International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 02, 2017 | ISSN (Online): 2321-0613

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 02, 2017 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Water Quality Modeling of River Tungabhadra near Harihar T.M. Vinay1 C.G. Hiremath2 S. Ranjith3 1,2Assistant Professor 3Reasearch Scholar 1Department of Civil Engineering 2,3Department of Water and Land Management 1Medak College of Engineering Kondapak, Siddipet, Telangana 2,3Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India Abstract— River Tungabhadra flowing near Harihar taluk in River and Bhadra River which flows down the eastern slope Karnataka (India), receives waste water discharges from of the Western Ghats in Karnataka [12]. River Tungabadra villages on the bank of River and also waste water flows through Harihara, its elevation from sea level is 525 m discharges from industries located in Harihar. The present and the coordinates are 75.75 degree longitude and 14.51 study involves the implementation of QUAL2KW model to degree latitude [12]. determine the water quality status of this polluted stretch of B. Data and Sampling Sites River. The River samples are collected for post monsoon and lab results are used for calibrating the model. Predicted The present study area is 16km stretch of River values of the model are approximately in match with the Tungabhadra near Harihar. In the entire stretch 9 sampling observed values. Model results for post-monsoons indicate points are selected on the basis of point source of pollution decreasing quality of water from upstream to downstream which mainly includes domestic and industrial waste water. for the selected segment. This is because of discharge of The first point is selected mainly to establish the existing domestic waste water from Rajanahalli, Halasabalu and condition of the River, next sampling points are initial Nalawagal into River, agricultural surface runoff during rain condition point, Rajanahalli, Halasabalu, Kumara Pattinum, and also due to release of waste water from industries Haralapur, Harihareshwara Temple, Nalawagal, Dheetur and located on banks of River in Harihar. Since many water Airani. Fig 1 represents the sampling sites selected River quality parameters are exceeding their limits, water in this stretch. segment is not fit for drinking. C. Sampling and Analysis Key words: Water quality, QUAL2KW, River pollution, Water samples from different sampling points were River Tungabhadra collected for post monsoon season of 2015. Water samples are collected at 15 cm depth in the mid-width of River [4]. I. INTRODUCTION Using grab sampling method in pre-cleaned polythene Water pollution caused by increased industrialization and bottles. The velocity of River flow is also measured by urbanization is considered to be the major problem which is dropping ping pong ball. All the laboratory analysis are faced by the mankind in India. The increase of water done using standard methods. pollution in rivers results in decrease of DO concentration and increase of toxic chemicals concentration which ends up in death of aquatic animals like fishes which are further consumed by humans, affects their health [8]. Hence it becomes important to determine the status of Rivers water quality before actual utilization for different purposes. River Tungabhadra is tributary of River Krishna which is second largest River in southern peninsular India. During its flow through Harihar Taluk in Karnataka, receives waste water discharges from villages on the bank of River and also waste water discharges from industries located in Harihar causing deterioration of its water quality [12]. It is important to maintain the quality of this River since it is major source of drinking water to villages on its banks, also to protect aquatic species present in the River. Chapra and Pelletier developed QUAL2KW model which is the modified version of QUAL2K developed by Chapra et al. QUAL2KW is the major River and stream water quality model, also it is observed that model represents the field data quite well and used for river quality options in future. Main aim of the Fig. 1: Location of Tungabhadra River segment selected for present study is to determine the water quality of River present study Tungabhadra near Harihar using QUAL2KW model. D. Description of the Model Chapra et al, (2005) developed QUAL2KW model for the II. MATERIALS AND METHODS analysis of River and Stream water quality. It is a one A. Study Area dimensional steady, non-uniform flow model which can be River Tungabhadra is one of the major tributaries of River used to simulate point and non-point loads. All interface Krishna. The river is formed by the confluence of Tunga operations are programmed in the Microsoft Office macro All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 812 Water Quality Modeling of River Tungabhadra near Harihar (IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 02/2017/218) language: Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).compared to IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION QUAL2E, QUAL2KW can take unequal size of elements The model output showed that values of BOD, NH4-N and from one reach to another. NO3-N are exceeding their permissible limits. According to A steady-state flow balance is implemented for each model CPCB water used for drinking must be at least of class C element as standards (i.e., BOD<3 mg/l, NH4-N<5 mg/l). The results Q i Q i 1 Q in ,i Q out,i show that the River water after Rajanahalli is not fit for drinking since BOD value is more than 3 mg/l. BOD value Where Q = outflow from element i into the i increased from Halasabalu to Airani due to release of 3 domestic waster from villages and industrial water into the downstream element i + 1 [m /d]; Q = inflow from the i–1 River. NH4-N, NO3-N also shows the maximum values of 3 32.4 and 23.8 mg/l which is due to Agricultural runoff from upstream element i – 1 [m /d]; Q is the total inflow into in,i the Agriculture fields on the banks of the River. Water 3 quality index values computed showed that River water the element from point and nonpoint sources [m /d]; Q is out,i quality goes on degrading from upstream point Rajanahalli the total outflow from the element due to point and nonpoint to downstream point Airani as shown in table and graph. 3 withdrawals [m /d]. E. Implementation of the Model The entire stretch is divided into 3 reaches of 5.5 km, 7.5 km and 3 km respectively from upstream to downstream. The headwater data defines the upstream boundary condition. By setting time-step of auto calibration to 5.625 minutes, solution for integration is determined by Euler’s method. III. INPUT DATA A. Hydraulic Characters Tungabhadra is natural stream channel with a clean winding and some weeds. The recharge from ground water is assumed to be insignificant. Based on the field condition, the manning’s coefficient and channel slope is considered to be 0.035 and 0.000198 for post monsoon. B. Water Quality Data The water quality data used for calibration of the model is shown in Table 1. The range of values used in rates worksheet of the model is taken from various literature, user manual and EPA guidelines document. Among different water quality parameters tested, only six main parameters have been presented here based on its sensitivity. Distanc DO NH NO e from Samplin BO Conductivi 4 3 Fig. 2: Model results (Conductivity & DO) of water quality in -N -N U/S g pH D in ty in mg/ in in for River Tungabhadra boundar points mg/l µmhos l mg/l mg/l y in km 7.3 4.7 2.76 0 S1 192.89 0.38 4.93 1 3 8 7.2 0.6 S2 7.4 3.4 236.4 0.68 5.61 1 7.9 5.8 19.5 12.6 4 S3 298.8 1.23 6 4 6 8 8.4 5.7 14.3 5.5 S4 22.3 370.46 23.8 5 4 6 8.2 4.8 14.6 6.5 S5 448.61 20.7 21.3 1 4 8 7.8 3.1 20.3 14.6 7.5 S6 490.3 23.8 8 4 6 8 6.4 3.4 21.5 8.5 S7 508.3 14.8 18.2 5 8 4 8.2 2.4 17.8 13 S8 418.8 32.4 17.2 3 8 9 9.2 16 S9 6.4 61.3 337.4 21.6 12.3 3 Table 1: Water Quality parameters values for different sampling points during post monsoon season All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 813 Water Quality Modeling of River Tungabhadra near Harihar (IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 02/2017/218) [2] Chapra, S.C., Pelletier, G.J. (2005) “QUAL2KW Theory and Documentation Version 5.1, A Modeling Framework for Simulating river waterquality.”AvailableAt:Http:/W.W.W.Ecy.Wa.Gov// Programe/Eap/Model/ [3] Hossain, M.A., Sujaul, I.M., and Nasly, M.A. (2013) “Application of QUAL2KW for Water Quality Modeling In Tunggak River, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.” Reasearch Journal of Recent Sciences. 3(6), 6-14 [4] Kori.B.Basappa., Shashikanth Misse., and Shashidhar,(2012) “Water Quality Modelling And Management Of Karanja River In India.” International Journal of Earth Science and Engineering. 0974-5904, 1630-1638 [5] Murty,M.N., and Surender kumar. (2011) “Water pollution in India.” An economic appraisal LetensiTseggaiHadgu.,MauriceOmondiNyadawa.,John KimaniMwangi.,PurityMuthoniKibetu., Beraki Bahre Mehari.(2014) “Application Of Water Quality Model QUAL2K To Model The Dispersion Of Pollutants In River Ndaruga, Kenya.” Computational Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering [6] Mahesh Kumar., Akkaroboyina., and B.S.N.Raju. 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