DOCSLIB.ORG

Transduction of Resistance to Some Macrolide Antibiotics in Staphylococcus a Ureus1 P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transduction of Resistance to Some Macrolide Antibiotics in Staphylococcus a Ureus1 P TRANSDUCTION OF RESISTANCE TO SOME MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS A UREUS1 P. A. PATTEE AND J. N. BALDWIN Department of Bacteriology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, and Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Received for publication June 21, 1962 ABSTRACT among members of this species. Morse (1959), PATTEE, P. A. (Iowa State University, Ames) Edgar and Stocker (1961), and Dowell and AND J. N. BALDWIN. Transduction of resistance Rosenblum (1962) also reported staphylococcal to some macrolide antibiotics in Staphylococcus transductions involving a variety of charac- aureus. J. Bacteriol. 84:1049-1055. 1962.-By use teristics. Pattee and Baldwin (1961) reported of phage 80 of the International Typing Series, that phages 29, 52A, 79, 80, and 53 of the Inter- propagated on appropriate strains of Staphy- national Typing Series were capable of trans- lococcus aureus, two related markers controlling ducing the capacity to produce penicillinase, as resistance to certain macrolide antibiotics well as resistance to chlortetracycline and novo- (erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and biocin, among a variety of strains of S. aureus. carbomycin) were transduced among a variety The present report is concerned with the trans- of strains of S. aureus. Unlike the markers duction of resistance to several of the macrolide controlling penicillinase production and resistance antibiotics among strains of S. aureus. to chlortetracycline and novobiocin, the deter- Among the pathogenic staphylococci, resistance minants of resistance to the macrolide antibiotics to the macrolide antibiotics, which include were transduced at normal frequencies (at least erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, carbo- 300 transductants per 109 phage) only to certain mycin, and leucomycin (Murai et al., 1959), of the recipient strains. One of the markers appears to be controlled by two distinctly differ- studied appears to control an inducible enzyme ent general mechanisms. In vitro adaptation system which is specifically induced by sub- results in a step-wise development of resistance inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin and to the macrolide antibiotics as a group (Jones, which controls resistance to erythromycin, Nichols, and Finland, 1956). Resistance in this oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin. The instance probably is determined by a series of other marker examined confers resistance to independent mutations and may be similar to erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and erythromycin resistance in the pneumococcus carbomycin, and shows no evidence of being (Ravin and Iyer, 1961). The other mechanism of dependent upon an inducible mechanism. resistance, which predominates among naturally resistant strains of S. aureus, was extensively studied by Garrod (1957). His results generally Transduction in Staphylococcus aureus was were in agreement with others (Jones et al., 1956; first reported in 1958 by Ritz and Baldwin Waterworth, 1960; Rantz et al., 1957); i.e., in (1961), who demonstrated that several phages of vitro adaptation to one of the macrolide anti- the International Typing Series were capable of biotics results in a considerable degree of cross transducing the capacity to produce penicillinase resistance to other antibiotics of the macrolide group. During these studies, Garrod (1957) 1 Portions of this study were presented at the encountered certain strains of S. aureus, called 60th Annual Meeting of the American Society dissociated which were resistant for Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pa., May, 1960. strains, naturally This paper is based on portions of a dissertation to erythromycin but apparently sensitive to the submitted by the senior author to the Graduate other macrolide antibiotics. Garrod (1957) was School of Ohio State University, in partial ful- able to show that, while populations of dissociated fillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor strains consisted primarily of erythromycin- of Philosophy. sensitive cells, such populations did not readily 1049 1050 PATTEE AND BALDWIN J. BACTERIOL. yield erythromycin-sensitive mutants. Further TABLE 1. Designations and phage types examination of dissociated strains revealed that of strains of Staphylococcus aureus growth in broth containing subinhibitory con- Strain designation Phage type centrations of erythromycin resulted in a popula- tion which consisted entirely of cells resistant not U9 (Pase, Tet, Ery) 80/81 only to erythromycin, but also to oleandomycin, U9 (Pase, Tet, Ery, spiramycin, and carbomycin. Reversion of Nov) 80/81 dissociated strains to the original phenotype U9 (Pase, Tet, 01, occurred after several transfers in the absence of Nov) 80/81 erythromycin. Waterworth (1960) reported that U35 (Pase, Tet) 80/81 dissociated strains acquired temporary resistance U40 (Pase, Tet) 80/81 to leucomycin after growth in the presence of U61 (Pase, Tet) 80/81 U66 (Pase, Tet, Ery) 80/81 erythromycin. U91 (Pase, Tet) 80/81 MATERIALS AND METHODS U114 (Pase, Tet) 80/81 461 (Pase, Tet) 80/81 The methods employed for determining the 588 (Pase, Tet) 80/81 characteristics possessed by strains of S. aureus, 655 (Pase, Tet, Ery) 29/52A/79/7/83/47/ the methods used for the maintenance of bacteria 53/54/73/77 and bacteriophages, and the transduction 4A (Pase, Tet, Ery) 79/83/53/54/77 techniques have been described in detail (Pattee Ps 42B 42B and Baldwin, 1961). The strains of S. aureus Ps 29 29 employed were originally isolated from several Ps 52 52 C-72 29/52A/79/80 different sources, and all were of human origin. Ch-50 80 The genetic markers possessed by these strains W-26 29/80 are included in the strain designations, and N-135 29 include the capacity to produce sufficient peni- 608 52A/80/81 cillinase to grow on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI; 1 52A/80/81 Difco) agar containing 100 units of penicillin per 769 81 ml (Pase marker), and the ability to grow on BHI D-1 52A/80 agar containing either 75 ,ug of chlortetracycline 152 52A/79/80 per ml (Tet marker) or 20 jig of novobiocin per 112 29/52A/79/83/42E/ ml (Nov marker). Strains exhibiting erythromycin 80/81 resistance of the dissociated type possess the 248 52A/80 Ery marker. From strain U9(Pase, Tet, Ery, Nov), a mutant was isolated by the gradient- phage 80 propagated on donor strain U9(Pase, plate technique (Szybalski, 1952), which was Tet, Ery) was designated 80/U9(Pase, Tet, Ery). resistant to oleandomycin. This mutant was Briefly, the transduction procedure involved resistant to 800 MAg of oleandomycin per ml of combining 1.0 ml of a cell-free phage lysate BHI agar (01 marker) and was designated (1010 plaque-forming units per ml) with between U9(Pase, Tet, 01, Nov). The designations and 2 and 6 X 1010 cells of the recipient strain sus- phage types of the strains employed are given pended in 1.0 ml of P and D broth (nutrient in Table 1. broth containing 0.25% K2HPO4 and 0.2 % The bacteriophages of the International dextrose). The mixture was then shaken for 1 Typing Series used in this study were originally hr at 37 C, after which the cells were washed once obtained from John E. Blair and were main- 1 in 1.0 tained in the Department of Microbiology, Ohio with ml of P and D broth, resuspended State University. Phages 29, 52A, 79, 80, and 53 ml of P and D broth, and 0.05-ml quantities were employed for transduction after propagation spread over the surface of each plate of the on appropriate donor strains. The designation of selective medium with the aid of a sterile bent the transducing phages includes both the inter- glass rod. Control suspensions consisted of an national number designation of the phage and the identical suspension of recipient cells shaken with designation of the donor strain. Accordingly, 1.0 ml of sterile P and D broth. VOL. 84, 1962 TRANSDUCTION OF RESISTANCE IN S. AUREUS 1051 RESULTS expression of resistance to erythromycin in a Characteristics of strains possessing the Ery and strain possessing the Ery marker. When the 01 markers. When a heavy (109 cells) inoculum of colonies obtained on BHI agar containing strain U9(Pase, Tet, Ery), prepared from an erythromycin were replicated with velveteen to overnight BHI agar slant culture, was inoculated BHI agar containing 100 ,ug of oleandomycin, onto BHI agar containing 800 Mg of erythromycin spiramycin, or carbomycin per ml, they all were per ml, apparent uninhibited growth was ob- found to be resistant to these antibiotics. When tained. Oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbo- similar colonies were replicated serially three mycin (10 ,g per ml of BHI agar) were inhibitory times on BHI agar at 24-hr intervals, and then to identical inocula, except for a few resistant replicated to BHI agar containing 100 Mg of mutants present in the cell population. In con- oleandomycin, spiramycin, or carbomycin per trast, strain U9(Pase, Tet, 01, Nov) was capable ml, the majority of the colonies failed to develop. of uninhibited growth on BHI agar containing Those few colonies which retained resistance to either 800 ,g per ml of oleandomycin or erythro- these antibiotics were resistant mutants, a result mycin, or 400 Mg per ml of spiramycin or carbo- which was expected in view of the high mutation mycin. Strains U9(Pase, Tet, Ery) and U9(Pase, frequency previously observed with strain Tet, 01, Nov) were then examined for resistance, U9(Pase, Tet, Ery). by performing plate counts on BHI agar and Transduction of oleandomycin resistance. Trans- BHI agar containing 25 Mug per ml of erythro- duction of resistance to oleandomycin was mycin, oleandomycin, or spiramycin. The results performed by using as a selective medium BHI of this experiment (Table 2) indicate that strain agar containing 25 Mug of oleandomycin per ml. U9(Pase, Tet, Ery) consisted primarily of Control suspensions of erythromycin-sensitive erythromycin-sensitive cells. In contrast, strain recipient strains yielded approximately 20 U9(Pase, Tet, 01, Nov) consisted entirely of cells resistant mutants per 109 cells when BHI agar resistant to all of the macrolide antibiotics containing either 3 or 5 Mig of oleandomycin per examined.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Data on Before and After the Traceability System of Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescriptions in Small Animals at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Naples
    animals Article Data on before and after the Traceability System of Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescriptions in Small Animals at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Naples Claudia Chirollo , Francesca Paola Nocera , Diego Piantedosi, Gerardo Fatone , Giovanni Della Valle, Luisa De Martino * and Laura Cortese Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, “Federico II”, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (F.P.N.); [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (G.F.); [email protected] (G.D.V.); [email protected] (L.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-253-6180 Simple Summary: Veterinary electronic prescription (VEP) is mandatory by law, dated 20 November 2017, No. 167 (European Law 2017) Article 3, and has been implemented in Italy since April 2019. In this study, the consumption of antimicrobials before and after the mandatory use of VEP was analyzed at the Italian University Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Naples in order to understand how the traceability of antimicrobials influences veterinary prescriptions. The applicability and utility of VEP may present an effective surveillance strategy able to limit both the improper use of Citation: Chirollo, C.; Nocera, F.P.; antimicrobials and the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens, which have become a worrying Piantedosi, D.; Fatone, G.; Della Valle, threat both in veterinary and human medicine. G.; De Martino, L.; Cortese, L. Data on before and after the Traceability Abstract: Over recent decades, antimicrobial resistance has been considered one of the most relevant System of Veterinary Antimicrobial issues of public health.
    [Show full text]
  • We Have Reported That the Antibiotics Chloramphenicol, Lincomycin
    THE BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA, V. CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE OF ERYTHROMYCIN RESISTANCE IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE* BY ANTHONY W. LINNANE, G. W. SAUNDERS, ELLIOT B. GINGOLD, AND H. B. LUKINS BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, MONASH UNIVERSITY, CLAYTON, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA Communicated by David E. Green, December 26, 1967 The recognition and study of respiratory-deficient mutants of yeast has been of fundamental importance in contributing to our knowledge of the genetic control of the formation of mitochondria. From these studies it has been recognized that cytoplasmic genetic determinants as well as chromosomal genes are involved in the biogenesis of yeast mitochondria.1' 2 Following the recog- nition of the occurrence of mitochondrial DNA,3 4 attention has recently been focused on the relationship between mitochondrial DNA and the cytoplasmic determinant.' However, the information on this latter subject is limited and is derived from the study of a single class of mutant of this determinant, the re- spiratory-deficient cytoplasmic petite. This irreversible mutation is pheno- typically characterized by the inability of the cell to form a number of compo- nents of the respiratory system, including cytochromes a, a3, b, and c1.6 A clearer understanding of the role of cytoplasmic determinants in mitochondrial bio- genesis, could result from the characterization of new types of cytoplasmic mutations which do not result in such extensive biochemical changes. This would thus simplify the biochemical analyses as well as providing additional cytoplasmic markers to assist further genetic studies. We have reported that the antibiotics chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and the macrolides erythromycin, carbomycin, spiramycin, and oleandomycin selec- tively inhibit in vitro amino acid incorporation by yeast mitochondria, while not affecting the yeast cytoplasmic ribosomal system.7' 8 Further, these antibiotics do not affect the growth of S.
    [Show full text]
  • Macrocyclic Antibiotics As Separation Agents
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T): Scholars' Mine Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works Chemistry 07 Mar 2006 Macrocyclic Antibiotics as Separation Agents Daniel W. Armstrong Missouri University of Science and Technology Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/chem_facwork Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation D. W. Armstrong, "Macrocyclic Antibiotics as Separation Agents," U.S. Patents, Mar 2006. This Patent is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. USOO70O8533B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,008,533 B2 Armstrong (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 7, 2006 (54) MACROCYCLIC ANTIBIOTICSAS (52) U.S. Cl. ............................... 210/1982; 21.0/502.1; SEPARATION AGENTS 210/635; 210/656 (58) Field of Classification Search ................ 210/635, (75) Inventor: Daniel Armstrong, Rolla, MO (US) 210/656, 198.2, 502.1; 502/.401, 403, 404; 435/174, 176, 178,180 (73) Assignee: Curators of the University of See application file for complete Search history. Missouri, Columbia, MO (US) (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer,- 0 the term of this (56) References Cited patent is extended or adjusted under 35 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • (ESVAC) Web-Based Sales and Animal Population
    16 July 2019 EMA/210691/2015-Rev.2 Veterinary Medicines Division European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) Sales Data and Animal Population Data Collection Protocol (version 3) Superseded by a new version Superseded Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2021. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of content 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Terms of reference ........................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Approach ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Target groups of the protocol and templates ......................................................................... 4 1.4. Organization of the ESVAC project ...................................................................................... 4 1.5. Web based delivery of data ................................................................................................ 5 2. ESVAC sales data ............................................................................................................... 5 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence of Genotypes That Determine Resistance to Macrolides
    Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 111(3): 155-160, March 2016 155 The prevalence of genotypes that determine resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins B compared with spiramycin susceptibility among erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Marek Juda/+, Beata Chudzik-Rzad, Anna Malm Medical University of Lublin, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Lublin, Poland Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis, can be regarded as potential reser- voirs of resistance genes for pathogenic strains, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of different resistance phenotypes to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramins B (MLSB) antibiotics among erythromycin-resistant S. epidermidis, together with the evaluation of genes promoting the following differ- ent types of MLSB resistance: ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, mphC, and l i n A /A’. Susceptibility to spiramycin was also examined. Among 75 erythromycin-resistant S. epidermidis isolates, the most frequent phenotypes were macrolides and streptogramins B (MSB) and constitutive MLSB (cMLSB). Moreover, all strains with the cMLSB phenotype and the majority of inducible MLSB (iMLSB) isolates were resistant to spiramycin, whereas strains with the MSB phenotype were sensitive to this antibiotic. The D-shape zone of inhibition around the clindamycin disc near the spiramycin disc was found for some spiramycin-resistant strains with the iMLSB phenotype, suggesting an induction of resistance to clindamycin by this 16-membered macrolide. The most frequently isolated gene was ermC, irrespective of the MLSB resistance phenotype, whereas the most often noted gene combination was ermC, mphC, l i n A /A’. The results obtained showed that the genes responsible for different mechanisms of MLSB resistance in S.
    [Show full text]
  • Third ESVAC Report
    Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 25 EU/EEA countries in 2011 Third ESVAC report An agency of the European Union The mission of the European Medicines Agency is to foster scientific excellence in the evaluation and supervision of medicines, for the benefit of public and animal health. Legal role Guiding principles The European Medicines Agency is the European Union • We are strongly committed to public and animal (EU) body responsible for coordinating the existing health. scientific resources put at its disposal by Member States • We make independent recommendations based on for the evaluation, supervision and pharmacovigilance scientific evidence, using state-of-the-art knowledge of medicinal products. and expertise in our field. • We support research and innovation to stimulate the The Agency provides the Member States and the development of better medicines. institutions of the EU the best-possible scientific advice on any question relating to the evaluation of the quality, • We value the contribution of our partners and stake- safety and efficacy of medicinal products for human or holders to our work. veterinary use referred to it in accordance with the • We assure continual improvement of our processes provisions of EU legislation relating to medicinal prod- and procedures, in accordance with recognised quality ucts. standards. • We adhere to high standards of professional and Principal activities personal integrity. Working with the Member States and the European • We communicate in an open, transparent manner Commission as partners in a European medicines with all of our partners, stakeholders and colleagues. network, the European Medicines Agency: • We promote the well-being, motivation and ongoing professional development of every member of the • provides independent, science-based recommenda- Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Chlortetracycline and Copper Supplementation on Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Feces of Weaned Pigs
    EFFECTS OF CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON LEVELS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN THE FECES OF WEANED PIGS by GETAHUN EJETA AGGA DVM, Addis Ababa University, 2003 MSc, Utrecht University, 2008 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2013 Abstract The use of antibiotics in food animals is of major concern as a purported cause of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human pathogens; as a result, alternatives to in-feed antibiotics such as heavy metals have been proposed. The effect of copper and CTC supplementation in weaned pigs on AMR in the gut microbiota was evaluated. Four treatment groups: control, copper, chlortetracycline (CTC), and copper plus CTC were randomly allocated to 32 pens with five pigs per pen. Fecal samples (n = 576) were collected weekly from three pigs per pen over six weeks and two Escherichia coli isolates per sample were tested phenotypically for antimicrobial and copper susceptibilities and genotypically for the presence of tetracycline (tet), copper (pcoD) and ceftiofur (blaCMY-2) resistance genes. CTC-supplementation significantly increased tetracycline resistance and susceptibility to copper when compared with the control group. Copper supplementation decreased resistance to most of the antibiotics, including cephalosporins, over all treatment periods. However, copper supplementation did not affect minimum inhibitory concentrations of copper or detection of pcoD. While tetA and blaCMY-2 genes were associated with a higher multi-drug resistance (MDR), tetB and pcoD were associated with lower MDR. Supplementations of CTC or copper alone were associated with increased tetB prevalence; however, their combination was paradoxically associated with reduced prevalence.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Alexander A
    Alexander A. Vinks · Hartmut Derendorf Johan W. Mouton Editors Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Alexander A. Vinks • Hartmut Derendorf Johan W. Mouton Editors Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Editors Alexander A. Vinks Hartmut Derendorf Division of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital University of Florida Medical Center and Department of Gainesville College of Pharmacy Pediatrics Gainesville , FL , USA University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati , OH , USA Johan W. Mouton Department of Medical Microbiology Radboudumc, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, The Netherlands ISBN 978-0-387-75612-7 ISBN 978-0-387-75613-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-75613-4 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013953328 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.
    [Show full text]
  • Ep 2079311 B1
    (19) TZZ Z¥___T (11) EP 2 079 311 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A01N 47/00 (2006.01) 08.03.2017 Bulletin 2017/10 (86) International application number: (21) Application number: 07844213.4 PCT/US2007/081195 (22) Date of filing: 12.10.2007 (87) International publication number: WO 2008/051733 (02.05.2008 Gazette 2008/18) (54) BIGUANIDE COMPOSITION WITH LOW TERMINAL AMINE BIGUANID-ZUSAMMENSETZUNG MIT GERINGEM ENDGRUPPEN-AMIN-ANTEIL COMPOSITION DE BIGUANIDE AVEC AMINE TERMINALE BASSE (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: HEILER, David Joseph AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR Avon, NY 14414 (US) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR (74) Representative: Riegler, Norbert Hermann et al Lonza Ltd. (30) Priority: 23.10.2006 US 853579 P Patent Department 20.03.2007 US 895770 P Münchensteinerstrasse 38 4052 Basel (CH) (43) Date of publication of application: 22.07.2009 Bulletin 2009/30 (56) References cited: WO-A-00/35861 WO-A-98/20738 (73) Proprietor: Arch Chemicals, Inc. US-A- 4 954 636 US-A- 5 965 088 Norwalk, CT 06856-5204 (US) US-A1- 2003 032 768 US-B1- 6 423 748 Note: Within nine months of the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European Patent Bulletin, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to that patent, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DIX to the HTSUS—Continued
    20558 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DEPARMENT OF THE TREASURY Services, U.S. Customs Service, 1301 TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL APPEN- Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DIX TO THE HTSUSÐContinued Customs Service D.C. 20229 at (202) 927±1060. CAS No. Pharmaceutical [T.D. 95±33] Dated: April 14, 1995. 52±78±8 ..................... NORETHANDROLONE. A. W. Tennant, 52±86±8 ..................... HALOPERIDOL. Pharmaceutical Tables 1 and 3 of the Director, Office of Laboratories and Scientific 52±88±0 ..................... ATROPINE METHONITRATE. HTSUS 52±90±4 ..................... CYSTEINE. Services. 53±03±2 ..................... PREDNISONE. 53±06±5 ..................... CORTISONE. AGENCY: Customs Service, Department TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL 53±10±1 ..................... HYDROXYDIONE SODIUM SUCCI- of the Treasury. NATE. APPENDIX TO THE HTSUS 53±16±7 ..................... ESTRONE. ACTION: Listing of the products found in 53±18±9 ..................... BIETASERPINE. Table 1 and Table 3 of the CAS No. Pharmaceutical 53±19±0 ..................... MITOTANE. 53±31±6 ..................... MEDIBAZINE. Pharmaceutical Appendix to the N/A ............................. ACTAGARDIN. 53±33±8 ..................... PARAMETHASONE. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the N/A ............................. ARDACIN. 53±34±9 ..................... FLUPREDNISOLONE. N/A ............................. BICIROMAB. 53±39±4 ..................... OXANDROLONE. United States of America in Chemical N/A ............................. CELUCLORAL. 53±43±0
    [Show full text]
  • National Treatment Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Infectious Diseases
    National Treatment Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Infectious Diseases Version 1.0 (2016) NATIONAL CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India CONTENTS Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Syndromic Approach For Empirical Therapy Of Common Infections.......................................................................................................... 9 A. Gastrointestinal & Intra-Abdominal Infections ......................................................................................................................................... 10 B. Central Nervous System Infections ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 C. Cardiovascular Infections .........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title NDMA Formation During Drinking Water Treatment: Veterinary Antibiotics as Precursors, the Effect of Natural Organic Matter and the Significance of Treatment Practices Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/94z8j3p0 Author Roback, Shannon Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles NDMA Formation During Drinking Water Treatment: Veterinary Antibiotics as Precursors, the Effect of Natural Organic Matter and the Significance of Treatment Practices A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Environmental Science and Engineering by Shannon Louise Roback 2015 © Copyright by Shannon Louise Roback 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION NDMA Formation During Drinking Water Treatment: Veterinary Antibiotics as Precursors, the Effect of Natural Organic Matter and the Significance of Treatment Practices by Shannon Louise Roback Doctor of Environment in Environmental Science and Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Irwin H. Suffet, Chair Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a nitrosated amine that has been associated with a 10-5 increase in lifetime cancer risk at the ng/L level. NDMA may be formed from a variety of anthropogenic amine precursors during drinking water treatment utilizing chloramines as a disinfectant. In this dissertation, ten veterinary antibiotics were tested for their ability to form NDMA. The antibiotics were tested at different pH, temperature, chlorine to ammonia weight ratio (Cl2/NH3) and time to determine the impact of these factors on formation. Molar conversions ranged from 0.04 to 4.9 percent, with antibiotics containing more than one dimethylamine (DMA) functional group forming significantly more NDMA.
    [Show full text]