A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Commercialization at Halifax Universities

By Chris Arsenault

A Nova Scotia Public Research Interest Group (NSPIRG) publication IBSN # 978-0-9695326-3-7

Access, Control and Commercialization at Halifax Universities

Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 5 The Board ...... 7 Access or Control?...... 14 The Formal Beginnings of Recent Canadian Commercialization...... 14 Spring Board and Early Stage Development: Nova Scotia Jumps Aboard...... 16 The Problems of Commercialization: A Few Case Studies Sick Kids Hospital, the University of Toronto and Dr. Nancy Oliveri...... 20 Brewing Discontent: Prof Speaks Out Against Beer Industry Lobbying..... 21 Running a-muck: Corporate-Athletics Exclusivity Deals...... 22 Exclusive Dining Arrangements: Very Dangerous Precedents...... 24 SDF Funds: Is the Department of National Defense Paying Dal Profs to Lobby for War?...... 26 Flushing Bathroom Ads...... 28 Recommendations...... 29 The Personifications of Power: Board of Govenors Bios for members of the Executive Committee and the Steering Committee BOG Executive Committee Members...... 30 References ...... 35 Acknowlegements and Author Bio ...... 39

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG was achieved through a social pact, based on A New Paradigm for consensus between various interests. Paying the Piper In the early 1990s, the consensus was broken. On average, university tuition levels Access, Control and doubled in Canada between 1991-92 and Corporatization at Halifax 2001-02, according to figures from the Atlantic Universities Institute for Market Studies (AIMS). The 1990s was a “volatile period” for universities as ay back in 1951, the Massey Royal “both the federal and provincial governments WCommission on Arts, Letters and cut funding to the postsecondary sector.” In Sciences warned Canadians that the intellectual Nova Scotia, average tuition fees increased and moral core of the university was 115% between 1991-2002. endangered by “low funding and commercial The break in consensus on who should influence.” It seems surprising now- when fund university education gained ideological paying some of the highest tuition fees in credence during the 1980s, when a wave of the country, walking through Risley Hall [a privatization and deregulation swept the residence named after the CEO of Clearwater United States and the United Kingdom, led Income Trust], hearing lectures in the Scotia by their respective conservatives Ronald Bank Auditorium or purchasing Pepsi through Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. While the idea campus based exclusivity contracts- that both of passing the buck of university financing post-war warnings of commission Chair to students became more popular in other Vincent Massey were eventually listened to developed countries during this period, the and acted upon by a broad cross-section of Canadian crunch hit with the recession of the Canadian society. Business and government early 1990s and the country’s growing debt to realized after the post World War Two GDP ratio. economic boom, and the beginnings of the The results of Federal government latest wave of economic globalization, that spending cuts during the 1990s under it was in everyone’s interest to fund higher the auspices of deficit fighting are well education. In 1966-67 the Federal government documented. In its 2000 alternative budget, increased spending on post-secondary education by 400%, paying out $400 million �� John Philippe, “Shedding light on the to universities, up from $99 million a year university tuition debate” The Halifax Herald & earlier. This massive increase in funding The Charlottetown Guardian Tuesday, May 14, 2002. http://www.aims.ca/socialprograms.asp?typeID=4 &id=438&fd=0&p=1 �� Neil Tudiver, Universities for Sale: Resisting �� Andrea Rounce “Access to Post Secondary Corporate Control over Canadian Higher Education Education: Does Class Still Matter?” Canadian (Toronto: James Lorimer and Company, 1999), p Centre for Policy Alternatives—Saskatchewan, xii. August 2004. P 3. �� Tudiver, Ibid. P 24. �� Philippe, Ibid.

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives low funding and commercial influence, are notes: inextricably linked. Essentially, the Federal “Deep cuts over the last decade in government cuts transfer payments to federal payments for post-secondary provinces and thus universities; universities education (PSE) have resulted in a 126% then turn to the private sector and more increase in tuition fees... The formula importantly to students themselves to pay the for student loans, interest relief, and income tax credits has generated ever- cost. Commercial influence in universities is increasing debt loads, rising from an growing but direct corporate financing still average $8,675 in 1990 to $28,000 in represents a minuscule fraction of operating 2000.” costs. In 2006, total donations and gifts (from individuals and corporations) amounted to In 2000, when program spending less than $15 million dollars at Dalhousie, cuts subsided, while tuition paid by the Federal Student debt has increased 126% students accounted g o v e r n m e n t for $88.8 million decided to invest in ten years. dollars. While new revenue wealthy individuals in corporate and business pay tax cuts rather a small share of than reinstating university operating money cut from costs, they arguably post-secondary exercise more education. The decision making creation of band- clout over matters aid solutions like of governance than the millennium students. s c h o l a r s h i p p r o g r a m notwithstanding, Average student debt in dollars. the cost of higher education was downloaded onto students in a way not seen since the 1940s. In many respects, the two key warnings of the 1951 Massey Commission,

�� Rounce, Ibid. http://policyalternatives.ca/index.cfm?act=news&do=Article&call=795&pA=A2 �� Dalhousie Annual Financial Report, 2006. 286B2A&type= P 3.

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG The Board elite observed, “The Halifax Titans’ most important network is Dalhousie University... he Board of Governors (BOG) is [it] brings together the local establishment.” Tthe highest decision making body at Walking into a BOG meeting is very Dalhousie. The same holds true for other different from walking around campus. While Halifax universities. At Dal, it is the board and the student population exhibits relative ethnic their committees who design and implement and gender diversity, the current board is mostly annual budgets and decide tuition rates (with male and exclusively white. The white men input from the Provincial government). “Even who sit at the square tables are surrounded by though they are portraits of other a u t o n o m o u s,” old white men, writes Howard “The University Should Belong former University officials and Buchbinder in to Those Who Study in it” a peer reviewed g o v e r n o r s , education journal, -Slogan from the 1999 students strike which line the universities “are at Mexico’s National Autonomous University walls (name the influenced to act room). The inner in the interest of workings of the Canadian society through the use of buffer board are not easy to understand. According bodies (between governments and universities) to the university’s appointment process, the and Boards of Governors.” ‘Canadian Society’ Dalhousie Board of Governors is composed obviously is not a homogeneous group, of 27 members: so it is worth asking which groups within •Chancellor [ex officio] Canadian society the Board of Governors •President and Vice-Chancellor [ex are representing? With BOG members drawn officio] heavily from the private sector, it is safe to •Chair of the University Senate [ex assume that business people will look out for officio] their own. Nor should it be surprising that the •15 persons appointed by the interests of corporate leaders and students will Governor in Council upon be different on some key issues. Dalhousie, recommendation of the Board more than any other Maritime University, •3 persons appointed by the Board holds a special place in the eyes of corporate •4 persons nominated by the leaders east of Montreal. As Peter C. Neuman, Dalhousie Alumni Association and arguably the best documentarian of Canada’s approved by the Board •3 persons nominated by the

�� Howard Buchbinder; Pinayur Rajagopal, “Canadian Universities: The Impact of Free Trade �� Peter C. Neuman, Titans: How the new and Globalization” Higher Education, Vol. 31, No. 3. Canadian Establishment Seized Power (Viking Press: (Apr., 1996), pp. 283-299. P 283. Toronto, 1998)

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG Dalhousie Student Union (approved/ of Governors, in varying capacities, since appointed by the Board) 1972; ascending to the Chair in 2000.13 Thus, •2 members of the full-time teaching chairman Cowan has held important decision staff nominated by the University making power in the University for longer Senate (approved and appointed by than most undergraduates have been alive. the Board)10 These long tenures are legitimate under the •University Secretary, who is a non- Board’s appointment process, which states: voting member.11 No Member may be appointed to the The 18 people or ‘community members’ Board for more than three consecutive appointed by the Board and the Governor terms unless such Member is the Chair or Vice-Chair of the Board; A member in Council upon recommendation of the who is ineligible to be appointed to the BOG, control more than half of the seats Board due to service for the maximum on the Board. According to Board process, consecutive terms shall become eligible “Normally the term of membership on the to be nominated after a lapse of one Board of Governors shall be for a period of year from the conclusion of his/her three years unless otherwise recommended last term on the Board. by the Governance Committee.”12 Board members, most of whom are corporate leaders This process is problematic, because a (as the biography section of this report will thorough understanding of board procedures, illustrate) serve in various capacities for longer and control over long term planning for than three year periods. The three student the University, is vested in business leaders board seats are held by the President of the rather than students. To become a board Dal Student Union and two other students ‘community member’ potential candidates that are elected in DSU general elections to must be nominated by the BOG executive sit for two year rotating terms. Contrast these committee and then approved by the two year student stints with the tenure of Provincial Government through the Standing seasoned board members like James Cowan Committee on Human Resources.14 Students (the current Chair), an unelected Liberal are not consulted about these nominations Senator, who has been serving on the Board or the appointments which follow. However, students have, in some cases, exercised political power on their own terms. 10 “Board of Governors Appointment Proc- ess” Approved by the Board of Governors, April 18, “In 2004 Jane Purves [Nova Scotia’s 2006. unpopular former education minister] was put 11 “Board of Governors 2007-2008 Standing Committee Membership” Board of Governors, June 19, 2007. 13 http://www.liberal.ca/senatorse. 12 “Board of Governors Appointment Proc- aspx?id=12530 ess” Approved by the Board of Governors, April 18, 14 http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/hansard/ 2006. comm/hr/hr_2003may27.htm

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG onto the board,” said Jen Bond, the Interim explained the current problem perfectly.17 Executive Director of ANSSA, the Alliance While students have an insufficient of Nova Scotia Student Associations and a number of board seats at Dalhousie and other former member of Halifax Universities, the DSU executive, the lack of student in an interview. “A sentimentalist is simply one control goes far “The student union who desires to have the luxury deeper. A story in officially protested the Dal Gazette, by her nomination of an emotion without paying the paper’s former and Purves was for it.” editor and a former removed.”15 member of the In the 2005- - Oscar Wilde Dalhousie Student 06 fiscal year, Union on the issue Dalhousie students paid $88.8 million in of students and the Board of Governors is tuition, accounting for 22% of the University’s worth quoting at length: operating budget.16 Provincial operating “Any critics who question the grants brought in $114.2 million, or 28% of validity of having more young people total university revenues. Grants and contracts on such a powerful board need to look from other levels of government represented no further than the 2005 budget vote to recognize their error. In the spring of 15% of revenues, or $60.2 million. Currently, that year, student leaders lobbied board students control three out of 27 (just under members to vote against the budget 12%) of seats on the Board of Governors. that featured dramatic increases of Thus, students or customers (if we are to the international student differential use the language of commercializers) are not and the tuition fees for professional getting political representation proportional to programs. the amount of money they are paying. There On the day of the vote, students has been little, if any, serious public discussion staged a silent protest outside the room where board members met to decide about this discrepancy. According to free- the future direction of the university. market theory (and democratic principles), Inside, protest erupted over alleged the shareholders or financiers of any endeavor accounting flaws informing the tuition should maintain a controlling stake. An increases, forcing the board to postpone editorial in the Dal Gazette with the opening the vote for a month. ”18 line, “No taxation without representation” 17 Reid Southwick & Jen Bond, “A Modest Proposal” The Dalhousie Gazette, October 5, 2006. http://www.dalgazette.ca/html/module/display- 15 Chris Arsenault interviews Jen Bond, July story/story_id/1166/edition_id/23/format/html/ 2007. displaystory.html 16 Dalhousie Annual Financial report; June 18 Bond & Southwick, Ibid. http://www. 2006; P3 dalgazette.ca/html/module/displaystory/story_

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG The situation where Boards of 05-06 annual budget notes, “Student fees are Governors disproportionately represent by far the largest component of operating business interests or other functionaries revenue.”21 If governance at Saint Mary’s rather than students, is not only a problem at was determined by democratic principals, or Dalhousie. At Saint Mary’s University (SMU), market forces, students would control 17 seats the Board of on the Board Governors has Dalhousie University Revenue of Governors. 32 members, 2005/06 At Mount with only four Saint Vincent students; the U n i v e r s i t y 17 member ( M S V U ) , e x e c u t i v e s t u d e n t s c o m m i t t e e , control 3 of which exercises 37 voting control over board seats.22 most day to day ‘ G o v e r n o r s matters, has selected from only one student the Community member.19 At Board of Governors at Large’ SMU, student control 16 fees represent seats on the a greater MSVU board; p e r c e n t a g e more than any of university other group at operating costs the University. than Dalhousie; Three members SMU students come from the paid 55.7% of faculty, three the university’s from Alumnae, operating budget seven are ( $51.75 million) appointed by in 2005-06, compared to the Provincial the Congregation of the Sisters of Charity, Government, which paid 25.5%.20 As SMU’s Report, March 31, 2006. P 14. http://www.smu. id/1166/edition_id/23/format/html/displaystory. ca/ug/documents/afr-march31-2005.pdf html 21 Ibid. Saint Mary’s University Annual Finan- 19 Saint Mary’s University Board of Governors- cial Report, March 31, 2006. P 14. University Governance, 2005-06. http://www.smu. 22 Who’s Who at MSVU, MSVU Board of ca/ug/documents/BoardofGovernors.pdf Governors 2006-2007. http://www.msvu.ca/mount- 20 Saint Mary’s University Annual Financial people/board-governors.asp

10 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG two are appointed by the Governor in Giving students more representation Council and the other members are university on boards of governors obviously will not administrators. Most, though certainly not all, of solve fundamental financial issues facing the board’s ‘community members’ come from Canadian Universities. It is entirely possible a business background. At MSVU in 2003-04, that new student members would pick up students paid where business 50 percent of Saint Mary’s University Revenue leaders left off; the university’s without public o p e r a t i n g 2005/06 money to invest budget, with in universities, grants from students could the province e s s e n t i a l l y accounting for become their 33%.23 Thus, own ‘grave students should diggers’, raising control at least tuition and 18 seats on continuing along MSVU’s board. Board of Governors the trajectory of T h e corporatization core argument because they have presented here no other realistic is this: students s h o r t - t e r m should have policy options representation when it’s time to on university tabulate annual g o v e r n a n c e budgets. While s t r u c t u r e s this situation of at least students being proportional forced to act to the amount against their of money they are paying. Regardless of own material interests would be likely and the economic or political persuasion used to unfortunate, it should not derail the process govern and fund universities, the idea that of empowering students with decision students should have political representation making authority concurrent with their level equivalent to the level of ‘taxation’ should be of financial investment in the university. obvious and irrefutable. Current public debates about university funding are more or less dominated by 23 http://www.msvu.ca/InstitutionalAnalysis/ the question of access: does higher tuition index.asp impede university access? There is general

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 11 consensus among often adversarial social too much for university is clearly a matter actors that getting students into university is a of intense ideological debate. Brian Lee worthwhile national project; Human Resources Crowley, former executive director of the Development Canada has estimated that by Atlantic Institute for Market Studies (AIMS) 2004 more than 70% of new jobs created and now senior economics adviser to Prime Minister Stephen Harper, sums up the quintessential ‘right wing’ position in a Mount Saint Vincent University Chronicle Herald commentary. He quotes Revenue 2003/04 a 2003 Statistics Canada report, which notes,

Individuals from higher income families are much more likely to attend university, but this has been a longstanding tendency and the participation gap between students from the highest and lowest income families has in fact narrowed.25 Board of Governors Crowley then concludes that “at the same time as tuition fees have been rising, we have been closing the access gap that already existed when tuition fees were low.”26 In its 2006 pre-budget submission, the Canadian Federation of Students quoted Statistics Canada’s Youth in Transition Survey, which found that 70% of secondary school students who chose not to attend post- secondary education cited high tuition fees or their “financial situation”, as the will require a college or university education, primary barrier.27 Still, more people than ever with nearly half of these new jobs requiring 24 at minimum a Bachelor’s degree. Since 25 Brian Lee Crowley, “Low Tuition Advocates there is overall agreement on the importance Need Fact Not Fantasy” The Chronicle Herald of university education, the debate about & The Moncton Times and Transcript, November universities focuses on who should fund the 6, 2004. http://www.aims.ca/education. asp?typeID=4&id=1026 process. Whether or not students are paying 26 Crowley, Ibid. http://www.aims.ca/education.asp?typeID=4&id=1026 �� Rounce, Ibid. P 1. 27 Canadian Federation of Students’ submis-

12 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG are attending university and higher tuition caused by Nova Scotian students attending levels have not slowed this trend, even though Memorial University in Newfoundland “the return on post-secondary education (MUN), which has kept tuition frozen for the has remained relatively constant since the past number of years. Tuition at MUN will be 1990s while the cost has skyrocketed.”28 on average $4,000 lower than at universities in The economics Nova Scotia in 2007- 31 behind increasing “Efficiency, profit, variety and 08. The number e n r o l l m e n t of Nova Scotian happening alongside entertainment: who but a pro- students at the tuition increases fessor would be opposed to Memorial University above 100% are of Newfoundland fairly simple. “As a those blessings?” increased by more commodity, demand than 800% between -Nick Bromell, Harpers for education is 1999-2007.32 Nova inelastic”, says Dal Scotian policy makers economic professor Michael Bradfield.29 should take note if they want the province’s Essentially this means universities, as universities to compete successfully with other commodities, behave like electricity, water provinces for students. Geographic issues and tobacco- people will continue consuming aside, while increasing tuition has not lead to them even as prices rise exponentially. a decrease in total post-secondary enrollment, While rapidly increasing tuition has not it is changing other aspects of the university. lead to a decrease in university participation rates at the national level, it has changed provincial enrollment figures, especially in Nova Scotia. Between 2000-01 and 2005-06, the number of Nova Scotian students attending university in their home Province dropped from 71% to 61%30 Much of this decrease was

sion to the 2006 Pre-budget Consultations, Sep- tember, 2006. P1. http://www.cfs-fcee.ca/html/ english/research/submissions/sub-2006-financectteebrief.pdf 28 Ibid. P 2. 29 Chris Arsenault in Conversation with Micha- el Bradfield, February 2006. 31 “Study: High Tuition Fees Reduce 30 Trends in Maritime Higher Education, Enrolment in Maritime Universities” Canadian Volumne 5, number 1, June 2007. Surveying the Federation of Students Nova Scotia Press Release, Enrollment Landscape: Factors and Trends in Tuesday, June 26, 2007. http://www.cfs-fcee.ca/ Maritime University Enrollements 2000-2001 to html/english/media/mediapage.php?release_id=824 2005-2006. P 3. 32 CFS Press Release, Ibid.

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 13 Access or Control? The Formal Beginnings of Recent Canadian tudent activism since the 1991 recession Commercialization Shas focused on trying to improve access to education through pushing federal and ommercialization in universities was a provincial governments to increase transfer Ccreeping trend throughout the 1990s. transfers to universities, thus decreasing In 1991, Canadian universities sold 49 tuition. But, as Toronto Star columnist Linda active licensing agreements, which allow McQuiag notes (albeit when referring to an corporations to purchase rights to exploit the unrelated matter) “it’s about control not market potential of discoveries.34 In 1997, access”. Canada’s two main student groups, Canadian universities received US $11.3 million the Canadian Federation of Students (CFS) in gross income from 750 active licenses and and the Canadian Alliance of Student options in life sciences and physical sciences, Associations (CASA), have both essentially compared to US $3.3 million in 1991.35 followed a political program based on These developments were taking place with attempting to increase access through little public political discussion, mostly in government lobbying and activism focused on science labs and engineering facilities.36 The tuition fees. As the statistics on rapid tuition most profound shift in the core raison d’etre increases indicate, the tactics of both groups of Canadian universities arguably occurred have been relatively unsuccessful. As Brian in 1999, when the Expert Panel on the Lee Crowley notes, university students have Commercialization of University Research “largely ineffectually” tried to gain political added a fourth role, “innovation,” to the power to “marshal against tuition fee hikes university’s traditional three roles of teaching, and reforms to loan and bursary programs.”33 research and community service. The panel Thus, it’s time for students to overhaul the defined innovation as “bringing new goods and fundamental parameters of their lobbying services to the marketplace.”37 This change in and activism to become effective in changing the mandate of once public institutions was the political landscape of the university. met with little criticism or serious resistance from students. However, in 2000, 1,400 academics including Nobel-prize-winning chemist John Polanyi and environmentalist

34 Tudiver, Ibid. 5. 35 Tudiver, Ibid. 5. 33 Brian Lee Crowley, “A Brave New World. 36 Naomi Klien, No Logo (Vintage Canada, Universities need to prepare for a global market” The Toronto, 2000) P 98. Chronicle Herald and the Moncton Times and Transcript, 37 Shaw, Tanya, Spooner, Marc, “Business of May 4, 2005 http://www.aims.ca/aimslibrary. Universities” Canadian Dimension Winnipeg: Sep/Oct asp?ft=4&id=1130 2005. Vol. 39, Iss. 5; pg. 30

14 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG David Suzuki signed a letter condemning budget speech that “Government-sponsored the recommendations of the Expert Panel research, primarily through the granting on Commercialization; university researchers councils, now accounts for one-quarter of (and, to their credit, students) were not included all research performed in Canada’s higher on the panel and education sector. were consulted More can be done only after a first “As far back as the mid- to encourage the draft of the report commercialization was written.38 “All nineteenth century, university of this research.”40 across Canada, professors collaborated with Between 2003 and university teachers, 2004, the number researchers and private industry and made vital of inventions scientists have read contributions to U.S. industrial reported or this report and have d i s c l o s e d rejected it,” said Bill and agricultural development. by Canada’s Graham, President This problem is not the Universities and of the Canadian hospitals increased A s s o c i a t i o n university-industry relationship from 3,047 to of University per se; it is the elimination of any 3,827.41 As of Teachers when 2004, Canada the report clear boundary lines separating ranked among was released.39 academia from commerce.” the top five in the Federally, the Organization for - Jennifer Washburn, University Inc. Liberals (with Paul Economic Co- Martin as finance operation and minister) acted D e v e l o p m e n t on many of the commercialization panel’s (OECD) and is first in the Group of Seven recommendations, and more importantly, (G-7) in terms of publicly performed accepted the spirit of the document. The 2004 Federal budget was a major 40 Budget 2004- Budget Plan: Chapter 4 milestone for the commercialization of Moving Forward on the Priorities of Canadians previously public university knowledge. Paul – The Importance of Knowledge and Martin, finance minister at the time, noted in his Commercialization. http://www.cbc.ca/news/ background/budget2004/documents/bud04/ budget04/bp/bpc4ce.htm 41 ___ “Commercialization of Intellectual 38 ____ “Academics oppose corporate Property in the Higher Education Sector” The influence”Daily Commercial News and Construction Daily StatsCanada, October 4, 2006. P 1. http:// Record. Apr 10, 2000. Vol.73, Iss. 70; pg. A8 www.springboardatlantic.com/NR/rdonlyres/ 39 ____“Academics Oppose corporate 046AE4D2-9F44-4C1A-84E4-7A73D38AEC97/0/ influence” Ibid. 20061004StatsCanDailySurveyResults.pdf

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 15 research (at universities, research hospitals Spring Board and early stage and government laboratories) as a proportion development: Nova Scotia jumps of gross domestic product (GDP). 42 Thus, aboard while commercialization of research is a growing trend which successive federal ccording to Statistics Canada’s Survey of governments have latched onto, most research AIntellectual Property Commercialization is still happening with public money. E. Ann in the Higher Education Sector, 62% of Clark sums up one key problem with current universities and degree granting colleges commercialization policies: have established central offices or designated senior resources to manage their intellectual “what corporations desire is a form of property.44 In Nova Scotia, the initial stages socialism in which an exceedingly small level of investment allows them to leverage of research commercialization are managed vast amount of public funds, thereby by Spring Board, a government funded displacing the financial risks associated organization working with all fourteen Atlantic with basic research to the public.”43 Canadian universities. “Spring Board started several years ago as an idea the universities had to commercialize research,” said Sara Jane Snook, the Executive Director of Springboard Atlantic, in an interview. “The project didn’t open for business until 2004.”45 Each year, Springboard provides a series of $20,000 awards to projects with commercialization potential through its Proof-of-Concept Program, along with grants of $10,000 for investment-ready technologies through its Patent and Legal Fund.46 Most funding to advance the initial commercialization of research “comes from

44 Advisory Council on Science and Technol- ogy, “Public Investments in University research: Reaping the benefits” http://acst-ccst.gc.ca/comm/ 42 Budget 2004, Ibid. http://www.cbc.ca/ rpaper_html/report_2_e.html news/background/budget2004/documents/bud04/ 45 Chris Arsenault interviews Sara Jane Snook, budget04/bp/bpc4ce.htm July 2007. 43 E. Ann Clark, “Academia in the Service of 46 _____ “Dalhousie University Receives Industry: the Ag Biotech Model” in The Corpo- $90,000 in Funding for Commercialization” Joint rate Campus: Commericlization and the Dangers Press Release Between Dalhousie and Spring Board to Canada’s Colleges and Universities Ed. James L Atlantic, Monday, November 06, 2006 : Halifax, Turk (James Lorimer and Company Ltd., Publishers: Nova Scotia. http://communicationsandmarketing. Toronto, 2000) P 73. dal.ca/media/2006/2006-11-06.html

16 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG ACOA [the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Genetics, and the biotechnology Agency] and NSERC [National Science and sector in general, represent unique and Engineering Council].”47 Once again, public unprecedented opportunities for corporate- funds are financing research and development university partnerships. The commercial to use for private profit. core of current genetics research stems from An analysis of the projects Spring patents, or privatizing the building blocks of Board funds may indicate why there has been life. It is difficult for firms to maximize or even little opposition to the commercialization generate profits from genetic research if they process, as most Spring Board projects are cannot patent the genes they ‘discover’. But, fairly innocuous: “A new way to diagnose as Michael Crichton (author of Jurassic Park) asthma in children. An innovative approach writes in the New York Times, “Our genetic to chemistry instruction. A novel diagnostic makeup represents the common heritage of marker for pediatric cancer.”48 At Dalhousie, all life on earth. You can’t patent snow, eagles Dr. Mark Stradiotto won $50,000 from or gravity, and you shouldn’t be able to patent Spring Board for designing catalysts “that genes, either. Yet by now one-fifth of the have potential for commercial use within genes in your body are privately owned.”51 In the industrial and pharmaceutical sectors.”49 2005, Dalhousie joined Genome Canada in a After receiving the Springboard award, Dr. $9.2 million genomics research project called Stradiotto commenced the second stage of the the “Atlantic Medical Genetics and Genome commercialization process; he’s working with Initiative” (AMGGI) to study “human genetic Dalhousie’s Industry Liaison and Innovation diseases in Atlantic Canada.”52 Office to “seek out a potential private sector “Our research will pinpoint the genes company to collaborate with and further his that are the root causes of over 25 genetic research work.”50 diseases that affect Atlantic Canadians, and contribute to our overall understanding of the function of the 25,000 genes in the 47 Arsenault and Snook, Ibid. human genome,” said Dr. Mark Samuels, 48 ____ “Dalhousie University Receives molecular researcher at Dalhousie University $90,000 in Funding for Commercialization” Dal- housie Press Release Monday, November 06, 2006 : and co-principal investigator of AMGGI, told Halifax, Nova Scotia “http://communicationsand- Canadian Biotech News.53 marketing.dal.ca/media/2006/2006-11-06.html 49 _____ “Recent Success Stories at Dalhousie: Seeking the Perfect Reaction” Springboard Com- 51 Michael Crichton, “Patenting Life” The New munications page. http://www.springboardatlantic. York Times, February 13, 2007 . http://www.nytimes. com/NR/exeres/F293A6D5-9485-4376-B29E- com/2007/02/13/opinion/13crichton.html?ex=132 C6F04FFF38FA.htm 9022800&en=e94c0cfca7b400fe&ei=5090 50 _____ “Recent Success Stories at 52 _____ “Genome Atlantic secures $3.28M for Dalhousie: Seeking the Perfect Reaction” health genomics research project in Atlantic Canada Springboard Communications page. http://www. Halifax” Burrill Canadian Biotech News. San Francisco: springboardatlantic.com/NR/exeres/F293A6D5- Oct 2005. Vol. 14, Iss. 40-43; P 8. 9485-4376-B29E-C6F04FFF38FA.htm 53 _____ “Genome Atlantic secures $3.28M for

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 17 Combatting genetic disease in Atlantic dividend to date of over $35,000.”55 With Canada is obviously a worthwhile endeavor. four professors, and likely a host of research However, in a political and economic climate assistants working on a project in university where universities are under pressure to facilities, this $35,000 dollars to cover solely marketize their research, the data gathered ‘commercialization expenses’ likely represents by the AMGGI could end up being patented only a small portion of the public resources and privatized. The best solution to foster expended to create the vaccine. public good, and to adhere to the stated While the public and students pay the research objects of the project, would be for overhead costs for salaries and facilities, it is AMGGI to patent any genes it discovers (so individual professors and their companies another company doesn’t) and then declare who profit. Thus, as Claire Polster notes: the patented genes part of a public trust that all scientists are entitled to use. “New efforts to commercialize The case of ImmunoVaccine academic research (promoted both by Technologies Inc. (IVT), a spin-off firm government officials and university research administrators) may lead to founded by Dalhousie scientists: Dr. Warwick the diversion of even more state and Kimmins, Dr. Robert Brown, Dr. Bill Pohajdak university funds away from public 54 and the late Dr. Michael Mezei, which patents academic research and into commercially vaccines, may be a little more troubling than related activities.”56 other Dalhousie commercilization projects. In August 2006, Dalhousie transferred ownership Moreover, once the IVT vaccine, developed of patents related to “the prevention of in a public university by professors paid for fertilization in animals” from the University largely with public money, is patented, who to ImmunoVaccine Technologies Inc. (IVT). will benefit from it? Will the vaccine be sold Dr. Ronald Layden, Executive Director of at prices where poor farmers in the majority Dalhousie’s Industry Liaison and Innovation world will be able to afford it? Or will it morph office, was clear that “IVT has repaid all costs into the branded intellectual property of a incurred by Dalhousie for expenses related large drug firm who will use it to maximize to the patents and other commercialization private profit? “We would be very happy expenses, plus the university has received a

55 _____ “Dalhousie receives cash dividend health genomics research project in Atlantic Canada from spin off company ImmunoVaccine Halifax”Burrill Canadian Biotech News. San Francisco: Technologies Inc.” Dalhousie Press Release: Oct 2005. Vol. 14, Iss. 40-43; P 8. Tuesday, August 29, 2006 : Halifax, Nova Scotia. 54 _____ “Dalhousie receives cash dividend http://communicationsandmarketing.dal.ca/ from spin off company ImmunoVaccine Technolo- media/2006/2006-08-29.html gies Inc.” Dalhousie Press Release: Tuesday, August 56 Claire Polster “The Future of the Liberal 29, 2006 : Halifax, Nova Scotia. http://communi- University in the Era of the Global Knowledge cationsand marketing.dal.ca/media/2006/2006-08- Grab” Higher Education, Vol. 39, No. 1. (Jan., 2000), 29.html pp. 19-41. P 22.

18 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG if all of our commercialization ventures simply, if average citizens begin to assume that were as successful as IVT has been,” stated professors are on the payroll of one company Dal’s Industry Liaison Director Dr. Layden, or another, it will be far more difficult for confirming that commercial success is not the professors, even the independent ones, to same as public good.57 carry out serious research. In the last 50 years many major Some institutions, most notably the technologically advanced inventions- most University of British Colombia (UBC), are notably the Internet- were created with public, taking steps to deal with conflicts of interest not private funds. This dynamic continues. stemming from ‘extra-curricular’ corporate However, while the public funds research, it activities in which professors are increasingly is, more often than not, individual firms and engaging. In 2005, UBC up-dated its conflict of shareholders who profit from its results. interest rules, instituting a centralized system for reporting disclosures of commitment “On the one hand, IPRs [international conflicts. In 2006-07, 1,956 professors at intellectual property regimes] are UBC submitted disclosure reports: 1,827 were reducing the university’s ability to draw approved and the remaining 129 were still on and to replenish the intellectual being reviewed in March, 2007.60 In February commons which is one fundamental precondition of its survival,” 2007, the University of Toronto’s governing body approved a new “Statement on Conflict writes University of Regina professor Claire of Interest and Conflict of Commitment,” Polster, one of the most out-spoken academic making clear that involvement in external critics of university corporatization. “IPRs are activities or organizations shouldn’t interfere also preventing academics from fulfilling their with the traditional professorial duties of 61 public service mission which may undermine teaching and research. the popular support for the university that is There is no such database for professors also crucial to its survival.”58 A 1986 survey working for companies or moonlighting as of science and engineering faculty at the corporate directors in the Halifax area. In Universities of Montreal, Waterloo and 1995, the Dalhousie Senate approved a policy Alberta found 90.2% of engineers, 76.5% of on “Integrity in Scholarly Activity,” which 62 computer scientists and 66% of biological mentions corporate conflicts of interest , but scientists engaged in consulting.59 To put it 60 Sarah Schmidt, “Moonlighting profs raise 57 “Dalhousie receives cash dividend issues of conflict and commitment” CanWest from spin off company ImmunoVaccine News. Don Mills, Ont.: Mar 5, 2007. P 1. Technologies Inc.” Dalhousie Press Release: 61 Schmidt, Ibid. Tuesday, August 29, 2006 : Halifax, Nova Scotia. 62 Dalhousie University policy on Integrity in http://communicationsandmarketing.dal.ca/ Scholarly Activity (approved December 1, 1995 media/2006/2006-08-29.html and amended on January 29, 2001) See article 58 Polster, Ibid. P 25. 3.6 P 5. http://senate.dal.ca//Files/policies/ 59 Tudiver, ibid, p 155. IntegrityinScholarly.pdf

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 19 unlike UBC or U of T, Dal does not have a The Problems with thorough database to track professor- business Commercialization: a Few connections. Thus, NSPIRG is recommending Case Studies that the Provincial government finance the creation and maintenance of such a database. The Sick Kids, U of T and Dr. If funds are scare, the monies to fund such Nancy Olivieri a project should be directly cut from the operating budget of Springboard, or other erhaps the best known Canadian example publicly funded initiatives which attempt to Pof a corporate-university partnership gone foster commercialization- think of it as an awry is the case of Nancy Olivieri, a University ethical insurance policy. of Toronto scientist. In 1996, Dr. Olivieri, an expert on the blood disorder thalasemia, signed a research contract with the drug giant Apotex to test the drug deferiprone on her patients at sick kids Hospital in Toronto.63 She found that deferipone could, in some cases, have life-threatening side effects and attempted to publish her findings to warn other doctors and patients participating in the trial of the potential risks. The company abruptly terminated the trials and issued warnings of legal action against Olivieri should she inform her patients at the Hospital for Sick Children of the risks, or publish her findings.64 Apotex cited an overlooked clause in her research contract, which allowed the firm to suppress publication.65 Dr. Olivieri went ahead and published her findings in the New England Journal of Medicine. Initially, neither the University of Toronto, nor the Hospital defended Dr. Olivieri’s academic freedom, likely fearing legal threats from the drug company.

63 Klien, Ibid. P 100. 64 ____CAUT Bullitin Online, November 2001. “Report Vindicates Dr. Olivieri” http://www. caut.ca/en/bulletin/issues/2001_nov/default.asp 65 Klien, Ibid. P 100.

20 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG In 1999, Dr. Olivieri was demoted by in the political economy of a partnership the hospital. She wasn’t reinstated or supported between the New Brunswick Department until 2001, when a committee of inquiry into of Education, her university and the the dispute involving Dr. Nancy Olivieri, the Brewers Association of Canada (BAC). The Hospital for Sick Children, the University Department of Education contacted Dr. Eyre of Toronto, and Apotex Inc. issued a report to help develop an educational resource on which found that despite the interference alcohol for the province’s schools. The Brewers by Apotex, Olivieri fulfilled her ethical Association of Canada provided funding for obligations.66 The case of Dr. Olivieri was the resource. On the surface, it seems positive exceptional for corporate-university research that alcohol producers should invest in the partnerships for two necessary education main reasons. Firstly, to mitigate the social it is significant that “The university is located di- cost of their product; the case became they should pay for public at all. It is rectly within the boundaries of their ‘externalities’. likely that situations the public-private state-market However, Dr. similar to those of Eyre’s experience Dr. Olivieri, where struggle.” elucidates some of companies threaten -Howard Buchbinder the problems in these universities with sorts of funding major lawsuits after arrangements. research partnerships go awry, have happened “The industry argued that young people before and the professors involved simply do drink and providing technical information suppressed their findings or were unable to kick about alcohol (e.g., the physical effects of up a noticeable and successful fuss. Secondly, alcohol) should help them make responsible Dr. Oliveri’s case was a perfectly clear example decisions about alcohol use,” wrote Dr. of why it is sometimes physically dangerous to Eyre in a journal article. “The industry also have corporations funding research. In most stipulated the harms to be addressed (e.g., cases, the intrigue is not so obvious. drinking and driving), but excluded others, namely alcoholism, fetal alcohol syndrome, Brewing Discontent: UNB Prof alcohol use in combination with other drugs, speaks out against beer industry and issues for specific groups. It also excluded meddling information about how alcohol works socially, economically, politically, and globally.”67 he case of University of New Brunswick Tprofessor Linda Eyre never made headlines. In 1997, she became entangled 67 Linda Eyre, “No Strings Attached”?: Corporate Involvement in Curriculum” Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l’éducation, 66 CAUT Bulliten, Nov. 2001. Ibid. Vol. 27, No. 1. (2002), pp. 61-80. P 63.

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 21 Rather than the explosive life or death situation are relatively low; “about 10% of our total that makes Dr. Oliveri’s case so compelling, operating budget is corporate, the rest comes Dr. Eyre’s dealings with BAC is likely more from the University itself and other sources,” representative of common problems in said Tobin. One could argue that companies corporate research partnerships. Essentially, dealing with the athletics department are corporate money stifled the parameters of getting more than they are paying for- while debate on the project. The dichotomies and the contributions of Pepsi and Adidas are terms of discussion were framed by people displayed prominently in the Dalplex and who had a direct economic interest in Dr. other locations, financial subsidies for sports Eyre’s educational resource coming to certain coming from the greater student population conclusions at the expense of others. The and the provincial government are not purpose of the university is to be able to highlighted in such an obtrusive fashion as ask tough- and more importantly- diverse the logos of corporate sponsors. questions: to scrutinize basic assumptions When discussing corporate sponsorship and even offer structural critiques. “Although in the athletics department, Mr. Tobin proudly, I eventually withdrew from this partnership,” and rightly notes that, “We don’t just partner notes Dr. Eyre, “I do not separate myself with anyone, we do our homework. We from corporatist values: my own desire for wouldn’t partner with a gambling company research funding drew me to the project.” or a cigarette manufacturer.” However, the athletics department is more than happy to Running a-muck: corporate- partner with Pepsi a “major sponsor” with athletics exclusivity deals “exclusive rights to distribute their soft-drink”. It’s hardly controversial to note that Pepsi isn’t pproximately $350,000-400,000 is the most healthy stuff. The company also has “Acoming into the athletics department an imperfect track record internationally. For through corporate sponsorship,” said Kevin example, in 2003, India’s Centre for Science Tobin, Dalhousie’s Senior Manager for and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental Development Department of Athletics and organization, announced it had conducted Recreational Services in an interview.68 “Ten tests that showed Pepsi’s soft drink products years ago, we were probably talking about a had 36 times the level of pesticide residues third of that [total corporate sponsorship]. permitted under European Union regulations.69 One third of this money [current corporate The CSE said it found toxins in all 12 of the sponsorship] comes to us in cash the other soft drinks it tested including lindane, DDT, two thirds in product,” said Tobin. In athletics, malathion and chlorpyrifos - pesticides that as in other university ventures, corporate donations as a percentage of operating costs 69 Edward Luce, “ India: Pepsi and Coca- Cola deny Pesticide claims” The Financial Times, 68 Chris Arsenault interviews Kevin Tobin, August 6, 2003. http://www.corpwatch.org/article. June 2007. php?id=7909

22 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG can contribute over the long term to cancer (and other brands) of running shoes, have and breakdown of the immune system. The “improved over the last eighteen months”, but centre said it had tested the same products in argues that workers are still subjected to verbal the US and found no such residues. “These abuse, intrusive physical examinations and companies take advantage of the fact that dangerous conditions. “Those improvements India has no regulations governing the quality which have occurred are commendable, of water that goes into soft drinks,” said Sunita and demonstrate that positive change in Narain, a director of the CSE in an interview response to international pressure is possible. with the Financial Times. “They say they have Unfortunately they fall well short of ensuring global standards. But this proves that is not that Nike and Adidas workers are able to live the case.” Pepsi denied the allegations. with dignity,” said Connor in a newspaper For sportswear, Dalhousie has had interview, adding that “Fear dominates the an exclusivity deal with Adidas since 2000.70 lives of these workers. They are afraid that “If there was a certain shoe they [Adidas] speaking openly about factory conditions or couldn’t provide, we wouldn’t put a Nike getting involved in active unions will put their on, or if we did, we would doctor it. It is livelihoods in danger.”72 In 2006, the Manchester the responsibility of the coach to identify Guardian reported that, “Sportswear giant this problem and it would be a manager who Adidas has reneged on its promise to demand would actually change the logo,” said Tobin, the reinstatement of 33 workers dismissed discussing the sometimes strange world of from a major Indonesian supplier in a way exclusive sponsorship. “There was an issue the country’s human rights commission has with the sweatshops,” said Tobin, who added found to be illegal.”73 Clearly, Adidas still has that Adidas has cleaned up its act since the a significant way to go in ending human rights child labor scandals of the 1990s. abuses against workers by the factories it sub- In 2002, two years into Dal’s exclusivity contracts from. deal with the company, an Oxfam report Even in 2007, by which time Adidas entitled We Are Not Machines concluded that, should have become a model corporate citizen, “Adidas have not done enough to address the students at the University of Wisconsin in concerns of human rights groups, consumers Madison were trying to kick the company off and workers themselves.”71 Timothy Connor, their campus until it dealt with a specific set the report’s author, said that conditions of labor problems at one of its El Salvadorian in Indonesian factories producing Adidas suppliers. The Hermosa factory in El Salvador, an Adidas supplier, owes workers $825,000 70 _____ “Dalhousie makes Corporate Deal with Adidas” CBC.ca, Posted September 8, 2000. http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2000/09/08/ns_ 72 Parry, Ibid. adidas000908.html 73 John Aglionby, “Indonesia: Adidas ‘fails 71 Richard Lloyd Parry, “Nike and Adidas to act’ over sacked workers” The Guardian/UK, ‘Have Failed to Stop Sweatshop Abuses’ ” July 6th, 2006. http://www.corpwatch.org/article. lndependent/UK, March 8, 2002. php?id=13857

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 23 US in back pay, according to an investigation When these abuses occur, students need by Students United Against Sweatshops.74 to be able to respond with effective gestures of Students at UW-Madison are pressuring their solidarity. The ability to pull out of a contract University to cut its contract with Adidas in until a company- in this case Adidas- changes order to try and negotiate settlements for a policy or rights a wrong, is a crucial piece of workers at the Hermosa factory. “Workers’ consumer power and one that Dal students lives are on the line. The university has a should control. A proper number of seats on moral responsibility to do something about the Board of Governors would be useful for it,” said UW-Madison senior Joel Feingold exercising this sort of power. in an interview with his campus paper.75 In athletics, there are some positive Administrators at the university, to their examples of engagement with the business credit, hosted an executive leadership summit sector, that do not involve marketing unhealthy with Adidas and are sending a university beverages or sports-gear manufactured under official, the assistant to the director of questionable conditions. “We are now working community relations in the chancellor’s office, on increasing our corporate membership. For to El Salvador to gage the situation and speak instance, if you bring 25 employees, to the directly with the workers. It is doubtful that Dalplex, you’ll get a 25% discount. The more anyone from Dalhousie’s athletics department members you guarantee us, the higher the has traveled to Central American or South savings.”77 Making ‘health and wellness’ deals East Asian factories to investigate the clothes with companies, non-profit organizations Dal’s athletes are wearing. and other major employers seems like a more In recent years, international pressure equitable form of engagement and revenue from student groups and solidarity groups generation than exclusive sponsorship deals. and others has concretely reduced sweatshop abuses among major brand name apparel Exclusive Dining Arrangements: makers like Adidas.76 However, some sub- Very dangerous precedents contractors still commit grave human rights abuses against their employees, as the Hermosa In researching for this report, myself and other case and others illustrate. students were interested in what Dalhousie had offered Aramark Campus Services and the Pepsi bottling group in their exclusive 74 Heather Gjerde “SLAC wary of UW’s contracts. Does the university guarantee Adidas investigation” The Daily Cardnial Friday, 16 March 2007 http://www.dailycardinal.com/news/ these firms a certain amount of profit? Are slac-wary-of-uw-s-adidas-investigation.html students getting the best deal possible? Are 75 Gjerde, Ibid. companies promised benefits as part of these 76 Oxfam International, “Offside: Labor contracts that exceed expectations in normal Rights and Sport-wear Production in Asia” Oxfam commercial arrangements? Did the university International Reports, 2006. http://www.oxfam.org. uk/what_we_do/issues/trade/downloads/offside_ sportswear_summ.pdf 77 Arsenault & Tobin, Ibid.

24 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG pay for renovations to cafeterias at the 200,000 employees80, is providing students bequest of these firms? We will never know with the highest quality food at the best the answers to these and other questions until prices, they should have nothing to fear from the contracts are made public. competitors knowing how they operate. The As public institutions, universities ins-and outs of the food service business are are legally accountable to the Freedom of hardly issues of national security and there is Information and Protection of Privacy Act no good reason why they should be kept from (FOIPOP). According to the act, interested public hands. It is clear that corporations are citizens are supposed to have access to playing an increased role in almost all spheres records, service agreements, reports, meeting of university life and if these companies can act minutes and other information kept by public in secrecy, without oversight, it sets a terrible institutions. In responding to a formal request precedent. Thus, NSPIRG is recommending for these contracts, Dalhousie FOIPOP that the university only enter into partnerships coordinator Karen Crombie wrote “We will with the private sector if those partnerships not be disclosing copies of the June 30, 2001 are open, accessible and accountable. Students contract between Dalhousie University and are the ones paying for Aramark food and Aramark Canada Ltd or the October 18, 1999 university operating expenses so they have a agreement between Dalhousie University, right to know what the university has signed. Dalhousie Students Union and The Pepsi Secret contracts and attempts to Bottling Group.”78 circumvent the Access to Information Act Public institutions should only sign nothwithstanding, Aramark has been criticized contracts that are open and transparent, so on several Canadian campuses for paying the the pros and cons of such agreements can be food service workers poverty level wages.81 In debated by stakeholders (in this case mostly January, 2007 entry level Aramark employees students) in an informative and sensible at Dalhousie working as cooks or dishwashers fashion. The ostensible reason for keeping the in Sherrif Hall and other residence cafeterias contracts secret is that, “if such information earned $8.16 per hour with a 20 cent raise is disclosed to Aramark’s competitors, every year.82 Meanwhile, Aramark’s CEO such competitors would be given an unfair advantage by providing them insight into 80 Nanette Byrnes, “Joseph Neubauer, Aramark Aramark’s business practices…”79 This is The Straight Shooter” Business Week, September 23, totally unacceptable. If Aramark, a company 2002. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/ content/02_38/b3800018.htm with over two million clients in 17 nations and 81 Jennifer Hamilton-McCharles, “School cafeteria workers vote to strike; Job action hinges on result of conciliation talks” North Bay Nugget, 78 Karen Crombie, Response to Freedom of Wednesday, August 15, 2007. http://www.nugget. Information and Protection of Privacy Act Request ca/webapp/sitepages/content.asp?contentid=65348 for Access to Information from NSPIRG/Chris 7&catname=Local+News Arsenault July 27, 2007. 82 Employment contract between Chris 79 Crombie letter, Ibid. Arsenault and Aramark Campus services.

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 25 Joseph Neubauer had a net worth of some SDF Funds: Is the Department $580 million in 2002.83 “We made 250 people of National Defense paying Dal millionaires from hot dogs and dirty laundry. profs to lobby for war? Only in America,” Neubauer bragged to Business Week. Average employees making he Center of Foreign Policy Studies, less than ten dollars an hour likely weren’t Tlocated in Dalhousie’s political science too impressed. Aramark also has significant department, is one of the country’s leading holdings in private for-profit prisons; the institutes for military strategy, especially related company manages all prison foodservice for to the navy. In 2005-06, Dalhousie, mostly correctional systems in three American states through the Center for Foreign Policy Studies, -- Kansas, Mississippi and New Mexico -- and received $120,000 dollars from the Security and 84 the, District of Columbia. The company Defense Forum (SDF), an academic granting provides service for some prisons in seven program run by the Department of National other states. As a company with private prison Defense.85 The SDF shells out $2.5 million investments in the United States, Aramark has per year across Canada for research related to every incentive to lobby for longer jail terms the military. “The situation right now between for drug offenders as more inmates means the Department of National Defense and the more money. pressure of the SDF group on academics is problematic and troubling,” David Dewitt, former director of York University’s Centre for International and Security Studies told NOW Magazine, which first broke the story on the prevalence of SDF grants.86 Clearly, there are plenty of foundations, arms length government departments and other groups who fund research. The fact that DND is funding academic research, unto itself, is not especially problematic. However, if public money is being used to advance a specific agenda then that is dangerous, because it limits sensible and open debate on 83 ____ “#379, Neubauer, Joseph “ Forbes crucial issues like foreign policy and national Magazine, 2002. http://www.forbes.com/finance/ lists/54/2002/LIR.jhtml?passListId=54&passYear= 2002&passListType=Person&uniqueId=DZ24&data 85 Paul Weinberg, “Hawks get bucks to sell war: type=Person University centres hot on Afghan peace get left out 84 ____“Aramark Correctional Services locks o federal funding loop” NOW Magazine, February up another county-jail contract” Nation’s Restaurant 22- 28, 2007. http://www.nowtoronto.com/is News, June 24, 2002. http://findarticles.com/p/ sues/2007-02-22/news_story.php articles/mi_m3190/is_25_36/ai_87917722 86 Weinberg, Ibid.

26 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG defense. Some scholars, including Peter combat capabilities, fighting ‘terrorism’ with Langille, a University of Western Ontario direct occupation, remodeling governments professor specializing in conflict resolution, in so-called ‘failed states’ and turning military call academics who receive SDF funds personnel into war fighters rather than peace “embedded” because of granting parameters keepers. related to advancing “a paradigm inclined Walter Dorn, a professor at the Canadian toward a long war policy and expansion of Forces College (affiliated with the DND’s the military sector.” Some academics allege Royal Military College) had a very different that certain research interests, and more experience with SDF grants than Dalhousie’s importantly certain research outcomes, are Dr. Lennox. In March 2006, Dorn found favored by the DND and thus academics who himself in the middle of a controversy when want to receive SDF money need to fall into the Minister of Defense received complaints line. about his articles lamenting the demise of Dr. Patrick Lennox is one of Dalhousie’s peacekeeping. The college’s principal stood political science professors who receives SDF up for Dorn’s academic freedom. The armed funds. He says that the DND or other branches forces, Dorn says, resents “the public’s of the military are in no way influencing his view that our soldiers are peacekeepers.”88 research. “I have had zero contact with the Thus, while Dalhousie specific data did not Department of National Defense as far as my reveal anything unholy about SDF funding work is concerned. This was a one shot award academics, it may only be a matter of time granted by the Association of Universities and until the DND tries to exercise greater control Colleges (AUCC) based purely on academic of the research money they are spending. merit,”87 said the SDF fellow in an interview. Along with potentially using SDF Lennox’s research focuses on Canada-U.S grants to interfere with research outcomes, relations and he says his conclusions are the Department of National Defense has likely different from what the DND would be been active at Dalhousie in other ways. In pushing. Dr. Lennox’s assertion that he had 2006, the Halifax Peace Coalition and the never spoken with anyone from DND about Dalhousie Centre for Foreign Policy Studies his work certainly raises questions about the invited Stephen Staples, a prominent peace alleged malevolence of SDF funds; there activist with the Polaris Institute, to speak are plenty of organizations funding all sorts on the topic of ‘The Americanisation of the of academic work on a variety of subjects. Canadian Military.’ After filing an Access to The danger is not that the military is funding Information request for military briefings research; the issue is whether or not the to senior officers, Staples learned that the defense establishment is using public money to military had sent operatives to monitor his advance a pre-scripted viewpoint on military talk.89 “My problem is that the military initially affairs: mainly bolstering military overseas � Ibid, NOW Magazine. 87 Arsenault interviews Lennox, June 2007. 89 Am Johal, “Canadian Military Keeping Tabs

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 27 denied it,” Staples told Inter Press Service.90 contract (a secret one at that) with Dalhousie “Governments send staff to attend meetings itself. all the time to prepare briefings -- there is Because the contract between NewAd nothing wrong with that. It’s when they deny and the university is secret, we do not know it and hide it that it becomes something more exactly how many ads are on campus, or how nefarious.” Staples has not pursued whether much money the company is making from its the Canadian Security Intelligence Service or “strong, captive one-on-one impressions.”94 other security agencies currently have anti- However, at Trent University, students ob- war activists at Dalhousie under surveillance. tained information about their school’s dealings with Zoom Media, a company very simi- Flushing Bathroom Ads lar to NewAd. Zoom Media pays the school approximately $18 thousand each year for the If the struggle of our era is between rental of space to house 162 ads.95 For every the public interest and private gain, then cam- Zoom “Classic” ad (exactly the same as the pus bathrooms have become a battleground. NewAd frames in Dal’s bathrooms) Trent re- NewAd Media, supplies bathroom ads ceives $12 per month.96 Like most corporate- at Dalhousie and other universities. The ad- university partnerships, the bathroom ads are vertising firm uses the simple slogan “we de- not bringing in significant amounts of reve- liver young people.”91 However, most of us nue. never ordered their take-out. In 2001, when At Dalhousie, when students were Macleans magazine compiled its annual ran- able to exercise democratic rights through kings for Canadian universities, vandalism their student union, they voted to flush -ba of bathroom ads at Dal was noteworthy en- throom ads from the student union building. ough to make the ‘not hot’ section of their Along with general distaste at being a captive report.92 audience during necessary human functions, NewAd was kicked out of washrooms the vote on bathroom ads at the DSU in 2001 in the Dal Student Union building on No- showcases the undemocratic nature of the vember 7, 2001 after the contract was put to Dalhousie administration. If students con- a vote on student council.93 NewAd still has a trolled their fair share of seats on the Board of Governors, this ‘democratic deficit’ could on Peace Activists ?” Inter Press Service, Vancouver 9 be rectified, and students could have a proper August , 2007. http://ipsnorthamerica.net/print. university wide debate about the presence of php?idnews=995 NewAd all over campus, not just in the Stu- 90 Johal, Ibid. http://ipsnorthamerica.net/ print.php?idnews=995 94 Gazette staff, ibid. 91 http://www.newad.com/ 95 Sarah Lamble, “The smelly truth about 92 Erin Goodman, “Dal drops to 9th place” bathroom advertising” The Arthur, October 6, 2003. Dal Gazette, November 22, 2001. P 3. http://www.trentarthur.info/archives/000127.html 93 Gazette staff, “Bathroom ad update” Dal 96 Lamble, Ibid. http://www.trentarthur.info/ Gazette, November 8, 2001. P 6. archives/000127.html

28 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG dent Union Building. Recommendations Until then, sharpies may be the only recourse for angry students- some organized 1) If the University is to obey market themselves into the ‘Bathroom Liberation principles (or elementary democracy) in its Front’ in 2001. While vandalism is problema- governance structures, then students should tic, acts of individual defiance are often the control at least 28% of the seats on the Board only channel left when democratic action is of Governors. closed because of structural inequalities, like the current situation with the Board of Go- 2) Because the current board is unreflective vernors. of Dalhousie’s ethnic and cultural diversity, at least three new BOG positions should be created as a form of affirmative action. These positions could include one representative from the African Nova Scotian community, a representative of international students and someone from the Mi’maq community- for starters.

3) Dalhousie should follow the lead for the University of British Colombia and the University of Toronto and draft a Statement on Conflict of Interest and Conflict of Commitment and create a data-base to monitor contracts and research agreements between corporations and University officials and faculty.

4) The University should not enter into secret agreements with private corporations. The University is a public body and, like other public institutions, its records need to be available through the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. In an age where more and more services are being contracted out to the private sector, the university ensure openes and accountability in its relations with private companies.

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 29 The Personifications of Power: Board of Govenors Bios for members of the Executive Committee and the Steering Committee

he fundamental responsibilities of the Board of Governors are to: T 1. Provide trusteeship for the achievement of the University’s core mission, its assets and its public reputation. This involves sharing information about our [Dalhousie’s] activities, requiring accountability for results and ensuring appropriate responses to organizational and operational shortcomings from appropriate staff. Trusteeship also involves advocacy of the University’s interests to governments and the community.

2. Review the University management’s strategic direction to achieve our goals and hold management accountable for the outcomes of the implementation of its operational plans. This is an ongoing and iterative process.

3. Provide statutory approval of university operations as required.97

BOG Executive Committee Members:

James Cowan (Chair) As an unelected Senator appointed by the Liberal Party in 200598, James Cowan collects $125,800.00 per year from Canadian tax payers.99 He began serving as Dalhousie Board of Governors Chairman in the year 2000.100 Mr. Cowan has been serving on the Board of Governors, in varying capacities, since 1972. Thus, he has held an important decision making power in the University for longer than most undergraduates have been alive. According to the BOG chairman’s Senate biography, “He is also well-known in the field of business and public policy. Mr. Cowan is Secretary and a Director of the Halifax International Air- port Authority, former Vice-Chair and Chair of the Planning Committee of the Waterfront Develop- ment Corporation Ltd., former director of the Federal Business Development Bank and a Former Director and Trustee of the Institute for Research on Public Policy.”101

97 http://boardofgovernors.dal.ca/bog_6871.html 98 http://www.hiaa.ca/default.asp?id=190&pagesize=1&sfield=content.id&search=111&mn=70.1.13.59 99 http://www.liberal.ca/senators_e.aspx?id=12530; http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Lists/Salaries. aspx?Section=b571082f-7b2d-4d6a-b30a-b6025a9cbb98 100 http://www.liberal.ca/senators_e.aspx?id=12530 101 http://www.liberal.ca/senators_e.aspx?id=12530

30 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG Cathy MacNutt (Vice Chair) Cathy MacNutt is Vice-President of Product Development for DementiaGuide Inc., a health information company.102 She is also a member of the Atlantic Canada Network of Bioactive Compounds a group working to foster the biotechnology economy.103 As a consultant with ClearThinking Con- sulting Inc. MacNutt provides “services for biotechnology, health services, skills development, organizational change in the private and public sector.”104

Don Mills (Honorary Secretary) Don Mills is CEO of Corporate Research Associates Inc. a public opinion and market research firm.105 Selected as one of The Top 50 CEO’s in Atlantic Canada by Atlantic Business Maga- zine every year since 2001, Mills was inducted into the Top 50 CEO Hall of Fame in its inaugural year in 2005. As well, he was selected 2001 Business Person of the Year in Metro Halifax by the Halifax Chamber of Commerce and was runner-up in 2006.106 Don Mills is also a board member of the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, the conservative think-tank often quoted in this report.107 Stephen Harper (when he was in opposition) called AIMS, “dollar for dollar the best think tank in the country.”108 Mr. Mills was the founding President of the Marketing Research & Intelligence Association (MRIA). He is Past President of the Canadi- an Association of Marketing Research Organizations (CAMRO) and was a member of the national Board of the Professional Marketing Research Society (PMRS).109 In 1995, Mr. Mills became the first chair of the Board of Halifax’s newly amalgamated Cham- ber of Commerce.

Tom Traves (President) As the author of Essays in Canadian Business History, Dr. Traves knows how things work in board rooms and backrooms. “Realistically, I don’t see any significant change in the pattern of tuition increases...The simple reality is that universities are very expensive places to operate,” Traves told the Dal Gazette in 2004.110 Traves receives a salary in excess of $242,586 per year.111 Traves says

102 http://www.agingtech.org/item.aspx?id=208&CA=0 103 http://www.upei.ca/science/FacS070.pdf 104 http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/app/ccc/search/navigate.do?language=eng&portal=1&subPortal=&estblmntNo=2 34567064081&profile=completeProfile 105 http://www.cra.ca/en/home/Locations/halifax_mills.aspx 106 http://www.cra.ca/en/home/Locations/halifax_mills.aspx 107 http://www.aims.ca/aboutaims.asp?cmPageID=446 108 http://www.aims.ca/aboutaims.asp?cmPageID=233 109 http://www.cra.ca/en/home/Locations/halifax_mills.aspx 110 http://www.dalgazette.ca/previous/archives/2004/10/tom_traves_stat.html 111 http://www.dalgazette.ca/previous/archives/2004/10/tom_traves_stat.html

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 31 his salary is “determined in a competitive market.”112 Dr. Traves sits on board of directors of the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies (AIMS), a think tank which has published reports supporting the private university education.113 Among its many dealings, AIMS issued a report in 1996 entitled Reforming the Universities: The Coming Upheaval in Higher Education in Nova Scotia and Elsewhere.114 In this document, author Edwin West tries to apply the “Adam Smith test” for universities, arguing: “the threshold of tolerable efficency is re- ached when the share of student fees in the total operating costs of universities rises to at least 50 percent.”115 When asked about his views on this report in an e-mail by a member of NSPIRG in 1999, Tra- ves said he didn’t support it.116 Dr. Traves said he was a member of AIMS in a private capacity so he could discuss issues of social concern with “leading members of our business community”. Traves has been the President of Dalhousie University since 1995 and he is currently Chairman and Trustee of Clearwater Seafoods Income Fund . He is also a former member of the Maritime Life Assurance Company and AT&T Canada, as well as a past Honorary Colonel of 12 Wing Shearwater.

Mike Tipping (President of the Dal Student Union) Mr. Tipping is one of only three students on the board.

Bill Black (Chair, Academic Affairs & Research Committee) According to CBC columnist Viki Robertson, Mr. Black “knows how to make money, increasing the company’s profits [of Maritime LIfe] by nearly 500 per cent in the last four years of his tenure.”117 But, Bill Black’s story shows that success in business doesn’t necessarily translate to success in public life. BOG member Black has been a member of the provincial Conservative Party since 1970.118 He worked for financial services company Maritime Life for 34 years -- nine of them as president and CEO; the company was taken over by Ontario-based Manulife Financial in 2003.119

Lorne Clarke (Chair, Human Resources Committee) Lorne O. Clarke, was chief justice of Nova Scotia from 1985-1998.120 He received the Order of

112 http://www.dalgazette.ca/previous/archives/2004/10/tom_traves_stat.html 113 http://www.aims.ca/library/incentives.pdf 114 http://www.aims.ca/education.asp?typeID=1&id=555 115 http://www.aims.ca/education.asp?typeID=1&id=555 116 Email from Tom Traves to Ben Hirtle, Wednesday, September 15th, 1999. 117 http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_robertson/20050131.html 118 http://novanewsnet.ukings.ca/nova_news_3588_6612.html 119 http://novanewsnet.ukings.ca/nova_news_3588_6612.html 120 http://www.courts.ns.ca/history/chiefjustices.htm

32 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG Nova Scotia from former Premier John Hamm is 2002.121 Clarke, according to a history of Nova Scotia justices, “instituted many reforms in response to the 1990 inquiry into Donald Marshall Jr.’s wrongful conviction for murder, which found that racism and favoritism tainted the province’s justice system.”122 Clarke is also a member of the Pugwash Peace Exchange Advisory Council123, a group which celebrates “Pugwash’s [Nova Scotia’s] peace history, while actively promoting peace around the world.”124

Jim Spatz (member at large) As chair of the Board of Governors’ Operations Committee and one of the longest serving Board members, Mr. Spatz exercises a considerable amount of sway within the University. Mr. Spatz is CEO of Southwest Properties, a property management company created by his father. Since taking the helm at Southwest, Jim Spatz has directed the development and acquisition of over $100 million of investment property, increasing the company’s size in terms of both assets and revenue by 400 per cent.125 Among its extensive holdings, Southwest properties owns the posh Bishop’s landing development on the Halifax Waterfront, the Sunnyside mall in Bedford along with hotels and numerous apartment buildings. Mr. Spatz was past Chair of the United Israel Appeal of Atlantic Canada and currently sits on the Board of both the Atlantic Jewish Council and the Canadian Committee for Israel and Jewish Advocacy.126

Robert Chisholm (Chair, Student Experience Committee) Mr. Chisholm is a lawyer and former leader of Nova Scotia’s NDP.

Susan Brousseau (University Secretary) Ms. Brousseau is non a voting member of the executive.

121 http://www.gov.ns.ca/news/details.asp?id=20020912004 122 http://www.courts.ns.ca/history/chiefjustices.htm 123 http://pugwashpeaceexchange.org/dynamicdata/flash/AdvisoryCouncil.pdf 124 http://pugwashpeaceexchange.org/aboutus.aspx 125 Real Estate Developers and Community Builders Simon and Jim Spatz to be Inducted into the Nova Scotia Business Hall of Fame: Junior Achiement Press Release, March 1, 2007. 126 Junior achievement release, Ibid.

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 33 34 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG References

Advisory Council on Science and Technology, “Public Investments in University research: Reaping the benefits” http://acst-ccst.gc.ca/comm/rpaper_html/report_2_e.html Aglionby, John “Indonesia: Adidas ‘fails to act’ over sacked workers” The Guardian/UK, July 6th, 2006. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13857 Arsenault, Chris interviews Kevin Tobin, June 2007. Arsenault, Chris interviews Jen Bond, July 2007. Arsenault, Chris in Conversation with Michael Bradfield, February 2006. Arsenault, Chris interviews Patrick Lennox, June 2007. Arsenault, Chris interviews Sara Jane Snook, July 2007. ____ “Academics oppose corporate influence”Daily Commercial News and Construction Record. Apr 10, 2000. Vol.73, Iss. 70. ____“Aramark Correctional Services locks up another county-jail contract” Nation’s Restaurant News, June 24, 2002. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_25_36/ai_87917722 Bromell, Nick “Summa cum avaritia: Plucking a profit from the groves of academe”Harper’s Magazine, New York: Feb 2002. Vol. 304, Iss. 1821. Buchbinder, Howard; Rajagopal,Pinayur “Canadian Universities: The Impact of Free Trade and Globalization” Higher Education, Vol. 31, No. 3. (Apr., 1996), pp. 283-299. Byrnes, Karen “Joseph Neubauer, Aramark The Straight Shooter” Business Week, September 23, 2002. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_38/b3800018.htm ____Budget 2004- Budget Plan: Chapter 4 Moving Forward on the Priorities of Canadians – The Importance of Knowledge and Commercialization. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bud- get2004/documents/bud04/budget04/bp/bpc4ce.htm Clark, E. Ann “Academia in the Service of Industry: the Ag Biotech Model” in The Corporate Campus: Commericlization and the Dangers to Canada’s Colleges and Universities Ed. James L Turk (James Lorimer and Company Ltd., Publishers: Toronto, 2000) Canadian Federation of Students’ submission to the 2006 Pre-budget Consultations, September, 2006. http://www.cfs-fcee.ca/html/english/research/submissions/sub-2006-financectteebrief.pdf Crichton, Michael “Patenting Life” The New York Times, February 13, 2007 . http://www.nytimes. com/2007/02/13/opinion/13crichton.html?ex=1329022800&en=e94c0cfca7b400fe&ei=5090

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 35 Crombie, Karen, Response to Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act Request for Access to Information from NSPIRG/Chris Arsenault July 27, 2007. Crowley, Brian Lee, “Low Tuition Advocates Need Fact Not Fantasy” The Chronicle He- rald & The Moncton Times and Transcript, November 6, 2004. http://www.aims.ca/education. asp?typeID=4&id=1026 Crowley, Brian Lee, “A Brave New World. Universities need to prepare for a global market” The Chronicle Herald & the Moncton Times and Transcript, May 4, 2005. http://www.aims.ca/aimslibrary. asp?ft=4&id=1130 ____CAUT Bullitin Online, November 2001. “Report Vindicates Dr. Olivieri” http://www.caut. ca/en/bulletin/issues/2001_nov/default.asp ___ “Commercialization of Intellectual Property in the Higher Education Sector” The Daily Stat- sCanada, October 4, 2006. P 1. http://www.springboardatlantic.com/NR/rdonlyres/046AE4D2- 9F44-4C1A-84E4-7A73D38AEC97/0/20061004StatsCanDailySurveyResults.pdf Dalhousie Annual Financial Report, 2006. Dalhousie “Board of Governors Appointment Process” Approved by the Board of Governors, April 18, 2006 Dalhousie “Board of Governors 2007-2008 Standing Committee Membership” Board of Gover- nors ,June 19, 2007 Dalhousie “Board of Governors Appointment Process” Approved by the Board of Governors, April 18, 2006. Dalhousie University policy on Integrity in Scholarly Activity (approved December 1, 1995 and amended on January 29, 2001) See article 3.6 P 5. http://senate.dal.ca//Files/policies/Integrityin- Scholarly.pdf _____ “Dalhousie receives cash dividend from spin off company ImmunoVaccine Technologies Inc.” Dalhousie Press Release: Tuesday, August 29, 2006 : Halifax, Nova Scotia. http://communicationsandmarketing.dal.ca/media/2006/2006-08-29.html _____ “Dalhousie University Receives $90,000 in Funding for Commercialization” Joint Press Re- lease Between Dalhousie and Spring Board Atlantic, Monday, November 06, 2006 : Halifax, Nova Scotia. http://communicationsandmarketing.dal.ca/media/2006/2006-11-06.html _____ “Dalhousie makes Corporate Deal with Adidas” CBC.ca, Posted September 8, 2000. http:// www.cbc.ca/news/story/2000/09/08/ns_adidas000908.html

Employment contract between Chris Arsenault and Aramark Campus services. Eyre, Linda “No Strings Attached”?: Corporate Involvement in Curriculum” Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l’éducation, Vol. 27, No. 1. (2002), pp. 61-80. Gazette staff, “Bathroom ad update” Dalhousie Gazette, November 8, 2001.

36 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG Gjerde, Heather “SLAC wary of UW’s Adidas investigation” The Daily Cardnial Friday, 16 March 2007. http://www.dailycardinal.com/news/slac-wary-of-uw-s-adidas-investigation.html Goodman, Erin “Dal drops to 9th place” Dalhousie Gazette, November 22, 2001. ____ “Genome Atlantic secures $3.28M for health genomics research project in Atlantic Canada Halifax” Burrill Canadian Biotech News. San Francisco: Oct 2005. Vol. 14, Iss. 40-43. Hamilton-McCharles, Jennifer “School cafeteria workers vote to strike; Job action hinges on result of conciliation talks” North Bay Nugget,- Wednesday, August 15, 2007. http://www.nugget.ca/ webapp/sitepages/content.asp?contentid=653487&catname=Local+News Johal, Am “Canadian Military Keeping Tabs on Peace Activists ?” Inter Press Service, Vancouver 9 August , 2007. http://ipsnorthamerica.net/print.php?idnews=99 Klein, Naomi No Logo (Vintage Canada, Toronto, 2000) Lamble, Sarah “The smelly truth about bathroom advertising” The Arthur, October 6, 2003. http:// www.trentarthur.info/archives/000127.html Luce, Edward “India: Pepsi and Coca-Cola deny Pesticide claims” The Financial Times, August 6, 2003. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=7909 Neuman, Peter C. Titans: How the new Canadian Establishment Seized Power (Viking Press: Toronto, 1998) Oxfam International, “Offside: Labor Rights and Sport-wear Production in Asia” Oxfam Interna- tional Reports, 2006. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/issues/trade/downloads/offside_ sportswear_summ.pdf Parry, Richard Lloyd “Nike and Adidas ‘Have Failed to Stop Sweatshop Abuses’ ” lndependent/UK, March 8, 2002. Philippe, John “Shedding light on the university tuition debate” The Halifax Herald & The Charlottetown Guardian Tuesday, May 14, 2002. http://www.aims.ca/socialprograms.asp?typeID= 4&id=438&fd=0&p=1 Polster,Claire “The Future of the Liberal University in the Era of the Global Knowledge Grab” Higher Education, Vol. 39, No. 1. (Jan., 2000), pp. 19-41. Rounce, Andrea “Access to Post Secondary Education: Does Class Still Matter?” Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives—Saskatchewan, August 2004.

____ “Recent Success Stories at Dalhousie: Seeking the Perfect Reaction” Springboard Commu- nications page. http://www.springboardatlantic.com/NR/exeres/F293A6D5-9485-4376-B29E- C6F04FFF38FA.htm Saint Mary’s University Board of Governors- University Governance, 2005-06. http://www.smu. ca/ug/documents/BoardofGovernors.pdf

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 37 Saint Mary’s University Annual Financial Report, March 31, 2006. http://www.smu.ca/ug/documents/afr-march31-2005.pdf Schmidt, Sarah “Moonlighting profs raise issues of conflict and commitment”CanWest News. Don Mills, Ont.: Mar 5, 2007. Shaw, Tanya, Spooner, Marc, “Business of Universities” Canadian Dimension. Winnipeg: Sep/Oct 2005. Vol. 39, Iss. 5. Southwick, Reid & Bond, Jen“ A Modest Proposal” The Dalhousie Gazette, October 5, 2006. http:// www.dalgazette.ca/html/module/displaystory/story_id/1166/edition_id/23/format/html/displaystory.html _____ “Study: High Tuition Fees Reduce Enrolment in Maritime Universities” Canadian Federa- tion of Students Nova Scotia Press Release, Tuesday, June 26, 2007. http://www.cfs-fcee.ca/html/ english/media/mediapage.php?release_id=824 Trends in Maritime Higher Education, Volumne 5, number 1, June 2007. Surveying the Enrollment Landscape: Factors and Trends in Maritime University Enrollements 2000-2001 to 2005-2006. Tudiver, Neil Universities for Sale: Resisting Corporate Control over Canadian Higher Education (Toronto: James Lorimer and Company, 1999) Washburn, Jennifer University, Inc. The Corporate Corruption of American Higher Education (Basic Books, New York: 2005) Weinberg, Paul “Hawks get bucks to sell war: University centres hot on Afghan peace get left out of federal funding loop” NOW Magazine, February 22- 28, 2007. http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2007-02-22/news_story.php Who’s Who at MSVU, MSVU Board of Governors 2006-2007. http://www.msvu.ca/mount-people/board-governors.asp ____ “#379, Neubauer, Joseph Forbes Magazine, 2002. http://www.forbes.com/finance/ lists/54/2002/LIR.jhtml?passListId=54&passYear=2002&passListType=Person&uniqueId=DZ24 &datatype=Person

38 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG Acknowledgments:

Layout and Design: Sebastian Harder

ova Scotia PIRG would like to thank the ACIC (Atlantic Council for International Cooperation) Nand the CESR (Society for Corporate Environmental and Social Responsibility) for their financial contributions and the following individuals for their support in the development of this publication: Hillary Lindsay, Dave Ron, Dawn Paley, Dr. Alex Khasnabish, Andrea Smith, Ashley Hardy and Lee Park.

About the NSPIRG

Based at Dalhousie University, the Nova Scotia Public Interest Research Group is a non-partisan, student-funded centre connecting education and action.

About the Author

hris Arsenault is a Halifax based journalist and researcher who’s articles, commentaries and Cinvestigations have been published in dozens of publications around the world including: the Halifax Chronicle Herald, THIS Magazine, CBC Radio’s National Commentary and Zmagazine. He is currently a political columnist at [HERE] magazine, the largest weekly publication in New Brunswick. As a lecturer, Arsenault has been invited to address political science and economic development classes at: the University of Toronto, Queen’s University, the University of New Brunswick, Guelph University, Universidad Anahuac in Mexico City and others. Chris was voted Halifax’s “Best Activist” by readers of The Coast in 2006.

• A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG 39 40 • A New Paradigm for Paying the Piper: Access, Control and Corporatization at Halifax Universities • NSPIRG