiy tts a sic “a status minority national Jewish for call Pap’s called xmnto o te ol n rahn inr n otr honesty”. outer and inner reaching and soul the of examination more general issues but also when he turned to concrete literary concrete to turned he when also but issues general more “A zsidó középiskoláért” in Ibid., p. 67. 67. p. in Ibid., középiskoláért” “A zsidó 46. p. Ibid., Ibid. in magatartáslélektanához” zsidó nyugati “A 41. p. in Ibid., lélek” “A zsidó 278. p. Ibid., i vitairatáról)” Károly (Pap bűnök és sebek “Zsidó h iel e omltd n ueos rtns a a asrie and assertive an was writings numerous in formulated he ideal The This conceptual opposition was employed not only in his discussions on s on discussions his in only not employed was opposition conceptual This 904 Being open about Jewishness was supposed to have “the effect “the have to supposed was Jewishness about open Being 906

hn icsig h ppl o te eih ynsu, Komlós gymnasium, Jewish the of pupils the discussing When 907 905

The national consciousness of Eastern Jews, based on “true on based Jews, Eastern of consciousness national The n Ibid., p. 277. p. nIbid., , p. 45. p. , ties of Jews, which he described described he which Jews, of ties l oesdd proposal. one-sided” kly eyes lost its will to live and was was and live to will its lost eyes rion. Examples abound: for for abound: Examples rion. phenomena. The appearance The phenomena. : it appears in dozens of his his of dozens in appears it : 902 ousness which supposedly which ousness rud h floig key following the around following way: “the first “the way: following r Jewish youth who grew grew who youth Jewish r he binary between health between binary he n h ohr ad he hand, other the On xedd further): extended a new, thorough thorough new, a 280 903 strong strong The uch of CEU eTD Collection

ak f efrset Utmtl, hy ee h pout of products the were they Ultimately, self-respect. of lack him to symptom a merely were created Jews jokes Jewish The to the preceding silence on the matter. the on silence preceding the to t “healthy a was question Jewish the openly discussing of Hungarian novels such a healthy way”.healthy a such sol to managed who writers Hungarian-Jewish few only were there pers own his preserve to managed also but assimilated Ignotus that paranoia.their than sickness” w safety for search manic Their works. literary relevant of “deformed appeared all Berlin and Vienna in assimilation of age 912 911 910 909 Hungarianizati name of wave the calling in scheme linguistic recovering.of chances worse had and deeply” more ill “fell wri Jewish the case of was illness” in specific “The of this development sincerelymostbeli and healthiest “theeven not which fromduality assimilation”. painfull and deeply more the all “squirming up ended thus and Jewry 916 915 914 913 908 make not did conceptions” unitary of people “healthy that claimed “sick a fame and rank success, money, acquire to Jew modern the of Ibid., p. 54. p. Ibid., in Ibid (Amegy zsidóvicc)” vonaton a “Háromzsidó 38. p. in Ibid., lélek” “A zsidó p. in Ibid., névmagyarosításról” a “Különvélemény in esték” hangos és napok Csendes Lajos: “Hatvany 256. p. inTamás” Ibid., “Kóbor 242. p. in Ibid., “Ignotus” felboml kultúra vagyegy regényről zsidó “Vázlat a 62. p. in Ibid., zsidóról” a kezdenek “Beszélni 911 Again on a general level, the clash between desires and realism and desires between clash the level, general a on Again

910 As opposed to Ignotus, Hatvany passionately wanted to escape from escape to wanted passionately Hatvany Ignotus, to opposed As

909 In terms of his evaluation of individuals, Komlós maintained Komlós individuals, of evaluation his of In terms 908 The most educated strata of the supposed golden supposed the of strata educated most The ása” in Ibid., pp. 91-2. 91-2. pp. Ibid., in ása” 28. 28. Ibid., p. 205. 205. p. Ibid., ., p. 55. 55. p. ., a ra pplr illness”. popular great “a ons an “epidemic”,an ons 912 s n vn oe “dangerous more even an as , signaling alienation and the the and alienation signaling , Komlós employed the same the employed Komlós by sicknesses” on the pages pages the on sicknesses” by jokes about themselves. about jokes eving souls could escape.”could souls eving ve the Jewish question “in question Jewish the ve onality, but warned that that warned but onality, way of advancing”.of way y in the sicknesses of of sicknesses the in y ters though since they though they ters since hing”, as opposed hing”,as opposed led to an inner inner an to led 913 the desire the 281 915 He 916 914

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people” should be included.be should people” f eih rgn, vn hs wo ae essety vie fcn the facing avoided persistently have who those even origins, Jewish of literature, Jewish of understanding his in VI,Chapter in mentioned As bevtos n h dsiciees f es Kmó’ hoy f Jewi of theory Komlós’ Jews, of distinctiveness the on observations nta te “rat p legends”. up “dreamt they Instead well as the cherishing of peculiarly Jewish conventions and customs. conventions peculiarlywell as Jewish the cherishing of s made beha styles, life in also differences to pointing as such observations, he although articulate”, to “hard o were souls” that their emotions” of depth the “at va there on were that dwelled distinctiveness mostly Komlós differences Jewish these describing s –or, thecriticism “Jewish codes as some controversial in of interpretations, stereotypical rather to tied still was renewal and assertion p his that suggests This them. of all almost evaluate and explain as him to appeared illness and Hungaria health between name opposition to conceptual history literary of phenomena and Jews of options 920 919 918 917 s social Jewish different the spe of was out that emerged it perceiving” that and maintained feeling of way “whole a also was ifrn evrnet, mn dvre epe, n ti la hm o at to him lead concepti his in on relied also this he which origins, Jewish to importance and peoples, diverse among environments, different Ibid., pp. 77-8. pp. Ibid., elé” irodalomtörténet magyar-zsidó megírandó “Egy 32. p. in Ibid., lélek” “A zsidó 56. p. Ibid., n diin o h hsoia picpe f rgn ad oe oe e more some and origins of principle historical the to addition In Komlós saw remarkable and unusual similarities between Jews l Jews between similarities unusual and remarkable saw Komlós

919 Beyond the expression of solidarity with one’s fellows, there fellows, one’s with solidarity of expression the Beyond 917 n u, ols sbet vre fo te identity the from varied subjects Komlós’ sum, In in Ibid., p. 76. p. Ibid., in igitc oe o Jws self- Jewish of codes linguistic vior in social interactions, as interactions, social in vior rogram of Jewish cultural Jewish of rogram r manifested in “special “special in manifested r ituation. on of literary history.literary of on “all Hungarian writers writers Hungarian “all cifically Jewish. He He Jewish. cifically m mr tangible more ome gue references to to references gue a useful means to to means useful a rbes f their of problems h ieaue also literature sh iain bt the but nization, 920 elf-hatred”. oee, in However, iving in very very in iving tach special special tach mpirical 282 918

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too”. t requires Jewry […] people Jewish about things truthful “more literary Jewish that declared He aspect. normative a contained the creation of renaissance”. an ethical current “our that stated he Moreover, Jews”. of reeducation inner the se Jewish maladjusted cure to and attack, under currently esteem Jewis strengthen to case our in self-consciousness, nurse “to was “toda artists”.and writers its that by resurrected write to as far as went he 1940 in worldviews: shape to works. literary through others, formulated “consciously needed Jews the and content, cultural adequate 922 [ “justice provide to try would project scholarly everything”. write Jewish of Jewishness the “how and literature, to contributions lite the aspects: general) (rather three in interested was 926 925 924 923 921 e most a environments “foreign”) him to according thus (and Western in analys the considered he 1921, as early As preferences. and ideas critics, patrons and readers and was also keen on analyzing Je analyzing on keen also was and readers and patrons critics, the explore to wanted he specifically, More criticism”. through Ibid., p. 18. p. Ibid., 18. p. Ibid., in válaszúton” “Zsidóka 109. p. inIbid., közösség” zsidó írók, “Zsidó 105. p. in Ibid., könyvek” “Zsidó 329. p. Ibid., in Tamás)” (Kóbor zsidókérdésről a “Beszélgetések 921 eih efcncoses ol ol rmi a epy rm unles frame empty an remain only would self-consciousness Jewish 926 n 96 Kmó rcnetaie hs neet i te olwn wa following the in interests his reconceptualized Komlós 1936, In His program as a literary historian was doubtlessly close doubtlessly was historian literary a as program His

922 Komlós was quite adamant about the potential of literature of potential the about adamant quite was Komlós 923 924 According to his 1941 definition, the task of writers of task the definition, 1941 his to According

Ibid., p. 326. 326. p. Ibid., jogvédelem rary representation of Jews, the Jewish Jewish the Jews, of representation rary , literally “legal defense”– FL] FL] defense”– “legal literally , wish models in literary works literary in models wish o see itself in the mirror of art of mirror the in itself see o authors were able to write write to able were authors lf-perception, contribute to contribute lf-perception, is of Jewish writers active writers Jewish of is roles of Jews as literary literary as Jews of roles sus te eih self- Jewish the souls, h expectation of writers iswriters of expectation y Jewry can only be be only can Jewry y rs transpired through through transpired rs ly connected to these these to connected ly xciting task. xciting goals” – among among – goals” i acquired it s 283 925 : his y: He CEU eTD Collection

polemic with non-Jewish authors who had some markedly anti-Semitic markedly some had who authors non-Jewish with polemic ugra ltrtr i te 20 the in literature Hungarian for explanation better much “a provided Jews of participation the c the on quite that, maintained even He assimilants. of role the to barel could period post-67 early the of poverty intellectual the in a different primary context and, accordingly, their content was content their accordingly, and, context primary different a in as well as the relation of Jewish writers to their community. their to writers Jewish of relation the as well as self-image and what he called theself-image aggregate “changing community”called what of he the and overvi an provide to wanted he poetry, Hungarian-Jewish of years hundred effervescence begun, “at the exact time when Jewish writers, Jewish when time exact the “at begun, effervescence apologia. urge to him obliged realization This justified. considered be should e alone, mistakes on focusing without i.e. broadly, more evaluated were guilt were eyes his in who authors Jewish of work the when that added dis seriously to important was it that and selves” inner our at look b would “it that again announced Komlós Here 1940. in Németh László and the on seen be best perhaps can this deal: great a matter hi of context primary The situation. concrete the on depending varied rather was position his As context. historical immediate its 930 929 928 927 Ibid., p. 305. p. Ibid., zsid a és irodalom magyar a kora, “Az asszimiláció p.134. Ibid., in zsidóság” a és “Költőink elé” irodalomtörténet magyar-zsidó megírandó “Egy 929

Finaly, it should be noted that Komlós’ self-critical undertaking owed undertaking self-critical Komlós’ that noted be should it Finaly, When debating the ideas of Farkas and Németh, Komlós’ words were s were words Komlós’ Németh, and Farkas of ideas the debating When

th century”. 930 ók” in Ibid., p. 309.p. in Ibid., ók” in Ibid., pp. 80-1. pp. Ibid., in t a peiey rud 80 ht new a that 1890 around precisely was It polemics he had with Gyula Farkas Gyula with had he polemics 927 press and readers became much much became readers and press y be accounted for by pointing by for accounted be y rcros hs mhss also emphasis his precarious, Tellingly, in his sketch of the of sketch his in Tellingly, ontrary, taking into account account into taking ontrary, markedly different. In this this In different. markedly cuss Jewish mistakes, but mistakes, Jewish cuss the great flourishing of of flourishing great the ty ufl te ak of task the fulfill ntly ideas, he argued that that argued he ideas, y of these mistakes mistakes these of y . ven their activities activities their ven s utterances could could utterances s 928 ew of communal of ew

e high time to to time high e a lot to to lot a 284 ituated CEU eTD Collection

oei Kmó dd o ades i fvrd hms sc a assimil as such themes, favored his address not did Komlós polemic Ararát notntl mrl mngd o siiae t te ml group small the “to dissimilated”. assimilate to managed merely unfortunately intel Jewish the Thus, nation. the of strata social wider the among enough, tragically that, assimilation successful of spoke Komlós more active in Hungarian intellectual life”.intellectual Hungarian in active more ok bt a as te oe ugra pro o te two!” the of period Hungarian more the also was but works only not influence our exerted we which in epoch “the that conclude must and complete each other”. a They enemies. irreconcilable necessary not are Hungarianness stressed rather but Jewishness, of significance special the als conclusions general more His assimilation. of problems the ta he Instead, emptiness. inner their or Jews of maladjustment 934 933 932 931 an ambition than to describe a contemporary reality. Even Komlós Even reality. contemporary a describe to than ambition an categorywas Inthis words, other War. World Second the ofyears tragi tumultuous, difficult, the in realized be to plan a of shape neve that one but initiative, timely and welcome a was Hungarian Ibid., p. 308. p. Ibid., 308-9. pp. Ibid., 310. p. Ibid., 305. p. Ibid., Mn o te blee ta te rain f mhtcly Je emphatically of creation the that believed them of Many . 933 Komlós’ ideas on Jewish literature were partly echoed by other other by echoed partly were literature Jewish on ideas Komlós’ It is entirely comprehensible but nevertheless remarkable remarkable nevertheless but comprehensible entirely is It 934

931 Komlós’ maintained that any fair comparison fair any that maintained Komlós’ eoclblt: Jwsns and “Jewishness reconcilability: lked of successes and belittled belittled and successes of lked 932 o refrained from emphasizing emphasizing from refrained o c and ultimately catastrophic catastrophic ultimately and c n i rmrs on remarks his In re dependent on each other other each on dependent re often used more to express express to more used often rtheless still existed in the the in existed still rtheless himself wrote in one of of one in wrote himself lectual elite in question question in elite lectual ol nt e repeated be not could f h politically the of atory pressures, the the pressures, atory wish literature in in literature wish produced between between produced ht n this in that uhr of authors Nyugat 285 , CEU eTD Collection

rvnil hrce” f eih ieay ie n sae t stated and life literary Jewish of character” provincial óomn z geln e-dsai idáy melynek kiadvány, nem-időszaki egyetlen az jóformán Lenke Steiner discussed this issue in the very last the very issue in last Lenke discussed this Steiner supporte further is time this around Hungary in literature Jewish literature.Jewish cur the on embarrassing” “too be would words” “honest that pieces his speak of Jewish literature”. Jewish of speak ascribed to their “conscious purposefulness”. “conscious their to ascribed thei in tone artificial misfortunate This combination. desirable di which works the even artificial slightly rendering public, the inappropri artistically and exaggerated an perceived she although coul forms contemporary and themes Jewish when begin to about was 939 938 937 936 935 consciousl interpreted, “newly their to Jews community”. lead would view, her alread could Counter-Enlightenment) a rather (or Enlightenment”“new mai nevertheless She depictions. artistic valuable and credible communityhadresha Jewish recently beenasas far that claim the that to early, foundational stage.foundational early, b represented stage the in still is consciousness literary “Előszó” in “Előszó” Ibid., p.156. Ibid., p.150. Ibid., p.148. Ibid., in irodalma” zsidó magyar “Azév LenkeSteiner, in “Előszó” Ararát Ararát 939 This idea of the programmatic nature of conceiving, developing a developing conceiving, of nature programmatic the of idea This

, 1943, p.3. 1943, , 935 , 1941, p.6. Komlós az V. évkönyv előszavában jegyz előszavában évkönyv V. az Komlós p.6. 1941, ,

936

937 She also added that “it is still unclear what we demand when we when demand we what unclear still is “it that added also She At the same time, Steiner trusted that a new epoch of litera of epoch new a that trusted Steiner time, same the At Ararát 938 aji mga-sd ioao vn kibontakozóban”. van irodalom magyar-zsidó lapjain Thus, in the yearbook of 1944 Steiner went Steiner 1944 of yearbook the in Thus, , 1944, p.148. 1944, , Ararát yearbookArarát y the times of Kazinczy”, i.e. the very very the i.e. Kazinczy”, of times the y hat “the awakening of [Jewish] [Jewish] of awakening “the hat ntained that the contours of a of contours the that ntained i meg, hogy az Ararát „még mindig mindig „még Ararát az hogy meg, i : she referred to the “rather the to referred she : d by the manner in which in manner the by d r expression she directly directly she expression r pae te in o this of signs the splayed t abto t enlighten to ambition ate d be brought together, together, brought be d y be discerned that, in in discernedthat, ybe ped was still without without was still ped et odto of condition rent y experienced experienced y nd studying studying nd 286 ture

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play position that he called the new book of Ernő Szép, Szép, Ernő of book new the called he that position rpgtd h atnm o at n shlrhp n cnetd h advi the contested and scholarship and art of autonomy the propagated yearbook series edited by Komlós reached its climax in his d his in all climax its reached Komlós by of edited series yearbook pursued, Kardos which Komlós, with polemic unmistakable This treasure of Jewish literature, while noting that it had “hardly had it that noting while literature, Jewish of treasure that one of the play’s major shortcomings was that it included many too it onethat of shortcomings the topical that play’s major was László Fenyő so persuasive and such excellent works of art. It art. of works excellent such and persuasive so Fenyő László f “typical of absence the experiences, collective formulate 942 941 940 olciit iw f literature. of view collectivist hrtbe tiuay rlgos pplr r omntra concerns communitarian or popular religious, tributary, charitable, f demarcated clearly be to ought views of points scholarly and Kardos spheres. and levels betweendifferent interconnections strong own his in propagated Komlós what to precisely underdevelopment” books Jewish new on article Kardos’ Kardos. László of reflections to begin with – this can be safely supposed when the impact the when supposed safely be can this – with begin to ra of was literature of kind this through self-awareness Jewish that say might One proposals. and descriptions his contested other it painted Komlós Aladár editor, chief the War: World Second the of c full a never was there which around program a negotiation, under idea Ibid., p.151. Ibid., in könyvek” zsidó “Új Kardos, László p.148. Ibid., Az első csillagelső Az In conclusion, Jewish literature as it appeared in the in appeared it as literature Jewish conclusion, In We find slightly different reactions to the program for Jewis for program the to reactions different slightly find We [The First Star]. Here, after the customary compliments, Ka compliments, customary the after Here, Star]. First [The

940 n i oiin i ws rcsl te ak f fot to effort of lack the precisely was it opinion, his In Ararát , 1943, p.151. 1943, , Felnőtteknek eelings” that made the poems of of poems the made that eelings” any openly Jewish bearings”. Jewish openly any of literary works is compared to compared is works literaryof iscussion of Komlós’ own new own Komlós’ of iscussion ther questionable effectiveness effectiveness questionable ther is also indicative of Kardos’ of indicative also is rom those emerging out of of out emerging those rom Fr dls te greatest the Adults] [For the idea of strengthening of idea the Ararát yearbooks Ararát attributed their “spiritual their attributed believed that the artistic artistic the that believed s desired features while while features desired s onsensus in the years the in onsensus writings, namely the the namely writings, n itrss He interests. and h literature in the in literature h places, in the the in places, ities. sability of a a of sability rdos judged rdos 942 was an was 287

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ayáa (oaas rda Romania), Oradea, (nowadays Nagyvárad but a mistake, a mere optical illusion”. optical mere a mistake, a but According to this depiction, Emőd’s age, upbringing and loyalty did not allow him t him Emőd’s age, loyalty allow According not and did upbringing depiction, this to literature. c to unable prove would who but life literary national from excluded tragedy the person his through presenting contexts, changing its narrated Ligeti whole. a as community Jewish the of diagnosis the of aspect concrete one on focusing Szemere, Samu while individual, current about its de collective goes self-awareness hand suppositions in with hand da i the in ideas co almost few the of one considered be can it that so much so Komlós, large a by supported was flawed somehow were identity Jewish claim the hand, other the On time. this around perfected were that p immoral and propaganda of techniques deadly the of influence the discover that “his Hungarianness, on which his whole life depended, turned out turned depended, life whole his which on Hungarianness, “his that discover he soul: Hungarian-Jewish wounded his to loneliness subsequent Emőd’s 947 946 945 944 newspaper theof employee chief a became and 943 Hunga the of expressions artistic most “the were poems Emőd’s Emőd: of art and life the of nature tragic paradigmatically the bein of way similar their of because precisely Ady Endre Ibid., p.64. Ibid., p.63. Ibid., p.58. Ibid., in Tamás” “Emőd Ligeti, Ernő publicist, poet, writer, (1891-1945), Ligeti Ernő 943 Ligeti painted the picture of high, even unprecedented, level of level unprecedented, even high, of picture the painted Ligeti rrt yearbooks Ararát Regarding this issue, Ernő Ligeti presented the most detailed c detailed most the presented Ligeti Ernő issue, this Regarding

Ararát . This is hardly surprising, since the goal of increasing increasing of goal the since surprising, hardly is This . , 1944, p.56. 1944, , 946 Magyar Nemzet Magyar In this article, Ligeti doubtlessly wished to present to wished doubtlessly Ligeti article, this In editor. He moved from Cluj/Koloszvár to Budapest in Budapest to Cluj/Koloszvár He from moved editor. 944 oig ht md ol itrc s wl with well so interact could Emőd that noting . . Hungarian.g ultimately, his maintained that that maintained his ultimately, the life of Tamás Emőd and Emőd Tamás of life the r number of authors besides besides authors of number r that the current forms of forms current the that of an author who was was who author an of olitical manipulations manipulations olitical inJws soul”. rian-Jewish problem, provided a provided problem, nrbt t Jewish to ontribute 945 nsensually shared shared nsensually suddenly had to to had suddenly iei ascribed Ligeti assimilation in assimilation ase study of an an of study ase to be nothing be to ficiencies. ficiencies. o become 288 1940 1940 947

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plan of upbringing and education could, according to Szemere, save Jew save Szemere, to according could, education and upbringing of plan pee cud nue hi qaiy n poe fntoig A te sa the At functioning. proper and quality their ensure could spheres of furthering and preservation the only whom for Kardos, new by the contested of shape future the on ideas Sec Komlós’ the level, of theoretical years the during stages planning the in rather was tha shows also language Hungarian the in achievements literature’s by formulated precisely rather educati of task central the becoming it on insisted he and history that emerged after the First World War. In Ligeti’s eyes, eyes, tribulations moreof individual firmlyJewishness his fully at the and heart was Ligeti’s In War. World First the after emerged that anyw in fitting not limbo, a in himself finding either, one Hungarian h hand other the on while sense”, “positive the in poet Jewish a spreading “Jewish self-hatred” which he saw as being rooted being as saw he which self-hatred” “Jewish spreading collapse”, “spiritual looming their threat, present gravest 950 949 948 the interest in identityailing of as appeared a step Jewish necessary t to attuned reform curriculum a specifically, more and, educational a prejudiced way”.prejudiced a b as Jewry of understanding his with off started awareness self youth about complaint the level. weakness of Szemere’s J communal of and Jewish the theme differentrather a to relation in presented were identity Samu Szemere, “A zsidó iskola feladatai” in feladatai” iskola “A zsidó Szemere, Samu p.55. Ibid., p.53. Ibid., n u, hl te gna f artn te itr o Jws lite Jewish of history the narrating of agenda the while sum, In au zmr’ ies n h sry osqecs f h fdn o J of fading the of consequences sorry the on ideas Szemere’s Samu 948 For him, Jewish self-awareness amounted to the knowledge of Jewish of knowledge the to amounted self-awareness Jewish him, For

Ararát ’s chief editor, but Steiner’s sober assessment of Jewish of assessment sober Steiner’s but editor, chief ’s Ararát , 1941, p.56. p.56. 1941, , and countered the “despicable” but but “despicable” the countered and and level, namely the education education namelythe level, and in ignorance. in eing “in favor of modernity in in modernity of favor “in eing e was not allowed to remain a a remain to allowed not was e his inability to embrace his his embrace to inability his onal institutions.onal n Wrd a. n the On War. World ond future generations. generations. future t this type of literature literature of type this t eih ieaue were literature Jewish here, lost in the world the in lost here, he pressing needs of of needs pressing he ish youth from the the from youth ish the autonomy of of autonomy the 950 In this text, an text, this In . e ie the time, me rature was was rature 949 Such a Such 289 ewish- ewish

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ai o sseaial dsigihn sm peoea s spec as phenomena some distinguishing systematically of basis Christians (which we have already encountered in the in alreadyhaveencounteredwe (which Christians beca War World First the after which Transylvania, in Hungarians Opinions expressed in in expressed Opinions of assessments different by illustrated persuasively more even ie t ips sf sl-etann maue ad ihd o encour to wished and measures self-restraining soft impose to liked knowledge” Biblical of “crisis the in particularly religion, of saw authors Other aims. anti-Semitic mirroring directly while lf cmuiy ( community” “life propagates program Jewish accepted widely most currently demonstrated the non-partisan nature of the of nature non-partisan the demonstrated

whether Jewish literature should serve end.whether should literature this to as Jewish means we self-awareness increaseJewish to tools the whatconcerned s growing and malaise spiritual fight and self-knowledge Jewish educat to Jewish, properly and publicly becoming of incapable Hungari their in rejected being Jews limbo, the in staying of f range consensus this illustrate that studies case Individual authors. thes a was identity collective Jewish of weakness contemporary The above negotiation of the contours of Jewish literature as well well as literature Jewish of contours the of negotiation above The III.

életközösség Future for Plans and Situation Current the of Assessments Ararát ranged from arguments on how Jews were more intransigent intransigent more were Jews how on arguments from ranged ) with European peoples – which were thereby countering countering thereby were which – peoples European with ) Ararát

yearbooks IMIT yearbooksIMIT anness by the outside world, but but world, outside the by anness the root problem in the decline decline the in problem root the . This inner plurality is perhaps perhaps is plurality inner This . the elimination of the existing existing the of elimination the re to be and, more particularly, particularly, more and, be to re , and still others would have have would others still and , the contemporary situation. situation. contemporary the is shared by the majority of of majority the by shared is elf-hatred. The moot points moot The elf-hatred. oa porm t improve to programs ional ifically Jewish has already already has Jewish ifically me part of Romania, than Romania, of part me rom stressing the tragedy tragedy the stressing rom ), to statements that the that statements to ), g te elzto of realization the age as the very very the as 290 the CEU eTD Collection

rnil, iltd hog ti lgsain ie h anti-Jewis the [i.e. legislation this through violated principle, plcto o te ehd o itleta hsoy Te i hr is here aim The history. intellectual of methods the of application of the first interpretation found in t constitute bring to expected was it consequences the and Jewry as reaction, appropriate of modes proposed the and legislation re the the is identify explorations my to of point seeks starting The and conceptualized. ideas political on focuses subchapter f were that future the for plans on reflect and War World Second assessment Jewish Hungarian containing publications of series 1943 maintain amaintain synthesisfind a and new Hungariannes between and Jewishness harmony J for role increased an proposed else or assimilation” “economic foih n snu dlso t miti ta w cn tl consider still can we that maintain to delusion sinful and foolish a ofIn for first volume Lajos letter theDénes. same his immedi was stance apologetic almost and naïve benevolent, overly This cons now were definitions denominational and racial both bec way, unclear and changed indubitably Jewry of status the that admit to had quote extensively even would he intentions, benevolent whole the on their trust preserve to tried Munkácsi While exception. an constituting discrimination Thus, Jews. to denied not were rights political and development of anti-Jewish policies of the times, s times, the of policies anti-Jewish of development 951 i in existed longer no citizens of equality the though that argued Ernő Munkácsi, “A magyar zsidóság és a zsidóvallás a és zsidóság magyar “A Munkácsi, Ernő (Budapest: Bábel, 2002). 2002). Bábel, (Budapest: According to Ernő Munkácsi, “the idea of legal equality was not, at l at not, was equality legal of idea “the Munkácsi, Ernő to According hs ucatr xlrs l tee oiin i sm dti t detail some in positions these all explores subchapter This

Ararát volume. volume. ee Nataniel Katzburg, Katzburg, Nataniel ee ú magyarok jogi helyzete” in in helyzete” jogi magyarok ú Ararát he wrote that “today it would be “today would be it that wrote he Zsidópolitika Magyarországon, 1919- Magyarországon, Zsidópolitika lw f 1938]”. of law h the current legal standing of of standing legal current the s of the situation during the the during situation the of s ormulated on its pages. The The pages. its on ormulated ewishness while wishing to to wishing while ewishness he most important conflicts conflicts important most he in the legislators (to prove prove (to legislators the in ts 19 ts ception of discriminatory discriminatory of ception o analyze to should be conceived as as conceived be should usle eul o our to equal ourselves Ararát ame uncertain: in an an in uncertain: ame th oiia platforms political century sense, civil civil sense, century ately challenged by by challenged ately idered partly valid. valid. partly idered , 1939, p.19. On the Onthe p.19. 1939, , from them), he them), from 951 Ararát ruh the hrough Munkácsi s. s. 291 east in east s a as CEU eTD Collection

pages of pages No, we have to realize that we were forcibly made into a mi a into made forcibly were we that realize to have we No, ainl soito fr ugra Ireie Cultur Israelite Hungarian for Association National liberal compromise, which is well illustrated by the writi the by illustrated well is which compromise, liberal did not employ not contributions. did useful positive to participation references and exercise to was this of means effective most the that thought anti-Semiti against measures defensive stronger of necessity neaal uin ht xse “ih ugras ( Hungarians” “with existed that union inseparable so called second Jewish (i.e. anti-Jewish) law of 1939 also led t led also 1939 of law anti-Jewish) (i.e. Jewish second called so OMIKE this and the all consequencesthis brings”. it ha we that difference only the with – citizens fellow Christian xgeae etmt toe culy iciiae b discriminated increased actually those country estimate the exaggerated into reincorporated meantime of people (the converted were included as well as t as well as included were converted (the people of the way it was applied. The proportion of 6% was an was 6% of proportion The applied. was it way the legislat the specifi on focused of Görög Frigyes it, to alternative goals certain accepted Ribáry While 952 955 954 953 ( space” of “conquest the state-i consider not did he precondition, necessary thus a was reeducation” and proportions” numerical “establishing of idea the supported OMZSA 1943. Hugó Csergő, Zoltán Kohn and György Polgár (e Polgár György and Kohn Zoltán Csergő, Hugó 1943. rus, n te wrs t rsns zr sm game would sum space. of conquests” and zero space conquered a in presents increase it simultaneous words other in groups), el someone from conquered be only can space meaning reinterpreting way, idiosyncratic an in used Ribáry 1942 – 1943– 1942 Görög, “Izraelita zsidók és keresztény zsidók” in in zsidók” keresztény és zsidók “Izraelita Görög, éa iáy “né a ayr sdsg legfontosabb zsidóság Magyar a “Ankét Ribáry, Géza zsidóvallású a és zsidóság magyar “A Ribáry, Géza C Jewish the of vicepresident lawyer, Géza, Ribáry in “Kétlevel” Dénes, Lajos ) as well as of the distinguished initiators of the of initiators distinguished the of as well as ) ) aimed at helping excluded Jewish artists. After h After artists. Jewish excluded helping at aimed ) Ararát (Budapest: OMZSA, 1943). It ought to be noted that noted be to ought It 1943). OMZSA, (Budapest: The next stage in the process of worsening discrimination, the discrimination, worsening of process the in stage next The . The most notable position was formulated by the authors advocating authors the by formulatedwas position notable most The . Ararát

térfoglalás , 1939, p.94. p.94. 1939, , acceptable. ) 952 Ararát c additional injustices, namely the injustices emer injustices the namely injustices, additional c

t maig o ut i nes acrig o t tr its to according needs: his suit to meaning its hose who lived outside Trianon Hungary and were in in were and Hungary Trianon outside lived who hose yhow too low since there was an extra dual discrimi dual extra an was there since low too yhow ( e te a rah ery 0 o te ouain Frigy population. the of 10% nearly reach law the y magyarok jogi helyzete” in helyzete”in jogi magyarok o ad ie t peet mr js ad beneficial and just more a present to aimed and ion , 1940, p.78-79. p.78-79. 1940, , Rescue Action (Action Rescue rzgs ayr zalt Kzűeőéi Egyesület Közművelődési Izraelita Magyar Országos ds.), ds.), ae ie t spot tt edreet f “paralle of endorsement state support to liked have ommunity of Pest. He was one of the leaders of the the of leaders the of one was He Pest. of ommunity se (thus the expression presupposes struggle betwee struggle presupposes expression the (thus se the proportions). According to Görög’s somewhat somewhat Görög’s to According proportions). the Rbr epesd i ble i te osblt of possibility the in belief his expressed Ribáry . feladatiról. Tanulmány” in in Tanulmány” feladatiról. is death, OMZSA dedicated its yearbook to him in in him to yearbook its dedicated OMZSA death, is OMZSA évkönyv Ribáry Géza emlékének, 5703 – 5703 emlékének, Géza Ribáry évkönyv OMZSA 954 magyarsággal the expression expression the ae o, e ol wie f the of write would he on, Later ngs of Géza Ribáry. Géza of ngs nority and maintain awareness of awareness maintain andnority Országos Magyar Zsidó Segítő Akció Segítő Zsidó Magyar Országos modesty and act morally – he he – morally act and modesty sm. Somewhat peculiarly, he he peculiarly, Somewhat sm. ppen to be very misfortunate. misfortunate. very be to ppen o a vivid discussion on the on discussion vivid a o , hl epaiig the emphasizing while ), térfoglalás Ararát mposed limitations on limitations mposed believed “parallel “parallel believed Ararát , 1940, p.75. p.75. 1940, , 955 (conquest of space) space) of (conquest 953 adoption of the of adoption

While Ribáry While , 1941, p.12-13. p.12-13. 1941, , ging out of of out ging a semi- a 292 aditional aditional nation nation the the es es n n l , ,

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between a narrower, ethnic type of definition and an inclusive (impe inclusive an and definition of type ethnic narrower, a between etan” n rfre t te eiety eevd supremacy deserved ( “evidently the to referred and restraint” assimilation” in in assimilation” attem serious and “honest for called who Polgár, György of contribution the modern age.modern the rei frequently thesis a Jews, of stratification” “unhealthy the dolgozott. dolgozott. oiaig ain ol as rtc te Hnain ol fo racial from soul” “Hungarian the protect also would nation dominating multinational the of reemergence the that hope his is nationalism grea his of proof further A expression). loaded heavily but common, “resurrec (or recur see to liked have would likelihood all in Bakonyi t of Hungary of times the of reminiscent of is ideas Hungary of combination happy and “great the a by he granted be Hungarians, to ethnic emancipation to reference abovementioned the making while stratification, 960 959 958 957 956 s he as since, appropriate, more considered he which distribution, a wayethnicallythis and Ribáry’s resembled neutral, in semi-liberal in equality legal on based were ideas political Bakonyi’s University of California Press, 2001). Bakonyi Lász Bakonyi 2001). Press, California of University törzsökös György Polgár, “A zsidó jövő gazdasági kérdése”, i kérdése”, gazdasági jövő “Azsidó György Polgár, p.28. Ibid., p.30. Ibid., in remények” és gondok “Zsidó Bakonyi, László Penslar, S. Derek See

magyarság 957 We find a softer version of the propagation of Jewish self-rest Jewish of propagation the of version softer a find We Somewhat similarly to Ribáry’s ideas, László Bakonyi accep Bakonyi László ideas, Ribáry’s to similarly Somewhat so much so that he labeled it the sacred duty of Jews to ex to Jews of duty sacred the it labeled he that so much so 956 Ararát Thus, Bakonyi also affirmed that there was a need to alter t alter to need a was there that affirmed also Bakonyi Thus, Shylock’s ). . 960 958

While Polgár also expressed his support for a new proportional new a for support his expressed also Polgár While aoy’ cnet f h nto ws icril oscillating discernibly was nation the of concept Bakonyi’s

hlrn Eoois n Jws Iett i Mdr E Modern in Identity Jewish and Economics Children: Ararát ló, ügyvéd és író, az Országos Izraelita Iroda titk Iroda Izraelita Országos az író, és ügyvéd ló, n Ararát , 1942, p.29. p.29. 1942, , , 1943, p.10. p.10. 1943, , terated since the beginnings of of beginnings the since terated country organized around a around organized country tt wih ol nt be not would which state stance. stance. tated, “we need to learn to to learn to need “we tated, he Dual Monarchy, which which Monarchy, Dual he rial) kind of conception: of kind rial) f tnc Hungarians” ethnic of Saint Stephen.” This This Stephen.” Saint ter Hungarian liberal liberal Hungarian ter t”, to use the more more the use to t”, hatred. ercise “wise self- “wise ercise ted the notion of of notion the ted t a economic at pts urope lso expected expected lso riction in the in riction 959 he existing he (Berkeley: n short, In áraként is is áraként 293

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rbby e ol nt ae ihr hw a sc a cletv volunt “collective a such was how either: have not could he probably psychology and nominally did not even aim to address political iss political address to aim even not did nominally psychologyand eand lsr o h lbrl oiin bt i s wtot vn try even without so did but position, liberal the to closer remained af the than legislation discriminatory of criticism explicit proportions. numberical strict enforce to attempts supposed be to practice? implemented in Magda Dénes formulated her position, in an article which dealt dealt which article an in position, her formulated Dénes Magda clea how conspicuous is it ideas, diplomatic and cautious overly these higher supposedly) nonetheless but narrower scope (in of existence proponent milder to as well as principles, liberal crucial Jew to acceptable simultaneously was that position a formulate Bakony Ribáry, of ambition central the likelihood, all in intention: connected closely the and contexts primary their account into taking c texts These proportionalism. artificial and space of conquest ri of denial the called variously they which – means its contesting legisl discriminatory of aims declared the of atte some accepting semi-liberal Their solution. compromise a through exclusion playing offer to was aim Their power. much too possessing and role economic Jews of theory the endorse partially to ready all were arguments their of substance the view of point ideological vi clashes”,avoid 962 961 Ibid., p.9. Ibid., p.8. Ibid., In sum, these three authors differed in their emphases, but from t from but emphases, their in differed authors three these sum, In 961 e de ta sc dsrs hud o mnfs tesle i artific in themselves manifest not should desires such that added he

962 n hs a Plá epesd more expressed Polgár way this In s of anti-Semitism by affirming the affirming by anti-Semitism of s rmnind w atos and authors two orementioned an overly great societal and and societal great overly an ation on the one hand, while while hand, one the on ation nearly identical. They were were They identical. nearly an only be understood by by understood be only an s, due to preserving some some preserving to due s, ues. Dénes firmly declared declared firmly Dénes ues. ghts, the restriction on the on restriction the ghts, “national goals”. Next to Next goals”. “national primarily with applied applied with primarily mpts were based on on based were mpts an alternative to harsh harsh to alternative an i and Polgár was to to was Polgár and i usin f authorial of question n t caiy what clarify to ing ary self-restriction” self-restriction” ary rly and concisely concisely and rly he political- he 294 ial CEU eTD Collection

Life in War in Life rvosy nesoe to eae pit: is, hr ms hv b have must there first, points: related two underscores previously psychoanalyst whose memoirs were published in the U the in werepublished memoirs whose psychoanalyst gyűlölet vetése. A zsidótörvények és a magyar közvé magyar a és zsidótörvények A vetése. gyűlölet aoy. hl tee he prily to b lbrl values, liberal by stood partially three these While Bakonyi. advocate as society Jewish the of re-stratification the opposed awful fright and the strongly felt urgency to try to avoid the looming looming the avoid conceivableaga hopes once disaster, became vocal particularly such to try to urgency felt strongly the and fright awful whe Kállay Miklós of premiership the of years the were these als are 1943) and (1942 dates exact The years. war the into long survived ac some for hope the and partners as serve to continue to intention in partners as leadership political Hungary’s of fractions they that them for evidentremainednearly it how and realities a to intellectuals Jewish Hungarian some to proved it difficult how increased for demands Hungarian current and equality for demands between position middle a assume to intention this respectively, 1943, t in released were pieces Polgár’s and Bakonyi’s that Knowing ece, hl pyhlgs, itra o education of historian psychologist, child teacher, intellectual occupations to get reeducated and take on industrial jobs”. get onindustrial andintellectual take occupations reeducated to specifically would that rationale economic no be can “there that 964 963 reconcilia some of possibility the in believed have must authors pieces three aforementioned the to self-restraint and moderation n otmoay o-eih ulc pno, áo P János opinion, public non-Jewish contemporary On átrétegződés” és lélektan “Gyakorlati Dénes, Magda (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998). 1998). Schuster, & Simon York: (New Zoltán Kohn also addressed the question of the right way of assimilat of way right the of question the addressed also Kohn Zoltán This straight-forward statement, in obvious contrast to the three three the to contrast obvious in statement, straight-forward This

lemény Se s o te ae esn s h rltvl famo relatively the as person same the not is She . nited States as Magda Dénes, Dénes, Magda as States nited , in in , (Budapest: Európa, 2001). 2001). Európa, (Budapest: elle has published a detailed study: János Pelle, Pelle, János study: detailed a published has elle Ararát , 1941, p.168. Magda Dénes (1908-1982), (1908-1982), Dénes Magda p.168. 1941, , negotiation, but also how this this how also but negotiation, could speak with at least some least at with speak could hy cetd h nto that notion the accepted they tion through compromise.through tion , u t a obnto of combination a to due n, of writing and second, their their second, and writing of e erok o 14 and 1942 of yearbooks he b Rbr, ogr and Polgár Ribáry, by d exclusion shows not only only not shows exclusion require those working in in working those require in. in. 963 Castles Burning: A Child’s Child’s A Burning: Castles een much diplomatic diplomatic much een ceptable compromise compromise ceptable js t te changed the to djust

o of significance as as significance of o but hardly fully fully hardly but previous Jewish Jewish previous texts quoted texts ion. He ion. 295 964 us us A A

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pressures. At the same time, he maintained that certain spec certain that maintained he time, same the At pressures. societ of system the to not – community” fixed and homeland physical rgamtc “at eagrtd n lu” eih dpain ol onl would adaptation Jewish loud” and exaggerated “fast, programmatic, speeding supported and balance, societal new a through justice tews cud ae aiy apnd hog ter opee merge complete societies. their through happened easily have could otherwise hindered that spirit” the of “miracle the was it will”: of obliging circumstances in force at the time. His proposal r proposal His time. the at force in circumstances obliging o process the of direction the reverse to wished Komlós community, there process”, “natural a into it turn to preferred have would and the down slow to wished Kohn while that is them differencebetween of jumps” and “I cannot “I and jumps” of si results, fortunate and appropriate more to lead would adaptation against one’s origins” to be particularly strong among Jews and Jews among strong particularly be to origins” one’s against a become to intention the considered he condition: Jewish the in rooted of Zoltán Kohn, since Komlós also propagated a new a propagated also Komlós since ZoltánKohn, of another”. prahs o siiain osiue te rbe, o te soluti the not problem, the constituted assimilation to approaches was Kohn incentives. legal and policies state throughofficial suspicions”. to order in reorganized partly least at be to ought society 967 966 965 Ibid., p.86. Ibid., pp.83-85. Ibid., in zsidó?” vagyok “Miért Zoltán Kohn, 967 966 organi natural, a for support conservative the opinion, Kohn’s in sum, In 965 He also believed that this fallacious, programmatic approach approach programmatic fallacious, this that believed also He The political ideas of Aladár Komlós were to a certain extent certain a to were Komlós Aladár of ideas political The become

another by the mere force of my will, I can only can I will, my of force mere the by another Ararát , 1944, p.86. 1944, , internal evolved around taking Jewishness Jewishness taking around evolved approach some abstract ideal of of ideal abstract some approach ial “laws existed above the level level the above existed “laws ial the disappearance of Jews that that Jews of disappearance the convinced that such “quick fix” fix” “quick such that convinced balance for Jews. A significant significant A Jews. for balance ascribed it to the “absence of of “absencethe to it ascribed nce “nature does not know know not does “nature nce by preserving the Jewish Jewish the preserving by f identification under the the under identification f process of assimilation, of process p hs transformation this up al expectations and expectations al it non-Jewish into r nother, the “revolt “revolt the nother, on. In his eyes, eyes, his In on. similar to those to similar a deeply was evolve y “raise “raise y 296 into into c CEU eTD Collection

proposal remained almost unchanged: in recommending a new duality he was advis was he duality recommending new unchanged: a in proposal remained almost r wrs t “ul eprec ad el te ae f h Jew the of fate the feel” and experience “fully to works, art artists, Jewish for obligatory was it that circumstances” calm and gradual form of assimilation”. of formgradual and calm a headless of fever the from us save can “what that declared he 1943, pub Európa” magyarság, “Zsidóság, his in expressions: of choice o express”. to areexcl we requires and our current which situation determinants more which aspe those Jew emphasize to only merely is not aim the are and humans, “We and Hungarians words: own his In commitment. and identification unjustifiabl as of conceived he what moderating and seriously more 969 Hungar with relations good have to Jews be us “let simply: more own collective”. expre to had again they that meant catastrophe historical ongoing “themselve on backs their turn to artists Jewish forced history 973 972 971 970 968 the of weight relative the in change a proportions, in shift sided ( t from identity level) European the with together trial, (or dual ugradm nrbeai, t s eesr t b mr aware more be to necessary is it unproblematic, Hungariandom magyarság Ibid., p.27. Ibid., p.26. Ibid., in magyarság,Európa “Zsidóság, Komlós, Aladár magyarirodalomban” a költők “Zsidó Komlós, Aladár Germa the of equivalent Hungarian the heused Here in útjai” író zsidó magyar “A Komlós, Aladár . e rt, o isac, ht peiey n re t m to order in “precisely that instance, for wrote, He ). 968 lehr Kmó’ tne emd o lsl apoc ta o K of that approach closely to seemed stance Komlós’ Elsewhere he yas ae, e eie fo te ned rmtc “changes dramatic indeed the from derived he later, years Three 970

971 Ararát Komlós derived the legitimacy of this new kind of kind new this of legitimacy thederived Komlós Ararát n term nterm , 1939, p.132. p.132. 1939, , in in , 1943, p.25. 1943, , Ararát Volksschicksal , 1942, p.169. p.169. 1942, , if they still wished to create relevant relevant create to wished still they if s people. ish he interests of Hungariandom of interests he s”, the unfolding of the then then the of unfolding the s”, two central elements. In this this In elements. central two . . f u Jewishness”, our of ss “the sentiments of their of sentiments “the ss lished in the yearbook of of yearbook the in lished ians”. y one-sided Hungarian Hungarian one-sided y ssimilation is a more a is ssimilation ake our relation to to relation our ake 973 969 Yet his practical his Yet t o or many our of cts hl previous While usivelyallowed bt also but s h i its in ohn ing aing one- n the in 297 972 or CEU eTD Collection

propagated by Zoltán Kohn, there were some radical plans to tr to plans radical some were there Kohn, Zoltán by propagated jelentés” in jelentés” Vid: Az új Portugália című könyve alapján” in alapján” könyve című Portugália új Az Vid: Mihelics. The contemporary reception of this work w work this of reception contemporary The Mihelics. belief her expressed and solutions temporary as merely ideas peasantry. Hungarian the to assimilated be to have self-suff economic of necessity current the to due that added and keresztény társadalmi tanítás megvalósulása? Salaza megvalósulása? tanítás társadalmi keresztény Denker. the in found be can reorganization of plan detailed most The society. weakening of the latter. the of weakening fil former the identity, Hungarian of intensity the to related consciousnes Jewish of strengthening the that supposed Komlós article, ée a te et u o frysx nre aot te ot urge t corporatist most her to importance “the additional lends Jewry” about Hungarian entries forty-six of out best the as Dénes 979 978 977 976 975 order societal solidarity. just and unity to committed more individuals new, a of contours the sketched Denkerné quoted semi-liberal above presenting proposals. when self-r collective “useful of idea widespread the employed also 980 w submitted one another as well as Rózsa, Ignác and p.27. Ibid., warmer.” Jewry to relation makeour 974 of model economic Portuguese the of principles governing the follow to Hungarian in role leading “our from resignation of form a as too Marcellné Denker, “A magyar zsidóság jelen feladat jelen zsidóság magyar “A Denker, Marcellné ref unusual rather this of source The p.42. Ibid., feladat jelen zsidóság magyar “A Denker, Marcellné on the were praise receiving submissions other The m her used she but Szántó, Bea was maidenname Her p.27. 1943, Ibid., Hu to relation our “If that wrote he instance, For 976 Ararát h fc ta hr ae ws eetd y éa sl, Al Zsolt, Béla by selected was paper her that fact The n tr opsto t mr cnevtv ies o eebd Jew re-embed to ideas conservative more to opposition stark In , 1941, pp.36-8. pp.36-8. 1941, , 974

It is interesting to note that the tragedy of exclusion app exclusion of tragedy the that note to interesting is It Protestáns ngarianness becomes somewhat cooler, we have to cooler, somewhat becomes ngarianness erence might be the recently released Portugal book Portugal released recently the be might erence r rendszerének megítélése a II. világháború előtt M előtt világháború II. a megítélése rendszerének r as studied by Iván Bertényi Jr., “Fasiszta diktatúr “Fasiszta Jr., Bertényi Iván by studied as es written by György Neumann, Hanna Kéri, Béla Déne Béla Kéri, Hanna Neumann, György by written es ai” in in ai” in ai” 978 t a ietfcto sg. e Ljs ée, “Pályá Dénes, Lajos See sign. identification an ith arried name (the wife of Marcell Denker). Denker). wifeMarcell of name (the arried

Szemle She wrote that “the best solution would be would solution best “the that wrote She Ararát Ararát 980 , 2000/4, pp. 237-259. 237-259. pp. 2000/4, , liaey Dnen pooe her proposed Denkerné Ultimately, , 1941, p.43. p.43. 1941, , 40-41. pp. 1941, , ing the vacuum created by the the by created vacuum the ing srit, hc a already was which estraint”, iciency, Jewish youth would youth Jewish iciency, life”. ansform Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian ansform houghts. ht h nx pae of phase next the that dr ols n Lajos and Komlós adár t ak ad uis of duties and tasks nt 975 piece by Marcellné Marcellné by piece Moreover, Komlós Moreover, based on Jewish Jewish on based 977 oil policy”, social ws inversely was s In this article, this In ears here ears 298 a vagy a a vagy a y as ry, of Vid Vid of ihelics ihelics zati zati 979 s

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believed that the real Jewish question or problem was the la the was problem or question Jewish real the that believed progress. progress. to be drawn from the contemporary crisis of Jewry was writt was Jewryof crisis contemporary the from drawn be to maig n sne ( sense” and “meaning defi she or he which question”, Jewish “inner difficult immensely significant and well-articulated piecessignificantand well-articulated to but numbers, overall of terms in group large a constituted them of Jewis the with affiliated those by and Judaism, for role central formulated future the for plans and situation current the on views su this of rest The Kohn. Zoltán of ideas gradualist conservative, the t counterpart a provided have and society corporatist alternative, drew who Denker Marcellné of conception prize-winning the of contours I Jewish. emphatically more become to had art of works Jewish and needed identity Jewish which to according view Komlós’ analyzed have anti moderately more pursuing those with even compromise a reach to re in it de-develop society, to Jewish transform to need a was existence could not be enough, the specific reason behind the identific the behind reason specific the enough, be not could existence ria o a oe ut oitl order. societal just more a of arrival alongsidereintegration(or national bringHungarian would development f itr ta poie hroy ol so flo a te n pit of point end the at follow soon would harmony promised that history of remai also it and moment the for only but change radical advance 981 Ibid., p.43-44. Ibid., One of the more representative contributions to the discussion of the of discussion the to contributions representative more the of One Until now I have presented three semiliberal stances which ac which stances semiliberal three presented I have now Until eets s értelem és jelentés

981 Ararát hs hr wr-inn cnrbto amd to aimed contribution award-winning her Thus, o Jws dsiciees o Jwy A mere As Jewry. for distinctiveness Jewish of ) . . en by an anonymous author who who author anonymous an by en ck of an adequate answer to the the to answer adequate an of ck lative or absolute terms in order order in terms absolute or lative h national movement. Neither Neither movement. national h o this through discussion of of discussion through this o by the advocates of a more more a of advocates the by ned indebted to the model model the to indebted ned ned as the question of the the of question the as ned both contributed some some contributed both have also sketched the the sketched also have bchapter deals with the the with deals bchapter rather as part of) the the of)part as rather ation of unreligious unreligious of ation Smtc gna, I agendas, -Semitic to be strengthened strengthened be to cepted that there there that cepted h iae f an of image the rda, steady gradual, 299 lessons lessons CEU eTD Collection

preoccupation of the pious and had become a mere relic, in sp in relic, mere a become had and pious the of preoccupation epe s eih a t b cnrne a wl. codn t thi to According well. as confronted be to had Jewish as people rsn Jwy ol hrl cam ht t ufle te basic the fulfilled it that claim hardly could Jewry present Ararát plays”. Salamon Stern, “Ankét a magyar zsidóság leg magyarzsidóság a “Ankét Stern, Salamon plays”. 982 “spec some possessed that community real a still was Jewry 987 986 985 984 983 knowledgeabsolutely was Jews. all be for necessary “indubitably renders great service to Jewry, but th but Jewry, to service great renders “indubitably elite spiritual this with at leas felt community Jewish the of whether members content, and Jewish of capable elite an had Jewry whether inquired he concretely, worl would be widespreadcarrying of agai the thea idea divine, idea, religious of its of awareness when feet its under ground solid find only would “exte of arrangement correct the for precondition a was renewal cannot be expected from it, since its capacities ar capacities its since it, from expected be cannot simultaneously presents as the method of survival. survival. of method the as presents simultaneously that they are closer to the latter. Stern sees the the sees Stern latter. the to closer are they that “assimilation both from it distancing Orthodoxy, of (reprint: Budapest: Pesti Szalon, 1990). 1990). Szalon, Pesti Budapest: (reprint: crisis of the “Jewish possession of the Bible”.the of possession “Jewish the of crisis s a to crisis current the traced he Thus, it. without generation ma as task prime the defined Tábor Jewry, of state sorry the on opt elite distinguished amaking of capable content”“internal Theref universalism.” Jewish “current no was there and missing gone Ibid, p.87. György Kecskeméti maintains that the a the that maintains Kecskeméti György p.87. Ibid, p.88. Ibid, i világnézet” vagyzsidó “Szakzsidóság Tábor, Béla publish was work chief His (1907-1992). Tábor Béla p.15. Ibid., in életproblémája” “Azsidóság Anonymous, 14, .9 Hs lentv i te od f intern of road the is alternative His p.99. 1940, , In a strikingly similar formulation of the problem, Béla Tá Béla problem, the of formulation similar strikingly a In 985 In Tábor’s assessment, it was precisely the Jewish conte Jewish the precisely was it assessment, Tábor’s In

Ararát root of all problems in “the insufficient role reli role insufficient “the in problems all of root e limited. György Kecskeméti, “A zsidóség mai probl mai zsidóség “A Kecskeméti, György limited. e e solution of the great global or European Jewish p Jewish European or global great the of solution e Ibid, p.100. Salamon Stern aims at representing the representing at aims Stern Salamon p.100. Ibid, ist Jewry” and nationally based Zionists – though a though – Zionists based nationally and Jewry” ist fontosabb feladatairól. Tanulmány” in in Tanulmány” feladatairól. fontosabb n , 1943, p.12. p.12. 1943, , ttempt to create a Jewish national homeland in Pale in homeland national Jewish a create to ttempt 986 Ararát ed originally in 1939 under the title title the under 1939 in originally ed In his opinion, the Bible had turned into a into turned had Bible the opinion, his In al, spiritual renewal and purification, which he he which purification, and renewal spiritual al, 987 , 1943, p.82. p.82. 1943, ,

for it. Having stated these ideas theseHaving stated it. for articulating such a specifically specifically a such articulating eurmn o psesn an possessing of requirement ite of the fact that its in-depth its that fact the of ite ingle root cause, namely the the namely cause, root ingle cneto, n internal an conception, s nl existence”. rnal ig at psil fr a for possible faith king fc contents”. ific ore, in the Hungarian Hungarian the in ore, t passive solidarity passivet solidarity bor asked whether whether asked bor n. l msin the mission, dly Ararát A zsidóság két útja két zsidóság A 983

gion currently currently gion , 1941, p. 25. p. 1941, , nt that had that nt 984 982 roblems” roblems” 300 300 position position émái” in in émái” More Jewry dding dding stine

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people had no homeland. On the other hand, he explicated that the ult the that explicated he hand, other the On homeland. no had people people, were unable to see that developments would directlyl would developments that see to unable were people, ae h etrt o te eih epe mgae bt rather but emigrate, people Jewish the of entirety the make ooasl xlnto: te ore f l Jws tobe was trouble” Jewish all of source “the explanation: monocausal Bisseliches tribulations. horrible and strange undergo to had Jewry Wedged realization. practical its and idea an of victory the a former president of the the of president former a n te is pr o hs ril suh t ucvr t causes. its uncover to sought article his of part first the and t for point starting the constituted catastrophe ongoing still and The movement. the of branch Translyvanian the in actor by important another penned was one third the while Komoly, Ottó and Bisseliches Mózes te ny esn eig lal wa te iuto ws ie wa like was situation the what clearly seeing person only “the that declaring history, of view deterministic rather a offered c though single, a for only allowing blindness, with actors historical 990 989 988 performed.work te in desired be correlation direct in develop to only could these as much achievements remained there Jews, of of rise exclusion constant the consequent by proven already was idea Zionist the of e nature: transitional of was situation current the Bisseliches, founded in 1903, the largest Hungarian Zionist asso Zionist Hungarian largest the 1903, in founded approximately a thousand members. The main venue fo venue main The members. thousand a approximately the chief forum of Magyar Cionista Szövetség (Hunga Szövetség Cionista Magyar of forum the chief Ibid., p.18. Ibid., legfon zsidóság magyar “Ankét a Bisseliches, Mózes Hu early the of one was 1878, in born Bisseliches, Of the three most important Zionist articles, two were wri were two articles,Zionist important most three the Of 990 In other words, the current tragic transition was presentedas was transition currenttragic the words,In other

ayr insa Szövetség Cionista Magyar ciation of university students prior the First Worl First the prior students university of ciation rian Zionist Alliance). Alliance). Zionist rian ngarian Zionist leaders. He was president of of president was He leaders. Zionist ngarian tosabb feladatairól. Tanulmány” in in Tanulmány” feladatairól. tosabb r his publications was publications his r te ugra Zoit Alliance), Zionist Hungarian (the between these two points in time, time, in points two these between ead to catastrophe,” adding that that adding catastrophe,” to ead “Jews, supposedly such smart such supposedly “Jews, ven though the necessary truth truth necessary the though ven h aheeet f societal of achievement the 988 with the amount of practical practical of amount the with he reflections of Bisseliches Bisseliches of reflections he hl h cagd Jewish charged he While Zsidó Szemle Zsidó Tvdr Herzl”. Tivadar s h fc ta te Jewish the that fact the niSmts ad the and anti-Semitism imate aim was not to to not was aim imate tten by a current and current a by tten uil xeto, he exception, rucial provided a simple, simple, a provided Ararát unprecedented (started in 1909), 1909), in (started Ernő Marton, Marton, Ernő m o real of rms one betweenone , 1941, p.17. p.17. 1941, , d War with War d Makkabea 301 989 To , , CEU eTD Collection

pp. 473-490. 473-490. pp. Küzdelem az igazságért. Tanulmányok Randolph L. Bra L. Randolph Tanulmányok igazságért. az Küzdelem Kelet réy zió ásdlm é nmeéíéi kísérlet nemzetépítési és társadalom- zsidó Erdélyi See Szabolcs Szita, Szita, Szabolcs See Szövetség, 1942). Next to Rezső Kasztner, he was th was he Kasztner, Rezső to Next 1942). Szövetség, öjgzsiml knv aji Kml Ot naplój Ottó Komoly lapjai? könyv a följegyzéseimmel Moln Judit Mester. Miklós and Majsai Tamás Schmidt, embervásár, 1944-1945 embervásár, insa ltzmée. iélt pztv sd hi zsidó pozitív a Kisérlet életszemlélet. Cionista emancipation and assimilation but […] we have to solve it ourselves” it solve to have we […] but assimilation and emancipation ques Jewish the that true entirely it consider to have “we that economic position.economic people Jewish the of homelessness the to both this linked also He was president of the Hungarian Zionist Alliance fro Alliance Zionist Hungarian the of president was other peoples. r the of “normalization” consequent the and emigration through “balance” 991 crisi permanent the of history long the in one terrifying most the to contributor Zionist nat Jewish a of creation the to assimilation of possibility the situation.the misjudged clearly eyes his in who t all above quoted he too, role certain a played circumstances that 995 994 993 992 finally will we sacrifices bloody and suffering painful “through 996 included with five pieces of writing in the antholo the in writing of pieces five with included uaet tre it a al i 12. atn relea Marton 1920. in daily a into turned Budapest) Vázlat a magyarországi zsidóság település- történet település- zsidóság magyarországi a Vázlat Nvgtn Iette. h Jw o Klzvr (Cluj Kolozsvár of Jews The Transylvania Identities. broadly, „Navigating more and, Marton with dealing Österreichischen Akedemie der Wissenschaften, 2007) Wissenschaften, (eds.), der Akedemie Österreichischen Portmann Michael and Mueller Wolfgang Ernő Marton, “Utóirat az az “Utóirat Marton, Ernő Zionist the of leaders the of one was Marton Ernő p.18. Ibid, maiválság a zsidóság a “Mittanulhat Komoly, Ottó válság mai a zsidóság a tanulhat “Mit Komoly, Ottó p.19. Ibid., n ljKlzvrn n 98 wih e truh hel (through he which 1918, in Cluj/Kolozsváron in 991 tó ooy ae iial ctgrcl ttmns Fr insta For statements. categorical similarly made Komoly Ottó

k ey met emn - vlgt et mg mentő meg: menti világot a - megment embert egy Aki 996 (Budapest: Corvina, 2005). His diary was published was diary His 2005). Corvina, (Budapest: Marton sought to account for historical developments in simple ter simple in developments historical for account to sought Marton Ararát Ararát

was Ernő Marton, who maintained that the current chapter was was chapter current the that maintained who Marton, Ernő was ankétjához” in ankétjához” Ararát gy discussing the period in Transylvania. Attila Gi Attila Transylvania. in period the discussing gy aátdt természetrajzához vatástudat éhez serp vm etre zr Wende zur Weltkrieg vom Osteuropa e president of the Budapest Rescue Committee from 1 from Committee Rescue Budapest the of president e m 1940. He also published a book in 1942 with the t the with 1942 in book a published also He 1940. m ek sed a book with the title title the with book a sed movement in Transylvania. He started a journal titl journal a started He Transylvania. in movement , pp.39-54. ,pp.39-54. ból?” in ból?” ár wrote a study of it: Judit Molnár, “Vajon megtel “Vajon Molnár, Judit it: of study a wrote ár (skzrd: r Pit 20) A iprat stud important An 2008). Print, Pro (Csíkszereda: . ból?” in ból?” (94” n ázó asi n Jdt onr (szerk. Molnár Judit and Karsai László In (1944)” a ad h Hnain diitain 9014” in 1940-1944” Administration Hungarian the and ) (Kolozsvár: Fraternitas, 1941) around this time. H time. this around 1941) Fraternitas, (Kolozsvár: Jewry during the Second World War: Holly Case, Case, Holly War: World Second the during Jewry ham 80. születésnapjára 80. ham 993 , 1944, p.33. p.33. 1944, , p, among others, from people who were active in in active were who people from others, among p, Much like Bisseliches, Komoly connected Komoly Bisseliches, like Much Ararát Ararát , 1943, p.18. p.18. 1943, , , 1943, p.16. Ottó Komoly (1892-1945) (1892-1945) Komoly Ottó p.16. 1943, , oa homeland. ional already in 1983, thanks to Mária Mária to thanks 1983, in already tion did not disappear with with disappear not did tion s of the Jewish Diaspora. Jewish the of s come to accept the simple simple the accept to come iotá, aznr es, SS- Rezső, Kasztner bizottság, A magyar zsidóság családfája. családfája. zsidóság magyar A he responsibility of Jews Jews of responsibility he (Budapest: Magyar Cionista Cionista Magyar (Budapest: (Budapest: Mazsihisz, 2002), 2002), Mazsihisz, (Budapest: and their special social- special their and . 992 Though he noted he Though (Wien: Verlag der der Verlag (Wien: ltosi with elationship nce, he wrote wrote he nce, 994 h third The dó, dó, 302 ed ed Úton. Úton. nek-e nek-e 943. 943. ms: e is is e itle itle 995 Új Új ), ), y

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truth that Galut cannot be cured by Galut”. by cured be cannot Galut that truth 998 997 would lead self-redemption. to self hard, “purposeful, hand, other the On “peoplehood.” their of loss the be not could individuals of life the that meant this Marton, To like suddenness. collapse to meant were assimilation at attempts all to rely on self-help instead. At the same time, they had a line line a had they time, same the At instead. self-help relyon to acceptabl of possibility the denied that program national a forth Z Hungarian War, World Second the During them. of combination unique a with origina thoroughly with force political a constitute not did they words, Hungaria official of discourse legitimatory the with resonated their among was Jewry of structure social the in changes only was culture political anti-Semitic from even anti-Semitism, and Hungarian redemptive) it, called Friedlander Saul as or exi and separation this (by with imbued considered realistically they Jewish communities of agents themselves considered Zionists this of basis the On above. semi-liberal labeled have I which – Jews of position social-economic the of nature problematic the the to referred also them of two but patterns), Zionist standard i solve to need the and question Jewish the of existence the accept onl not that noteworthy is it arguments, Zionist schematic somewhat Ibid., pp.39-41. pp.39-41. Ibid., p.35. Ibid, vn huh ah f hs pee i rte seetpcl offer stereotypical, rather is pieces these of each though Even

998

997 From such historical lessons he concluded that concluded he lessons historical such From serious plans but it also curiously curiously also it but plans serious of what we could call unofficial unofficial call could we what of a house of cards, with tragic tragic with cards, of house a it can be argued that though though that argued be can it e compromises, and preferred and compromises, e time vicious and murderous, murderous, and vicious time lack of societal balance and balance societal of lack n anti-Semitism. In other other In anti-Semitism. n their independence from from independence their t (which also conforms to to conforms also (which t similarly to those texts texts those to similarly eaie Implementing relative. y did they discursively discursively they did y l ideas, but merely one one merely but ideas, l -sacrificing work” work” -sacrificing fo political from t ensured through ensured n bsc and basic ing ionists put ionists 303 CEU eTD Collection

oiia ies uig h Scn Wrd a, h pro o sharpes of period the War, World Second the during ideas political political platforms, I would prefer to offer a tentative rec tentative a offer to prefer would I platforms, political programs and the vision of alternative, corporatist order we find in in find we order corporatist alternative, of vision the and programs scene, most notably militant anti-Semitism, found no parallel in in parallel no found anti-Semitism, militant notably most scene, a with saying significant someIt other goes without platforms that otx. ny eald uue oprsn bten ugra Jewi Hungarian between comparisons future detailed Only context. Hun broader the within comparisons extra-Jewish relatively for materials unfortunately is corpus the though here, expressed ideas articles in plans and ideas their legitimate to aimed that policy foreign 999 admittedly and ironic counter-intuitive parallels. prop can Jews Hungarian against onslaught one-sided unprecedented (Budapest: Kossuth, 1983). 1983). Kossuth, (Budapest: yearbook f the revival, se religious in hope critiques, small: conservative compromise, in options political-ideological of diversity Hungarian ye these from (p unearthed but spectrum colorful, political only the not surprisingly) was War World Second the of years the in Jewi Hungarian of organ printed this to contributions of palette The An important in-depth study of the period is Gyula is period the of study in-depth important An Ararát Ararát In conclusion of this subchapter, instead of repeating a summary a repeating of instead subchapter, this of conclusion In

were mirrored in the public exchanges in the Hungarian national Hungarian the in exchanges public the in mirrored were , among others, illustrate.

Juhász, Juhász, Uralkodó eszmék Magyarországon, 1939-1944 Magyarországon, eszmék Uralkodó ontextualization of these positions. these of ontextualization in non-Zionist circles, as their as circles, non-Zionist in rok rpoue te all- the reproduces arbooks garian political-ideological political-ideological garian presence on the Hungarian onthe Hungarian presence Ararát, Ararát, sh intellectual subculture intellectual sh ormulation of nationalist of ormulation mi-liberal attempts at at attempts mi-liberal the Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian the ml, fe ample offer small, erly develop these these develop erly h n Hungarian and sh but other political political other but erhaps somewhat somewhat erhaps t divide and and divide t of the main main the of sphere. 304 999

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Ararát published in in published lessened, though societal and political ambitions remained crucial remained ambitions political and societal though lessened, p external such that 1860s the in only was It historians. cultural for basically – documents linguistic considered be now could which created, was crisis differed in markedly. si what, on ideas the thought crisis, of narrative a provides these a of historian sophisticated a by history Jewish of narrative followed fragments, and e by liberalsplit, and historical pro-reform narra the of exploration to turns chapter the of narra rest The attention. historical important centrally and well-articulated whose t return briefly will I narratives of spectrum the out map to su this in discussed be not S will and above presented been ofalready Kingdom the of reappearance the of vision historical Bakonyi’s T visions. historical larger into glimpses us allow nevertheless Thoug fragments. narrative as classified best are them of many historical developments. According to the periodization he offered on offeredhe periodization the to According developments. historical s the as literature Jewish Hungarian “consciousness-raising” and m pr narrative was to of his the purpose chief literary Arguably history. of explanation narrative coherent a on based were literature , until 1860 practically only works dealing with the questions of emanc of questions the with dealing works only practically 1860 until , Ararát. Ararát. ols pormai atce ta fruae hs gna for agenda his formulated that articles programmatic Komlós’ IV. The final section of this chapter is dedicated to historical narr historical to dedicated is chapter this of section final The

hs nraie apae i a ahr prdc n cnie form concise and sporadic rather a in appeared narratives These Fragments Historicalof Narratives ncient times. In some way each of of each way some In times. ncient o the ideas of Aladár Komlós, Komlós, Aladár of ideas the o h brief and often partial, they partial, often and brief h uperior synthesis of previous of synthesis uperior bchapter, although in order order in although bchapter, nce when and why exactly exactly why and when nce tives of decay and of inner of and decay of tives at least until 1868, if not if 1868, until least at nding with the ambivalent with nding he Zionist narrative and and narrative Zionist he odern Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian odern ie eis oe more some merits tive esent collectivist, topical collectivist, esent the history of poetry in in poetry of history the ressures on literature literature on ressures provided materials provided it tpe have Stephen aint atives that were were that atives ipation were ipation 305 Jewish and CEU eTD Collection

bearings. bearings. prejudices. and religion, but they certainly managed to become well-known and well-known become to managed certainly they but religion, and departed they as controversy of source the were art, of autonomy w humans” lonely and “sensitive these artists, pro-Western and into came generally more culture modern and traditional as time, n, s ebr o ti gnrto hrl ee cmoe pes w poems composed ever hardly generation this of members as end, later. hmevs rm rdtoa bns wih hy nesod o e otd i rooted be to understood they which bonds, traditional from themselves the Simultaneously, it. of because precisely but Hungarianness, critic to ready were they that emphasized Komlós self-evident. Hungaria own their 1890s, the in careers literary their started who t of members the For connection. Hungarian the strengthen to desire was oeuvre Kiss’ in which depiction, artistic occasional first their people. their people. fa own their with occupied be to had now artists works, art convincing i that and catastrophe, historical ongoing the of face the in halt one-side with compromise asymmetrical this that believed Komlós their of “fate the of conscious truly became ever hardly they Hungaria befalling catastrophe the of spite in that complained 1002 1001 1000 Ibid., pp.168-9. pp.168-9. Ibid., p.165. Ibid., magyarirodalomban” a költők “Zsidó Komlós, Aladár 1000 After emancipation, primarily through József Kiss, Jewish Jewish Kiss, József through primarily emancipation, After 1001 For Jewish literature more narrowly defined, this development development this defined, narrowly more literature Jewish For According to this narrative, Hungarian Jewish poetry split into two around t poetry two around Hungarian into Jewish According narrative, split this to

in in Ararát , 1942, p.163. p.163. 1942, , people.” As mentioned above, above, mentioned As people.” n Jewry in the postwar period period postwar the in Jewry n y would have liked to detach detach to liked have would y clearly accompanied by the the by accompanied clearly both from their community community their from both n order to create great and and great create to order n opposition. Modern, urban urban Modern, opposition. nness could already appear already could nness ho firmly believed in the the in believed firmly ho d commitments came to a to came commitments d ize not in spite of their their of spite in not ize private life received its received life private he generation after his his after generation he successful. te as well as that of that as well as te t epii Jewish explicit ith n questionable questionable n meant a dead- a meant 1002 Komlós 306 his CEU eTD Collection

based on unity and communal, collectivist art. He considered the modern the considered He art. collectivist communal, and unity on based people”. Komlós thus propagated the idea that collective fate ha fate collective that idea the propagated thus Komlós people”. hnmn it Western. into phenomena aac bten at n Ws ad hi “tral transitory “eternally their and West and East between balance the gradual and slow fading of the liberal spirit no longer enable longer no spirit liberal the of fading slow and gradual the tr Western and Eastern both when 1890, after declined that trend ofkind this was narrative,it his Accordingtradition. to Jewish ceremonie modernized create to managed it since unshakable seemed crea reforms sensible and timely These 1890. and 1830 between years of lifespan the for dominant become to managed reforms successful ty European Westernizing, achieve to struggles with began century and society. Komlós wanted to cure the negative consequences of these w these of consequences negative the cure to wanted Komlós society. and artis of secession the and fractions two into split the ideas: under the new circumstances, artists could relate to their fat their to relate could artists circumstances, new the under backw of even and reality from detachment of literature of autonomy ac and anachronistic, sub-systems or spheres the of separation variety of individual life trajectories. variety life of individual maintained that the significance of the local story was precis was story local the of significance the that maintained type regional as territories of Hungarian the characterized manner, contradictory number a discussed he article, this In singing. aia bek te olpe f h ae f rai pors. n Sz In progress. organic of age the of collapse the break: radical 1003 Bence Szabolcsi, “A magyarországi zsinagógai ének” zsinagógai magyarországi “A Szabolcsi, Bence ec Saoci ulse a td o te utrl egah of geography cultural the on study a published Szabolcsi Bence hs artv ciiu o hsoia dvlpet a bsd n tw on based was development historical of critique narrative This

1003 zbls’ hsoia nraie a bsd n h ie o a of idea the on based was narrative historical Szabolcsi’s in in Ararát , 1939, p.123. p.123. 1939, , ts, and the separation between art between separation the and ts, e only through “belonging to a a to “belonging through only e ely that it transformed Eastern Eastern transformed it that ely liturgy and, more broadly, this this broadly, liturgymore and, a whole with their supposed their with whole a cused the proponents of the the of proponents the cused d the worthy continuation of of continuation worthy the d d already overwhelmed the overwhelmed already d aditions began to falter and and falter to began aditions ntr, hl h also he while nature, ” bls’ ee, h 19 the eyes, abolcsi’s ad i a somewhat a in and, s two generations, in the the in generations, two s while continuing the continuing while s pe of reforms. Such Such reforms. of pe ardness. In his eyes, eyes, his In ardness. ted a synthesis that that synthesis a ted differentiation and differentiation ith a new synthesis new a ith synagogue synagogue 307 o main main o th

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nor hinder the decline of religion and the accompanying spread spread accompanying the and religion of decline the hinder nor neither could Jewry Neolog why was that thought He superficial. kind Neolog the of reformism moderate the perspective, this From ril witn n upr o te as o the of cause the of support in written article rhdx n urlgos dpne o te mlmnain f ra rel “real of implementation the on depended unreligious) and Orthodox oppos conceptual previous his from shifting here, non-Orthodox as defined successful Westernizing reforms. Westernizing successful was mainly responsible for the ensuing crisis. wasresponsible the ensuing mainly crisis. for reformis moderately Westernist, the that believed but tradition, secessionism modernist about complain he did nor entities, influential dec simultaneous the of rather much but split, a about talked neither unlike but 1890, around at crisis the of beginning the put liturgy Jewish 1007 1006 1005 1004 unreligious” strata. unreligious” strata. t and Orthodox” “completely the between up opened vacuum a consequence, the leaders of the Jewish community who were focused on their own ma own their on focused were who community Jewish the of leaders the weakne own its through not but Hungary in defeated was reformism influence its under come had masses huge and else” “everywhere reformist the that thought he While Hungary. in power attained ever the contested Naményi that implied This Isaiah). Association Ibid., p.141. Ibid., p.140. Ibid., Magyarorsz reformmozgalmak “Vallásos Naményi, Ernő p.124. Ibid., An even more decidedly pro-reformist narrative is found in Ernő Namén Ernő in found is narrative pro-reformist decidedly more even An In this story, the very survival of religious Jewry (which Namén (which Jewry religious of survival very the story, this In

1004 Much like Komlós, this brief narrative on the history of history the on narrative brief this Komlós, like Much ágon” in ágon” Ézsajás Ararát

Vallásos t tradition’s loss of dynamism dynamism of loss tradition’s t idea that religious reformism reformism religious that idea , 1941, p.140. 1941, , protect the unity of Jewry, Jewry, of unity the protect , he maintained that real real that maintained he , f materialism.of tradition was successful was tradition ss, but “exclusively by by “exclusively but ss,

a bt pril and partial both was ie f w similarly two of line Társaság leading away from from away leading Komlós, Szabolcsi Komlós, terial interests”. terial gos reform”. igious he “completely he to between ition yi implicitly implicitly yi (Religious 1006 308 s a As yi’s 1007 1005

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rsne te eih 19 Jewish the presented Hungarian historians was quickly broken.quickly was historians Hungarian emanc Jewish after historians Jewish of generation first the of comparing his narrative with Szabolcsi’s too. Since Szabolcs Since too. Szabolcsi’s with narrative his comparing relevanc the maintain not could Jewry Neolog that reformism serious t due namely was it version Naményi’s In explain. to attempt not did he which but 1890, around starting community and religion from secession the as diagnosed Komlós what of account an included also narrative His research “no longer employed Jews in the 20the in Jews employed longer “no research c to opportunities provided which places those that thorough so soon was 20the of years first the as early as historians” wer “attacks crucial though, assessment his In Acsády. Ignác and wor the in manifestationhighest and acquiredits 1867, in emancipation (non-Je too. of past the on write to began they sentiments”, of community but struggles, political their in means as primarily insights fi at knowledge historical with concerned Jews that explained He 1010 1009 1008 a decisive a of beginning the as century the of turn the identified teachers”. history as Jews appointed school secondary characterizedat suppressed disabled externally by and malevolently Nam of story reformist radically more the in while harmoniously, Ibid., 1941, p. 139.p. 1941, Ibid., pp.138-9. 1940, Ibid., művel zsidó történetírás magyar “A Grünwald, Fülöp 1008 suig Hnain ainl esetv ws opee aft completed was perspective national Hungarian a Assuming Fülöp Grünwald presented a history of Jewish historians in modern H modern in historians Jewish of history a presented Grünwald Fülöp

th etr a a eoh hn h rfr poes progressed process reform the when epoch an as century 1010 In this narrative of Jewish historians, Grünwald historians, Jewish of narrative this In th century and, what is more, out of principle no no principle of out more, is what and, century th ői” in ői” century. The exclusion of Jewish historians Jewish of exclusion The century. Ararát 1009 , 1940, pp. 135-6. 135-6. pp. 1940, , Thus, following the passing away passing the following Thus, i supported moderate reform, he reform, moderate supported i once 1848-49 created a “real “real a created 1848-49 once o the lack of sustained and and sustained of lack the o ipation, the line of Jewish Jewish of line the ipation, nti-Semitic wave, claiming wave, nti-Semitic e launched against Jewish against launched e ényi the same period was was period same the ényi tempts at reform. tempts e of religion. It is worth is It religion. of e rst wished to use their their use to wished rst ks of Henrik MarczaliofHenrik ks onduct professional onduct ih Hungarians wish) hnmnn of phenomenon r hi legal their er ungary. ungary. 309 quite CEU eTD Collection

but was the rational understanding of the possibility of a mutual a of possibility the of understanding rational the was but aac set f h ae f mniain a dcddy positive decidedly was emancipation of age the of sheet balance precious opportunity in his eyes that even some of its negative its of some even that eyes his in opportunity precious sooner or later. For Ballagi, emancipation was not a consequence consequence a not was emancipation Ballagi, For later. or sooner it that hopes the rekindled which liberty, of notions modern of spread not could emancipation Jewish conception, Inhis milestones. historical was story His view. of point liberal purely a from written the homeland”, the wor Jew the make to homeland, a and rights with Jews provide to wanted le nationa Hungarian modern the of in rooted solidly was but ideas freedom, religious the by underpinned solely not therefore was emancipation counter-se and services on agreement an constituted it words, other future national reintegration certain at all, calling future Jewish contri certain Jewish callingall, futurefuture national at reintegration di Grünwald exclusion, of tradition national stronger and long-term more l In exceptional. career later Angyal’s Dávid considered he – w thought, usuallywas than earlier much started exclusion that luihn o Jwy bt h ercmn o hmnt a well”. as humanity of enrichment the but Jewry, of flourishing nfcto o Jws cmimns o at ad ohrad I ti l this In motherland. and faith to commitments Jewish of unification accepted. freedom to “adaptation Jewish the essentially was assimilation 1014 1013 1012 1011 Ibid., p.34. Ibid., p.32. Ibid., emancipáció európai “A százötvenéves Ballagi, Ernő p.140. Ibid., 1014 Crucially, Ballagi wrote that “liberty itself did not sha not did itself “liberty that wrote Ballagi Crucially, Ernő Ballagi was alone in offering a text onthe emancipati period of Jewish offering a text aloneErnő was in Ballagi 1012 Ballagi explained. These simultaneous agendas also enabled the enabled also agendas simultaneous These explained. Ballagi

”, in ”, Ararát , 1942, pp. 33-4. 33-4. pp. 1942, , ine with this presentation of a a of presentation this with ine ay before the First World War War World First the before ay ”. As such, it provided such a a such provided it such, As ”. eidzd n em o legal of terms in periodized consequences could be easily easily be could consequences of legislator’s benevolence benevolence legislator’s of ybnfca xhne In exchange. beneficial ly : it “not only brought the the brought only “not it : butions “doubtful”.butions ke the leading strata of strata leading the ke rvices. The concept of of concept The rvices. 1013 s period would return would period s be separated from the the from separated be brl eso, the version, iberal alg believed Ballagi k in the service of of service the in k l program. “They “They program. l a eult and equality gal d not consider consider not d symbolic 310 1011 on

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gyöngyösi zsidók útja”, in útja”, zsidók gyöngyösi incorre is it generations, two past the of lifetime ideas in opposition to the anti-Semitic topoi of topoi anti-Semitic the to opposition in ideas of Jews. and “voluntary” the of due continued life national Jewish that stressed only the in maintained was life national education Jewish and Book the of sources material these replaced successfully commitment” H In country. the from departure forced the and state Jewish the manage community Jewish the of idea the Thus, horizon. temporal the t on while holding temporary, merelyface as had to it crises recurrent had already worked out. Parts of his Hungarian Jewi Hungarian his of Parts out. worked already had Jewish opponents. For instance, when writing on the on writingwhen instance, For opponents. Jewish and thus it only earnestand it 1930s. thus the late in in started dir stemmed elites, of loss the as all above saw others) among Jewry, only the threat of its loss”. its of threat the only Jewry, formulated in in formulated f whatnot did it that was short, all above narrative liberal In Ballagi’s discrimination. of onslaught the to conversions) of waves Jewish the from departures the connected directly he liberty, and 1016 unit”. single a lif religious own its lived and “felt Jewry where Yavne, in CE, 70 Je of birth the on reflected nominally times, ancient of historian narrative grand a of seeds the contains also which article focused 1018 1017 1015 Ibid., p.114. Ibid., “Javne”,in Hahn, István Jewish supported who author another was Sós Endre p.35. Ibid., 1018

Ararát at u nt es, hr i oe oal cs o a coal, the scholarly, a of case notable one is there least, not but Last 1017 Ever since, Jewry regularly recalled its ancient past and and past ancient its recalled regularly Jewry since, Ever . According to him, the current crisis, which he (similarly t (similarly he which crisis, current the him, to According . Ararát Ararát

, 1944, p.129. 1944, , , 1944, p.112. 1944, , 1015 Trying to clear the image of the age of legal equality legal of age the of image the clear to Trying

Verjudung ct to speak of the Jewish conquest of space”. Endre space”. of conquest Jewish the of speak to ct sh urban history were released in werereleased history urban sh history of Gyöngyös, he stated that “since 1880, d 1880, “since that stated he Gyöngyös, of history and conquest of space, pursuing a polemic with non with polemic a pursuing space, of conquest and national assimilation and defended the thesis that that thesis the defended and assimilation national 1016

ollow the usual chronology of crisis crisis of chronology usual the ollow power and under the impact of of impact the under and power ectly from the denial of rights, rights, of denial the from ectly wry “as understood today” in in today” understood “as wry ahn’s eyes, a Jewish “ethical “ethical Jewish a eyes, ahn’s e and peoplehood as part of of part as peoplehood and e community (he talked of talked (he community of history. István Hahn, Hahn, István history. of o ideas that transcended transcended that o ideas d to survive the fall of of fall the survive to d “noble” one-sidedness one-sidedness “noble” Ararát possible way. Hahn Hahn way. possible . Sós formulates his his formulates Sós . distinguished eitd the depicted o Komlós, o matically matically 311 uring the the uring Sós, “A “A Sós, it it - CEU eTD Collection

brief and partial evidence mostly on key aspects of modern Hungar modern of aspects key on mostly evidence partial and brief y hs lsos ti nvrhls cery mle ta he that implies clearly nevertheless this lessons, these by Westernization and tradition in the 19the in tradition and Westernization that equilibrium dynamic of disappearance the (Naményi), century something that continued to exist for many centuries, but came to a to came but centuries, many for exist to continued that something present Hahn that in appear would recalled it Although he past”. millennia “irreparable the turned and widely more much spread by cherished evidently (so liberty of notions modern when Enlightenment, serious religious reform which led to the decline of Jewish reli Jewish of decline the to led which reform religious serious (Komlós) life of spheres of separation the and mode traditions a communal of rise the of crisis: of sort some identified Ballagi, libera purely the of exception the with authors, t most as summarize, well as crisis current the of assessment their to links posi political the and them development between correlations main significant the on perspectives of plurality the show only not relevant traditions could potentiallyrelevant be revived. traditions Jewish the with on lived that something as rather but gone, something did he Although it. from lessons” “appropriate draw and millennia rememb can future the and present the of generations the that In ar conclusions ofambivalent. was his what more the he ultimately suggested codn t hm te ogtig f h bo ad h lw satd wit started laws the and book the of forgetting the him, to According Though the narratives of Jewish history analyzed here provide us onl us provide here analyzed history Jewish of narratives the Though th century (Szabolcsi), the rise of anti-Semitic exclusion anti-Semitic of rise the century(Szabolcsi), tions of their authors and strong strong and authors their of tions er this tradition from nearly two two nearly from tradition this er did not think of the past as as past the of think not did er oe fr h ftr. To future. the for hopes heir giosity by the end of the 19the of end the by giosity rn elite disconnected from from disconnected elite rn ed Jewish national life as as life national Jewish ed not specify what he meant meant he what specify not emerged between liberal liberal between emerged halt in the 18the in halt ian Jewish history, they they history, Jewish ian l version advocated by by advocated version l , the suppression of of suppression the , i suy no an into study his Ballagi) started to to started Ballagi) , u as reveal also but s, people and whose whose and people ticle, he stated ticle, he stated th century, 312 y with with y h the the h th

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rcs. rnad rud gis ufudd oe i Hnain nationa Hungarian in hopes unfounded against argued Grünwald process. the constituting them for accounting and remembering his – revived be but perhaps colle but ofeclipse the temporary Jewish only of the primacy by the early 20 early the by narratives closely reflected their existential concerns in the year concerns the in narratives theirclosely existential reflected in analyzed authors other all For past. the discussing when country spe one only the be to seemed He balanced. and harmonious less much contours of the age that followed the passing of the 19the of passing the followed that age the of contours He agenda. future-oriented present-day, a of terms in counterpart not did behind) left was and dynamism its lost that age laudable s (his crisis of sense Szabolcsi’s Only it. for hope to reason wi should Jewry all was return their that tim claimed assimilation, the of image pure the protect to wanted who Ballagi, while religious reform, Hahn suggested that long-term Jewish historical Jewish long-term that suggested Hahn reform, religious propagat Naményi art, collectivist communal, and unity Jewish new a wanted Komlós solution: the on views their to connected closely

These historical narratives and interpretations of the present present the of interpretations and narratives historical These th century (Grünwald), the advent of modernity and the seemingly ultimat seemingly the and modernity of advent the (Grünwald), century th century, except that it was a period period a was it that except century, tory centering on the vision of a of vision the on centering tory s of the Second World War. World the Second of s sh for – and that there was was there that and – for sh traditions could potentially potentially could traditions this subchapter, historical historical subchapter, this did not elaborate on the the on elaborate not did have a relatively obvious obvious relatively a have d oe comprehensive more ed es of emancipation and and emancipation of es ctive (Hahn). ctive (Hahn). synthesis based on based synthesis is sae f this of stage first aking of a foreign foreign a of aking reintegration, l rss were crisis 313 e, e, CEU eTD Collection

MT yearbooks IMIT policies were already being implemented against European against implemented being already were policies y final the including catastrophe, and assimilation between period Libanon, Libanon, Second World War. Thus, they allow us a unique vantage point to explore Jewish ideas i Jewish explore vantage to unique point a us they allow War. Thus, Second World in long released be to continued three all as 1944 of Holocaust Hungarian Horthy the secondof halfthe in discourses intellectual and scholarly Hungari sample of Jewish organsa representative (1939-1944). provide three These eain, utr, oiis n history. and politics culture, relations, dis the of analyses offered chapters these contents, main their publ three these of characteristics general the discussing three individual authors, and discuss potentially fruitful future direct future fruitful potentially discuss and authors, individual three betwe relations the on reflections further some offer chapters, discussions of political options and submissions to submissions and options political of discussions different kinds of materials: materials: of kinds different 1019 consideration. the in transformed discourses these how show to tried I and narratives, spec historicit on stances the various as well as values, platforms ideological defining of assertions and culture Jewish of models and internal of conceiving of ways options, identity Jewish Hungarian with more contemporary focuses and often with a hig a with often and focuses contemporary more with When comparing the contents of these organs at the at organs these of contents the comparing When while Ararát yearbooks Ararát h rvos i catr wr ae o dtie eprcl c empirical detailed on based were chapters six previous The hs cnldn pgs umrz te an idns f hs empir these of findings main the summarize pages concluding These 12-93, h journal the (1929-1943), IMIT yearbooks yearbooks IMIT

mainly published literary contributions, alongsid contributions, literary published mainly Conclusions Conclusions specialized primarily in longer scholarly articles, scholarly longer in primarily specialized 1019 writingcontests. y i ws o rsn a une pcue of picture nuanced a present to was aim My Libanon her level of sophistication represented the mainstr the represented sophistication of level her most general level, it becomes clear that each pub each that clear becomes it level, general most 13-93 ad the and (1936-1943)

ications and providing overviews of of overviews providing and ications y and formulations of historical of formulations and y Jews outside Hungary. Next to Next Hungary. outside Jews n hm n h eape of example the on them en ore o Jws identity, Jewish on courses as hn extermination when ears era until right before the beforerightthe until era e brief historical narratives, narratives, historical brief e ions of inquiry. I have have I inquiry. of ions dramatic years under under years dramatic rm f political- of trum to the years of the of years the to xenl relations, external rrt yearbooks Ararát vrg o the of overage shorter articles articles shorter an Jewish an Jewish 314 eam in in eam lished lished n the n the ical ical CEU eTD Collection

udmna vle, h rlvne n maig f itrct) address historicity) of homog appearedandcommunity as instances unitary which always these nearly in meaning and relevance the values, fundamental huma as (such themes universal notionally of discussions while dominant) formulations w of dualtended identity forms various stress (since heterogeneous to discours Jewish twist: special a with but discourses, scholarly als was topics universal and particular/national between division indicates which Jewry, of subject the on only practically focused Chapte of course the in explored all historicity of role the over fundamenta about made claims otherwise, or Biblical/literary dual identity, did not assign any significant role to Jewishness. dual Jewishness. identity, assign not did role to any significant contrary which, too statements nationalist Hungarian multiple included peln ad nelculy ovnig Te coal articles scholarly The convincing. intellectually and norma appealing its present and tradition patriotic the revive to attempts chap This identity. dual of reality the of assessment critical the among one only the conflictual, to option) Jewish markedly least denominational-na from ranging scale a on points as seen be might conflic internally and dual formally Jewish, primarily mixed, identity, dual of versions different very contained yearbooks these Chap Jews. Hungarian on studies previous in done been has than options the art identity Jewish of forms other and dual of discourses approached MT yearbooksIMIT hs fnig cn e eae t te plgtc icus o contrib on discourse apologetic the to related be can findings These ih h abto t pit mr dfeetae pcue f ide of picture differentiated more a paint to ambition the with tual versions. I argued that they they that argued I versions. tual l values as well as the contest contest the as well as values l e as dle it various into delved also ter s n oa/ainl matters local/national on es I. h dsuso here discussion The IV. r which I labeled combined, combined, labeledI which tive core as emotionally emotionally as core tive tional (i.e. combined, the the combined, (i.e. tional n the in ht h src thematic strict the that o observable in Jewish Jewish in observable o iculated on the pages of pages the on iculated e pin t ofr a offer to options se ter III showed that that showed III ter o omltos of formulations to MT yearbooksIMIT n development, development, n d h Jewish the ed eneous. eneous. ere clearly ere 315 utions, ntity ntity

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between ideological reformism and restrictive between traditionalism. reformism ideological sam the At content. cultural of terms in negotiable and belonging incl concept, national Hungarian pluralistic a was preferred propagated the notion that the fate of the Jewish community wa community Jewish the of fate the that notion the propagated of balancing: as a reconciliation of scholarship and faith that that faith and scholarship of reconciliation a as balancing: of its see to preferred discourse scholarly This cooperation. this a contribute, and cooperate to desire Jewish the of appreciation ot the on and, pride Jewish of expressions internal) least (at of Jewis existing of acceptance and recognition common the on hand, one the coexist future envisioned they way The features. essential even Je that coreand a had tradition Jewish the that implied writings scholarship in general terms, Chapter VI, dealing with the journal the with dealing VI, Chapter terms, general in scholarship overlaps between the two groups of authors, groups of theoverlaps two between Notwithst culture. of models various between comparison tuned finely eiiu sii ws nqe n rmie lrey efecoe but self-enclosed largely remained and unique was spirit religious J the that maintained formulations Other agendas. research defining indi of consciousness the in relevance particular have should this that interactions of relevance the (stressing key interculturalist integra - assimilationist or liberal national a in contributions of plurality striking a revealed texts their of analysis The youngerbor generationwho of were scholars morea somewhat up-to-date and While this holds true about the mainstream forum of Jewish Hungaria Jewish of forum mainstream the about true holds this While To risk a generalization, what Jewish Hungarian Jewish scholars norm scholars Jewish Hungarian Jewish what generalization, a risk To Libanon was largely defined, even dominated by even was defined, largely and exchanges), while other texts other while exchanges), and foundational ideas. There were were There ideas. foundational usive in terms of the criteria of of criteria the of terms in usive tionist as well as in a multi- or multi- a in as well as tionist own agenda as rooted in the act the in rooted as agenda own wish people shared important, important, shared people wish ence was therefore based, on on based, therefore was ence nd on the mutual benefits of of benefits mutual the on nd her hand, on the widespread the on hand, her s clearly distinguishable and and distinguishable clearly s ersne te ide way middle the represented Libanon ewish philosophical and philosophical ewish e time, many of their their of many time, e lo a universal had also vidual Jews and in in and Jews vidual anding significant significant anding h specificities and specificities h , offered a more more a offered , n around 1890. n around 1890. n Jewish Jewish n 316 atively atively CEU eTD Collection

propagate Zionist ideas.Zionist propagate rvd ht nx t nvl tne twrs rhdx es ht ee m were that Jews Orthodox towards stances novel to next that, proved Libanon practically alone among the contributors to the the to contributors the among alone practically Ararát yearbooks, Ararát ilgcl engagements, dialogical simultaneously attempted to contest the troubling exclusionism of contest exclusionism to thesimultaneously troubling attempted had a less clearly defined format and also underwent a change of change a underwent also and format defined clearly less a had i which general, in transformed strongly more was it that showed of content changing the of study the hand, other the On 1930s. late the r even or about articles of absence novel a with together Jews, German culture. Germanculture. tren cultural and intellectual up-to-date more some a for called some least, not but Last relevance. 1020 xlso o Hnain es ruh a la oeig n oh the both in opening clear a brought Jews Hungarian of exclusion discrimina legal of years the all, Above results. notable equally in in conflictual, served as the chief editor of one of the few new initi new few the of one of editor chief the as served conflictual, other countries fighting on the Axis side. the Axis other countries on fighting w p of extent and nature explicit the Judeocide, organs ongoing the on reported both Crucially, times. their of nature unprecedented the analogies historical changing the explored worked, consciousness ht opiae te oprsn f hs ogn fu organs these of comparison the complicates What IMIT ’s . Both adopted a platform that tried to incorporate diverse Jewis diverse incorporate to tried that platform a adopted Both .

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belonging and the decline of emphatically communal art, of harmoni of art, communal emphatically of decline the and belonging practical level, however, this lesson is indubitably connected indubitably is lesson this however, level, practical Comparing the fragments of historical narratives printed in the in printed narratives historical of fragments the Comparing mobiliz t revivalist religious the and least, not but last and, awaken consciousness; to trying agenda Zionist the order; a harmonious of model corporatist the consciousness; Jewish of forms stronger) with combined assimilation artificial and rapid too as saw it c the moder aims; declared its of to some preserving while discrimination elite national Hungarian the with compromise a at aimed or of Jewish national life, for which emancipation itself was responsible. was nationalitself life,or for of responsible. Jewish which emancipation t of exclusion, societal term longer and anti-Semitism (early) ies wy. hy aiul peetd h cii a ta of that as crisis the presented variously They ways. diverse f were it of out way the was what and there got Jewry Hungarian the what crisis, of narratives were them of most while that out historical narratives offered in this yearbook this historical in narratives offered series. compar and analyze to was VII Chapter of aim the detail, some Besides own. his of agenda contested but well-developed a offering diverse for platform a provided that volumes publish to tried Komlós was to explore crucial discursive formations in various contexts contexts various in formations discursive crucial explore to was inevitably are findings and perspectives scholarly since ideal clai the for support as seenbe might this level, theoretical My research questions inevitably impacted the findings about authors about findings the impacted inevitably questions research My I have uncovered five political platforms in in platforms political five uncovered have I m that objectivity is an unreachable an is objectivity that m he withdrawal of emancipation, emancipation, of withdrawal he to the approach I used: my aim aim my used: I approach the to hat hoped for spiritual rebirth. rebirth. spiritual for hoped hat a call for more balanced (i.e. (i.e. balanced more for call a Ararát Jewish religiosity, of Jewish Jewish of religiosity, Jewish onservative critique of what of critique onservative Ararát rss osse o, how of, consisted crisis intertwined. On a more more a On intertwined. pltcl ltom and platforms political e instead of, for instance, instance, for of, instead ruae i strikingly in ormulated te eiiea offer semiliberal the : exploring his ideas in in ideas his exploring ous Westernization, of Westernization, ous Jewish voices while voices Jewish

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justify a shift in proportion in favor of Jewish identity and, ultim and, identity Jewish of favor in proportion in shift a justify different utterances to each other. different each other. to utterances a this of examples three provide me Let them. situated I which depende heavily texts authors’ of positioning and understanding my that f towering of thought unitary supposedly the clarify to aiming him to articulate a rejection of dual attachments. attachments. dual of rejection a articulate to him t of sense his that seems rather it but Jewishness, 1021 option articulated in the the in articulated option threethese in discourses of clusters the to relation analyzed in specific relevance for Jews. In the the In Jews. for relevance specific of nature distinguishable the stressed who particularist, Jewish on in culture of insisted models other to compared heWhen nature. conflictual contributors, the among uniquely since, scale identity articulated support was never coupled with an explicit rejection an ofarticulated with explicit dual ide never coupled was support cultur collectivist) and (particularist Jewish emphatically serv Jews assimilated of sickness supposed the of vocabulary a words, other In collectivism. Jewish of version up-to-date new, troubling, above all, because it led to Jewish self-hatred. This This self-hatred. Jewish to led it because all, above troubling, percept the on based were ideas whose particularist Jewish p nuanced a offer they together and other, each to related evidently These art. in synthesis collectivist new a of agenda the for t in a misfortunate break of based vision onhis of the historical narratives, neetnl, ols eerd o h “oc o ci of “force the to referred Komlós Interestingly, o eape te et o Aaá Kmó apae i dfeet l different in appeared Komlós Aladár of texts the example, For IMIT yearbooksIMIT

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primacy of Jewishness. When his articles were interpreted a interpreted were articles his When Jewishness. of primacy process of mutual influences and exchanges between Jews and others and Jews between exchanges and influences mutual of process agl ucagn fr o) olcie eoy Acrigy he Accordingly, memory. collective of) form unchanging largely light in unimportance relative its of speak to seemed he Jews, rele the of issue the to relation in evaluated were writings differ rather produced Turóczi-Trostler József of thought complex strong rather way. rigid and Jew depict him made memory collective of that notion, key his mode, amalgamation of process uncompletable) even (perhaps uncompleted ex to wanted he While disparate. rather were it approach to used th and study historical of subject the that imply results two he that times modern in Jews of transformation the in interested wor contemporary the study to useful heuristically was culture otiuin t the to contributions Fény not). or coherent judged be can outcome the (whether together bringin of possibilities to point and perspective of relevance my discussion of the diverse assessments of the age, Fényes age, the of assessments diverse the of discussion my a Hungary) case his (in loyalty political of object relevant conscious Jewish of object the of separation the present to managed fundamental a as behavior ethical discussed he Accordingly, options. pat the for opted Fényes loyalty, of value the Emphasizing Depending on which segment of it was highlighted, the exploration of of exploration the highlighted, was it of segment which on Depending Let me take the texts of Mór Fényes as my third and last e last and third my as Fényes Mór of texts the take me Let MT yearbooks IMIT which I have returned to in several chapters. chapters. several in to returned have I which s entirely normal. As I argued in in argued I As normal. entirely s vance of historical changes for for changes historical of vance in fact went furthest in trying to to trying in furthest went fact in riotic among the seven identity identity seven the among riotic ky ocp Turóczi-Trostler concept key e s reflections on what model of model what on reflections s g the ideas of single authors authors single of ideas the g of the decisive nature of (a (a of nature decisive the of ld, it appeared that he was was he that appeared it ld, plore the ongoing, though though ongoing, the plore nesod s at f a of part as understood es made four important important four made es mlcty setd the asserted implicitly . Taken together, these these together, Taken . n rsls We his When results. ent ish distinctiveness in a in distinctiveness ish es Jwy ad the and (Jewry) ness n n interculturalist an in eih au, and value, Jewish xample to show the show to xample 320 the CEU eTD Collection

aroim n lyly hl i patc h cmie a Jewi a combined he practice in while loyalty and patriotism u hgl iprat td uig nte apoc t tee ras woul organs these to approach another using study important highly but others expressed individually captivating ideas that weakenedothers p expressed each other’s individually that captivating ideas th articulated some interpretations, holistic more strong, offer s sources, primary my of pages the On choices. discursive individual differ in these combined they but question, each on options discursive f choose could authors that notion the support examples These tracks). history towards stance utopian and choice political loyalist and cas (the peculiar somewhat or concept) key and subject central w Turóczi-Trostler of case (the strained directions), similar historica and culture of model option, identity where Komlós, of case unproblemat relatively be might topics various to contributions social historical characteristics of the contributors. I have i have I contributors. the of characteristics historical social itrcl xsec. n u, éys nraie osdrtos le considerations normative Fényes’ sum, In existence. overcoming historical at aimed attitude activist an implied mission Jewish histor of question the on stance utopian a took he time, same the At Hungarian in it embedding through regime Horthy the legitimate Jewish mission directly that Jewish an towards attitude activist implied approa bel with regime) Horthy the also thereby (and 1919 of counterrevolution would hereby like to point to some potentially fruitful lines of f of lines fruitful potentially some to point to like hereby would gr of lot a is there work this in presented overview the of spite These three examples of single authors show that the relation be relation the that show authors single of examples three These at u nt es, eln wt a eaiey nxlrd topic unexplored relatively a with dealing least, not but Last dentified most of the individuals individuals the of most dentified eir parallel convictions, while while convictions, parallel eir ound still to be covered, and I and covered, be to still ound ith the discrepancy between between discrepancy the ith urther inquiry. A still missing still A inquiry. urther ic and reconcilable (as in the in (as reconcilable and ic e of Fényes where his realist his where Fényes of e h a o lgtmtn the legitimating of way sh emd o u i parallel in run to seemed Jewish political traditions. political Jewish ome authors managed to managed authors ome the current mode of of mode current the y: he declared that the that declared he y: ching utopia. ching utopia. hm o propagate to him d l narrative pointed in in pointed narrative l ent ways in their their in ways ent rom a number of of number a rom ief in a universal universal a in ief d be to trace the the trace to be d ersuasive power. ersuasive power. en ta in that means tween their their tween 321 CEU eTD Collection

promise to yield interesting results since, as I mentioned earl mentioned I as since, results interesting yield to promise chara similar possessed who Jews Hungarian other with patterns period fascinating constitute furtherresearch. for topics those born around 1890 who were largely responsible for responsible largely were who 1890 around born those in Guttmann Mihály and 1871 in Heller Bernát 1866, in Kohlbach Bertalan 1866, took towards the communist dictatorship in particular) and their rec their and particular) in dictatorship communist the towards took political their paths, career of changes postwar a Their well groups. as Jewish mostly Jewish, in period postwar the in roles continued group third and second the of members Many Scheiber). Sándor Ke Imre Benoschofsky, (Imre onwards 1930s the from impact an make to younger Zsoldos started after 1896) 1900 whobut in 1891, Jenő and were scholars thoseborn new findings in this vein. More fruitful results can potentially b potentially can results fruitful More vein. this in findings new discours elite scholarly the for representative be to meant is the though publications, Jewish Hungarian Jewish other of explorations the the molded who 1870 around born those cohorts: age three least at into divided Hungarian Jewish scholarly elite groups were formed. Comparisons Comparisons formed. were groups elite scholarly Jewish Hungarian group ofacc this thereby anthe and social develop historical determinants e would This ventures. such in engaged got never but humanities) in degree ke their as well as backgrounds geographical and family, social, i remains What them. of one just than more in active were who those regularmost the listed initiatives, these in participatedwho IMIT yearbooksIMIT Another way to add to the findings of this study would be to relate t relate to be would study this of findings the to add to way Another in particular (to take some relevant examples: Mór Fényes Mór examples: relevant some take (to particular in contributors to each and specified specified eachand to contributors Libanon e and I would not expect major major expect not would I and e ier, the contributors could to be to could contributors the ier, tiue (h pstos they positions (the attitudes e derived from comparisons from derived e y life choices and career career and choices life y trsis satn wt a with (starting cteristics nnJws intellectual non-Jewish s (József M. Grózinger in in Grózinger M. (József ollection of the pre-1944 the of ollection across generations also also generations across selection made here here made selection ount of how Jewish of how Jewish ount s to compare their their compare to s to play important important play to nable us to probe to us nable szi, István Hahn, Hahn, István szi, was born in in born was contents of contents 322 hem to hem 1872), CEU eTD Collection

peculiarities. Another relevant path of inquiry would be to avoid tre avoid to be would inquiry of path relevant Another peculiarities. ewe Jws shlr i dfeet onre. n uh n undertakin an such In countries. different in scholars Jewish between isolation and instead compare Jewish with non-Jewish Hungarian sourc Hungarian non-Jewish with Jewish compare instead and isolation opportunities foropportunities research. additional rela personal and integration of spheres of exploration the including therefore, and yet vein this in done been has little Precious itrcl artvs n uh lre fae ol as ie m a give also would frame larger a such in narratives p historical models, cultural relations, external and internal options, identity varieties the Embedding Holocaust. the to prior just period key Je of study the transnationalizing towards step further obvious mak German) in actively published also authors Jewish Hungarian res largely bilingualism one-sided the (which reception local and nature the and parallels previous bases, source different the given wa the of study comparative a though Even prioritized. be to ought might well constitute a fruitful beginning of such of beginning fruitful a constitute well might 1022 Based on the findings of this dissertation, ironic dissertation, this of findings the on Based

future comparisons. comparisons. future ally, the political platforms and proposals of the of proposals and platforms political the ally, establishing relevant connections, connections, relevant establishing wish intellectual history in this this in history intellectual wish of Jewish Hungarian Jewish Jewish Hungarian Jewish of r acrt sneo their of sense accurate ore of intellectual influences influences intellectual of r years would be difficult difficult be would years r tions, also provide ample provide also tions, ating Jewish materials in in materials Jewish ating tricts, though numerous numerous though tricts, ti cmaio an comparison this e olitical platform and and platform olitical es more earnestly.more es g German materials materials German g war years years war 323 1022

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Évkönyv Ararát: Ararát: Magyar évkönyv zsidó Libanon Primary Sources Aly, Götz and Gerlach, Christian.Gerlach, and Götz Aly,

Ablonczy, Balázs.Ablonczy, SourcesSecondary

Berger, Stefan and Lorenz, Chris (eds.). Chris Lorenz, Berger, and Stefan shem Steven. Aschheim, (eds.). Péter Apor, and Balázs Trencsényi, Sorin, Antohi, Bauer, Yehuda. naóz, ée e al. et Péter Antalóczy, Bacher, Vilmos. Beller, Steven. Steven. Beller, Avineri, Shlomo. Shlomo. Avineri, Ball, Terence and Bellamy, Richard (eds.). (eds.). Richard Bellamy, and Terence Ball, New York: Basic Books, 1981. NewBasicBooks, York: Political Thought. Thought. Political CrisesOther and Socialism National Gender in National HistoriesGender National in University 1989. Press, Eastern Europe post-Communist in Studies Jogtörténeti Tanszéke, 2004. Jogtörténeti Tanszéke, 2004. Stuttgart: DVA, 2004. Stuttgart: DVA, 2004. Boulder: East European Monographs, Budapest: Institute ofInstitute HabsburgBoulder:Monographs, Hist Budapest: East European York University Press, 1996. York University Press, 1996. . 1936-1943. issue. Each . Izraelita Magyar TársulatIrodalmi Magyar Izraelita Vienna and the Jews, 1867-1938. A Cultural History Cultural A 1867-1938. Jews, the and Vienna The Death of the Shtetl of The Death Szentírás és zsidó tudomány ésSzentírás zsidó

Making of Modern Zionism. The Intellectual Origins of the Jewi the of Origins Intellectual The Zionism. Modern of Making Pál Teleki (1879-1941): the Life of a Controversial Hungarian Politici Hungarian Controversial a of Life the (1879-1941): Teleki Pál utr ad aatoh: emn n Jws Cnrnain with Confrontations Jewish and German Catastrophe: and Culture eeeei egyházjogFelekezeti Cambridge: University 2003. Cambridge Press, . 1939-1944. Each yearbook. Each. 1939-1944. Das letzte Kapitel. Der Mord an den ungarischen Judenungarischen den an Mord Der Kapitel. letzte Das . New York: Palgrave Macmillan,. New 2008. York: Palgrave Bibliography Bibliography . New Yale 2009. Haven: University Press, The Contested Nation: Ethnicity, Class, Religion and Religion Class, Ethnicity, The Contested Nation: . Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 1998. és Jövő, Múlt . Budapest: . 1929-1943.yearbook. Each . London and New York: Macmillan and New New and Macmillan York: New and London . . Budapest: ELTE ÁJK Egyetemes Állam- és és Állam- Egyetemes ÁJK ELTE Budapest: . The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Twentieth-Century of History Cambridge The

. Budapest: CEU Press,. Budapest: 2007. artvs non: Historical Unbound: Narratives . Cambridge: Cambridge Cambridge Cambridge: . ory, 2006. sh State sh 324 an . . . . CEU eTD Collection

etni Iá J. Fsst dkaúa ay krstn tá keresztény a vagy diktatúra “Fasiszta Jr. Iván Bertényi, imn, se D. Asher Biemann, iai Péter. Bihari,

Bojtár, Endre. Endre. Bojtár, Bódy, Zsombor and Ö. Kovács, József (eds.). József Kovács, Ö. and Zsombor Bódy, Pierre.Birnbaum, Cole, Tim. Tim. Cole, Bohlman, Philip Vilas. Bohlman, Philip Blau, Lajos.Blau, amlyWibre, oh (ed.). Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger, rhm Rnop L. Randolph Braham, Cohen, Jeremy and Cohen, Richard I. (eds.). (eds.). I. Richard Cohen, and Jeremy Cohen, Boyer, John W. W. John Boyer, ae Holly. Case, Brenner, Michael. Michael. Brenner, Brenner, Michael. Michael. Brenner, Judaism Reassessing an Idea című könyvecímű alapján” in Mihelics előtt II. Salazar rendszerének világháború a megítélése első világháború Magyarországánelső világháború Osiris, 2006. Osiris, európai irodalmakban Centennial VolumeCentennial Stanford 2008. UP, Böhlau Verlag, 2009. Böhlau Verlag, 2009. World WarWorldII Columbia University 1981. Columbia Press, 20. Jahrhundert Yale University Press, 1996. Holocaust City. Ghetto The Making a Jewish of Zsidók és világkultúraZsidók Between States: the Transylvanian Question and the European Idea during during Idea European the and Question Transylvanian the States: Between öézro a áosábn Kzpstl, sdkré, antiszemitizm zsidókérdés, Középosztály, hátországban. a Lövészárkok “Hazát és népet álmodánk...” Felvilágosodás és romantika a közép- és közép- a romantika és Felvilágosodás álmodánk...” népet és “Hazát . Stanford: Stanford UP, 2009. UP, . Stanford: Stanford Geography of Hope. Exile, the Enlightenment, Disassimil Enlightenment, the Exile, Hope. of Geography al Lueger Karl Propheten des Vergangenen. Jüdische Geschichtsschreibung im 19. und 19. im Geschichtsschreibung Jüdische Vergangenen. des Propheten h Rnisne f eih utr i Wia Germany Weimar in Culture Jewish of Renaissance The . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2009. California: Stanford University. Stanford, Press, netn Nw einns O te da f easac i Modern in Renaissance of Idea the On Beginnings: New Inventing The Politics of Genocide – The Holocaust in Hungary. Hungary. in Holocaust The – Genocide of Politics The Jewish Music and Modernity . München: C.H. Beck, C.H. . München: 2006. . New York: Sepher-Hermon Press, 1986. York: 1986. . New Sepher-Hermon Press, . London: Littman, London: 2007. . . Szekszárd: Typotex, 2008. . Szekszárd:

Protestáns 14-90. hitihoil Pltk l Beruf als Politik Christlichsoziale (1844-1910). . Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 1999. és Jövő, . Budapest: Múlt

h Rbiia Smnr o Bdps, 8717: a 1877-1977: Budapest, of Seminary Rabbinical The . Budapest: Napvilág Kiadó, 2008.

Szemle Bevezetés a társadalomtörténetbea Bevezetés h Jws Cnrbto t Civilization. to Contribution Jewish The , 2000/4. , 2000/4. . Oxford: Oxford University Oxford . Oxford: Press, 2008. . New Routledge, York: 2003. sdli aíá megvalósulása? tanítás rsadalmi Vid: Az új Az Vid: Portugália ation . New Haven: Haven: New . New York: York: New . Budapest: Budapest: . . Stanford. . Vienna: . 325 kelet- s az us CEU eTD Collection

rn, Tibor. Frank, Frank, Tibor (ed.). (ed.). Tibor Frank, Katalin. Fenyves, Ferencz, Győző. Felkai, László. Felkai, zc, áo, oss Aak ad óh Ápd (eds.). Árpád Tóth, and Aranka Kocsis, Gábor, Czoch, Congdon, Lee. Congdon, Diehl, Fejtő, Ferenc. Don, Yehuda. Yehuda. Don, Csáky, Móritz. Móritz. Csáky, Dénes, Iván Zoltán.Iván Dénes, aks Klaudia. Farkas, R.J.W. Evans, ek István.Deák, en Martin. Dean,

században: tanulmányokszázadban: Fremdbestimmung Germany the United to States Argumentum, 2006. Gimnázium, 1992.Gimnázium, Corvina, 2010. 1994/95 of Empiresof 2010. 1919-1933 1933-1945 1867 magyar és szlovák szemmel York: Columbia UniversityYork: Columbia Press, 1979. Katrin. . Oxford: Oxford University Oxford . Oxford: Press, 2006. The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians 1848-1849 Hungarians the and Kossuth Louis Revolution: Lawful The Magyarság, zsidóságMagyarság, obe xl. h Mgain f ugra-eih rfsinl Through Professionals Hungarian-Jewish of Migration The Exile. Double obn te es Te ofsain f eih rpry n h Hol the in Property Jewish of Confiscation The Jews: the Robbing A budapesti zsidó fiú- és a leánygimnázium történeteleánygimnázium a és fiú- zsidó budapesti A . Graz: HermanBöhlaus Nachf., 1967. Exile and Social Thought. Hungarian Intellectuals in Germany and Austria and Germany in Intellectuals Hungarian Thought. Social and Exile uti, ugr ad h Hbbrs Esy o Cnrl uoe c.1683- Europe, Central on Essays Habsburgs. the and Hungary Austria, Der Kulturkampf in Ungarn. Die Kirchenpolitische Gesetzgebung der Gesetzgebung Kirchenpolitische Die Ungarn. in Kulturkampf Der i jdsh Pes i Ditn ec. wshn Selbstbehauptung Zwischen Reich. Dritten im Presse jüdische Die mgaosái sdsg ásdlm é gzaátréee 19-20. a gazdaságtörténete és társadalom- zsidóság magyarországi A Radnóti életrajzMiklós életeköltészete: kritikai Radnóti és mga zióá mgüöbzeée 1920-1944 megkülönböztetése, zsidóság magyar A . Princeton: Princeton 1991. UP, . Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2008. . Budapest: CEU Press,. Budapest: 2006. Képzelt asszimiláció? Négy zsidó értelmiségi nemzedék önképenemzedék értelmiségi zsidó Négy asszimiláció? Képzelt oseee é flkzt hsg Whmn Mr 1831-1892 Mór Wahrmann hűség. felekezeti és Honszeretet Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legac the and NationalismsIdentity: Liberal for Search the and Liberty . Berlin: DeBerlin: Gruyter,. 1997. . Budapest : MTA Judaisztikai Kutatóközpont, 2006. Kutatóközpont, Budapest MTA. : Judaisztikai . Pozsony/Bratislava: Kalligram,. Pozsony/Bratislava: 2005. . Budapest:Intézete, MTA 2000. Történettudományi .

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