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U:be 5ntetnattonal U:beological 'lLibran?,. EDITED EY STEWART D. F. SALMOND, D.D., Princija!J and PrtJ/essor ef Systemat-ic Theology and New Testament Exe~tsis, United Free Churc!t College, Ab-erdeen; AND CHARLES A. BRIGGS, n:n., Edward Robinson Pr"..fi.ssor of Bibl£cal Tkeilogy, Union Tluological Seminary, Ne-w York.· THE: ANCIENT CATHOLIC CHUROH. By ROBERT RAINY, D.D. BY THE SAME AUTHOR I,, de,ny 81Jo, price 10s. Gr/., DELIVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. 'Wc gladly acknowledge the high excellence and the extensive learning which these lectures display. They are ,i.blc to the last degree, and the autlwr has, in an unusual measure, the power of acute aml brillrauL generalisation.'­ Lilerary Clwrchman. Rn1xBu1ta11: T. & 'f. CLARK, ,is <;1-:ow}i,; STREET. J INTERNATIONAL THEOLOGICAL LIBRARY THE ANCIENT CHURC_H FROM THE ACCESSION OF TRAJAN TO THE FOURTH GENERAL COUNCIL [ A.D. 98-451] HY ROBERT RAINY, D.D. PRI:XCil'AL OF THE ~E,Y COLLl!GE, EUINBURGK EDINBURGH T. & T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET 1902 l"RINTBD BY :\[ORRISON AND GIHB LIMITED, FOR T. & T. CLARK, EDINBURGH. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAI\HLTON, KENT1 AND CO, LIMITED. NEW YORK ~ CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS. The Rig!tts of Translation and of Reproduction are Reserved. PREFACE l'r was the duty of the writer to endeavour to combine in this volume the manifold detail which the student requires, with the points of view and the modes of treatment which make a book readable. How far he has succeeded, others must judge. He has thought it due to the subject and the reader to express frankly the impression on his own mind which the various topics have made. He hopes, notwith­ standing, that he has not allowed personal bias to obscul'e the objective realities of the history. In the Appendix, besides supplementary notes on literature a few details are added which had been acci­ dentally omitted in the text. CONTENTS P."-OES l:'!TRODUOTION 1-2 FIRST DIVISION: A.D. 98-180 CHAPTER I TnE ENVIRONMENT Gentile life and religion 5-9 Popular feeling towards Christians 9-11 Attitude of the Government . 11-18 The Jews 18-23 Extension of Christianity 23-26 CHAPTER II THE EARLY CHURCHES Sense of unity-Public worship-Lucian's impressions 27-32 Leadership and organisation . 32-40 Note.-Hatoh and Harnack on the episcopate 40-42 Discipline 42--44 Martyrdom 44-49 CHAPTER III THE CHUIICll'S LIFE Apostolic Fathers 52-60 Apologists 60-62 Apocrypha 62-65 CHAPTER IV BELIEFS A:ND SACRAMENTS Beliefs of the early Church . 66-73 Early forms of creed-" Apostles'" Creed-Regula 73-75 Baptism-Aga,pe-Et1charist. 75-79 Forgiveness of sins 79-81 1':aster controversy 81-83 Vlll CONTRNTS CHAPTER V Tmc. APOLOGISTS PAGES God and the world-The Logos-i\lan 85-87 The significance of Christ's coming 88 Relation to the thought of their time 88-89 Impoverished representation of Christianity . 90-92 Harnack's view criticised 92-93 CHAPTER VI THE HERESIES A. Gnosticism 94-119 General description of the sclmrn · 94-111 Leauing Gnostic school, 111-119 B. Marcion 119-127 CIIAPTER VII MoxTANIS1>! • 128-139 SECOND DIVISION: A.D. 180-313 CHAPTER VIII RELATIOX TO THE STATll Action of the Government • 141-145 CHAPTER IX Tim N ~:w PHILOSOPHY 146-156 CHAPTER X CHRISTIAN THOcGHT AND LI'I'ERATURE Leading names--What they hold in common 157-160 School of Alexandria . 161-179 School of Asia Minor . 180-184 School of Africa 184-197 CHAPTER XI CHRIST AND GOD How the question took shape 198-202 J ustiu Martyr 203-205 Ireureus-Tertullian-Origen 206-209 Monarchiau theories . 209-211 CONTENTS PAGES Dynamical Monarchianism-Paul of Samosata 212-215 Modalistic Monarchianism-Sabellius 215-217 Review 218-220 CHAPTER XII CHRISTIA!\ LIFE Teaching of Clement and Tertnllian . 221-222 Marriage-Asceticism-Family life . 223-226 Charity-Public service-Doctrine of merit . 226-228 CHAPTER XIII WORSHIP The Lord's day-The Lord's Supper . 229-232 Public prayer-Baptism 232-235 Easter-Epiphany-The Christian dead 236-239 Church buildings 239-240 CHAPTER XIV CLERGY Growth of the bishop's power 241-245 (J}wrepiscopoi . 245 Election of bishops and presbyters 245-247 Minor Orders-Deaconesses . 247-248 CHAPTER XV DISCIPLINE AND SCHISMS Reception of penitents 249-251 The "lapsed "-Schism of Felicissimus 251-253 Schism of Novatian-of Heraclins-of Meletius 253-255 Heretical baptism 255-261 CHAPTER XVI MANIGHRI.%1 . 262-267 THIRD DIVISION: A.D. 313-451 CHAPTER XVII THE OHUI:CH IN TIIE OHnISTIAN EMPIRE AND EEY0ND A. The Emperors 268-271 B. The Church in transition. 271-276 b X CONTENTS PAGES C. Policy of the Christian empire in regard to religion 276-279 D. The Pagan Opposition 279-285 E. Christianity beyond the empire 285-288 F. Life in the Church 288-290 CHAPTER XYIII 1foNASTICISM Eastern developments-Antony-Pachomius 291-295 Spreads to the West-Ambrose-Martin-Cassian 295-298 J ovinian and Vigilantius 298-299 Criticism of the movement 299-304 Divergences • 304-305 CHAPTER XIX THE CLERGY Minor Orders-Deacons-Preshyters-Chorepiscopoi 306-308 Election of bisl1ops 308-309 Metropolitans-Patriarchates 309-312 Growing power of Rome 313 General conditions of clerical life 314-322 CHAPTER XX NICENE COUNCIL The belief of the Church-Positions of Arius 323-328 Constantine calls a council 328-330 Proceedings of the council 330-333 Review 333-338 CHAPTER XXI ARIAN CONTROVERSY-POST-NICENE State of Parties 339-340 To the death of Constantine (325-337) 340-342 To the reunion of the empire under Constantius (337-351) 342-345 To the death of Constantius (351-361) 345-348 To the council of Constantinople (361-381) 348-352 Gothic Arianism 352-353 Review 353-355 Note.-The Nicene Creed 355-357 CHAPTER XXII MINOR CoNTROVEitSIES A. Apollinarius 358-364 B. Origenistic controversies 364-369 CONTENTS xi PAGES Note.-Main points of the attack against Origen 370 C. · Professed Reformers 370 D. Priscillianists 371-373 CHAPTER XXIII Drsoussioxs RRGARDING THE PERSON OF Cm:rsT A. Case of N estorius . 376-392 B. Case of Eutyches . 392-396 C. Council of Chalcedon 396-401 Review 401-404 CHAPTER XXIV DOXATISM How the schism arose 405-407 Character of African Christianity 407-409 The Donatist positions 409--411 Augustine's part in the debate 412-421 CHAPTER XXV ECCLESIASTICAL PEI\SONAGES OF Four.TH CENTURY Euse bins of Cresarea . 422-423 Athauasius 423-426 The Three Cappadociaus 426-430 Hilary of Poictiers 430-432 Martin of Tours 432-4~3 Ambrose of Milan 434-436 CHAPTER XXVI FESTIVALS, CHURCH SERVICES, AND SAOI\AME},TS A. Festivals . 437-440 B. Order of service 440-444 C. Doctrine of the eucharist . 444-445 D. Baptism • 445-449 E. Preaching . 449-451 F. Objects of worship 451-453 G. Pictures and angels 453-454 CHAPTER XXVII DISGIPL!Nl<] • . 455-459 CHAPTER XXVIII AUGUSTINE . 460-467 xii CONTJ<~NTS CHAPTER XXIX PELAGIAN CONTROVERSY PAGES Life and teaching of Pelagius 468-473 1'1·evious church teachers on human ability 473-475 Teaching of Augustine 475-476 The Pelagian positions 477-479 The positions of Augustine 479-482 The judgment of the African Chmch 483 The origin of Semi-Pelagianism 483-484 CHAPTER XXX SEMI-PELAGIANISM The community at Lerins and their views 486-488 Cassian and Faustus . 488 The Synod of Orunge 489-490 N otc.-Semi-Pdagian positions 490-493 CHAPTER XXXI ECCLESIASTICAL PERSONAGES [who survived A.11. 400] Cluysostom 494-496 Cyril of Alexandria-Theodoret-Isidore 496-498 Jerome 498-501 Rufmus- Synesius-Cassian . 501-503 Sulpicius Severns-Salvian 503-505 Leo I.. 505-507 CHAPTER XXXII PROCESSES OF CHANGE Canon of the N. T. 509-510 Creed and Regula-Stress on doctrine 511 Growth of the bishop's power 512-513 Conception of the Church 514-516 The sacraments 516-517 Formulation of orthodoxy-Councils 518-519 Multi tudinism triumphant-Consequences 520-521 APPENDIX A. Literature of Clnnch History 523-525 B. S11pplementary Notes to Chapters 525-531 THE ANCIENT CATHOLIC CHURCH -+-- INTRODUCTION AN earlier volume of the Series was devoted to the sub­ ject of Apostolic Christianity. The present narrative proposes to contemplate the life, growth, and influence of what, as distinguished from medi::eval and later develop­ ments, is called the early Catholic Church. '.I.'he period in view is nearly that which has been named the Patristic. It has also been denominated, but not perhaps very happily, the period of Christianity under its Antique and Classical form. 1 The last survivor of the apostles, John, is said to have died at Ephesus near the end of the first century. Apostolic guidance had by that time become only a memory in most of the churches; but for years after, and deep into the following century, vivid impressions of Apostles and their sayings were preserved and rehearsed in various churches. Near the end, then, of the first century our task opens. The close might be placed as early as the pontificate of Gregory I., A.D. 5 9 0-6 0 4, or, on other accounts, as late as the reign of Charlemagne, say A.D. 800. The present volume carries the history down to A.D. 451. A subsequent volume will cover the rest, and also the transition period down to Gregory VII. A great landmark in the history of the Early Church 1 So Kurtz. I 2 THE ANCIENT CATHOLIC CHURCH is furnished in the change by which, in the days 0£ Constantine, the Roman Empire allied itself with Chris­ tianity.
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  • 1505) Brandeis University (NEJS 218A 1)

    1505) Brandeis University (NEJS 218A 1)

    The Consortium for Graduate Studies in Gender, Women, Culture and Sexuality Massachusetts Institute of Technology (WGS 640) Harvard Divinity School (HDS 1505) Brandeis University (NEJS 218a 1) Fall 2016 Contesting Gender and Sexuality, Making Early Christianity Instructors: Bernadette J. Brooten, Brandeis University ([email protected]) Office hours: Before class; many Tuesdays, 2–3, and by appointment in Mandel Humanities Center 113 Karen L. King, Harvard University ([email protected]) Office hours: Wed. 4–5 pm and by appointment in Andover 503 Course Meetings: Wed., 5–8 p.m. Harvard Divinity School (45 Francis Ave., Cambridge): room TBD September 7, 2016–December 7, 2016 Course Description and Learning Goals: Religion has been and remains a critical site both for constructing and for contesting sex/gender identities, roles, and sexualities. Women’s relationship with religion has been particularly fraught. In the ancient Roman world where Christianity was shaped, religion was implicated in every aspect of social life, including law and politics, legal status of slave or free; ethnic identity; family and sexuality; medical and philosophical notions of what it means to be human; the organization of social space; gendered speech and writing; and indeed the very structure of the cosmos. In this context, Christians both contested and reshaped attitudes toward the family and sexuality, redefined ethnicity, and negotiated imperial power, while at the same time appropriating many of the values and assumptions of a highly stratified slave society where public exhibitions of torture were normal and the binary of male/female was structurally foundational. Learning goals include the following: (1) Students will learn how to engage a variety of disciplines, methods, and frameworks for critically engaging constructions and performances of sex/gender/sexuality in early Christian and contemporaneous texts.