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Home , Emergency Quota Act, Palmer Raids, William Bell Riley

Name: ___ANSWERS______Date: ______Period: ______

Chapter 12 and 13 Review Worksheet—ANSWERS

OGT Section Page Person, Place, Date, Description Term 12.3- 424, Charles Made the first nonstop solo flight across the 13.3 449 Lindbergh Atlantic Ocean in his plane the Spirit of St. Louis. He became a hero upon his return home, receiving a ticker tap parade and a reception form the white house. 12.1 412 Prejudice against foreign-born people 12.1 413 anarchists People who opposed any form of government 12.1 413 Bartolomeo An Italian immigrant who worked as a fish Vanzetti peddler. Vanzetti was accused of killing two men during a robbery and was sentenced to death. Many people blamed nativism for his prosecution. 12.1 413 An economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship; ; based on the writings of Karl Marx. 12.1 413 Nicola Sacco An Italian immigrant who worked as a shoemaker. Sacco was accused of killing two men during a robbery and was sentenced to death. Many people blamed nativism for his prosecution. 12.1 413 Palmer Raids U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, his assistant (J. Edgar Hoover), and their agents hunted down suspected Communists, socialists, and anarchists. In doing the raids—people’s civil rights were trampled by invading private homes and offices as well as jailing suspects without legal counsel. The raids turned up no conspiracy evidence nor any explosives 12.1 413 (First A scare that occurred in the U.S. that began in Red Scare) 1919 after several dozen bombs were mailed to government and business leaders. The scare was based on the fear that communist revolutionaries in the U.S. were attempting to overthrow the government. Communists, because of their red flag, were nicknamed the ―Reds‖ 12.1 413 Sacco and Two Italian immigrants accused of a robbery Vanzetti and the killing of two men, a factory paymaster and his guard, during robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts. Witnesses said they saw the criminals who appeared to be Italian. The two men asserted their innocence and had alibis. The evidence against them was circumstantial. Many thought they never received a fair trial due to the prejudices that existed in the U.S.—the judge even made prejudice remarks. The men were found guilty and sentenced to death—they died in the electric chair on August 23, 1927. 12.1 413 The trial of Mistrust for immigrants and radicals—fell right Sacco and into the hands of nativists. Vanzetti came to symbolize 12.1 413 Why did He believed that a Communist was Attorney imminent in the , and he needed General A. an issue on which to campaign for the 1920 Mitchell Palmer Democratic presidential nomination. launch a series of raids against suspected Communists? 12.1 414 “Keep America The slogan that many nativists used in their efforts for Americans” for anti-immigration legislation. 12.1 414 According to Because he was a political radical and a Vanzetti, what foreigner: were the “In all my life I have never stole, never reasons for his killed, never spilled blood . . . . We were imprisonment? tried during a time . . . when there was hysteria of resentment and hate against the people of our principles, against the foreigner. . . . I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have

2 suffered because I was an Italian and indeed I am Italian. . . . If you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already.” 12.1 415 Bigot A person who is intolerant of any creed, race, religion, or political belief that differs from his own. 12.1 415 Election of Ku Klux Klan and Prohibition 1924, Democrats divided over what two issues? 12.1 415 Emergency Legislation that severely cut the number of Quota Act immigrants admitted to the United States— number was based on the quota system. The law also prohibited Japanese immigration. 12.1 415 Explain the During and after , a feeling against reasons for and immigrants existed. As a result, Congress passed the outcome of the Emergency Quota Act in 1921. This act the Emergency severely cut the number of people admitted to the Quota Act and United States by limiting the total number of the National people admitted in any national group to only 3 Origins Act. percent of the total number already living in the United States in 1910. In 1924, the National Origins Act made restriction a permanent policy and further restricted immigration by setting the quota at 2 percent of those living in the country in 1890. It also provided that after 1927 only 150, 000 immigrants would be admitted annually, their nationalities apportioned on the basis of the 1920 census. This meant that most immigrants would be form northern and western . The intention of the National Origins Act was clearly to discriminate against certain nationalities and races. 12.1 415 Ku Klux Klan Secret society opposed to African Americans,

3 Jews, Catholics, and ―foreign ideas.‖ The KKK gained new momentum during the 1920s as they reached 4.5 million ―white male person, native-born gentile citizens.‖ The Klan dominated state politics in many states but the organizations criminal activity eventually led a decrease in their power. Birth of a Nation was the first movie—it was about the KKK and portrayed them as heroes which caused membership to go up. 12.1 415 National Law that made immigration restriction a Origins Act permanent policy; Made the emergency quota act permanent and set a new maximum number—2 percent of the number of its nationals living in the United States in 1890. This discriminated against people from eastern and since they did not come to the U.S. in large numbers until after 1890. 12.1 415 quota system System established the maximum number of people who could enter the United States from each foreign country—the number was based on the percentage of current Americans from that particular country. The goal of the quota system was to cut the number of immigrants entering the United States. 12.1 415 What was the The quota system was established to limit the quota system of number of immigrants that were allowed to enter the 1920s? the United States per year. It was established to Explain why it limit the number of immigrants that were allowed was established, to enter the United States per year. It was who it affected, established because of pressure from nativists and and several because the number of U.S. immigrants rose by results of the 600 percent in 3 years. The policy mostly affected policy. immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, particularly Roman Catholics and Jews. It did not affect Canadian and Mexican immigration. As a result of the quota system, immigration from restricted countries fell dramatically. Japanese

4 immigrants were also restricted by the quota system, adding further stress to the relationship between the United States and Japan. 12.1 415 What were the To keep America under the control of white main goals of native-born males; to get rid of other groups, the Ku Klux including Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign- Klan at this born people, and radicals; to oppose union time? organizers; to help enforce prohibition. 12.1 415 Why did the Ku In the 1920s, many American were frightened of Klux Klan radical political thought or of anything that might flourish in the change their way of life. They resented 1920s? What immigrants for making employment more difficult does this tell for native-born Americans. The Russian you about revolution made many Americans nervous. Many people’s people resented the advances organized labor had behavior in made and saw unions as benefiting only troublesome immigrant groups and the urban working poor. times? The fact that the Ku Klux Klan flourished indicates that people seek someone to blame for situations that make them feel insecure. When seeking a scapegoat, the easiest victim is one who is different in some way from the dormant group. Fear can result in serious intolerance, and the fearful will grasp at anything that makes them feel safer. 12.1 417 Compare the Neither strike was successful: The police lost results of the their jobs, and the steel workers won nothing. Police Strike and the . 12.1 417 Seattle General Seattle shipyard workers wanted higher wages and — N/A Strike shorter hours. When demands were not met, 35,000 shipyard workers walked off the docks and were soon joined by 110 other local unions making a grand total of some 60,000 workers. The strike ended, because of public pressure, after five days with the workers not winning any of

5 their demands. 12.1 417 Technological Job loss when occupations become obsolete — N/A Unemployment because of technological advancements that allow for less workers or actual machines doing the job(s) that humans once performed. 12.1 417 The 1919 The Boston Police Department (BPD) wanted Boston Police pay raises (had not received one since prior to Strike WWI), wanted more vacation days, and city- provided uniforms. The BPD was not permitted to unionize but when several officers were fired when they asked the city for these things—1,117 BPD officers unionized and went on strike. Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge intervened to quash further chaos by sending in the National Guard. Coolidge announced that the police did not have the right to strike against the public safety— ―There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.‖ The strike was broken but Coolidge hired entirely- new replacement police officers—many of whom were returning servicemen from World War I –and the former officers were refused re- entry into the department. Ironically, the new officers hired in the wake of the strike received higher salaries, more vacation days, and city- provided uniforms -- the very demands the original strikers were requesting. The BPD strike set a precedent for further movements to stymie police unionization around the country. Coolidge's intervention in the strike brought him national fame which, in turn, led to his nomination as Harding's running mate for Vice-President in the 1920 presidential election. 12.1 417 The Steel Strike Workers in the steel mills wanted shorter hours of 1919 (The and better wages as well as their union Steel Mill recognized. In September 1919, the U.S. Steel Strike) Corporation refused to meet with union

6 representatives and over 300,000 workers went on strike in response. The steel company hired strikebreakers (or scabs as they were called) to replace the workers and they used force to get them in. Strikers were beaten by police, federal troops, and the National Guard when they attempted to stop the strikebreakers. The company then publicly (although not true) linked the union with communists which further eroded the standing of the union in the public eye. President Wilson finally made a plea to the combative negotiators and the strike ended in January 1920. The steel company increased wages but workers remain without a union. Impact: Almost no union organizing in the steel industry occurred in the next 15 years. Advances in technology, such as the development of the widestrip continuous sheet mill, made most of the skilled jobs in steelmaking obsolete (technological unemployment). When the AA considered calling a national strike in 1929 to demand that the new technology be rejected, nearly every AA affiliate returned its charter to the international rather than obey the strike order. 12.1 417 Why did The number of immigrants increased sharply, and Congress make many Americans did not want people from foreign changes in countries entering , since some of them immigration were anarchists and socialists and some were laws during the believed to be Communists. 1920s? 12.1 418 Capper- Legislation that made farm free of — N/A Volstead Act antitrust laws 12.1 418 Explain the The average income of farmers was less than one- 7 problems of third of the average income for the rest of the farmers during country. Technological advances led to an the 1920s and increase in production which caused a decreased the response of in farm prices even while farmers’ costs increased. the federal With the United States switching from a debtor to government to a creditor nation, the foreign market for these problems. agricultural products dwindled. The domestic market also diminished as the use of new fabrics lessened the demand for cotton. Many farmers had borrowed heavily to buy more land, and the only way to pay off the debt was to raise more crops. More crops, however, resulted in untellable surpluses which in turn led to low prices and a heavier debt load. Some legislation was passed that favored farmers, but none of the laws dealt with the major problem of surpluses that could not be sold. A bill that would have allowed the federal government to buy crop surpluses and sell them abroad passed Congress twice, but was vetoed both times by President Coolidge. 12.1 418 Farm Bloc Congressional organization formed to help farmers 12.1 418 Farmers They did not enjoy the same prosperity that everyone else enjoyed in the 1920s. The major problem was surplus. During the war, most farmers had increased their production for the war demand since they were providing America and the Allied Powers with their food needs. After the war, most countries started producing their own food or could not afford to buy from the U.S. anymore. Yet farmers continued production at the same rate which resulted in a huge surplus which drove down demand and prices. 12.1 418 John L. Lewis Lewis always fought for workers rights. When he became the head of the United Mine Workers of America he led a strike for higher wages and shorter work days. When a court order ended the strike, Lewis called the strike over but secretly

8 urged the workers to remain on strike. After an arbitrator ended the strike and the workers got their pay raise, Lewis became a national hero. His greatest accomplishment was organizing the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) for workers in mass-production industries (automobiles, rubber, etc.) which would later combine with the AFL to form the largest union. 12.1 418 McNary- Proposed that the government have price-supports Haugen Bill 12.1 418 Price-supports Government would buy surplus crops at guaranteed prices and sell them on the with world market 12.1 418 Union When employers are providing workers with membership and fair—welfare capitalism. Also: power declined much of the work force consisted of in the 1920s immigrants willing to work in poor (membership conditions, dropped from 5 since immigrants spoke a multitude of million to 3.5 languages, unions had difficulty organizing million). Why? them farmers who had migrated to cities to find factory jobs were used to relying on themselves most unions excluded African Americans 12.1 418 United Mine In 1919, the United Mine Workers of Workers Strike America—since 1890—appointed John L. (Coal Miners’ Lewis as their new leader. Under Lewis’s Strike) leadership, mine workers went on strike demanding higher wages and shorter workdays. Attorney General Palmer got a court order sending the miners back to work (not having coal endangered U.S. economy). Lewis said it was over but secretly urged the strike to continue. After court order, miners stayed on strike for another month until President Wilson appointed an arbitrator to put an end to it. The miners got a pay increase 9 and John L. Lewis became a national labor hero. 12.1 418 Welfare System in which an employer provides stock, — N/A capitalism profit-sharing, and benefits such as medical insurance to employees 12.2 419 ―a return to Harding’s oft-used campaign slogan that seemed normalcy‖ to express what Americans wanted 12.2 419 Charles Evans The Secretary of State who led the Hughes Conference—a conference of major world powers that attempted to look at some post- WWI problems: arms control, war debts, ad reconstruction of war-torn countries. 12.2 419 Five-Power US, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed Treaty to freeze their navies at 1921 levels along w/ several other provisions 12.2 419 Four-Power US, Great Britain, France, and Japan agreed to Treaty respect one another’s Pacific holdings. 12.2 419 Nine-Power Put the Open Door policy into the form of a treaty, Treaty US, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Belgium, China, the Netherlands, and Portugal agreed to preserve equal commercial rights in China and to refrain from “taking advantage of conditions in China to seek special rights or privilege.” 12.2 419 Warren G. Republican candidate elected President in 1920 Harding 12.2 419 Washington An eight nation conference in Washington, D.C. Conference conference of major world powers (except Russia b/c they were Communist) that attempted to look at some post-WWI problems: arms control, war debts, ad reconstruction of war-torn countries. The Four-Power, Five-Power, and Nine-Power Treaty treaties were signed as a result. 12.2 420 Andrew Mellon One of Harding’s Cabinet members that did good—Secretary of treasury between 1921 and 1932 that set out to set about drastically cutting taxes and reducing the nation debt 12.2 420 Charles G. A U.S banker who negotiated the Dawes Plan. Dawes

10 12.2 420 Dawes Plan Germany was beginning to default on their payments and printed more money to be able to make their payments—this resulted in massive inflation (citizens actually had to wheel in bundles of money just to buy a loaf of bread). An international committee headed by Charles Dawes (American Banker) came up with a plan—the Dawes Plan: 1. Provide a $2.5 billion loan from American banks to stabilize German currency 2. Set up more realistic schedule for reparations payments In the end, the U.S. arranged to be repaid with its own money. 12.2 420 Fordney- Adopted by the U.S. in 1922, it raised taxes on McCumber U.S. imports to 60 percent00the highest level ever. Tariff The tariff was put in place because As a result of the war, Americans had two main concerns. First, they wanted to ensure economic self-sufficiency so that no future enemy could manipulate the American economy. Second, many industries wanted to preserve the benefits of the increased wartime demand. These special interests feared European competitors attempting economic recovery through increasing exports to America. 12.2 420 Kellogg-Briand Treaty that attempted to outlaw war—signed by Pact fifteen countries. It was futile since it provided no means of enforcing. 12.2 420 Ohio gang Harding’s poker-playing crony friends who were mostly from Ohio. Harding appointed many of them to positions in his administration. The Ohio gang was plagued by scandal as they sought to use their connections to the president to enrich themselves at the public’s expense. 12.2 420 What do That although he made some good appointments, Harding’s his appointment of cronies from his home state

11 appointments showed poor judgment. indicate about his judgment? 12.2 420 What were the Their economies had been weakened in the war; reasons they were unable to raise money because U.S. European exports were limited by high tariffs; Germany countries were failed to pay them expected reparations. not paying their war debt? 12.2 421 Albert B. Fall Harding’s secretary of the interior who went to jail for fraud—Teapot Dome Scandal 12.2 421 Charles R. Was the head of the Veterans Bureau and was Forbes caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies to private companies. During his trial, Forbes attempted to implicate Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon in his actions, however Mellon's well-known standards of ethics trumped Forbes claim when he failed to produce any evidence to back his claims. 12.2 421 Colonel Was the head of Alien Property and was caught Thomas W. taking bribes. He served 18 months in prison. He Miller was paroled in 1929 and pardoned by United States President Herbert Hoover in 1933. 12.2 421 How did the The government lost revenue when veterans’ scandals of the hospital overcharged it; in the Teapot Dome Harding scandal, public oil reserves were leaded for private administration gain. hurt the country economically? 12.2 421 Teapot Dome Albert B. Fall, secretary of the interior, secretly Scandal leased oil lands to private companies. In return, he received bribes totaling more than $400,000. One of the locations was Teapot Dome, Wyoming. 12.2 421 Warren G. Haring promised the American people a “return to Harding’s normalcy” after World War I. This appealed to a presidency was public that was trying to recover form a war that plagued by had drastically changed American life. One of

12 scandal, and it Harding’s first priorities as president was working was later with other world powers to agree on peace. Of regarded as course, the idea of peace very much appealed to unsuccessful. post-war Americans. Also, Harding “looked like” Explain why a president, and the American people saw him as a President “good-natured” man. He died just as the scandals Harding was of his administration were coming to light, popular with the possibly saving him from public ridicule. American public despite these facts. 12.3 422 Business leader who used the assembly line means of production for automobiles. 12.3 423 “Tin Lizzie” Henry Ford’s Model T automobile — N/A 12.3 423 Assembly Line Method of manufacturing in which production is — N/A divided into simple tasks; made popular and refined by Henry Ford (considered his greatest achievement) 12.3 423 Assess the Ford’s use of mass production and low prices — N/A effects of the produced a mass market for automobiles. The automobile on automobile stimulated some small businesses such life in the as garages, gas stations, diners, and tourist homes. United States. Tractors replaced draft animals on farms and rural areas were no longer isolated. Workers could commute to their jobs and people, in general, became more mobile. 12.3 423 Route 66 U.S. Route 66, (also known as Route 66, The Main Street of America, The Mother Road and the Will Rogers Highway) was a highway in the U.S. Highway system. One of the original federal routes, US 66 was established on October 11th, 1926, though signs did not go up until the following year. It originally ran from , through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California before ending at for a total of 2,448 miles. 13 12.3 423 What was the Roads were paved, and shopping centers and other impact of the services for cars were built; people commuted to automobile? work, and urban sprawl developed; regional differences diminished. 12.3 424 Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. 12.3 424 How did the It changed the American landscape through the widespread use construction of paved roads. It liberated the of the isolated rural family, and it allowed workers to automobile live miles from their jobs. affect the environment and the lives of Americans? 12.3 424 Spirit of St. Small plane that Charles Lindbergh used to fly Louis nonstop across the Atlantic 12.3 424 Urban sprawl The unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions 12.3 425 Advertisers Appealed to their desires, used psychological — N/A talked less advertising—i.e.: one Listerine ad aimed to about the facts convince women readers who have difficult of a product and time finding a husband with bad breath. appealed more to the _____ of consumers? 12.3 425 How did the use It transformed the nation. Factories used of electricity electricity to run their machines. Electricity could affect now be transmitted to the countryside. Well-to-do Americans’ families had electric refrigeration, cooking ranges, lifestyle? and toasters, vacuums, electric irons, fans, etc.). 12.3 425 What were three Excess money (rationing and lack of products main during the war), new products, and installment components that plans. drove the consumerism during the 1920s? 12.3 425 Why were Ads made people think they need certain products.

14 advertisements They used psychological techniques to appeal to so successful in people’s vanities and fears. There were many new the 1920s? DO products, and they were marketed in clever ways. they serve the People were tired of the deprivation they had same purpose faced during the war and were eager to indulge today? Explain themselves. Ads today are still used to entice your answer. people to buy new products by appealing to their vanities and fears. They still tempt to create a sense of need for products that are in many cases, unnecessary. 12.3 426 Installment plan Allowed consumers to buy goods over an extended period of time—allowed consumers to pay a small amount of money down and then pay the rest monthly (credit) led to increase in consumption (do not have to pay at time of purchase).

12.3 427 How do you The economy may falter when consumers are think the unable to meet their credit obligations. changes in spending will affect the economy? 12.3 427 What were the A: People could buy goods they could not main advantage otherwise afford. and D: People could go far into debt without realizing. disadvantage of buying on credit? 13.1 434 Calvin Vice President who took over after Harding’s Coolidge death. Known as Silent Cal, Coolidge’s stern, reserved natured contrasted with Harding’s outgoing personality. He was very much pro- business and generally opposed laws designed to help farmers or workers—he argued that such legislation limited private initiative and harmed the economy. 13.1 435 How did small- Small towns were bound by traditional morals and

15 town life and close ties of family, friends, and religion. Cities city life differ? offered varied perspectives and options because of their large, mixed population; cultural variety; and greater tolerance of values and ideas. 13.1 436 Prohibition The era after the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment which banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. 13.1 436 Prohibition Agency established to enforce the law against the — N/A Bureau selling of liquor 13.1 436 Speak-easies Illegal Saloons—so called because when inside, one spoke quietly, or “easily” to avoid detection. 13.1 436 Volstead Act Established the Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury Department. 13.1 436 What and who Movement led predominately by women was the driving (temperance movement) who believed alcohol led force behind to violence (domestic violence), unemployment Prohibition? (firing for alcohol related issues), and economic hardships (spending money on liquor—i.e. Saloons allowing workers to have credit and then cashing pay checks at end of week, workers had already spent half their paychecks. 13.1 437 Al Capone An entrepreneur in the illegal business of producing and providing alcohol during prohibition. Became a very powerful man, not only in the underworld but also in legitimate world including politics. 13.1 437 Bootleggers People who illegally produced and/or transported alcohol. Name comes from days when Georgia was a colony and prohibited alcohol—people who hide their flask in the bootleg. 13.1 437 How did Criminals broke the law by smuggling, as well as criminals take by making alcohol and selling it for profit. advantage of Prohibition? 13.1 437 Moonshiners People who illegal produced alcohol in stills from — N/A corn and potatoes; an illegal profession that still exists today (mostly in Appalachian America). 13.1 437 Rumrunners/Shi Individuals who were hired to transport alcohol 16 nerunners from producers to saloons. 13.1 437 What led to the Early race drivers were often involved in — N/A start of bootlegging. Some accounts say that they all were. NASCAR? That is how (at least most of them) afforded the fastest and therefore most expensive machines-- with their excessive moonshine profits. They ran moonshine down the twisty mountain roads to people during alcohol prohibition. The runners would modify their cars in order to create a faster, more maneuverable vehicle to evade the police, and came to love the fast paced driving. When the U.S. alcohol prohibition was lifted in 1933, the owners of these first "racecars" watched their profitable businesses dry up. Since they had no reason to use them for "runnin' shine" anymore and found themselves with time on their hands and lots of money, many wanted to race their cars for pride and money. 13.1 437 Why do you The consumption of alcohol was a tradition part of think the many cultures; the government failed to provide Eighteenth sufficient staff and resources to enforce the law; Amendment the means of manufacturing, selling, and failed to transporting liquor were many and could easily be eliminate concealed. alcohol consumption? 13.1 438 Aimee Semple A leading fundamentalist preacher who presented McPherson a more sophisticated image/Hollywood- showmanship to preach—she was especially well known for healing the sick through prayer 13.1 438 American Civil The ACLU offered to defend any teacher who Liberties Union would challenge the law that made it (ACLU) a crime to teach evolution. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a major American non-profit organization with headquarters in , whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this

17 country by the Constitution and laws of the United States". Lawsuits brought by the ACLU have been influential in the evolution of U.S. constitutional law. The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases in which it considers civil liberties to be at risk. 13.1 438 Billy Sunday A leading fundamentalist preacher—A baseball layer turned preacher who staged emotional meetings across the South—he was also very much against alcohol consumption. 13.1 438 Fundamentalism A protestant movement that argued that traditional Christian doctrine should be accepted without question—every word of the Bible should be regarded as literally true. 13.1 438 John T. Scopes John Thomas Scopes, a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee at the age of 24, was charged on May 25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. He was in court in a case known as the . 13.1 438 Scopes Trial The case centered around John Scopes, a (Monkey Trial) science teacher, who was accused of violating a Tennessee law. The law forbade the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution (a belief that higher forms of life developed from lower forms of life). Scopes' involvement in the so- called Monkey Trial came about after the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) offered to defend any teacher who would challenge the Tennessee law that made it a crime to teach evolution. A group of businessmen in Dayton, Tennessee, led by engineer and geologist George Rappleyea, saw this as an opportunity to get publicity for their town and approached Scopes. Rappleyea pointed out that while the Butler Act prohibited the teaching of evolution, the state required teachers to use the assigned textbook -

18 Hunter's Civic Biology (1914) - which included a chapter on evolution. Rappleyea argued that teachers were essentially required to break the law. When asked about the test case Scopes was initially reluctant to get involved, but after some discussion he told the group gathered in Robinson's Drugstore, "If you can prove that I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial." The famous trial pitted creationists who used the Bible’s account of life’s origins against those who believed in evolution. The trial ended with Scopes having to pay a fine. In addition, the law forbidding the teaching of evolution remained in effect. 13.1 438 Summarize the Fundamentalist believed that all important beliefs of knowledge could be found in the Bible and that fundamentalism what was in the Bible was true. They rejected . Darwin’s theory of evolution. 13.1 438 William Bryan actively supported state laws banning Jennings public schools from teaching evolution, and Bryan several southern states passed such laws after Bryan addressed them. His participation in the highly publicized 1925 Scopes Trial served as a capstone to his career. Bryan was asked by William Bell Riley to represent as counsel the World Christian Fundamentals Association at the trial. 13.1 439 Clarence Attorney whose penetrating questions made Darrow look foolish during the Scopes trial 13.1 439 What was the Fundamentalists believed that God created the conflict between world in six days, whereas evolutionists argued fundamentalists that modern species developed form earlier forms and those who of life over millions of years. accepted evolution? 13.1 440 Analyze the During the 1920s women expressed a greater

19 changes in personal freedom. They sought financial women’s lives independence and began to seek jobs in business during the rather than in traditional fields. Women continued 1920s. to earn considerable less than men for the same work, and they continued to have difficulty entering prestigious professions such as science and law. Women continued to believe that their roles were separate from men that they were to be mothers and homemakers. With new technology, the nature of being a homemaker changed. 13.2 440 Feminists Women rights activists — N/A 13.2 441 Double standard Set of principles granting great sexual freedom to (as it relates to men than to women women in the 1920s) 13.2 441 Flappers An emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and attitude. These women wore short skirts (more revealing clothing), tended to wear their hair shorter, many smoked, drank, danced, talked openly about sex, and tended to use cosmetics as well as birth control. 13.2 441 How was the Like: Flappers used clothing, hairstyles, and flapper like and behavior to claim a new freedom. unlike women Unlike: Today’s women have more freedoms. of today? 13.2 442 How did the Big business and industry produced timesaving growth of appliances that freed women from some household business and chores, and business growth also created jobs for industry affect millions of women, but most women were women? confined to tradition jobs. 13.2 442 Margaret Women activist who fought for women to have the Sanger right to birth control. She opened the first birth- control clinic in the U.S. and founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 as she openly fought to allow for physicians to have the right to give birth control to their patients. 20 13.2 443 How did the The changes in fashion were extreme and liberating, with lives of women shorter skirts and shorter hair. In addition, dance styles change during and relaxed attitudes toward casual dating allowed more freedom for women. Women began to enter the work the 1920s? force in increasing numbers, even though they worked in support positions and did not earn salaries equal to those of men. Even though women were still responsible for managing the home, new time- and energy-saving devices mad these tasks easier, freeing up time for work outside the home. Also, many women chose not have children, instead focusing on romantic relationships. 13.2 443 What changes The birthrate dropped; household labor was affected simplified by technology; children spent their days families in the in school; adolescent rebelliousness increased. 1920s? 13.2 444 Flagpole Sitting A fad of the 1920s that began as a publicity stunt to attract viewers to movie theaters. The most famous flagpole sitter was ―Shipwreck‖ Kelly—he spent more than 145 days atop of variety of flagpoles through the country in 1929. 13.2 445 Bobbed hair An extremely short haircut that freed women from long tresses that had been fashionable for years 13.3 447 1st Radio station KDKA in Pittsburg, 13.3 447 How did More students were able to attend school during schools change this prosperous time; schools had to adapt to during the teaching students of new immigrant families; 1920s? schools offered a broad range of courses for students to train for industrial jobs. 13.3 448 Andrew “Rube” As successful pitcher and team manager, he made Foster his greatest contribution by founding the Negro National League—earned the title “The Father of Black Baseball.” 13.3 448 Babe Ruth Legendary slugger for the New York Yankees who hit a record 60 homeruns in 1927. 13.3 448 Bobby Jones Famous and most popular golfer — N/A 13.3 448 Gertrude Ederie In 1926, at the age of 19, she became the first woman to swim the English Channel.

21 13.3 448 Helen Wills Helen Willis dominated women’s tennis, winning the singles title at the U.S. Open seven times and the Wimbledon title eight times. 13.3 448 Red Grange Became one of the first modern day football stars. — N/A He was a college star before going on to star for the Chicago Bears. 13.3 448 What led to the New laws limiting working hours and increased — N/A sports mania of national productivity led to significant increases in the 1920s? people’s leisure time and income.

13.3 448 Why did radio 1. For the first time, Americans could hear become so news as it happened. popular? 2. Cheaper prices on radios and increased consumerism led to a huge surge in radio popularity and broadcasting. 3. Also contributing was an expanded format (comedy, drama, sports, news, etc.). 13.3 448 Why did sports New laws limiting working hours and increased — N/A become an national productivity led to significant increases in important part people’s leisure time and income. People now had of society? time to play sports and the time/money to attend/listen to sporting events. 13.3 450 Alfred Stieglitz Internationally renowned photographer — N/A 13.3 450 Charlie Chaplin One of the brightest silent movie stars of the — N/A 1920s 13.3 450 Eugene O-Neill Considered America’s finest playwright—his plays forced Americans to reflect upon modern isolation, confusion, and family conflict. 13.3 450 F. Scott A famous American novelist who coined the term Fitzgerald “Jazz Age” to describe the 1920s—he revealed the negative side of the period’s gaiety and freedom, portraying wealthy and attractive people leading imperiled lived in gilded surroundings. His two most famous books were This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby. 13.3 450 George A famous American concert music composer who 22 Gershwin merged tradition elements with American jazz, thus creating anew sound that was identifiably American. 13.3 450 Georgia A famous painter of the 1920s who produced O’Keeffe intensely colored canvases that captured the grandeur of America. 13.3 450 Jazz Singer First movie with sound and grossed over $2 million dollars (talkies=speaking movies). 13.3 450 Nickelodeons Movie theatres charging a nickel to see the show. — N/A 13.3 450 Sinclair Lewis A famous American writer who was the first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature—he ridiculed Americans for their conformity and materialism. 13.3 450 Steam Boat Walt Disney’s film which was the first animated Willey film with sound. 13.3 450 Talkies Movies with speaking dialogue—doubled movie attendance 13.3 450 Why were Movies provided excitement and romance Americans so through a medium that was new and changing; delighted by they offered adventure to people whose lives movies in the were taken up mostly with earning a living. 1920s? 13.3 451 Edna St. An American poet who wrote poems celebrating Vincent Millay youth and a life of independence and freedom from traditional constraints. 13.3 451 Ernest Ernest Hemingway, wounded in World War I, Hemingway became the best-known expatriate author. In his novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war. He also introduced a tough, simplified style of writing that set a new literary standard, using sentences a Time reporter compared to “round stones polished by rain and wind.” 13.3 451 Why did some Many American writers found American culture writers reject shallow and materialist; they believed society American lacked any unified ideas. culture and 23 values? 13.4 452 How did Gave African Americans public role models to Harlem look up to, gave an identity to the people and the Renaissance communities, allowed them to see white people create pride for paying to see African Americans perform, etc. African Americans? 13.4 453 Back to Africa ’s movement to arrange for the Movement move of all African Americans to West Africa. The movement was not very successful but it inspired unity among African Americans and signaled their frustration with their lack of personal and economic freedom in the US. 13.4 453 How did the The movement of millions of African Americans influx of to Northern cities greatly increased their black African populations, and heightened racial tensions that Americans sometimes resulted in discrimination and violence. change Northern cities? 13.4 453 James Weldon In the 1920s, Johnson straddled the worlds of Johnson politics and art. He served as executive secretary of the NAACP, spear- heading the fight against lynching. In addition, he wrote well-known works, such as God's Trombones, a series of sermon-like poems, and Black Manhattan, a look at black cultural life in New York during the Roaring Twenties. 13.4 453 Marcus An immigrant from Jamaica believed that African Garvey Americans should build a separate society. His different, more radical message of black pride aroused the hopes of many—he would later lead a movement that advocated a return to Africa. 13.4 453 Universal Negro An organization founded by Marcus Garvey that Improvement started the “Back to Africa” Movement Association (UNIA) 13.4 454 Claude McKay A novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant, was a major figure whose militant views urged African

24 Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination. His poems also expressed the pain of life in the black ghettos and the strain of being black in a world dominated by whites. 13.4 454 Harlem Outpouring of African American art, Renaissance literature, and music 13.4 454 Langston The most best-known poet of the Harlem Hughes Renaissance. Many of Hughes's 1920s poems described the difficult lives of working-class African Americans. Some of his poems moved to the tempo of jazz and the blues. 13.4 454 What approach Garvey believed that African Americans should to race relations build a separate society; he preached a message of did Marcus self pride and he promoted African American Garvey businesses. promote? 13.4 456 Blues Music that grew out of slave music and — N/A religious spirituals; featured heartfelt lyrics and altered or slurred notes that echoed the mood of the lyrics. 13.4 456 Edward A jazz pianist and composer who won renown as Kennedy one of America’s greatest composers. ―Duke‖ Ellington 13.4 456 In what ways They expressed their pride in African American did writers of experience; they celebrated their heritage and the Harlem folklore. Renaissance celebrate a “rebirth”? 13.4 456 Louis Louis Daniel Armstrong (also known by the Armstrong nickname Satchmo, for satchel-mouth and Pops) was an American jazz musician. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a popular art form. One of the most famous jazz musicians of the

25 20th century, he first achieved fame as a trumpeter in Joe ―King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, but toward the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers. 13.4 456 Paul Robeson Paul Robeson, the son of a one-time slave, became a major dramatic actor. His performance in Shakespeare's Othello, first in London and later in New York City, was widely acclaimed. Subsequently, Robeson struggled with the racism he experienced in the United States and the indignities inflicted upon him because of his support of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party. He took up residence abroad, living for a time in England and the Soviet Union. 13.4 457 Besides literary African Americans were outstanding in the accomplishment performing arts. s, in what areas did African Americans achieve remarkable results? 13.4 457 Consider the The Great Migration of African Americans to Great Migration northern urban areas often created racial tension, and the Harlem which resulted in the formation of the UNIA and Renaissance and the NAACP. These organizations worked to their insure that African Americans received fair consequences. treatment and worked to eliminate lynching and Describe the other threats to citizens. The Harlem Renaissance effects that gave many African Americans opportunities to these events had express themselves through music, drama, on the country. literature, and other creative forms. This movement gave voice to the African-American experience of the time. 13.4 441, Dance Fads Some popular dances were the fox trot, camel 445 walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with abandon. The Charleston was an energetic

26 dance that involved wild, flailing movements of the arms and legs, it demanded an appropriate costume for the woman dancer—a short, straight dress without a waistline. Another craze was the dance marathon, a contest in which couples would dance continuously for days—taking a 15-minute break every hour— with each alternately holding up the other as he or she slept. Needless to say, dancers dropped from exhaustion. 13.4 444, Bessie Smith A female blues singer was perhaps the 457 outstanding vocalist of the decade. She recorded on black-oriented labels produced by the major record companies. She achieved enormous popularity and in 1927 became the highest-paid black artist in the world.

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