Government of Watershed Development Department Public Disclosure Authorized

Sujala-II Watershed Project The World Bank Assisted

Public Disclosure Authorized

Environmental Management Framework

Public Disclosure Authorized

Final Report December 2011

Public Disclosure Authorized Samaj Vikas Development Support Organisation www.samajvikas.org – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... 6 1. Introduction ...... 13 1.1 Background ...... 13 1.2 Sujala-II Project ...... 14 1.2.1 Project Development Objective ...... 14 1.2.2 Project Location and Beneficiaries ...... 14 1.2.3 Project Phasing ...... 15 1.3 Project Design and Brief Description of Sujala-II ...... 15 1.3.1 Component 1: Support for Improved Program Integration in Rainfed Areas 15 1.3.2 Component 2: Research, Development and Innovation ...... 18 1.3.3 Component 3: Institutional Strengthening...... 21 1.3.4 Component 4. Strengthening Horticulture in Rainfed Areas ...... 23 1.3.5 Component 5. Project management and coordination ...... 23 2. Environmental Management Framework ...... 25 2.1 Introduction ...... 25 2.1.1 Objectives of EMF ...... 25 2.2 Environmental Assessment ...... 26 2.3 Stakeholder Consultation ...... 26 2.3.1 Key Issues Identified Through Stakeholder Consultations ...... 26 2.4 Baseline Assessment ...... 30 2.4.1 Geographic and Demographic Details ...... 30 2.4.2 Land use ...... 31 2.4.3 Soils ...... 31 2.4.4 Rainfall and Climate...... 33 2.4.5 Drainage ...... 36 2.4.6 Water Levels ...... 37 2.4.7 Groundwater Quality ...... 38 2.4.8 Cropping Pattern ...... 39 2.4.9 Livestock ...... 40 2.4.10 Industries ...... 40 2.4.11 Forests ...... 42 2.4.12 Biodiversity ...... 42 2.4.13 Ecologically Sensitive Areas ...... 43 2.5 Policy and Regulatory Analysis for Sujala-II ...... 44 2.5.1 Watershed Related Policy and Regulatory Review ...... 44 2.5.2 The World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 47 2.6 Environment Management Framework Highlighting Project Activities, Impacts, Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities ...... 50 2.7 Good Practice Guidance Manual for Watersheds Investments ...... 54 2.7.1 Good Practice Guidance For Enhancing Environmental Sustainability Of Watersheds Investments ...... 54 2.7.2 Watershed Sub-project Cycle to Integrate Environmental Measures .. 63 2.8 Environmental Supervision and Monitoring ...... 67 2.8.1 Environmental supervision ...... 67

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2.8.2 Monitoring of Relevant Environmental Parameters ...... 67 2.8.3 Environmental Audit ...... 67 2.8.4 Monitoring Plan ...... 68 2.8.4.1 Monitoring Project Components ...... 68 2.8.4.2 Watershed Investments Monitoring Good Practice Guidance ...... 69 3. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements ...... 72 3.1 Introduction ...... 72 3.2 State Level Management ...... 72 3.2.1 Project Implementing Agency ...... 72 3.2.2 Project Empowered Committee ...... 73 3.2.3 Project Planning and Management Unit ...... 73 3.2.4 Project Management Support Cell ...... 73 3.2.5 Research and Extension Cell ...... 74 3.2.6 Finance Management Cell ...... 75 3.2.7 Procurement Cell ...... 75 3.2.8 Technical Partner ...... 75 3.3 Local Implementing Units ...... 75 3.3.1 District Level Committee ...... 75 3.3.2 Watershed Development Team ...... 76 3.3.3 NGO Partner ...... 76 3.3.4 Watershed Committee ...... 77 3.3.5 Ryoatha Samparka Kendra/ Farmer Contact Centre ...... 77 3.3.6 Project Partners ...... 77 3.4 EMF Implementation ...... 78 4. Training and Capacity Building ...... 81 4.1 Introduction ...... 81 4.1.1 Objectives ...... 81 4.1.2 Approach ...... 82 4.1.3 Institutions for Training ...... 82 4.2 Details of Training Programs ...... 82 4.2.1 T1. Training on the EMF ...... 82 4.2.2 T2. Training on Environmental Management ...... 83 4.2.3 T3. Environmental Awareness and Monitoring ...... 83 4.2.4 T4. Quality Construction Practices for Artisans ...... 83 4.3 Budget ...... 84 4.4 Usage/ Updation / Maintenance of EMF ...... 85 4.4.1 Usage ...... 85 4.4.2 Need & Nature of Updation ...... 85 4.4.3 New Legal Requirements & Updation ...... 85 4.4.4 Comprehensive EMF Review ...... 86 Annexure 1: Approach and Methodology ...... 88 Annexure 2: Checklist for Field Data Collection ...... 92 Annexure 3: Formats for Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) ...... 94 Annexure 4: External Audit of the Completed Schemes ...... 97 Annexure 5: Maps ...... 99

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List of Tables

Table 1: Summary of Stakeholder Consultations ...... 28 Table 2: Geographic and Demographic Data ...... 30 Table 3: Soil Characteristics ...... 32 Table 4: Cropping Pattern ...... 39 Table 5: Livestock Details ...... 40 Table 6: National and State Policy and Regulation ...... 44 Table 7: The World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 47 Table 8: Impacts Mitigation Measures and Responsibilities ...... 50 Table 9: Good Practice Manual for Sustainability ...... 54 Table 10: Watershed sub-project Cycle and Environmental Measures ...... 64 Table 11: Monitoring Plan ...... 68 Table 12: Monitoring Indicators ...... 69 Table 13: Monitoring Frequency ...... 71 Table 14: Institutional Arrangements for EMF ...... 79 Table 15: Training Topics ...... 84 Table 16: Training Budget ...... 84 Table 17: EMF Budget ...... 85

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List of Figures

Figure 1: SUJALA-II Project Districts ...... 14 Figure 2: Population Density ...... 30 Figure 3: Literacy Rate ...... 31 Figure 4: Total Land Area by Agriculture Area ...... 31 Figure 5: Normal Rainfall ...... 34 Figure 6: Temperature ...... 34 Figure 7: Industries ...... 41 Figure 8: Forest Area by Total Area ...... 42

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 5 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Executive Summary

Background

The Watershed Development Department (WDD) of Government of Karnataka (GOK) has implemented Sujala-I under the World Bank assistance with tripartite cost-sharing arrangements. Another similar project was implemented with NABARD assistance. In continuation of Sujala-I, GOK proposes to take a credit from the International Development Association through the World Bank for Sujala-II.

The Project Development Objective of Sujala-II is to demonstrate more effective watershed management through greater integration of programs related to rainfed agriculture, innovative and science based approaches and strengthened institutions and capacities. The project will be implemented in , , , Koppal, Gadag, Davanagere and Chamarajanagar districts, which have been identified by the WDD based on water and socio-economic conditions. The project will be implemented over six years and linked with the centrally financed IWMP. This project has five distinct components. They are;

1. Support for Improved Program Integration in Rainfed Areas 1.1. Development and maintenance of a digital library for Integrated Landscape Approach for WSM planning 1.2. Integrated sub-watershed assessment and planning 1.3. Integrated micro-watershed master planning with IWMP 1.4. Community-based monitoring and documentation 2. Research, Development and Innovation: 2.1. Studies to support integrated landscape management and agricultural intensification 2.2. Developing best practice models for improved hydrological assessment and monitoring 2.3. Technology transfer 2.4. Component management 3. Institutional Strengthening 3.1. Agricultural intensification and water use information systems 3.2. Training and capacity building 3.3. Infrastructure improvements 4. Strengthening Horticulture in Rainfed Areas 5. Project management and coordination

As a part of the preparation of Sujala-II project, the WDD has prepared this Environmental Management Framework (EMF). The WDD would make good use of this EMF, that outlines anticipated adverse impacts of all direct and indirectly linked infrastructure related activities.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 6 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Environmental Management Framework

Sujala-II design is a significant departure from Sujala-I, as Sujala-II does not support any on the ground physical infrastructure, but focuses on enhancing institutional capacities and thereby largely limiting extent and scope of any adverse environmental impacts. In order to ensure, that the new project design does not result in adverse environmental impacts, as well as lead to enhancement of positive environmental impacts, GOK has prepared a detailed EMF for Sujala-II. This EMF has been prepared based on a detailed; a) Environmental Assessment, b) Stakeholder Consultations and c) Baseline Assessment. The specific objectives of the EMF are a) to provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmental impacts at the different stages of the project cycle, b) to identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental impacts and c) to devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming environmental management in project implementation processes.

This environmental assessment is conducted with a broad objective of providing relevant analysis of the prevailing environmental conditions and stresses of the watershed including its interaction with the people living in and around it and to develop a mitigation framework that minimizes adverse impacts and helps maximize positive impacts of the proposed investments.

The stakeholder consultations were conducted during the field visits to the watersheds. The famers, local SHG groups and other key field level stakeholders were invited to assemble at one of the community buildings in the village and the consultations were conducted. The important environmental issues identified through stakeholder consultations are land related, soils related, water related and livestock related.

The baseline assessment provides an overview of the physical geography of the project area, with special emphasis on watershed development. This environmental baseline has been developed mainly on the basis of data collected through secondary sources, and has been supplemented by consultations and field surveys in sample watersheds. Baseline environmental conditions of the project districts are given below:

Parameter/ Bidar Gulbarga Yadgir Gadag Koppal Davanagere Area (Sq. Km) 5,448 16,224 5,273 4,657 8,458 6,018 5,685 North 17°35’ 17°10’ 15° 15’ 15°09’ 13° 48` 11º 40’58’’ Latitude and and and to and and 18°29’ 17°45’ 15°45’ 16° 01’ 14° 56` 12° 06’ 32’’ East 76°41’ 76°10’ 75°20’ 75° 46’ 75° 24` 76º 24’ 14’’ Longitude to and and to and and 77°39’ 77°45' 75°47’ 76° 48’ 76° 32` 77° 46’ 55’’ Population, 15,01,374 31,24,858 9,56,180 9,71.955 11,93,496 17,89,693 9,64,275 2001

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 7 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Parameter/ Bidar Gulbarga Yadgir Gadag Koppal Davanagere Chamarajanagar District Male 7,70,679 15,91,379 4,82,347 4,93,795 6,02,026 9,17,320 4,89,895 Female 7,30,695 15,33,479 4,73,833 4,78,160 5,91,470 8,72373 4,74,380 Sex Ratio 948 964 981 968 982 951 968 Literacy, % 61.98 50.65 40 66.27 55.02 67.67 51.26 Agricultural 401125 847207 310561 384731 380700 388036 186845 Land, Ha Forest Area, 27707 35316 33773 32614 29451 89918 275610 Ha Soils Black, Deep Deep Medium Black Red sandy, Red, Black Lateritic medium medium to deep cotton, Black black, black black Red lateritic Rainfall, mm 827 842 832 612.3 571.92 816.1 644.3 Temp, Min- 20-42 26-42 26-42 16-42 16-45 18-38 16-34 Max, °C Water Levels, 17.90 17.10 17.10 24.70 20.00 23.04 4.77 Max, BGL Groundwater Potable, Potable, Nitrate, Nitrate, Chlorides, Potable, Potable, Alkaline, Quality Nitrate, Nitrate, Fluoride Fluoride Fluoride Carbonate, Nitrate Fluoride Fluoride Bicarbonate, Fluoride National Magadi Bandipur National Parks/ Bird Park, BRT Wildlife Sanctuaries Sanctuary Sanctuary, Bandipur Tiger Reserve and Nilgiries Biosphere

Policy and Regulation

A Watershed related policy and regulatory review and World Bank safeguards policy applicability assessment around environmental issues was undertaken. This policy and regulatory analysis suggests that the proposed Sujala-II does not fall under any of the project categories listed in Schedule-I of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and hence does not require any formal environmental clearance of the Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of . The project area has not been notified as ecologically sensitive or fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Though the state of Karnataka is dotted with a number of sites of religious, cultural and historical importance, wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, the proposed Sujala-II is not expected to have any adverse impact on these sites.

The relevant and applicable safeguards policies of the World Bank are also reviewed. The only safe guard policy of the World Bank applicable to the project is OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 8 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Impact Mitigation Measures

A matrix detailing enhancement and mitigation measures of potential positive and adverse impacts respectively for all the five components of Sujala-II duly specifying responsibility has been prepared as part of this EMF. A typical few are listed below:

Positive Impacts Negative Impacts • Increased groundwater recharge and • Siltation of water harvesting structures availability • Reduction of water availability for downstream • Increased vegetative cover users • Increased fodder and firewood • Increased agricultural run off production • Changes in diversity of flora and fauna • Improved livestock and milk production • Conflict among the users of common property • Increase in income levels resources

In order to ensure that Sujala-II investments targeting institutional strengthening and stakeholder capacity building results in science based watershed management, a good practice guidance manual for enhancing environmental sustainability of watershed investments and watershed sub-project cycle to integrate environmental measures during each phase is provided as part of this EMF. This manual details the mitigation and enhancement measures for the negative and positive impacts of all the possible investments under typical watershed programs. This good guidance practice lists the various activities to be taken up during each phase of the sub- project life cycle along with the objective of the activity, process to be followed, institution responsible for the activity and the expected results from that activity. Along with this, a monitoring good practice guidance along with indicators for watershed investments is also given by the EMF.

Environmental Supervision and Monitoring

The EMF requires detailed supervision, monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the project on the environment. In order to carry out this, WDD will have specific arrangements made in the Project Management Support Cell (PMSC) of the WDD at state level. This includes appointment of an Environmental Consultant for the project period. Further the WDD will instruct the District and Field level implementing units on how to implement the provisions of this EMF. At the field level the members of District Watershed Development Team (DWDT) and Taluk Watershed Development Team (TWDT) have the required sectoral skills to implement the EMF. The District Watershed Development Officer (DWDO) at the District level will be in charge of implementing the EMF at district level. At the Taluk level the Agricultural Officer (AO) will be responsible for implementing the EMF at the field level. The DWDO and AO will guide and oversee the implementation of the EMF at field level. This overall guidance will be given by the Environmental Consultant. Further the WDD will incorporate the provisions of this EMF as actionable points in the Project Operations Manual or other similar document for the project. These will be non-negotiable and will have to be followed by all the field units. The Environmental Consultant will oversee the application of

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 9 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 these provisions and guide the process, while at the same time building the capacity of the field units.

The EMF specifies environmental supervision of a sample of 10% of the completed schemes at six monthly intervals by the DWDT. Once every year, the WDD will prepare a report of the environmental situation in the project districts including data and analysis of relevant parameters such as rainfall, depth to water levels, status of groundwater basins, soil erosion, etc., as well as a listing of relevant new legislation and regulations that have a bearing on the environmental performance of the project. The EMF will be suitably revised annually on the basis of this document by the WDD. Twice during the project period; mid-term and end-term; the WDD will appoint an external agency to undertake an independent audit of the environmental performance of the project. 5% of the completed sub-projects will be covered in the Environmental Audit.

Institutional and Implementation Arrangements

At the state level the WDD is the implementing agency. The proposed Project’s implementation would occur through WDD in collaboration with several partners. Principally implementation will be at the level of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), but also beyond, with regards to any convergence with MNREGS, under the Department of Rural Development and Panchayath Raj, and the Department of Mines and Geology and Hydrology, and other related government and research agencies. The leadership of components will be shared across agencies, where the Department of Horticulture will play a greater role in managing Horticulture components.

The Project Implementing Agency (PIA) will be the WDD. The Commissioner, WDD in will be the Project Director responsible for overall project implementation. For effective day to day co-ordination of project implementation the Commissioner will be assisted by the Executive Director, Sujala and the Chief Conservator. PIA would contract any additional experienced NGO or agency to provide additional technical support for planning and implementation, especially with regards to managing convergence, and linking into agricultural planning.

A Project Empowered Committee (PEC) will govern the overall project, and guide the PIA. The PEC will be constituted by the main implementing agencies, and chaired by the Additional Chief Secretary, and Development Commissioner GOK. A Project Planning and Management Unit (PPMU) will manage and coordinate the Project implementation at the state level. It will periodically review and guide the project implementation. The PPMU will be set up within the WDD, headed by the Commissioner. A Project Management Support Cell (PMSC) will be established in the WDD to support the PIA and comprising experts in GIS, Hydrogeology, Ground Water, Agriculture, Metrology and Agriculture Engineering on an outsourced basis. Financial and Procurement consultants will be hired on consultancy basis. This PMSC will have an Environmental Consultant to be hired

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 10 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 for the project period to guide and oversee the implementation of the EMF. Her functions include the following:

• Ensuring overall implementation of the EMF in the project and that recommendations from supervision and monitoring are integrated into the project and the EMF is updated periodically as necessary. • Coordinating, advising and assisting the DWDO during the appraisal of the sub-projects to be taken up. • Preparing regular periodic reports on the environmental compliance for the WDD for its own use or for transmission to The World Bank • Recruiting external agency for conducting Environmental Audit once in a year and ensure that the relevant recommendations are integrated into the project.

In addition there will be a Research and Extension Cell (R&E Cell), a Finance Management Cell (FMC) and a Procurement Cell (PC) will be established in WDD to assist the PIA. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use (NBSSLU) will be the lead technical partner. The NBSSLU will enter into partnership with agencies like, SAUs, ISRO, KSRAC, SLUSI (Ministry of Agriculture, GoI), ICRISAT, IISC (consortia of institutions), etc. facilitated by the WDD.

A District Level Committee (DLC), headed by the CEO Zilla Panchayat (ZP), will periodically review progress of planning, training and extension, convergence along with implementation of land treatment activities in the District, and at the sub-watershed and micro-watershed level. At the district level the DWDO will be overall in charge for the implementation of EMF. She will coordinate with the Environmental Consultant at WDD and take appropriate actions to implement provisions of the EMF. At the Taluk level the Agricultural Officer is in charge of the implementation of the EMF.

Training and Capacity Building

Capacity building for environmental management will be integrated with overall capacity building component of the project. The objectives of the capacity building initiatives are a) strengthening Watershed development institutions and other partners to integrate sound environmental management into watershed implementation and b) to orient all participating institutions to the requirements of the EMF. The training will be of cascade mode. All the trained staff and others will in turn conduct further trainings at district, taluk and village levels. Environmental Management Policy and Research Institute, Karnataka Rajya Vijnana Parishat, Indian Institute of Science, Selected Staff of Forest Department and Engineering Staff College of India are some of the specialized institutions identified for conducting training.

The trainings proposed are a) About 30 Trainings on the EMF for key officials of the project including TWDT, DWDT, as well as State Level Environmental Experts and District Resource Persons, b) About 120 Training on Environmental Management

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 11 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 for MWMG, NGOs, Taluk level Resource Persons, c) About 120 Trainings for the TWDT, MWMG, NGOs, local resource persons and d) About 120 Trainings Quality Construction Practices for Artisans for Masons, skilled labour, etc., involved in the project. The total budget for environmental management activities under the proposed Sujala-II has been worked out as Rs. 3.03 crore.

Review and Updation

WDD intends to make good use of this EMF and the good practice guidance note to identify key Environmental issues, as well as plan and implement mitigation and enhancement measures, as and where applicable. As the project progresses WDD will update and improve the EMF based on experience and on any new legal requirements of the EMF during the project period. WDD would undertake one thorough/ comprehensive review and revision of this EMF prior to Sujala-II’s mid- term review by the World Bank.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 12 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

Watershed development refers to the conservation, regeneration and the judicious use of all the natural resources such as land, water, plants, animals etc., within a particular watershed. Watershed management tries to bring about the best possible balance in the environment between natural resources on the one side, and human on the other. Attempts to overcome problem of soil degradation on large tracts of cultivable land in a watershed are being made through large investments in watershed management.

The revised guidelines for watershed development programs were introduced in November 2000, renamed as the National Watershed Development Program for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) by the Ministry of Agriculture. Watershed management needs to take a multipurpose approach to improving land and increasing water availability for crop cultivation, livestock and human use through soil and moisture conservation measures. An effective watershed development project should aim to develop drought-proof areas by capturing every falling raindrop.

It is generally understood that rainwater harvesting needs to be a priority in low- rainfall regions. However, in-situ conservation does not help much if rainfall is scanty and erratic. Consequently, most watershed development projects mainly concentrate on installing water harvesting structures such as check dams. The review of literature shows that the success rate of technology based projects is no more than 25 percent. A recent study in Gujarat state found that check dams constructed for watershed development projects have directly benefited only 15 percent of target households. While the benefits of check dams can easily be computed, benefits to individual farmers from structures such as nala plugs (gully plugs) and contour bunds may not be so easy and substantial.

Consequently, a significant portion of project costs are invested in structures such as check dams, whose costs are high and that benefit only a few in contrast to and at the cost of structures such as gully plugs that are less expensive and benefit more people.

The design of watershed development projects should not ignore traditional water harvesting structures. Projects can gain a lot from supporting the rehabilitation of traditional water harvesting structures. This is less costly than building new structures and gives a focus for communities’ contributions and participation. Reviving community rain water harvesting structures can lead to the rebirth of community spirit and community management that are crucial to sustaining the achievements of watershed projects.

Sujala-I is a watershed development project designed by the Government of Karnataka (GoK) and implemented by the Watershed Development Department

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 13 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

(WDD) of GoK with tripartite cost-sharing arrangements. Sujala-I was implemented with the World Bank’s financial assistance in Kolar, Chikkaballapur, Tumkur, Chitradurga, and districts. Sujala-II was implemented in , Shimoga, Chikkamagalore, Chitradurga, Hassan, and Kodagu districts with NABARD assistance.

1.2 Sujala-II Project

In continuation of Sujala-I, Government of Karnataka proposes to take a credit from the International Development Association through the World Bank for Sujala-II.

1.2.1 Project Development Objective

The Project Development Objective is to demonstrate more effective watershed management through greater integration of programs related to rainfed agriculture, innovative and science based approaches and strengthened institutions and capacities.

1.2.2 Project Location and Beneficiaries

The project will be implemented in seven districts, which have been identified by the WDD based on water and socio-economic conditions. For most activities such as improved planning and capacity building, and local capacity building, the project will finance the piloting of new approaches and tools initially in 33 sub-watersheds (approximately 335 micro-watersheds) in Phase I. The project area in Phase I covers 108 Gram Panchayats. Drawing on lessons learned, the project will then scale up in Phase II to cover an additional 60 sub-watersheds (600 micro- watersheds) and more than 200 Gram Panchayats. The total project will effectively cover approximately 465,000 ha. With average farm sizes in project of about 1.5 ha, this translates into beneficiary farm households of about 310,000. For other activities such Figure 1: SUJALA-II Project Districts as research and development, many of the results will be applicable state-wide.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 14 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

1.2.3 Project Phasing

The project will be implemented over six years and link with the centrally financed IWMP in the selected project districts:

Year 1 Institution strengthening, initiate key R&D, data base development Year 2 Link Field activities with IWMP Batch III and MNREGA (planning, training) Year 3 Post-harvest support, R&D, follow-on capacity building Year 4 Field activities link with IWMP Batch IV and MNREGA (planning, training) Year 5 Post-harvest support, R&D, follow-on capacity building Year 6 Consolidation and withdrawal phase

IWMP is an ongoing program that supports participatory watershed management, preparation of soil and water conservation “net plans”, livelihood development through Self-Help Groups, and monitoring and evaluation of implementation performance and impacts. The Phase I sites of the Bank project are concomitant with the IWMP (phase III). The IWMP will be engaging with the communities group formation, social mobilization and training in its Year 1. The Bank will simultaneously support the activities around sub-watershed and micro-watershed planning to broaden the focus of IWMP micro-watershed net plan preparation processes by strengthening the land resource inventory and GIS database input including hydrology. In year 2, the effectiveness of IWMP will be enhanced by better integration with agriculture and MNREGA operations. In Year 3, Bank supported activities will focus on incremental activities to improve agricultural intensification across a range of products, market development, value addition, etc, drawing on R&D results from component 2 through strengthened extension services. A similar phasing approach will be used with Phase II sites in the Bank project. In this manner, Bank financed activities will complement ongoing IWMP activities and focus project resources on improved planning, R&D and institutional strengthening to promote better integration between agriculture and watershed management, and convergence with MNREGA.

1.3 Project Design and Brief Description of Sujala-II

1.3.1 Component 1: Support for Improved Program Integration in Rainfed Areas

The component objective is to enable a decision a science-based support tool in public domain for successful integration of watershed development and employment programs in rain fed agriculture. Building on the successful experiences of the previous World Bank-supported watershed project (Sujala I), the GoK wants to further improve its capacity to better integrate a range of state and central programs related to rain fed agriculture, and harness the resources for soil and water conservation from other

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 15 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 initiatives such as the MNREGA program in a more rational and science based approach. Also, while Sujala-I showed positive environmental benefits with improved groundwater levels and reduced soil erosion, these benefits were not fully quantified. In particular, greater attention to hydrological assessment and monitoring has been identified as a priority in the new project. The activities will be implemented through four sub-components.

1.1. Development and maintenance of a digital library for Integrated Landscape Approach for WSM planning

The sub-component will support the establishment of an IT and GIS-enabled data base in the NBSSLUP, building on their core competence, existing systems and relevant experience. The digital library would support improved sub-watershed assessment, more integrated micro-watershed master planning, monitoring and evaluation, and relevant research and development. The digital library would include comprehensive historical and current data sets such as classification of land, run-off and erosion, soil properties (soil nutrients, fertility, crop suitability), land cover and land use, and geographic distribution of crop types and varieties geo-hydrology (geology, surface water, ground water), meteorology (precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, radiation, evapo-transpiration), water usage (current and projected), water harvesting structures, carrying capacity, zoonotic and vector born animal diseases,. The data base will be populated by secondary data sets and remote sensing images from other agencies where possible. As needed, remote sensing images of sufficient resolution to capture specific parameters, for example soil and water conservation works, will be procured and updated within the project period. The project would finance the design of a suitable architecture for the integrated digital data base through technical support. The design stage would also define the approach for compiling data from line departments (maps, layers, remote sensing) and other sources, with appropriate protocols for sharing, definitions, use etc. The NBSSLUP would be strengthened with equipment and training to support the information structure and data, and national/international exposure to manage the updated system. The project would assist with purchase of state-wide databases and layers, and digitizing. In addition to the core data and map system, a web-based Land Resources Portal for public access would be designed, tested and launched. This would promote more independent research and development on Karnataka land use problems by local, national and international scientists in addition to providing a central window for data by local government departments, NGOs and public.

1.2 Integrated sub-watershed assessment and planning

This subcomponent will support the development and piloting of new approaches and processes for higher-level analyses within selected catchments comprising of one or more contiguous sub-watersheds. This follows emerging global best practice in watershed management of using readily available data and models for sub-basin analyses and then down-scaling the results to guide lower-level micro-watershed

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 16 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 development. A central focus of the sub-watershed assessment would be to develop a better understanding of broader hydrological issues and potentials, particularly for groundwater. Water suitability maps will be developed to highlight the areas most sensitive to pressures and disturbances. The assessment would also examine include a review of general land resources and land use, especially around agriculture, potential impacts of climatic variability, etc. The sub-watershed assessments would provide valuable information to help set priorities and strategies for watershed development in lower-level integrated micro-watershed master plans in the IWMP (sub-component 1.3). The assessments would also provide useful information for regional GoK development and agriculture plans. Project support would be provided to the NBSSLU who will manage the overall planning process with assistance by contracted technical specialists. The process will include development of thematic base maps at 1:12,500 scale, stakeholder participation by relevant line departments and others at the district and Taluk level, and applying appropriate modelling tools, especially for hydrology. Reports and other media products capturing analysis and decisions in user-friendly formats will be produced and disseminated to users at various levels within the sub-watershed.

1.3. Integrated micro-watershed master planning with IWMP

Based on guidance from the higher level sub-watershed assessments, this sub- component will provide incremental support to the WDD and communities to develop micro-watershed master plans (Net Plans and DPR) through the IWMP that will promote more effective integration of watershed management and agricultural development. These enhanced plans will also promote increased convergence between the seven year IWMP and annual MNREGA programs, particularly around better targeted and higher quality soil and water conservation investments. Bank-supported incremental planning activities will be coordinated with the IWMP participatory planning process by:

• Incorporating key recommendation arising from the larger scale sub- watershed assessments, especially around hydrology plan on GIS platform to support better decisions with respect to surface water usage and groundwater recharge; • Using simple groundwater modelling and water budgeting tools/educative games developed in component 2 to develop better local understanding of hydrology and how it links with land-use decisions. This will help in stakeholders making more effective micro-watershed planning decisions and that include hydrological objectives and outcomes; • Guiding more effective convergence with MNREGA – particularly with spatial targeting of physical soil moisture conservation works within a science-based watershed plan that can be built with manual labour; and • Drawing on the digital data library (sub-component 1.1) to help define options for improved integration and coordination of watershed, agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and livestock programs, and identifying general

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 17 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

priorities for post-harvest, marketing, and income generating activities within the micro-watershed plan.

The project will provide incremental funds for technical support to local implementing agencies and community organizations to coordinate new inputs with the IWMP planning process, ensure services are delivered, and develop local technical capacity and quality control. The project will fund the development of an incremental training module that can be integrated into IWMP planning processes with communities and GPs that includes material on applying new approaches and tools for more integrated planning, better accommodation of hydrology into decision-making, and promoting a rationale for more MNREGA convergence. The project will also finance technical support to WDD field teams and local NGOs to deliver the training material as well as ongoing guidance to GPs to ensure the new material is incorporated into subsequent annual MNREGA field plans. The WDD will manage the overall planning and facilitation process and linkages with IWMP with support by contracted technical specialists. The project will not be funding actual watershed physical works or rural livelihoods. These investment costs will be financed by IWMP with additional resources leveraged from MNREGA programs and implemented based on the micro-watershed master plan.

1.4. Community-based monitoring and documentation

To support the implementation of enhanced micro-watershed plans and tracking of performance, the subcomponent will finance a pilot approach to incorporate greater community input for field level monitoring, incremental to normal IWMP monitoring and evaluation activities. It will be tested in 1/3 of the micro- watersheds in Phase I and then scaled up in Phase II based on lessons learned. This sub-component will build the capacity of local implementers and community stakeholders in gathering and sharing specific monitoring data with physical works, stream flow, groundwater levels, etc. This will be done through incremental training and technical support on data collection, and provision of tools such as GPS enabled cameras, stream gauge recorders, and data recorders. It will follow experiences gained in other Bank financed projects in Karnataka (for example Health) and elsewhere in India. This participatory monitoring and evaluation will also be an important point for converging IWMP and other schemes such as MNREGA with regards to social accountability and assessing service delivery performance.

1.3.2 Component 2: Research, Development and Innovation

The component objective is to establish a coordinated research approach to provide practical knowledge and tools to support integrated and science based, landscape and climate and market responsive crop planning and farming system diversification in rain fed agriculture. There is a considerable body of research and some good quality water related monitoring systems in place, and global and Indian good practice models with regards to these topics. Project preparation consultations identified key

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 18 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 thematic areas where research, development and innovation could bring new knowledge, tools, and approaches to bear in a practical manner and adapt them to users at multiple levels from farmers to policy makers. The component will finance research, development and piloting of improved approaches, tools and knowledge for more effective integrated watershed management and programs. This component will be initiated at an early stage of the project to provide guidance for the pilot area sub-watershed and micro-watershed planning and implementation, often drawing on specific case studies in the project areas. The tools and information systems will be further developed during the project, drawing on the new digital library from component 1. It is expected that many of the outputs will have wider applicability across the state, and throughout India with respect to rain fed agriculture and watershed management. Activities will be implemented through four sub-components.

2.1. Studies to support integrated landscape management and agricultural intensification

The component will finance a significant number of applied research studies across three key thematic areas. For the most part, studies will be advertised through a competitive process, managed by the WDD with assistance from a research technical advisory body to ensure that the best science is brought to bear. Possible studies include:

1) Integrated landscape management and agricultural intensification; • Lessons learned in mixed farming systems and develop a set of comprehensive “Lessons Learned” reports to guide the design of more sustainable and equitable Agriculture Intensification and Watershed Management systems that can be scaled up state-wide; • Draw comprehensive lessons and provide ongoing assessment support on integration and convergence aspects considered under the project, assisting WDD and related departments use their M&E/MIS systems to make detailed analyses; • Examine issues of participation, and local institutional arrangements for integrated watershed management. Understand the process and systems which strengthen more equitable outcomes in watershed management; • Status of soil resources, their constraints and achieving yield potentials for key agriculture products; • Best management practices for achieving potential yields and addressing yield gaps; • Water harvesting and micro-irrigation; • Best-practice institutional arrangements for more sustainable common land management, drawing from experiences in Sujala I, project pilot areas and other experiences in India. • Policy analysis and recommendations for sector reform to support more integrated landscape and agricultural management.

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• Site specific fertilizer recommendation for specific agriculture products and minimizing fertilizer misapplication; • Agriculture and livestock management and input use and yield patterns; • Integrated pest and nutrient management • Survey and documentation of indigenous knowledge in drought-adaptive agriculture production

2) Strengthening agriculture value chains and support; • Evaluation of promising new farm enterprises; • Off-farm employment and income potentials; • System-based guidelines for post-harvest management and value addition.

3) Climate smart agriculture, adaptation and mitigation; • Potential for soil carbon sequestration and accessing carbon credits; • Adaptive research to standardize appropriate integrated farming system models for each Agro-Climatic zone; • Comprehensive synthesis of climate variability and agriculture production in the region and Synthesis of climate sensitive animal and crop diseases.

2.2. Developing best practice models for improved hydrological assessment and monitoring

The sub-component will support research and adapting of best practice models and tools for improved hydrological assessment and monitoring. The project will finance development effective systems to deliver downscaled hydrological data to sub-and micro-watershed scales based on operational algorithms for quantitative hydrology, remote sensing mapping of evapo-transpiration and precipitation, and a combination of current and new field-based sensors and data-loggers. This approach will allow regular, low-cost monitoring of groundwater levels, key weather parameters, runoff volumes, and changes in water levels in open water bodies (tanks, farm ponds, etc) to support improved, integrated sub-watershed and micro-watershed planning and monitoring. The sub-component will also support a feasibility study to design and deploy a modern, near real-time network of innovative hydrological and meteorological monitoring systems within a sub- watershed to micro-watershed scale. Specifically, the system design will concentrate on: 1) Monitoring actual evapo-transpiration on micro-watershed and larger scales using existing low-cost remote sensing techniques that contain visible, near, and mid-infrared and thermal infrared imagery; 2) Intensive monitoring of three or more sets of paired micro-watersheds; 3) State-wide monitoring of water storage changes in hard rock aquifers at a micro- or sub-watershed scale; and 4) In- situ meteorological monitoring, including precipitation, soil moisture, solar radiation, temperature at a sub-watershed scale. The sub-component will also finance the pilot development and demonstration of new approaches for 2-D mapping of groundwater aquifers in selected project areas to support hydrological assessment, and community based management of groundwater.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 20 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

2.3. Technology transfer

The subcomponent will finance the development/adaptation of best practice models and tools including: 1) Integrated planning and training tools at micro- watershed levels, for example land and water suitability maps for farmers and decision makers at various levels as a simple and low-cost planning tool for evaluating technically feasible and profitable options for specific crops; 2) Agro- climatic advisory risk tools and systems for farmers to include range of farmer decision support information such as Agriculture Drought Reference Index, Pesticide Application Advisory, Crop Planting Advisory, and Pest and Diseases Information; and 3) Tools for delivering improved market information to farmers such as market demand, supply, and price data bases and dissemination systems to support farmers and SHGs with decisions related to crop planning, value-addition, marketing, and managing food supply and food price volatility. The subcomponent will also support adoption of new knowledge and innovations for integrated land use management in rain fed areas through on-farm field trials and demonstrations for specific research and/or technologies, for example conservation farming, post- harvest improvements, etc. The subcomponent will also support incremental technology and knowledge transfer to farmers through farmer field schools and field days, which have a solid track record in Karnataka.

2.4. Component management

This sub-component will strengthen the institutional arrangements for longer-term research identification, technology transfer and research quality assurance. The primary focus here is on making sure the research addresses the needs of science based and equitable watershed development, and that it is responsive to and feeds smoothly into the extension systems and end user capacities. The subcomponent will finance periodic processes to set research priorities, and workshops to review progress and share results.

1.3.3 Component 3: Institutional Strengthening.

The component objective is to strengthen the institutions and human resources of key stakeholders to improve effective delivery, coordination, and financial management of convergent land-based programs within a watershed management framework, and the adoption of research and development products. Currently there are a number of schemes, information, and extension systems to support the transfer of appropriate knowledge to stakeholders to improve integrated watershed planning management practices and productivity in rain fed areas. There is a need to strengthen these systems. In addition, stakeholders in communities, and implementing and partner agencies require further learning opportunities to gain new knowledge and expertise to improve integrated planning, productivity in rain fed areas, etc. The component will be implemented through three sub-components.

3.1 Agricultural intensification and water use information systems

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 21 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

This sub-component focuses on making sure user friendly information systems deliver appropriate integration of technology for agriculture intensification and watershed management As part of the research-extension-farmer continuum, technology transfer has to efficiently and effectively transfer new and mature applied research, scientific information and technologies to the public sector and farmers as public goods, or as commercial products to the market place. This component will be closely implemented in conjunction with sub-component 3.3 to align the information systems with the needs of the extension systems to be strengthened. The Project will provide the technical support for participatory design, establishment and initial maintenance of the web-based information system for use by farmers and extension agents. The Project will also fund production and dissemination of a range of other materials: field notes, toolkits, videos, fact sheets, posters, etc appropriate to inform stakeholders at different levels and backgrounds. The information systems will build access to “Sustainable Agriculture Intensification Tool Kits” to include options for higher yielding varieties, pest tolerant/resistant varieties, input use efficiency (fertilizers, water, resistance traits, etc), improved input use efficiency (nutrient, energy, water, land, agrochemical), use of precision technology (water, nutrients), Integrated Pest Management, forestry and agro-forestry, conservation agriculture (e.g., low tillage, mulching, crop rotation, fertilizer management, conservation corridors, etc.). It will also provide access to the maps and climate smart agriculture knowledge products delivered under component 2.3.

3.2 Training and capacity building

This subcomponent will assess the needs of end users in terms of extension and integrated watershed management and deliver awareness raising activities and training modules to stakeholders strengthen their skills and knowledge. It will augment the technical and institutional training already offered through IWMP. The subcomponent will finance training needs assessments and preparation of relevant training modules for use at various levels. Training will be provided to village level extension agents (Jala Mitras), community institutions, Gram Panchayat members, and farmers on the benefits of integrated watershed planning and the importance of effective convergence between IWMP and MNREGA operations. With farmers, advanced training will be provided on integrated land to improve crop planning, water management, farming intensity and yields, environmental management, soil management, adapting to climate change, etc. Producer groups operating in project areas will be supported through incremental training on market potential and access, improving post-harvest practices and value addition, etc. The subcomponent will finance improvements to existing Farmer Contact Centers, which will become the primary conduit for joint Watershed-Agriculture extension service delivery to communities. These will consist mainly of strengthening internet and communication technologies and equipment, and power supply. The subcomponent will finance highly targeted exposure visits at three levels; by community members within villages across

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 22 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 project areas and to other sites in the state; technical staff in implementing and partner agencies within the state and India; and technical and management staff overseas to selected countries to share appropriate experiences. These approaches were used with great success in the earlier Bank-supported Sujala watershed project. Training will be provided to implementing agencies to strengthen the development of in-house M&E systems to complement 3rd party and community- based M&E activities. It is expected that specialist NGOs with prior experience in watershed planning, and preferably with program convergence and integration, will lead this training.

3.3 Infrastructure improvements

The project will help to upgrade two District Watershed Training centres servicing key project areas, and strengthen management information systems, computer facilities, and internet access to provide in the first instance adequate support to pilot project areas.

1.3.4 Component 4. Strengthening Horticulture in Rainfed Areas

Horticulture is an important part of watershed development as it plays both a nutritional and income generating role for rainfed communities. Building on the successful experiences under Sujala I which saw considerable expansion of horticulture, the component would support: i) training and demonstrations of farmer groups (Sanghas) around annual and perennial crops, nutrition gardens, crop water management, production methods and diversification, etc; ii) popularizing farmer horticulture soil and crop monitoring through the use of soil and leaf tissue testing and related training and literature; iii) strengthening horticulture post-harvest management and value-addition through technical support to develop recommendations for various crops on harvest and post harvest management, feasibility studies and participatory value chain investigations with the Horticulture Producers Cooperative Marketing and Processing Society (HOPCOMS) in Karnataka, field demonstrations of low-cost equipment, and expanding the Horticulture Department (HD) skill development programs for Sanghas; and iv) supporting the HD to deliver the component through incremental costs for specialist staff, travel, equipment and materials.

1.3.5 Component 5. Project management and coordination

The component objective is to ensure effective and efficient project management. It will support the WDD project management unit to put in place appropriate human resources, deliver necessary management and coordination activities, including financial management and procurement, and to provide project specific M&E to ensure the timely activities, and expected outputs and outcomes of the project. Specifically, the project will support incremental specialized staff (both full and part-time) in headquarter and field offices, covering various technical fields, finance and procurement, research and development, and legal. The project will also

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 23 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 support incremental administration costs including travel costs, communications and other equipment such as cars/rental cars, computers, office furniture, etc. to support overall project implementation. It will also support the setting up and maintenance of a Project website (built into updated the existing WDD website) and other Project information material. It will cover costs of external audits and other relevant financial management activities. The project will also fund the incremental 3rd party monitoring and evaluation requirements relevant to project activities, complementing the overall M&E system operating under IWDP.

As a part of the preparation of Sujala-II project, the Karnataka (WDD) has prepared this Environmental Management Framework (EMF). The WDD would make good use of this EMF, that outlines anticipated adverse impacts of all direct and indirectly linked infrastructure related activities, and good practice guidance note to identify key Environmental issues, as well as plan and implement mitigation and enhancement measures of watershed investments by using this EMF, as and where applicable.

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2. Environmental Management Framework

2.1 Introduction

Sujala-II design is a significant departure from Sujala-I, in terms of the nature of World Bank financing. Whereas Sujala-I supported on the ground physical infrastructure, Sujala-II is not supporting any such works. This project focuses on enhancing institutional capacities and thereby largely limiting extent and scope of any adverse environmental impacts.

In order to ensure, that the proposed financing under the new project design does not result in adverse environmental impacts, as well as lead to enhancement of positive environmental impacts, GoK has prepared a detailed Environmental Management Framework for Sujala-II. This EMF has been prepared based on a detailed;

 Environmental Assessment  Stakeholder Consultations  Baseline Assessment

2.1.1 Objectives of EMF

The proposed Sujala-II will finance investments watershed development and management activities in the project districts. The project interventions are, therefore, expected to result in benefits to the rural communities, through improved groundwater levels, reduced soil erosion and nutrient loss, improved vegetation, increased fodder availability, increased agricultural production, increased incomes, etc.

While the proposed project interventions are expected to result in overall environmental improvements in the project districts, potential adverse environmental impacts can occur if the schemes are not properly designed, sited, implemented, and maintained. In order to ensure that the environmental issues are systematically identified and addressed in the various stages of the implementation of subprojects, an Environment Management and Monitoring Framework (EMF) has been developed for this project. The specific objectives of the EMF are as under:

• To provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmental impacts at the different stages of the project cycle. • To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental impacts. • To devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming environmental management in project implementation processes.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 25 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

2.2 Environmental Assessment

This environmental assessment (EA) is conducted with a broad objective of providing relevant analysis of the prevailing environmental conditions and stresses of the watershed including its interaction with the people living in and around it and to develop a mitigation framework that minimizes adverse impacts and helps maximize positive impacts of the proposed investments. The specific objectives of the EA are to: a) establish a baseline of the environmental conditions in each of the districts and prioritize those that need to be monitored during project implementation; b) identify adverse environmental impacts associated with Sujala III activities; c) develop an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the adverse environmental impacts; and d) review and update the EMF and Operational Manual prepared under the previous projects.

The methodology for conducting this environmental assessment and the various components of the assessment are given in Annex 1.

2.3 Stakeholder Consultation

It is the policy of the project to consult the grass root level stakeholders to explain the project components and to invite their inputs with regard to perceived project impacts and mitigation measures. These consultations were conducted during the field visits to the watersheds. The famers, local SHG groups and other key field level stakeholders were invited to assemble at one of the community buildings in the village and the consultations were conducted. The project briefing was given by and then the views and perceptions of the participants were invited with regard to impacts, both positive and negative, and mitigation measures. This included a brief introduction to the project including the objective and components. Following this, the primary objective of the meeting was explained (to inform about the project, to share findings of the EA study and the draft EMF and to gather suggestions). The issues raised and the suggestions given by the participants were noted. The common suggestions on impacts; both positive and negative, suggestions on mitigation measures were incorporated into the EMF. The below table presents the consultation summary duly presenting the specific feedback and expectations.

2.3.1 Key Issues Identified Through Stakeholder Consultations

The important environmental issues identified through stakeholder consultations are summarized below and details of the stakeholder consultations are provided in the table below.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 26 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

• Land Related o Forest cover o Depleting Natural Resource Base . Poor vegetation in forests . Degradation of forests due to anthropogenic activities . Land Degradation

• Soils Related o Soil fertility o Siltation of tanks o Soil Erosion . Low water holding capacity of soils . High to moderate erodability of soil

• Water Related o Groundwater levels o Water Availability . Erratic and low rainfall . Small and non perennial streams o Water Quality o Inadequate Sanitation

• Livestock Related o Fodder o Fuel wood

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 27 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Table 1: Summary of Stakeholder Consultations District Bidar Gulbarga Yadgir Koppal Gadag Gadag Davanagere Chamarajanagar Taluk Sedum Koppal Ron Jagalur Chamarajanagar Gram Betegeri Nidugudi Doddur Bilichodu Harave Panchayat Sub Udanmalli Bommanahalli Konal Betegeri Hosahally Savanagi Agasanahally Harave Watershed Date of 11 May 2011 12 May 2011 13 May 2011 14 June 2011 15 June 2011 15 June 2011 16 June 2011 11 July 2011 Consultation Participants 22 25 27 35 25 35 43 27 Farmers-17 Farmers-20 Farmers-22 Farmers-25 Farmers-15 Famers-27 Famers-32 Famers-18 PRI-2 PRI-3 PRI-2 PRI-5 PRI-2 PRI-2 PRI-3 PRI-3 SHG/ Women-3 SHG/ Women-2 SHG/ Women-3 SHG/ Women-5 SHG/ Women-8 SHG/ Women-6 SHG/ Women-8 SHG/ Women-6 Feedback/ • Low and reduced • Low and reduced • Low and reduced • Low and reduced • Groundwater • Low and reduced • Groundwater • Many wells are Issues rainfall. rainfall. rainfall. rainfall. Open levels are low. All rainfall. availability is just closed due to Groundwater Groundwater Groundwater wells are dry and except one open Groundwater is enough for fluoride. Some availability availability availability closed. Drinking well are closed. not enough for all regular had been affected dwindles during dwindles during dwindles during water is supplied Water supply purposes. This requirements. by fluorosis. summer. summer. summer. through taps from source is water cannot be Groundwater is Presently potable Groundwater is Groundwater is • The watershed is canal. groundwater. But used for drinking being used for water is being the source of the source of barren with • Not much this water has as it contains high drinking. supplied by Gram drinking water. drinking water. shrubs. vegetation around high chlorides. fluoride. 12 such • Scanty rainfall and Panchayat. • The watershed is • Water stored • Farmers owning the village • Scarcity of water wells were closed. reduced number • Some barren with upstream of cattle find it • Only landholding during summer • Many households of rainy days. groundwater shrubs. Check dam on difficult to families have months. have cattle. • Pond water is recharge activities • The Medicinal Halla is being manage fodder cattle due to lack • Ponds in the area During the being used for are being taken Plant used for washing during summer. of fodder. During are silted and summer months washing, cattle, up. Due to these Conservation cloths and for • Reduced soil summer they are storage capacity is fodder has to be and for vegetable activities the Area by cattle for six fertility and dependent on reduced. obtained from growing. groundwater Foundation for months. moisture holding forest for fodder • All most all forest or • Farmers prefer levels are Revitalization of • The cement capacity due to or buy it. Some households have purchased. vegetable growing increasing. Even Local Health factories are high use of villagers sell off cattle. They buy • Farmers perceive to agriculture. some ponds are Traditions at emitting dust chemical cattle during fodder in summer reduced number This keeps people being recharged. Karpakpalli in the which is carried fertilizers (NPK). summer due to or go to of rainy days. from migrating. • The farmers taluk is a unique by atmospheric Tur plant stems lack of fodder and government • Some water • Farmers observe perceive that soil medicinal flora in dispersion and are composted water. Some grazing lands conservation deforestation is erosion is reduced . deposited on the villagers are due to the water

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 28 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

District Bidar Gulbarga Yadgir Koppal Gadag Gadag Davanagere Chamarajanagar • Farmers with leaves of Tur and used as unhappy as they • Some water works are going taking place for conservation cattle are facing crops resulting in fertilizer to have no cattle and conservation on. People expect fodder, firewood, activities taken fodder problem. stunted growth, increase have to buy milk works are going these to increase etc. up. • Seasonal reduced yield and micronutrients. for daily use. on. People expect potable water • Most families • Dairy activities migration for poor quality of • Low household • Low household groundwater availability. own cattle. But no are taken up by unskilled work. grain. and community and community recharge to dilute • Some of the dairy in the area. farmers. About • Low household • Some fields have sanitation. Very sanitation. About fluoride farmers are They would like 70% farmers have and community bunds little latrine 25% latrine concentration engaged in dairy to have one in cattle and they get sanitation. Very constructed with coverage. coverage. • Farmers perceive activity. future. Fodder in fodder from little latrine ST funds. These Rampant open Rampant open reduced number • Low household summer months forest. coverage. help retain defection. defection. of rainy days. and community is procured from • Low household Rampant open moisture and • • Some landless • Sparse seasonal sanitation. Very forest. and community defection. cultivation of Tur families on migration for little latrine • Predominantly ST sanitation. About • crop. seasonal unskilled work. coverage. community 50% latrine • Low household migration. • Low household Rampant open • Low household coverage. Though and community • Village youth and community defection. and community the remaining sanitation. Very searching for sanitation. Very • Some seasonal sanitation. Only have willingness little latrine unskilled work in little latrine migration for one household to construct coverage. nearby towns in coverage. unskilled work. has a latrine latrines, the Gram Rampant open steel industries. Rampant open coverage. Panchayat is not defection. • defection. Rampant open extending support • • Active RMK defection. and open members • Pollution of river defection Thungabhadra by continues. industries on the • Some people banks. migrate to Kerala • Some water for work. conservation works are going on.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 29 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

2.4 Baseline Assessment

This provides an overview of the physical geography of the project area, with special emphasis on watershed development. This environmental baseline has been developed mainly on the basis of data collected through secondary sources, and has been supplemented by consultations and field surveys in sample watersheds. Baseline environmental conditions of the project districts are discussed in the following sections. The detailed data on various baseline parameters is presented in Annexure-2. Some maps giving the baseline conditions of some of these parameters are given in Annexure-5.

2.4.1 Geographic and Demographic Details

The table below gives the geographic and demographic details of the project districts.

Table 2: Geographic and Demographic Data Parameter/ Bidar Gulbarga Yadgir Gadag Koppal Davanagere Chamarajanagar District Geographic Area (Sq. 5,448 16,224 5,273 4,657 8,458 6,018 5,685 Km.s) North Latitude 17°35’ 17°10’ 15° 15’ 15°09’ 13° 48` 11º 40’58’’ and and and to and and 18°29’ 17°45’ 15°45’ 16° 01’ 14° 56` 12° 06’ 32’’ East 76°41’ 76°10’ 75°20’ 75° 46’ 75° 24` 76º 24’ 14’’ Longitude to and and to and and 77°39’ 77°45' 75°47’ 76° 48’ 76° 32` 77° 46’ 55’’ Demographic Population, 15,01,374 31,24,858 9,56,180 9,71.955 11,93,496 17,89,693 9,64,275 2001 Male 7,70,679 15,91,379 4,82,347 4,93,795 6,02,026 9,17,320 4,89,895 Female 7,30,695 15,33,479 4,73,833 4,78,160 5,91,470 8,72373 4,74,380 Sex Ratio 948 964 981 968 982 951 968

Population Density The population density Chamarajanagar 189 is shown in the graph. has Davangere 302 the highest density with Koppal 166 302 persons per sq.km Gadag 209 and Koppal has the lowest density with 166 Yadgir 183 persons per sq.km. Gulbarga 193 Bidar 276

The literacy rates are Figure 2: Population Density

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 30 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 presented in the in the graph below. Davanagere has the highest literacy rate of 67.67% followed by Literacy Rate (%) Gadag with 66.27. The lowest literacy rate is 66.27 67.67 61.98 in with 50.65 55.02 51.26 40 40%.

Figure 3: Literacy Rate

2.4.2 Land use

As mentioned above, the land use details of the project districts are given by taluk in the annexures. Below given is a graph that compares the total land area with agricultural land.

Total Area by Agriculture Land (in ha) 186845 Chamarajanagar 569901 388036 Davangere 597597 380700 Koppal 552495 384731 Gadag 465715 310561 Yadgir 516088 847207 Gulbarga 1094120 401125 Bidar 541765

Actual agricultutal land, Ha Geographical area, Ha

Figure 4: Total Land Area by Agriculture Area

2.4.3 Soils

The soils in the project district are categorized as given in below table:

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 31 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Table 3: Soil Characteristics Bidar Gulbarga Yadgir Gadag Koppal Davanagere Chamarajanagar

Below 610: Black deep and Deep Medium Black red sandy Red soils Soils: Loam to medium black medium to deep cotton soil Black soils clay; poor soil; moderate black soils; black soils; soil black soil infiltration to poor moderate to moderate Red soil Above 610: infiltration poor to poor Lateritic soils; pale Lateritic soils; infiltration infiltration to bright red; clay moderate to to clayey loam; good moderate to good infiltration infiltration

In , two important types of soils are noticed, they are black soils and lateritic soils. Major parts of the district are comprised of black soils and their texture varies from loam to clay. Lime concentration in this soil is high resulting in poor infiltration capacities. This type of soils cover mainly in areas lying below 610 m contour and along the valley portions. Lateritic soils pale to bright red in colour and clay to clayey loam in nature are confined to the central portion of the district. This soil has moderate to good infiltration characteristics. This type of soils cover mainly areas lying above 610 m contour.

The northern part of the represents a plateau, typical of Deccan Trap terrain and is deeply indented with ravines. The southern part represents undulating terrain with sparsely distributed knolls & tors. The prominent hill ranges in the district at Shorapur and Shahapur have an altitude of 567 and 604 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL) respectively. The ground elevation varies significantly from 340 m above MSL in southeast to 620 m above MSL in the north. The regional slope is towards south and southeast. The soil types in the district are deep black, medium black soil, shallow soil and lateritic soil. The deep and medium black soil covers almost the entire district area, except a small portion towards the northern part of the district. Its thickness varies from 0.5 to 3.6 m. Infiltration rate of shallow, medium and deep black soil is moderate to poor. Lateritic soil occurs in small extent towards the northern part of the district and its thickness varies from 1.0 to 5.0 m. It has moderate to good infiltration characteristics. Gulbarga region is characterized by expanses of flat treeless surface and a range of hills.

The Yadgir district represents undulating terrain with sparsely distributed knolls & tors. The prominent hill ranges in the district at Shorapur and Shahapur have an altitude of 567 and 604 m above MSL respectively. The soil types in the district are deep black, medium black soil, shallow soil and lateritic soil. The deep & medium black soil covers practically the entire district area.

The falls in the semi arid tracts of Karnataka. It lies to the east of the in the rain–shadow region. Hence receives low rainfall and generally drought prone. The district is generally covered by medium to deep black

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 32 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 soils and extends up to 1.80 m bgl. Average being 1.10 m bgl. The constant rate of infiltration in sandy to clayey residuum ranges between 0.5 to 4.5 cm/hr. Phyllitic soils are confined to hilly region.

The moderately plain with shallow troughs and mounds of granites hills at scattered places in rugged topography with very little natural vegetation cover. Soils are the weathering product of parent rock. The district is characterized by large stretch of barren plains covered with black soils this may be product of biotitic schists and amphibolite hornblende. Black cotton soil is seen in schistose terrain and gneissic and granite terrain and red soil in granites and grey granite area. Nalas are generally filled with loose sand, kanker mixed grey sandy soil is seen. The main source of recharge is precipitation. Weathered thickness is reported minimum of 1 m and maximum of 20 m bgl nearer to nalas.

Major part of the Davanagere district is covered by red sandy soil and followed by black soil. Red sandy soil is spread throughout the district except in a small area in the northeastern part of the district where the area is covered by black soil. The Red Sandy soil comprises of red loams, red sandy, sandy loams and medium black soils. The district consists of mainly three types of soils viz., Black alluvial soils, Red with shallow to medium depth gravel and Clay soils found throughout the district.

The Chamarajanagar district may be classified as partly maidan and general tableland with plain, undulating and mountainous. The southern and in the district converge into group of hills. The soils of the district are derived from Granitic gneisses and Charnockite rocks. Red soil is present in upland areas and also noticed at the contact of granites and schist. These soils are admixture of sand and silt. Organic matters in these soils are low and respond well for irrigation manuring and other management practices. The thickness of the soil varies from less than a meter to 6.5 m. Black soils are clayey and black in colour, mostly of transported in origin, occurring along depressions where regular irrigation practices are in progress.

2.4.4 Rainfall and Climate

The rainfall data for the project districts by taluk is given in the annexure. The graphs below give the average rainfall and temperature maximum and minimum by district.

The temperature varies in Bidar district between 20º C and 42º C. Generally, the monsoon sets in the month of June and the maximum rainfall is in the month of September. The rainfall generally is spread over 39 to 53 days with an annual average of 47days. Nearly 75% to 80% of the annual rainfall is during the period of Southwest monsoon. A few showers are also received during the North-East Monsoon, generally in the month of December. Bidar district receives an average rainfall of 827 mm.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 33 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

In Gulbarga district, the southwest monsoon sets in the middle of June and extends till the end of September. Bulk of the annual rainfall occurs during this season, which constitutes Normal Rainfall over 75% of the annual rainfall. Significant rainfall occurs during northeastern monsoon also, which constitutes 15% of the annual rainfall. The Bidar Gulbar Yadgir Gadag Davan Cham ga gere arajan rainfall generally agar is spread over 43 Normal Rainfall, mm 827 842 832 612.3 816.1 644.3 to 49 days with an annual average of Figure 5: Normal Rainfall 46 days. Normal Rainfall of the district is 842 mm (1941 - 90) and actual rainfall is 706 mm (2008). Normal rainy days (as per 1941 are 90) are 46. Although, consistent normal rainfall is prevalent, , and Chittapur taluks experience mild drought conditions. The district has semi–arid type of climate. Dry climate prevails for most part of the year. December is the coldest month. The climate is very hot during the summer which affects adversely on the working capacity of the people. The day temperature ranges Temperature (Maximum, Minimum) °C between 42°C in summer to 26°C in 45 42 42 42 42 winter. Relative 38 34 humidity varies from 26 26 26% in summer to 62% in winter. 20 18 16 16 16.4 In Yadgir district, the southwest monsoon sets in the middle of June and extends till the end of September. Minimum Maximum Bulk of the annual rainfall occurs during this season, which Figure 6: Temperature constitutes over 75% of the annual rainfall. Significant rainfall occurs during northeastern monsoon, which constitutes 15% of the annual rainfall. Rainy days are varying from 40 to 47 days with an annual average of 43 days. The day temperature ranges between 42°C in summer to 26°C in winter. Relative humidity varies from 26% in summer to 62% in winter.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 34 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

The Gadag district falls under semi arid tract of the state and it is categorized as draught prone. Average rainfall is 612.3 mm. The north-east monsoon contributes nearly 24.8% and prevails from October to early December. And about 54.7% precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September. And remaining 20.5% takes place during rest of the year. In the district from December to February month is winter season. During April to May temperature reaches up to 42° C and December and January temperature will go down up to 16° C. The standard deviation of rainfall in the district varies from 1.3 to 263.5 mm from west to east. The average standard deviation for the district is about 146 mm. South West monsoon is dominant followed by northeast monsoon.

Koppal district experiences a semi-arid type climate characterized by hot summer and low rainfall. It is cool and pleasant during major part of the year except during the summer months of March to middle of June. The coldest period is December to January. Minimum temperatures reaches up to 16°C and maximum reaches 45°C during hot summer. District is characterized by dryness for the major part of the year because of less rainfall. There is pleasant monsoon season. The annual normal rain fall is 571.92 mm. Normally rain commences from June and continuous up to November. Heavy rainfall during the months of September and October, about 65% of which is south west monsoon with normal average rain days of 46 in a year. In general rainfall decreases from west to east. The climate of the district is very hot and dry in the months from February to May. Southwest monsoon ranges from June to end of September. Post monsoon is during October and November. Cold season is from December to middle of February.

Davanagere district receives normal annual rainfall 644 mm mainly through south- west monsoon (June-September- 341 mm) and north-east monsoon (October- December 303mm). The relative humidity is high in monsoon season 70% to 80% but in summer comes down to 25% to 35%. The temperature varies over a wide range from 18° to 38° C. The district is drought prone and vast extent of its area depends on rainfall, which is scanty and irregular.

The climate of Chamarajanagar district is quite moderate throughout the year with fairly hot summer and cold winter. March to May is summer months, where mean maximum temperatures ranges from 32.6°C to 34°C. June to September is the southwest monsoon period, October and November is the post monsoon. Chamarajanagar district receives rainfall from southwest monsoon from June to September and northeast monsoon from October to December. Overall on an average, there are 50 normal rainy days. Retreating monsoon season with clear bright weather and during December to February weather remains dry. The skies clouded or overcast during southwest monsoon. During October and November some of the depressions and cyclonic storms originates in Bay of Bengal, which passes through the district, causing wide spread heavy rains and high winds. The mean maximum temperature in the district is 34° C and the mean minimum temperature is 16.4° C during January month. Relative humidity ranges from 69 to

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 35 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

85% in the morning and in the evening it ranges from 21% to 70%. The wind speed ranges from 8.4 to 14.1 kmph.

2.4.5 Drainage

Major part of Bidar district is covered by Godavari basin, drained by its two major tributaries; the and the . The Manjira river is perennial, flows over a distance of 155 km in the central parts of the district and flows eastern direction with a meandering course. The Karanja river flows in northern-western direction for 74 km with Karanja reservoir being major water source. The river Mullamari takes its origin near Matala village of taluk flows from west to east to a length of 38 km and then flows into Gulbarga district and joins the river Kagina. The Kagina river is one of the main tributary of . Besides, there are several streams, which are of ephemeral in nature.

Krishna and Bhima Rivers drain in Gulbarga district. They constitute the two major river basins of the district. Kagina and are the two sub-basins of Bhima River, which occur within the geographical area of the district. Kagina River is flowing west to east receiving the flows from the watersheds.

Krishna and Bhima Rivers drain in Yadgir district. They constitute the two major river basins of the district. Kagina and Amarja are the two sub-basins of Bhima River, which occur within the geographical area of the district.

Gadag district is a part of Krishna basin, divided in to two sub-basins namely Malaprabha and Tungabhadra. A tributary of , Bennihalla flowing parallel to the main river joins Malapraba river in Ron taluk which is located north eastern part of the district. Overall drainage network is exhibiting dendritic pattern.

Koppal district is part of Krishna basin, the main streams draining the area are Maskinala, Ilkal-nadi and Hirenala. These are Ephemeral in nature, come under Tungabhadra sub-basin. The drainage exhibit dentritic to subdentric with drainage density varies from 1.4 to 7.0 km/sq.km. The is formed by union of two rivers, viz., the Tunga and the Bhadra, both of which rise at Gangamula in the Varaha Parvata of the Western Ghats. This is also a perennial river, very deep in certain places and almost unaffordable even in the dry season. This river enters the district near Kesalapur village at the south-western tip of Koppal Taluk. The general slope of the land in the district being north-west to south-east, the Tungabhadra has a large number of rivulets and streams serving as tributaries. But none of these streams is of any great importance by itself and they generally go dry during the summer. The general drainage density varies 1.2 to 7.0 km/sq.km. There is Tungabhadra reservoir at Munirabad, which is in the border of Koppal taluk.

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Major part of Davanagere district lies in Krishna basin and is drained by Tungabhadra & Chikka Hagari Rivers. The other major streams in the district are Janagahalla and Haridra Nandi.

Chamarajanagar district falls in Cauvery river basin. There are no major rivers flowing in the district, however Cauvery the perennial river flows along the border of Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar district with its tributaries like Suvarnavathy and Chikkahole. Suvarnavathy rises near Gajjalahalli southeastern portion of Chamarajanagar and flows in the depression along the center of Chamarajanagar taluk with a north-south disposition in a northerly direction through Chamarajanagar and Yalandur taluks and joins the river Cauvery at Hampapura in Kollegal taluk. It has a catchment area of 1,787 sq.km. with total course of about 88 kms. in the district. The stream flows in rainy season only. Chikkahole is the tributary of Suvarnavathy, rises at Hasanur Ghat range to the south of Chamarajanagar flows in northerly direction. A dam is constructed across this tributary about 12 km. away from Chamarajanagar. Suvarnavathy also dammed at Atgulipura in Chamarajanagar taluk. Besides this Gundal, Thattaihalla, Uduthore halla and Palar are the tributaries of Cauvery river and drains parts of Kollegal taluk. The area is characterized by sub-dendritic to sub-parallel drainage pattern. The drainage density of the area varies from 0.25 to 3.58 km/sq.km. The density decreases towards Suvarnavathy River.

2.4.6 Water Levels

The depth to water level in the Bidar district varies from 2.81 m to 17.90 m below ground level (bgl). This reveals that the shallow water level less than 5 m bgl occurs in small isolated patches in Aurad taluk and taluk. The depth to water level of more than 10 metre and less than 20 m occur in whole , 50% area of Bhalki and Humnabad taluks and 25% area of Aurad taluk. The post-monsoon water level over the district varies from 0.40 to 13.09 m bgl. It is observed that depth to water level is less than 2 m bgl occurs in three isolated pockets in Aurad taluk, Bhalki taluk and Basavakalyan taluk. Area having depth to water level in the range between 2 and 5 m bgl is found in northern part, central part and extreme southern part of the district. Area with depth to water level in the range of 5-10 mbgl is found scattered over all taluks. Area with depth to water level in the range between 10 and 20 mbgl occurs in some places in Bidar taluk from north to south.

In Gulbarga district, the depth to water levels recorded during pre–monsoon (May 2006) and post–monsoon (Nov. 2006) periods were in the range of 0.76 to 17.10 m bgl and 0.60 to 14.88 m bgl respectively.

In Yadgir district, the depth to water levels recorded during pre–monsoon (May 2006) and post–monsoon (Nov. 2006) periods were in the range of 0.76 to 17.10 m bgl and 0.60 to 14.88 m bgl respectively.

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Pre-monsoon (May-2006) depth to water in Gadag district generally ranges from 4.22 m bgl as minimum to 23.67 m bgl as maximum. During post monsoon (Nov 2006) ground water levels ranges from minimum of 5.30 m bgl at Chabbi station to maximum of 24.70 m.

In Koppal district, pre-monsoon depth to water level during 2006 recorded in the range of minimum of 4.5 m and maximum of 16.50 m. In the district, major parts of Koppal, Yelburga, Kushtagi taluks are having depth to water levels in the range of 10-20 m. In major parts of Gangavathi taluk depth to water levels recorded in the range of 5-10 m and a small patch is having 2-5 m range. Post-monsoon depth to water level during 2006 range from 1.15 m to 16.24 m. Study of distribution of percentage of observation of wells during November 2006 show 30.77% having depth to water levels in the range of 5.0-10.0 m bgl, 38.46% wells have recorded water levels in the range of 10.0 to 20.0 m bgl. A small patch in Gangavathi taluk is having water levels of less than 2 m bgl and a small patch of more than 20 m bgl is observed around in Kushtagi and Yelburga taluk.

In Davanagere district, during May 2006 (pre-monsoon season) the minimum and maximum depths to water levels were 14.14 m bgl and 20.77 m bgl respectively. During November 2006 (Post-monsoon) water level ranged from 12.59 m bgl to 23.04 m bgl.

In Chamarajanagar district, the average depth to water level during pre-monsoon is 4.77 m and in post monsoon it is 3.47 m.

2.4.7 Groundwater Quality

The analyses of ground water samples of Bidar district revealed that the groundwater quality found to be potable in general when compared with drinking water standards prescribed by BIS (IS-10500-1991) and it is also suitable for irrigation purposes in the major parts of the district. The entire district is having nitrate concentration in groundwater higher than 45 mg/L. Fluoride concentration in the range of greater than 1.5 ppm around Bidar only.

Quality of ground water in Gulbarga district, in general, is good and potable. It is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes. Groundwater quality parameters such as pH and TDS are within permissible limits, whereas fluoride concentration beyond permissible limit has been found to occur in a few samples collected from Jewargi, Gulbarga and taluks. Nitrate content beyond permissible limit has been found to occur in a few samples collected from Jewargi, Gulbarga, Chittapur and Afzalpur taluks.

Fluoride concentration beyond permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L has been found to occur in the groundwater in Shorapur and Shahpur taluks in Yadgir district. Nitrate content beyond permissible limit of 45 mg/L has been found to occur in Shorapur and Shahpur taluks.

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Nitrate pollution is also noticed in Gadag district up to 450 ppm at Ramgiri Station. Fluoride content in the ground water in the district varies from 0.2 to 2.55 ppm. The minimum is recorded at Mallapur and maximum at Shirhatti station.

In Koppal district, as per hydrochemical data of NHS of May 2003 in the district EC values of groundwater range from 730-2870 micro mhos/cm at 25°C. Chloride concentration in groundwater is in the range of 43 to 639 mg/l and Fluoride concentration in groundwater is in the range of 0.6 to 2.7 mg/l . The Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) recommendations for drinking water with EC less than 750 micro mhos/cm at 25°C is desirable and more than 3000 micro mhos/cm at 25°C is unsuitable. The concentration of Fluoride beyond the recommended level of 1.5mg/l is unsuitable and is noticed at pockets in Gangavathi and Kushtagi taluks.

Ground Water Quality in Davanagere district is generally potable and suitable for irrigation and domestic purposes. Electrical conductivity of ground water in general ranges from 584 to 2720 micro mhos/cm at 25° C. In general ground water is of Carbonate and Bicarbonate type. Fluoride ranges from 0.2 mg/l to 2.41 mg/l. Nitrate ranges from 10 to 352 mg/l.

In Chamarajanagar district, the results the analysis of water samples from the shallow aquifer indicate that the water is alkaline in nature with average pH value of 8.4. The average values of important parameters are falling in desirable to permissible class as per BIS ‘for drinking water except for Mg concentration which falls beyond the permissible limit. The nitrate and chloride contents are found more in few pockets in Chamarajanagar and Yalandur taluks. Due to intensive irrigational activities in the command area it is observed, that Nitrate concentrations are beyond 100 ppm. Similarly, Fluoride concentration beyond 1.5ppm is observed in the eastern parts of Kollegal taluk.

2.4.8 Cropping Pattern

The generally followed cropping pattern in the project districts is presented below:

Table 4: Cropping Pattern Crops Bidar Gulbarga* Gadag Koppal Davanagere Chamarajanagar Paddy 122721 5503 1905 75223 130208 19294 Ragi 3699 0 10 0 20406 20277 Jowar 56315 80972 70395 57303 26351 17922 Bajra 13400 7219 1621 64692 925 479 Maize 727 5937 28283 27490 169744 41431 Wheat 7030 20333 33917 8193 428 0 Minor Millets 82 450 196 2808 1052 38 Total Cereals & Minor Millets 101533 478131 136327 235714 349114 99441 Tur 62667 379769 1365 75223 4432 2349

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Crops Bidar Gulbarga* Gadag Koppal Davanagere Chamarajanagar Bengal Gram 38454 181767 44735 0 2043 3501 Other Pulses 99149 106303 52879 57303 3418 32473 Groundnut 1114 41327 49785 41909 18661 16448 Sugarcane 24616 7944 178 417 2679 8665 Cotton 1384 50976 41835 10878 8051 443 Horticulture Crops 5739 13306 45411 20135 56832 40141 * - Includes Yadgir District

2.4.9 Livestock

The livestock population of the project districts is given below:

Table 5: Livestock Details Districts/ Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goat Pigs Dogs Rabbits Other Total Total Livestock Animals Poultry Bidar 277328 176759 84642 189001 18613 27203 48 3309 776903 752673 Gulbarga 907367 249365 582297 755577 36548 96220 60 1660 2629094 914593 Chamarajanagara 273798 28469 133197 114861 1005 18427 156 480 570393 278702 Davanagere 395123 223601 333461 153940 6493 48679 170 109 1161576 2054012 Gadag 158629 80186 313380 172543 4307 32957 86 475 762563 177936 Haveri 311822 119864 265552 150542 5869 48547 301 833 903330 645106 Koppal 245046 108918 474231 199461 13323 36168 159 317 1077623 3542392

2.4.10 Industries

There are 7 Large and Medium industries and 84 factories in Bidar district. The prominent among them are Maruthi Organics Limited, The Mahatma Gandhi Sahakari Sakkare Karkhane Niyamit, Gauri Industries Limited and Bidar Yenepoya Minerals & Granites Pvt. Limited. The district has one textile SEZ by Jade Holdings Pvt. Ltd.

Gulbarga has an Industrial base for Agro Based, Cements, Chemicals and Activated Earth. The recent investments in Cement by ACC, Rajashree and India Cements make the District as an emerging destination for Cement industries. The proposed Suvarna Karnataka Corridor envisages the creation of an Information Technology zone, Bio Technology zone and a cement zone. There are 7 Large and Medium industries and 129 factories in the district. The important among are Vasavadatta Cements, Rajashree Cements, Ashok Polymers, Detergents India Limited, Gulbarga Agro Extraction (P) limited, Vijayamu Hotels Pvt. Limited, Renuka Sugars and ACC.

Gadag is a major industrial centre next to – Dharwad. was the place in Gadag where ‘the first cooperative moment in Asia’ took birth a century ago. This led to the development of textile mills, oil seeds, technical and

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 40 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 engineering colleges. The small scale industries in Gadag constituted about 1.9 percent of the total units in Karnataka. Of these, nearly 40 per cent are located in rural areas has against the state proportion of about 38 per cent. Falling in line with the state, food and food processing industry provides the highest employment in the district followed by textiles, printing, metal products, machine tools, furniture and paper products. Gadag is also known for Wind power Generation and has Six potential locations for exploration of gold.

M/s Saravana Alloy Steels Pvt. Ltd with 100 TPD X 2 No.s of Coal based Sponge Iron Plant and 5000 KVA Waste Heat Recovery Power Plant is located at Hirebaganal, Kasanakandi Road, Koppal Taluk. The plant location is at 8 km from Koppal. Main raw material i.e. iron ore is procured from the mines located at , area and Coal is imported through Ankola and Goa ports. Agro and Food Processing industries can benefit from excellent resources and skilled man power. Agriculture growing at a steady rate in the district, the government has planned a Rice Technology Park. The district has seen steady growth of Small Scale Industries. Koppal is famous for its heritage spots which put tourism on the anvil for opportunities. There are 15 large and medium industries and 170 factories in the district. The prominent among are Bhoruka Power Corporation Ltd, Kalyani Steels Limited, Kirloskar Ferrous Industries Limited, Ultra tech cement and Mukand Ltd.

Davanagere was District by Type of Industries once a famous trade and

172 manufacturing 164

152 centers and was popularly called as Manchester 71

63 city of India for 50 38 35

27 its vast cotton 24

18

13

10

9 8 7 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 growing area and the existence of the cotton textile industries and production Textile Chemical Engineering Others of high quality fabric. In Figure 7: Industries addition to this number of sugar factories in the district, clearly manifest that Davanagere was a prominent industrial centre in the State. There are 238 factories in the District. Among them prominent are Aradhya Steel Wires Pvt. Ltd., Davanagere Sugar Company Ltd., Shamanur Sugars Ltd., Samsons Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Anjaneya Agro-Tech Pvt. Ltd. and Anjaneya Cotton Mills Pvt. Ltd.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 41 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

2.4.11 Forests

Karnataka State has a recorded forest area of 43,356.45 Sq. Km which is 22.60% of the total geographical area of the State. The land actually covered by forest is 33,238.47 Sq. Km which constitutes 17.33% of the total geographical area. Dense Forest (40% and above crown density) is 28,144 Sq. Km; Open Forest (10% to 40%) and Scrub Forest (less than 10% density) is 15,212 Sq. Km; and Mangrove forest is 3 Sq.Kms and rest of the forest land is not covered by forest. Total Area by Forest Area (in ha)

Most of the dense forests are located 1094120

along Western Ghats

region of Karnataka.

597597 541765 552495 516088 569901

465715 60% of the Western

275610 Ghats are located in 89918 32614 35316 33773 29451 27707 Karnataka State. Karnataka is home of world-famous sandal and rosewood trees. Karnataka supports Geographical area, Ha Forest area, Ha 25% of India’s elephant population and 10 % of Figure 8: Forest Area by Total Area India’s tiger population.

2.4.12 Biodiversity

Karnataka is endowed with most magnificent forests in the country ranging from majestic evergreen forests of the Western Ghats to the scrub jungles of the plains. The Western Ghats of Karnataka are one of the 25 global priority hotspots for conservation and one of the two on the Indian subcontinent. The long farming tradition, soil, features, topography and rainfall variation have permitted the development of diverse agricultural ecosystems. A total living species of around 1.20 Lakhs in Karnataka. Among them the prominent are:

• Flora and Fauna o Flowering Plants – 4,500 Species o Birds – 522 Species o Mammals – 158 Species o Reptiles – 158 Species o Amphibians – 121 Species o Fishes (Marine and Brackish Water) – 405 Species o Fishes (Fresh Water) – 218 Species o Butterflies – 300 Species o Medicinal Plants – 1493 Species (808 Genera and 108 Families) (300 Species for Commercial use)

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 42 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

• Livestock o Cattle breed – 5 o Sheep breed – 4 • Crops o Ragi (Finger Millet) - 39 o Rice (Wetland) - 25 o Rice (Dry land) - 29 o Vegetables - 25 o Millets - 16

Of the total known fauna, 102 species fall under different categories of threat and of these, mammals (30 species, 21.9%) and amphibians (52 species; 33.3%) are the prominent groups.

Karnataka Biodiversity Board was established during August 2003. The Biological Diversity Act aims to promote conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits of India’s biodiversity resources. With this in view it provides for the establishment of a National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards and Bio diversity Management committed at the level of Panchayats and Municipalities. The act provides for the establishment of Biodiversity Management Committees at Gram Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat, Zilla Panchayat and Municipalities and other local bodies.

2.4.13 Ecologically Sensitive Areas

Karnataka has 5 National Parks, 21 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 4 Tiger Reserves and 1 Biosphere. Among these, parts of , BRT Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur Tiger Reserve and Nilgiries Biosphere are under Chamarajanagar district.

There are 7 fish sanctuaries in the state and none of them fall under the project area. The Karnataka Biodiversity Board is planning to declare another 7 fish sanctuaries in the state; out of these Shivanasamudra from Muttatti on Cauvery River passes through Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar district and Baghavathi Chaya Kolla on passes through Surapur taluk of Gulbarga district.

The Magadi Bird Sanctuary is situated at the Magadi tank. It is one of the Biodiversity hotspots of Karnataka. The Magadi tank is located in Magadi village of Shirhatti Taluk. From Gadag it is at 26 km, located on Gadag-Bangalore Road. From Shirhatti it is 8 km. Bar headed goose is one of the bird migrates to Magadi wetlands of Gadag District. Normally birds eat fish, amphibians, molluscs, snakes etc., but migratory birds eating agricultural produce is both interesting and curious too. Winter habitat is on cultivation, it feeds on barley, rice and wheat and damage crops.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 43 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

2.5 Policy and Regulatory Analysis for Sujala-II

The environmental assessment, stakeholder consultations and assessment of environmental baseline parameters, have identified key environmental issues. A policy and regulatory analysis around these issues was undertaken to ensure that proposed investments under Sujala-II are in compliance with the national and state legal provisions. A two pronged analysis was undertaken on the following.

• Watershed related Policy and Regulatory Review • WB Safeguards Policy Applicability Assessment

2.5.1 Watershed Related Policy and Regulatory Review

This deals with various policies, acts, rules and regulations promulgated by the central and state governments related to environment and relevant to present projects. Scope of relevant environment regulations and implications for the EMF are furnished in the table below.

Table 6: National and State Policy and Regulation S.No. Relevant Act Scope of the Act Implication for the EMF 1 The . Under this Act, the central government is . Relevant to Water Environment empowered to take measures necessary to conservation, (Protection) Act protect and improve the quality of the Agriculture, Forestry, No.29 of 1986 environment by setting standards for Pasture lands, emissions and discharges; regulating the Horticulture, etc. location of industries; management of activities hazardous wastes, and protection of . Preservation of air and public health and welfare. water quality . This encompasses all legislations . Control of pesticides & providing for the protection of insecticide runoff environment in the country. . Control dust pollution . It includes the power to direct the due to quarrying, which closure, prohibition or regulation of any might harm the industry, operation or process by the vegetation government 2 Water and Air . This Act prohibits the discharge of . Not relevant to project (Prevention pollutants into water bodies beyond a activities. and Control of given standard and lays down penalties Pollution) Act, for noncompliance. 1974 & 1981 . Water act includes the maintenance or (Central Act 6 of restoring the wholesomeness of the water 1974) as amended . Air act restricts the operation of any in1988 industrial plant in an air pollution control area without a valid consent

3 Forest . This Act restricts the powers of the state . Relevant to Forestry and (Conservation) in respect of dereservation of forests and Agriculture components. Act No. 69 of use of forestland for non-forest purposes. . Conservation of 1980 and . All diversions of forestlands to any non- indigenous biomass amended in 1988 forest purpose, even if the area is . Retards

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 44 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

S.No. Relevant Act Scope of the Act Implication for the EMF privately owned, require approval of the evapotranspiration, central government generates organic . Leases of forest land to any organization manure, increased soil or individual require approval of the flora & fauna central government . Permission is to be . Proposals for diversion of forest land for obtained from the Forest construction of dwelling houses are not Department when forest to be entertained land is required for the project activities. 4 National Forest . Protect and enhance the yields of non- . Relevant to employment Policy, 1988 timber forest products in order to generation in forest lands generate employment and income for . Controlled felling and forest and village communities transportation of trees 5 Joint Forest . Induces people participation in forest . Relevant to Forestry, Management, management sharing mechanism to Intervention in common 1993 distribute the benefits of interventions resource property and carried out on common resources Horticulture property, government lands, wastelands, . Pasture land etc. development Guideline . Benefits are categorized into two – on the sharing ecological benefits and economic benefits mechanism 6 The Wildlife . This Act provides for protection to listed . Relevant to Forestry (Protection) Act species of Flora and Fauna in the . Preservation of bio I972, declared network of ecologically diversity Amendment 1991 important protected areas such as wild . Ecologically sensitive life sanctuaries and national parks. areas, wild life . The wildlife protection act has allowed sanctuaries and national the government to establish a number of parks should be avoided national Parks and Sanctuaries, over the while selecting sites for past 25 years, to protect and conserve the project components. If flora and fauna of the state this is not possible, permission should be obtained from the Forest Department and appropriate safeguards must be adopted. 7 EIA Notification . All projects listed under Schedule-I of the . This project does not of MoEF 2006 Notification require environmental require EIA. However, clearance from the MoEF. Water supply the EMF is designed to and sanitation projects, however, are not ensure that covered in the Schedule. The list of environmental safety project categories under Schedule I of the measures are integrated Environmental Impact assessment into the project. Notification is available on the MoEF Website. 8 The Ancient . The Ancient Monuments and . Deals with Cultural Monuments, Archaeological sites should be protected safeguards Archaeological from any developmental activity. The area sites and Remains within the radial of 100 m and 300m Act, 1958 from the ‘protected property’ are designated as ‘Protected area’ and ‘controlled area’ respectively. No development activity (including building,

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 45 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

S.No. Relevant Act Scope of the Act Implication for the EMF mining, excavating, blasting etc., ) is permitted in the ‘protected area’ and developmental activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the ‘controlled area’ without prior permission of the Archaeological Survey of India’ 9 Biological . The Biological Diversity Act, which came . Relevant to Forestry, Diversity Act into force in February 2003, aims to Horticulture, Livestock, 2002 promote conservation, sustainable use Silviculture, Soil Biological and equitable sharing of benefits of conservation and Diversity Rules India’s biodiversity resources. It provides Agriculture 2004 for establishment of a National . Provides Ecological Biodiversity Authority at national level, integration State Biodiversity Boards at state level . Increased ecological and Biodiversity Management symbiosis (e.g. Committees at the level of Panchayats Pollination) increases and Municipalities production 9 State/Union . The Act deals with declaration of forest . Relevant to Forestry, Territory Minor dependent community, declaration of NTFP, livelihoods, etc. Forest Produce minor forest produce, endowment of (Ownership of ownership of minor forest produce Forest through assignment of areas, sharing of Dependent net income from the trade in Minor Community) Act, Forest Produce, etc. 2005 10 The Scheduled . Requires the Central Government to . Relevant to Forestry, Tribes and other provide for diversion of forest land (of water conservation, Traditional Forest less than 1 ha, requiring felling of not agriculture, etc. Dwellers more than 75 trees per hectare) for (Recognition of specific Government managed facilities Forest Rights) including drinking water supply and water Act, 2006 points, water or rainwater harvesting structures, tanks and other minor water bodies. 11 Karnataka State . Industrial approach to agriculture Agricultural . Investment policy Policy - 1995 . Lending policy . Reforms in irrigation . Policy towards dry land farming . Price and market reforms . Marketing development . Policy towards dry land farming . Price and market reforms . Marketing development . Policy towards horticulture, floriculture, dairy and animal health . Agricultural exports policy . Policy towards infrastructure . District agricultural . Institutional framework for people’s participation 12. Karnataka Tree . Trees should be protected and trees . Relevant to Horticulture

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S.No. Relevant Act Scope of the Act Implication for the EMF Preservation Act, telling in private areas regulated and and Forestry 1976 requires approval of the government . Preservation of . Few species are exempted from procuring horticulture & forestry approvals – Eucalyptus, Prospis Julifera, interventions Erithrina indica, Subabul, Glyrisidia, Casurina 13 Karnataka . Deals with matters relating to the . Relevant to Forestry, Biological conservation of biodiversity, sustainable Horticulture and Diversity Rules, use of its components and equitable Agriculture activities 2005 sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of biological resources. . Regulation and granting of approvals for commercial utilization or bio-survey and bio-utilization of any biological resource.

This policy and regulatory analysis suggests that the proposed Sujala-II does not fall under any of the project categories listed in Schedule-I of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and hence does not require any formal environmental clearance of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, GOI. The project area has not been notified as ecologically sensitive or fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Though the state of Karnataka is dotted with a number of sites of religious, cultural and historical importance, wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, the proposed Sujala-II is not expected to have any adverse impact on these sites.

2.5.2 The World Bank Safeguard Policies

The relevant and applicable safeguards policies of the World Bank are also reviewed. The below table describes the relevant safe guard policies of the World Bank and discusses their applicability to the project.

Table 7: The World Bank Safeguard Policies Policy Key Features Applicability to this project OP/BP 4.01 Potential environmental consequences of projects Applicable. Environmental identified early in project cycle. To identify any potential impacts Assessment EAs and mitigation plans required for projects and proposed mitigation/ with significant environmental impacts or enhancement measures to address involuntary resettlement. likely impacts. EAs should include analysis of alternative designs and sites, or consideration of "no option" Requires public participation and information disclosure before Board approval. OP/BP 4.04 Prohibits financing of projects involving Not Applicable. Natural "significant conversion of natural habitats unless The schemes to be taken up under Habitats there are no feasible alternatives". the project would not convert or Requires environmental cost benefit analysis. degrade natural habitats. Requires EA with mitigation measures. However, assessment procedures and mitigation measures have been put into place through the EMF so

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Policy Key Features Applicability to this project that any likely negative impacts on the natural environment are minimized. OP/BP 4.36 Prohibits financing for commercial logging Not Applicable. Forestry operations or acquisition of equipment for use in Proposed investments do not have primary moist tropical forests. any impact on forest habitats under the project areas. OP 4.09 Pest Supports environmentally sound pest Not Applicable. Management management, including integrated pest Project is not financing management, but does not prohibit the use of procurement of any pesticides. highly hazardous pesticides. Pest management is the borrower's responsibility in the context of a project's EA.

OP/BP 4.12 Implemented in projects which displace people. Not Applicable. Involuntary Requires public participation in resettlement Resettlement planning as part of EA for project. Intended to restore or improve income earning capacity of displaced populations. OP/BP 4.20 Purpose is to ensure indigenous peoples benefit Not Applicable. Indigenous from Bank financed development and to avoid or Peoples mitigate adverse affects on indigenous peoples. Applies to projects that might adversely affect indigenous peoples or when they are targeted beneficiaries. Requires participation of indigenous peoples in creation of “indigenous peoples development plans”. OP/BP 4.11 Purpose is to assist in the preservation of cultural Not Applicable. Physical property, such as sites having archeological, Cultural paleontological, historical, religious and unique Resources cultural values. Generally seeks to assist in their preservation and avoid their elimination. Discourages financing of projects that will damage cultural property.

OP/BP 4.37 Applies to large dams (15 meters or more in Not Applicable. Safety of Dams height). Requires review by independent experts throughout project cycle. Requires preparation of EA and detailed plans for construction and operation, and periodic inspection by the Bank. OP/BP 7.50 Covers riparian waterways that form boundary Not Applicable. Projects on between two or more states, as well as any bay, International gulf, strait or channel bordered by two or more Waterways states. Applies to dams, irrigation, flood control, navigation, water, sewage and industrial projects. Requires notification, agreement between states, detailed maps, feasibility surveys.

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Policy Key Features Applicability to this project OP/BP 7.60 Applies to projects where there are territorial Not Applicable. Projects in disputes present. Disputed Areas Allows Bank to proceed if governments agree to go forward without prejudice to claims. Requires early identification of territorial disputes and descriptions in all Bank documentation.

Other World Bank Policies important to Environmental Concerns is the BP 17.50. This policy deals with Disclosure of Operational Information. The Bank’s Policy on Disclosure of Information, has been incorporated in the project implementation plan.

A matrix detailing enhancement and mitigation measures of potential positive and adverse impacts respectively for Sujala-II has been prepared as part of this EMF. In addition, a good practice guidance for enhancing environmental sustainability of investments made in watersheds is also provided as part of this EMF.

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2.6 Environment Management Framework Highlighting Project Activities, Impacts, Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities

Table 8: Impacts Mitigation Measures and Responsibilities ACTIVITIES IMPACTS (POSITIVE and NEGATIVE) ENHANCEMENT/ MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBI LITY 1. SUPPORT FOR IMPROVED PROGRAM Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures WDD INTEGRATION IN RAINFED AREAS • Better optimal and cost-effective planning • After successful piloting of new tools and technologies in Mines and • Application of new tools for site-selection • Improved capacity of WDD the selected micro-watersheds, these should be converged Geology Dept. • Local capacity building for integrated WSM • Informed impact assessment with and adopted in planning of regular non-World Bank Central Groundwater • Development and maintenance of a digital • Improved stakeholder engagement funded watershed projects. Board library for integrated landscape approach for • Undertake awareness and training programs for accessing WSM planning (soil and water conservation and neutralizing the digital library for all relevant line Agriculture works, land resource inventory, hydrology, departments Dept. land-use and land cover, soils, cadastral base, • Undertake impact assessment studies to quantify DWDT etc.) economic gains to the beneficiaries which can be MWMG Consultants • Integrated sub-watershed assessment and attributed to project investments. planning, linked to regional plans including land resources, hydro-geology, groundwater mapping, climate change, development constraints and potentials, etc. • Participatory micro watershed master planning to support program integration and convergence (including integrated land-use, soil and water conservation, water management, soil suitability for agricultural production – cropping systems, livestock, horticulture, etc. – rainfed farming systems, etc. • Intensive monitoring and documentation at local level

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ACTIVITIES IMPACTS (POSITIVE and NEGATIVE) ENHANCEMENT/ MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBI LITY Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures WDD • Application of new tools and technologies for • Map and delineate natural resources/ common property Mines and planning can result in change in land use pattern resources areas and do not permit change of their land Geology Dept. having limited adverse impacts use. Central • Introduction of horticultural crops and high • Collect and integrate hydrological data to select relevant Groundwater yielding varieties could increase water demand in crops suitable for micro-watersheds. Board the micro-watershed. Agriculture Dept. DWDT MWMG Consultants 2. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures WDD INNOVATION • Improved groundwater management practices • Regularly monitor groundwater levels and replicate Mines and • Develop improved integrated landscape • Improved markets management practices in other micro-watersheds in the Geology Dept. management and agricultural intensification • Better support price state. Agriculture Dept. • Developing best practice models for • Improved agricultural productivity

improved hydrogeological assessment and monitoring • Strengthening agriculture value chains and support • Strengthening market linkages and horticultural development • Supporting Climate Smart Agriculture – Adaptation and Mitigation • Strengthening research management Negative Impacts • No negative impacts envisaged 3. INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures WDD • Agricultural Intensification and water use • Reliable databases • Encourage knowledge sharing workshops and exchange Agriculture information systems • Enhanced management capacity programs across line departments to maximize benefits of Dept. • Training programs to strengthen extension • Replication of best practices institutional strengthening. Mines and and watershed management, integration with • Evaluate the impact of actual training delivered and link it Geology Dept. agriculture and broader program convergence with increased institutional working. DWDT • Infrastructure improvements Contractors Consultants • Organizational studies

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ACTIVITIES IMPACTS (POSITIVE and NEGATIVE) ENHANCEMENT/ MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBI LITY Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures WDD • There could be minor and temporary impacts as • Do not allow disposal of construction waste/ muck/ Agriculture result of infrastructure improvements in terms of debris in natural habitat such as local wetlands, drainage Dept. waste disposal at construction sites lines, storm water drains and forest habitats. Mines and Geology Dept. DWDT Contractors Consultants 4. DRYLAND HORTICULTURE Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures • WDD • Rainfed horticulture demonstration • Increased production base, biomass production • Higher use of bio-fertilizers (bio-Compost, vermin • Agriculture • Rainfed horticulture & perennial cover compost, microbial inoculants, etc.) and bio pesticides Dept. • Direct economic benefits will reduce chances of soil contamination and water • Horticulture • Reduced soil erosion due to increased vegetative pollution. Dept. cover • Live hedge fencing should be encouraged • DWDT • Retention of soil moisture due to vegetative cover • Use of farm yard manure or mulching practices should be • Farmers/ encouraged Beneficiaries • Valuable plantation crops, medicinal crops and aromatic crops should be encouraged. • Build awareness among farmers on medicinal crops, bio- fertilizers, bio-pesticides, etc.

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ACTIVITIES IMPACTS (POSITIVE and NEGATIVE) ENHANCEMENT/ MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBI LITY Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures (refer to Good Practice Guidance • WDD • Fruit crops may compete with food producing Manual for mitigation measures on these induced impacts as • Agriculture crops this will address any incidental/ indirect impacts that may Dept. • Reduced crop/ horticulture diversity; Mono- happen due to increased use of agro-chemicals) • Horticulture cropping in horticulture may cause disease & pest • Lesser use of permissible chemical fertilizers/ pesticides Dept. problems and disappearance of species reduce chances of soil contamination and water pollution • DWDT • • Competition for water, nutrient level may increase Selection of crops with high efficiency in water utilization • Farmers/ • Increase in use of chemical fertilizers and and high yield will reduce pressure on water use. Beneficiaries pesticides • Through water storage ponds supplement water needs of • HYV crops • Development of dry land orchards with fruit crops like mango, sapota, cashew, tamarind, jack, etc. • Benefits should be maximized by using crop cultivation, between fruit trees for 2-3 years • Monoculture should be avoided by using other species along with the main species • Awareness generation among farmers on the ill effects of using the pesticides, fertilizers, etc. • Skill training for farmers in proper use of pesticides, fertilizers, etc • Awareness generation for farmers on using bio/organic pesticides/fertilizers. • Skill training to farmers in preparation and use of bio/organic pesticides/fertilizers. 5. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures WDD COORDINATION • Effective project implementation • Undertake studies to estimate cost and time savings due DWDT • Project management and coordination • No time and cost overruns to better project management and coordination. Consultants • Financial management and procurement • Prudent use of money • Project M&E • Transparency Negative Impacts • No negative impacts envisaged

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2.7 Good Practice Guidance Manual for Watersheds Investments

In order to ensure that Sujala-II investments targeting institutional strengthening and stakeholder capacity building results in science based watershed management, a good practice guidance manual for enhancing environmental sustainability of watershed investments and watershed sub-project cycle to integrate environmental measures is provided as part of this EMF.

2.7.1 Good Practice Guidance For Enhancing Environmental Sustainability Of Watersheds Investments

Table 9: Good Practice Manual for Sustainability Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility SOIL WATER Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures • WDD CONSERVATION • Increased groundwater recharge and availability • Establish a robust groundwater monitoring and management system. • Mines and • Erosion control • Improved irrigation facilities Record inflows and withdrawals. Allocate quotas for withdrawals. Geology Dept. o Contour vegetative • Improved drinking water availability • Empower Gram Panchayats/ Community Organizations to stop • Forest Dept. hedges • Possible improvement in groundwater quality indiscriminate drilling of bore wells and unscientific withdrawal of • Agriculture Gully control o • Reduce soil erosion including soil & nutrient loss groundwater. Dept. measures • • Increased perenniality of streams Rules and regulations over sharing and rational use of water to be • DWDT o Road side erosion framed by the stakeholder communities. • Reduced runoff • MWMG control • Build capacity of communities to operate and maintain and soil and • Reduction in flood occurrence • PRIs o Drainage treatment water conservation structures. Stream bank • Farmers/ o • Ridge to valley (from starting point of stream) treatment is to be protection Beneficiaries adopted to harvest rain water and control soil erosion because velocity • • Contractors Village pond and tank of water is reduced from top. construction/ • Maintenance procedures after construction, such as silt removal and Rehabilitation vegetative cover for embankments should be by farmers. • Water harvesting and reuse of rain water o Check dams o Dugout sunken ponds o Recharge pits

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures • WDD • Reduction in water availability at down stream • Vegetative measures may be combined with possible cut off drains to • Mines and • Siltation in water harvesting structure prevent rapid overland flow into roadsides Geology Dept. • Pesticides & insecticides pollution in water harvesting • For side erosions stabilization of side slopes with vegetative cover • Forest Dept. structure with consequent effect on water quality coupled with retaining walls shall be provided • Agriculture • Check dam failures • Design of gully control structures are to be prepared specific to each Dept. • Soil erosion & siltation rates due to construction activities work site • DWDT • Mosquito breeding in village ponds/farm pond • The site for check dams shall be site specific, gully checks for low • MWMG • Water born diseases due to water contamination slope whereas silting basins shall be used for steep slopes • PRIs • • Algal growth and eutrophication due to increased levels of Stone rip–rap or pitching, wooden piles shall be provided under • Farmers/ nutrients in surface water bodies conditions of high soil erosion. Beneficiaries • • Stagnation of water in surface streams resulting in change Provision should be made to trap transported debris and bed load. • Contractors in taste & increase in odour Sediment traps should be located at the inlet and easily accessible for cleaning • Possibility of water logging • Scour protection should be provided at the base of the overflow spillway and a stone pitched channel should be provided to lead the excess water away from the structure • Village ponds should be lined and stone pitching and turfing on sided should be carried out • Sediment traps with stone pitching and turfing should be constructed • Soil conservation measures around the structures (bio-engineering measures). • Deep wells may not be dug to reduce drawing underground water. • Surface run-ff should be intercepted at field boundaries and soil accumulation should be behind the barriers • Grass clumps should be planted all along the boundaries • Disposal of waste water away from the ponds and proper drainage • Fish rearing to consume the mosquito eggs.

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility AGRICULTURE & Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures • WDD ALLIED • Increased fodder production • Mixed cropping and flexibility in planting, rotation of crops and • Agriculture ACTIVITIES • Reduced surface run-off and soil and nutrient loss bringing the cultivated land under leguminous crop (pea, lentil etc.) Dept. • Conservation measures • Improved crop cultivation practices should be encouraged as these will maintain soil fertility. • DWDT o Vegetative field • Enhanced soil moisture • Promotion of agro–forestry will maintain biological fertility of soil. • MWMG boundaries • Plantation of fodder species in the uncultivable waste land will • Farmers/ Reuse of harvested o supplement fodder. Beneficiaries water • Use of waste bio products for packaging Furrow contour o • Demonstrations should be established only where surface stabilization cultivation using vegetative barriers are complete • Production measures • Plantation/ protection of pest controlling plants (Marigold, etc.) Organic farming o • Crop demonstration Build awareness among farmers on mixed cropping, use of bio- o compost, biotic control of pests, etc. o Rainfed crop demonstration o On farm fodder and biomass production o Intensive farming • Sericulture • Fishery

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility Negative impacts Mitigation Measures • WDD • Chemical fertilizer, pesticide & insecticide pollution • Use of bio-compost, organic mulch/ Green Manure and vermin • Agriculture • Agriculture run-off compost and Suitable organic / biotic control of insects and pests will Dept. • Increased use of water result in lesser use of permissible chemical fertilizers and pesticides • DWDT • Soil fertility depletion due to extensive farming • Selection of low water demanding crops and rain water harvesting, • MWMG • Drainage congestion storage of surface water (of streams, nallah, etc.) through water storage • Farmers/ ponds will help harvest more water for use in HYV cropping. Beneficiaries • High water consumption crops like sugarcane, cotton, etc., should be discouraged • Selection of crops should be based on local water budget and traditional practices • High nutritional value traditional crops should not be totally replaced by high yielding varieties. • Leveling of crop field and maintenance of terraces/ bund to check water runoff and soil loss • Genetically manipulated varieties should be avoided • Integrated management of key pest of mulberry • Organic manure (sheep manure) application to enhance yield ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures • WDD • Livestock Management • Improved livestock / milk production • Farmers training and awareness programs to check the quality of the • Animal o Natural & artificial • Reduced exploitation of forest areas urea-molasses brick and poisoning. Husbandry breeding centers • Greater management of fodder resources • Veterinary camps may be sponsored. Dept. o Animal health care • Healthy Livestock • Services should be provided by professionals. • DWDT Stall feeding o • Improved sanitation • Use of farm yard manure should be encouraged • MWMG construction/ • Shelter for animals owned by transhumant. • Farmers/ rehabilitation • Training should be imparted for upgradation of animals, livestock Beneficiaries o Stall feeding of animals husbandry, health of animals and nutritional standards • Livestock productivity should be monitored regularly o Chaff cutters for fodder

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures • WDD • Introduction of exotic/ alien species of grasses and fodder • Review the existing breeding techniques and identify the successful • Animal crops to meet the demand of fodder that dominate the breeds best suited for improvement. The populations of inferior Husbandry local species. breeds should be controlled/ eradicated. Dept. • Hybrid animals are more prone to diseases and require • Timely assistance from the Animal Husbandry Department (AHD) for • DWDT intensive care and more provisions for health care. health care provisions. • MWMG • Limited breeding facility in case of hybrid animals. • Increase stall feeding and reduce grazing on forest covers • Farmers/ • Loose/ moisturized feeding of urea-molasses brick may • Control feeding of urea-molasses bricks will not result in poisoning. Beneficiaries lead to poisoning. • Proper packing and storage of treated fodder will not result in • Increased returns from animal husbandry may trigger poisoning. increase in livestock population result in stress on fodder • Limited area should be brought under exotic species of grass resources. plantation. • Better breed of livestock require better and more expensive • Animal health practices like storage of vaccines & drugs, insemination fodder centre sets, etc. through veterinary departments shall be adopted • Lack of nutritious forage may decline the productivity of improved cattle • Stress on pre and post natal care • Post project maintenance of animal health program might be a problem • Bacterial and parasitic diseases; Increase in tick, lice, etc. • Need for preservation of vaccines in cryogenic conditions

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility FORESTRY Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures • WDD • Afforestation/ • Increase in vegetative cover • Selection of high productive native species over exotic species • Forest Dept. Reforestation • Increase in moisture infiltration • Plantation of mixed broad life species to supplement fodder. • DWDT • Production component • Increase in fodder • Equal sharing of resource s among users by rules/ regulations. • MWMG • Silvipasture • Reduction in soil erosion including soil & nutrient loss • Silvipasture practices should be encouraged in areas where there is a • Farmers/ • Vegetative shrub • Reduction in run-off demand for a mixture of fodder and fuel wood and can be adopted in Farmers barriers marginal arable lands, private non-arable lands and community • Consultants • Contour trenches wastelands. • Pasture land • Fodder wastage should be minimized by the use of chaff cutters and development constructing feeding stalls • Training villagers in management of forest fodder • Establishment of fodder banks and grass godowns • Enrichment of fodder with cotton seed, oil cakes, cellulosic wastes and commercial feed • Fodder experts shall be involved • Inventory for dry fodder to be taken into account in fodder management practices • Local communities like NGO’s and disadvantaged groups like women should be closely involved in forest protection, raising nurseries, seed treatment and sapling growing activities • The grass should be cut low when harvested no more than 15 cm above the root stock. • Grass should not be cut until it has matured and seed drop has occurred. • Protection of pasture lands from other land uses • Development and improvement of devices for fodder cutting besides available techniques (chafer cutting) • Tree vegetation in existing forest areas should be restocked, especially in upper and mid catchment areas for replenishment • Fuel wood should be obtained from shrub species • Local shrubs and perennial grasses should be planted as vegetative barriers in the form of contour v-ditches

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures • WDD • Change in diversity of flora and fauna • Tree planting should be done along the contours in either continuous • Forest Dept. • Introduction of exotic species could have adverse impacts or discontinuous trenches depending on local vegetation, terrain, soil • DWDT • Increase in vector born diseases type, land tenure and local requirements. The productivity of • MWMG government, village common /private land, forest land and waste • Increased risk of forest fire, habitat and grazing resources • Farmers/ lands should be increased through afforestation / reforestation. loss Farmers • Sufficient area should be allowed within the plantation for growing • Consultants intermediate products like shrubs and grasses. The Absolute tree density shall be followed as per MoEF norms. • Lower tree densities with a corresponding increase in the proportion of shrub and grass species should be planted to meet the fodder requirements. • About 500-1000 trees should be planted per hectare, equally spaced along contour. • Commonly acceptable arrangements in conjunction with improved pasture species should be followed for protection and exploitation. • The selection of vegetative barriers species should be based on local conditions, soils moisture, etc. • The barriers should be developed across the slope and along the field boundaries to intercept surface runoff and allow soil to accumulate behind the barriers. • The barriers should be placed precisely along the contour through proper alignment without loss of land available for cultivation • The barriers should not be damaged while the intermediate products are harvested • Bulk planting of fodder should be carried out mainly on common lands. • Grass planting should be carried out in shallow trenches and ridges. • Planting areas for fodder should also be developed close to homesteads to reduce time for collection

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility LIVELIHOODS/ Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures • WDD INCOME • Increased income levels • Marginal groups should be given priority in the local employment • DWDT GENERTING • Better usage of natural resources and skills generation. • MWMG ACTIVITIES • Training programs to inculcate technological advancements in • Farmers/ • Diary/ Piggery production Beneficiaries • Nursery • Showcasing and publicity for products • Mushrooms/ • Establishment of marketing networks Beekeeping • Integrating fish farming • Woolen products • Decorative items/ Wood craft • Cottage Industries • Bamboo Products • NTFP Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures • WDD • Conflict among the users over common resources • Strengthening of village resource management institutions to reduce • DWDT • Chances of excessive harvest of a particular species/plant conflicts among the users over common resources • MWMG parts • Proper disposal of diary and piggery waste • Farmers/ • More demand for water for many IGA activities. • Proper upkeep of premises to avoid fly and mosquito menace Beneficiaries • Risk of food poisoning due to use of over grown/decayed/ • Awareness among the users and proper training will help the users in poisonous mushroom. mushroom and fish farming activities. • Chances of death of fishes due to diseases. • Avoid washing pesticide cans of spraying equipment in fish ponds • Generation of waste from livelihood activities may cause • Processing of wool washing not be done directly in water sources. nuisance, sanitation problems and diseases • Use of masks or nose cover (cloth) during wool processing. • Water pollution due to processing of wool for making products. • Possible occupational health hazards during wool processing.

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility CONSTRUCTION/ Positive Impacts Enhancement Measures • DWDT INFRASTRUCTURE/ • Improved accessibility to markets • Keep the infrastructure in good condition • Contractors OTHER • Improved quality of life • Use innovative public private people partnerships to build and • MWMG • Link Roads • Greater employment generation maintain infrastructure • DWDT • Storage Facilities • Contractors • Marketing & Post- • MWMG harvesting infrastructure • Farmers/ • Social Infrastructure Beneficiaries

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Activities Impacts (Positive And Negative) Enhancement/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures • DWDT • Removal of vegetation during construction activities • Use of land not suitable for other productive purposes may be • Contractors • Soil loss during the construction of structures and brought under infrastructure activities. • MWMG quarrying for stone and other materials • The safety provisions (Building) convention 1937 (No. 62) to be • DWDT • Siltation of water bodies downstream during construction followed. • Contractors • • Low quality construction may lead to failure and more Proper upkeep and maintenance of facilities built. • MWMG • hazards in downstream Quality of constructions should be ensured to reduce the failure and • Farmers/ • Destabilization of the land and soil erosion/landslips along more hazards in downstream. Beneficiaries the road cuttings • Proper designing and planning for road construction/laying will • Maintenance of the structures will require additional stabilize the land and reduce soil erosion/landslips. responsibilities to the stakeholders. • Bio-physical measures to rehabilitate disturbed land to check soil • Destruction of local flora during road construction and also erosion. along the roads. • All project interventions will be appropriately designed to ensure that • Possibility of natural drainage pattern being disrupted they do not impact the forest lands or wet lands. All the physical • Additional land requirement/ enhancement in agricultural works should be on public/ Panchayat lands. & forest lands • Suitable changes in location/ alignment shall be made in the schemes to avoid cutting of trees and also avoid erosion and ensure soil During the implementation phase of the project, there is a stabilization. In the absence of an alternate location, permission from likelihood that the construction activities cause temporary the forest department shall be obtained for felling of trees and the negative environmental impacts, which would need to be department's guidelines on compensatory afforestation will be addressed. Some of the likely issues are the following: followed. • During the construction of project components significant In case of some physical works associated with construction and earth work may be involved, which may cause erosion of maintenance there might be chance finds of objects of cultural/ land and cutting of trees. archaeological importance. In such cases, the regional offices of the • Possible damage to places of cultural, heritage and relevant agency (e.g. the Archaeological Survey of India) will be recreational importance. immediately notified. • Impact on human health and safety due to dust and noise pollution, and inadequate safety measures.

2.7.2 Watershed Sub-project Cycle to Integrate Environmental Measures

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Table 10: Watershed sub-project Cycle and Environmental Measures Phase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Result Preplanning Environmental To collect basic The EMF requires that basic environmental data pertaining to TWDT with EDS prepared Data Sheet information on the proposed sub-project be compiled at the field data MWMG and attached to environmental collection stage. For this purpose, a simple Environmental NGO Partner DPR. aspects of the Data Sheet (EDS) has been formulated for sub-projects. The proposed sub- format for the EDS is furnished under annexures. The Taluk project. Watershed Development Team (TWDT) fills up the EDS in consultation with the Micro Watershed Management Group (MWMG) and with the facilitation support of the field level NGO Partner duly identifying the environmental issues of concern. If required supplementary notes on environmental concerns be added to the sheet. Planning Environmental To ensure that Evaluate all the available information on environmental aspects DWDT Sub-project classification of sub-projects as provided in the Environmental Data Sheet and assess, based classified as basic the sub-project with potentially on the level of expected environmental and public health or one requiring significant impacts, whether the proposed sub-project is either basic or detailed EA. environmental one for which detailed environmental assessment is required. issues are This EA is to be done by the District Watershed Development identified at an Team (DWDT). In extreme cases, where the district level early stage for resources are not sufficient for conducting the EA and detailed designing the appropriate mitigation measures, support from environmental the environmental experts of state level Watershed assessment. Development Department (WDD) may be requested. The environmental appraisal for category II schemes shall not take more than 30 days. Planning Environmental To ensure that For basic sub-projects, there shall be no separate DWDT Environmental appraisal and relevant environmental appraisal but environmental aspects shall be appraisal of the approval environmental included in the normal appraisal and evaluation process for the project is made required issues have proposed project, based on the EDS included in the DPR. All and approval of been identified the basic sub-projects need to follow the mitigation measures proposed sub-

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Phase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Result and appropriate detailed in the EMF Guidance Manual. project, with mitigation decision to (i) measures have accept scheme as been designed For projects requiring a detailed Environmental Assessment, submitted, or (ii) to address including evaluation of environmental impacts, risk assessment accept scheme them. if needed, and design of mitigation measures. with modification suggested in the environmental appraisal. Planning To ensure that Sanction for the sub-project will not be accorded without DWDT basic Technical mitigation Environmental Clearance from WDD sub-projects. Sanction for sub- measures and WDD for projects with their cost are projects environmental integrated in requiring EA. mitigation scheme design measures and and accordingly its implementation costs are plans integrated in sub- project design and implementation plans. Implementati Implementation To ensure that The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including MWMG ICR with on of the prescribed construction stage measures) as identified through the environmental Environmental environmental environmental appraisal process are adequately implemented. compliance mitigation mitigation Implementation Completion Report (ICR) for sub-project will information. measures. measures need to include an (including Environmental Compliance Certificate given by the MWMG construction indicating that the mitigation measures identified in the stage) are appraisal (including construction stage) have been

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Phase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Result implemented. implemented. O&M Environmental To ensure that Monitoring of indictors will be conducted as per project WDD with Monitoring supervision, environmental monitoring protocol. DWDT reports. monitoring, and aspects are Internal supervision will be conducted for 20% of the sub- evaluation integrated in projects completed once in a year. All category II sub-projects Periodic IEC and the O&M will be supervised twice a year. WDD with environmental capacity building phase. Environmental Audit through external agency will be External supervision, on conducted twice during the project period (mid-term and end- Consultants monitoring and environmental term) by selecting about 10% of sub-projects completed audit reports. issues. Capacity building and IEC activities are undertaken to enable effective implementation of the EMF including assessment Training and procedures, supervision, monitoring, etc. as well as for IEC activity community awareness and sensitization. reports.

A monitoring good practice guidance for watershed investments is given under section 2.8.4.2.

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2.8 Environmental Supervision and Monitoring

The EMF requires detailed supervision, monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the project on the environment. In order to carry out this, WDD will have specific arrangements made in the Project Management Support Cell of the WDD at state level. This includes appointment of an Environmental Consultant for the project period. Further the WDD will instruct the District and Field level implementing units on how to implement the provisions of this EMF. At the field level the members of DWDT and TWDT have the required sectoral skills, such as groundwater, soil, agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, etc. to implement the EMF. The District Watershed Development Officer at the District level will be in charge of implementing the EMF at district level. At the Taluk level the Agricultural Officer will be responsible for implementing the EMF at the field level. The DWDO and AO will guide and oversee the implementation of the EMF at field level. This overall guidance will be given by the Environmental Consultant. Further the WDD will incorporate the provisions of this EMF as actionable points in the Project Operations Manual or other similar document for the project. These will be non-negotiable and will have to be followed by all the field units. The Environmental Consultant will oversee the application of these provisions and guide the process, while at the same time building the capacity of the field units.

The following provisions include the arrangements made for the effective implementation of the EMF:

2.8.1 Environmental supervision

A sample of 10% of the completed schemes will be visited at six monthly intervals by the DWDT (including the District Resource Persons – Environmental Management) to check if all safeguard requirements are met and to identify any issues that need to be addressed. The selected sample will have representation of both Category I and Category II sub-projects. However, internal environmental monitoring will be done as part of the regular monitoring by the WDD.

2.8.2 Monitoring of Relevant Environmental Parameters

Once every year, the WDD will prepare a report of the environmental situation in the project districts including data and analysis of relevant parameters such as rainfall, depth to water levels, status of groundwater basins, soil erosion, etc., as well as a listing of relevant new legislation and regulations that have a bearing on the environmental performance of the project. The EMF will be suitably revised annually on the basis of this document by the WDD.

2.8.3 Environmental Audit

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Twice during the project period; mid-term and end-term; the WDD will appoint an external agency to undertake an independent audit of the environmental performance of the project. 5% of the completed sub-projects will be covered in the audit having representation of both Category I and Category II sub-projects.

2.8.4 Monitoring Plan

2.8.4.1 Monitoring Project Components

Given in the table below are indicators for project investments to be taken up by Karnataka Watershed Development Department.

Table 11: Monitoring Plan Project Components Monitoring Indicators Frequency Agency Component 1: Support for • Establishment of Library • Quarterly • WDD Improved Program Integration in • Agencies Referring to Library • DWDT Rain fed Areas • Persons Using Library 1.1 Development and • No. of watersheds using integrated planning maintenance of a digital library for approach Integrated Landscape Approach for WSM planning • No. of micro-watershed master plans prepared 1.2 Integrated sub-watershed • No. of watersheds monitoring by communities assessment and planning 1.3. Integrated micro-watershed master planning with IWMP 1.4. Community-based monitoring and documentation Component 2: Research, • No. of studies conducted • Annual • WDD Development and Innovation • No. of best practices documented • DWDT 2.1. Studies to support integrated • No. of new technologies transferred up to micro- landscape management and watershed level agricultural intensification 2.2. Developing best practice models for improved hydrological assessment and monitoring 2.3. Technology transfer 2.4. Component management Component 3: Institutional • No. of persons/ agencies using information • Quarterly • WDD Strengthening. systems • DWDT 3.1 Agricultural intensification and • No. of training programs conducted water use information systems • No. of personnel trained 3.2 Training and capacity building • Increase/decrease in water yield in the 3.3 Infrastructure improvements downstream sources and duration of water

discharge • Increase/decrease in number of link paths • Increase/decrease productive land use for infrastructure • Increase/decrease in nutrition and education levels. • Adherence to contract conditions and standards • Absence of inconvenience, nuisance and complaints

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Project Components Monitoring Indicators Frequency Agency Component 4: Horticulture • Increase in production of fruits and other plants • Annually • WDD • Rainfed horticulture products. • DWDT demonstration • Quality of production (taste, odour, color, • Horticultur • Rainfed horticulture perishability etc.) e Dept. • Increase in economic benefits per unit land • Reduction in damage of crops against diseases, drought, etc. • Increase in the use of non chemical applications e.g., bio pesticides, green manure, etc. Component 5. Project • No. of sub-projects completed without time and • Quarterly • WDD management and coordination cost overruns • Adherence to project guidelines • No. of best practices in project management

2.8.4.2 Watershed Investments Monitoring Good Practice Guidance

Given in the table below are indicators for watershed investments to be taken up by Karnataka Watershed Development Department.

Table 12: Monitoring Indicators Watershed Activities Monitoring Indicators SOIL WATER CONSERVATION • Increase in groundwater levels • Erosion control • Increase in surface water availability o Contour vegetative hedges • Changes in water use for all activities e.g., house hold o Gully control measures consumption, irrigation, drinking, etc. o Road side erosion control • Increase in irrigated area Drainage treatment o • Increase in crop production Stream bank protection o • Changes in water quality (colour, taste, odour) • Village pond and tank construction/ Rehabilitation • Access to water by the marginalized groups • • Water harvesting and reuse of Reduction in soil erosion rain water • Reduction in soil nutrient loss

o Check dams o Dugout sunken ponds o Recharge pits AGRICULTURE & ALLIED • Reduction in damage to crops (resistance against diseases, ACTIVITIES drought etc.) • Conservation measures • Increase in yield of grain, straw and other plant products. o Vegetative field boundaries • Increase in quality of production (taste, odour, colour, o Reuse of harvested water perishability etc.) o Furrow contour cultivation • Increase in per unit land economic benefits. • Production measures • Changes in nature of soil (fertility, hardness, moisture, colour o Organic farming etc.) Crop demonstration o • Number of local crop verities grown and area under them. Rainfed crop demonstration o • Increase in the use of non- chemical applications e.g. bio- o On farm fodder and biomass production pesticides, green manure, etc.

o Intensive farming • Sericulture • Fishery

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Watershed Activities Monitoring Indicators DRYLAND HORTICULTURE & • Increase in production of fruits and other plants products. AGROFORESTRY • Quality of production (taste, odour, color, perishability etc.) • Rainfed horticulture • Increase in economic benefits per unit land demonstration • Reduction in damage of crops against diseases, drought, etc. • Rainfed horticulture • Increase in the use of non chemical applications e.g., bio • Agroforestry pesticides, green manure, etc.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY • Increase in animal population • Livestock Management • Non-occurrence of disease outbreaks o Natural & artificial breeding • Production of milk, meat enhancement centers • Overall improvement in productivity of milk, meat etc. Animal health care o • Quantity of fodder consumed. o Stall feeding construction/ rehabilitation • Enhancement in fodder production • Changes in animal type (animal composition). o Stall feeding of animals • o Chaff cutters for fodder Increase/ decrease in the use of drugs and pesticides • Facilities extended to transhumant FORESTRY • Area covered under afforestation (ha) • Afforestation/ Reforestation • Increase in fodder/ flue wood yield • Production component • Decrease in women labour (days) for collection of fuel wood • Silvipasture and fodder. • Vegetative shrub barriers • Increase in number of Oak seedling/sapling. • Contour trenches • Increase in forest crown cover/ canopy closure. • Pasture land development • Increase in forest floor vegetation and litter layer thickness. • Reduction in occurrence of fire incidences. • Increase in the forest wealth (resin, NTFPs, Leaf litter layer, fodder, etc.,) • Increase in the use of non–chemical applications. E.g. bio pesticides, green manure, etc. LIVELIHOODS/ INCOME • Number of plants of different species raised GENERTING ACTIVITIES • Increase in productivity. • Diary/ Piggery • Increase in income of beneficiary • Nursery • Mushrooms/ Beekeeping • Integrating fish farming • Woolen products • Decorative items/ Wood craft • Cottage Industries • Bamboo Products • NTFP CONSTRUCTION/ • Conservation of soil measured by stabilized erosivity, gullies etc. INFRASTRUCTURE/ OTHER • Reduction in the frequency of slope slippages, debris flow, • Link Roads swollen streams, flash flood in downstream • Storage Facilities • Increase/decrease in water yield in the downstream sources and • Marketing & Post-harvesting duration of water discharge infrastructure • Increase/decrease in number of link paths • Social Infrastructure • Increase/decrease productive land use for infrastructure • Increase/decrease in nutrition and education levels.

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Watershed Activities Monitoring Indicators CONSTRUCTION STAGE • Adherence to contract conditions and standards ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS • Absence of inconvenience, nuisance and complaints

The above given indicators will be tracked by the institutions at village, taluk, district and state level with the indicated frequency, in the below table.

Table 13: Monitoring Frequency Agency/ Monthly Seasonal Annually Frequency MWMG • Fodder • Cropping Area, ha • No. of trees Planted per ha collection, ton • Type of Crops • No. of species added • Fuel wood • Pesticide/ Fertilizer Usage, • Cultivable land, ha Collection, kg • Waste land, ha ton • Yield, ton/ha • No. of Livestock • Milk yield, KL • Manure Production, ton • Groundwater Levels • Surface Water Area TWDT • Groundwater Levels • New varieties of horticulture • Surface Water Area crops • Water Quality • New livestock breeds added • New infrastructure added DWDT • Groundwater Levels • Leaf area • Surface Water Area • Forest area • Water Quality • Cultivable Area • Pests • Pesticide usage • Fertilizer usage • Livestock population • New infrastructure WDD • Productivity ton/ha • Livestock density • Land use • Soil fertility index • Climatological data

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3. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements

3.1 Introduction

The proposed project will be implemented in identified sub-watershed and micro- watersheds of 7 districts in Karnataka. The project will revolve around the ongoing Government of India sponsored Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWMP). The proposed Bank project, unlike KWDP-I, will not invest in any land treatment and beneficiary oriented components, investments will exclusively focus on the soft aspects of the IWMP implementation, such as technical inputs and capacity building. This so as to provide a strong and augmented scientific basis for the planning process and also enabling programme integration in watersheds, and establishing a sound basis for convergence with the national employment generation programme the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS). The project has a major emphasis on rain fed agriculture R&D in various aspects, modelling and hydrological monitoring, in addition to institutional strengthening and M&E. The project provides a rationale to implement IWMP on a stronger scientific basis to optimise resources. The lessons learned and knowledge products are expected to be applied to rest of the IWMP areas in the state.

At the state level the Watershed Development Department (WDD) is the implementing agency. Nevertheless with the increased emphasis on integration and convergence the project will need additional degrees and levels of coordination and partnerships compared to the KWDP-I and the State-implemented Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWMP). The proposed Project’s implementation would occur through WDD in collaboration with several partners.

Principally implementation will be at the level of the Ministry of Agriculture, but also beyond, with regards to any convergence with MNREGS, under the Department of Rural Development and Panchayath Raj, and the Department of Mines and Geology and Hydrology, and other related government and research agencies. Also compared to KWDP-I, the Project the leadership of components will be shared across agencies, where the Department of Horticulture will play a greater role in managing Horticulture components.

3.2 State Level Management

3.2.1 Project Implementing Agency

The Project Implementing Agency (PIA) will be the WDD. The Commissioner Watershed Development Department in Bangalore will be the Project Director responsible for overall project implementation. For effective day to day co- ordination of project implementation the Commissioner will be assisted by the Executive Director, Sujala and the Chief Conservator. PIA (WDD) would contract any additional experienced NGO or agency to provide additional technical support

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3.2.2 Project Empowered Committee

A Project Empowered Committee (PEC) will govern the overall project, and guide the PIA. The PEC will be constituted by the main implementing agencies, and chaired by the Additional Chief Secretary, and Development Commissioner GOK. The committee will have Secretary i) Agriculture, ii) Horticulture, iii) Rural development and Panchayat Raj, iv) Planning, vi) Finance vii) Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Development) viii) Director Mines & Geology as members, while the Commissioner WDD will be the member Secretary. There shall also be representation by civil society experienced in participatory and integrated watershed management, as well as private sector, with successful experience in pro-poor value chains. The PEC will provide overall guidance on policy aspects relating to watershed development, integration between departments and on convergence. It will also look into mid-course correction, and issuing guidelines for smooth implementation of the project. Also, the PEC has the powers of the State Cabinet in matters relating to financial and administrative sanctions, recruitments, and entrustment of works and assignments. It will approve the overall annual implementation plan, and procurement of goods (by the line departments) exceeding Rs. 10 million, and works and services (required by the line departments) exceeding Rs. 1 million.

3.2.3 Project Planning and Management Unit

A Project Planning and Management Unit (PPMU) will manage and coordinate the Project implementation at the state level. It will periodically review and guide the project implementation. The PPMU will be set up within the WDD, headed by the Commissioner. The members will be the sectoral heads of Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture and Animal Husbandry in WDD headquarters and also the Directors Mines & Geology, MNREGS as well as Director Disaster Management cell GOK will be members. The Executive Director, Sujala will be the member Secretary. It will approve procurement of goods by the WDD up to Rs. 10 million, and works and services required by the WDD up to Rs. 1 million.

3.2.4 Project Management Support Cell

A Project Management Support Cell will be established in the WDD to support the PIA and comprising experts in GIS, Hydrogeology, Ground Water specialist, Agriculture Metrology and Agriculture Engineering on an outsourced basis. Financial and Procurement consultants will be hired on consultancy basis. This cell will assist the PIA in dealing with the day to day technical aspects of project implementation in District, sub-watershed and micro-watershed levels.

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This cell will have an Environmental Consultant to be hired for the project period to guide and oversee the implementation of the EMF. Her functions are detailed below:

• Ensuring overall implementation of the EMF in the project. • Coordinating on a day-to-day basis with the DWDO for implementation of the EMF. • Advising and assisting the DWDO during the appraisal of the sub-projects to be taken up. • Acting as an early warning system for the WDD/ Project Management Support Cell with regard to the actions to be taken as per the EMF. • Preparing regular periodic reports on the environmental compliance for the WDD for its own use or for transmission to The World Bank • Ensuring that recommendations from supervision and monitoring are integrated into the project and the EMF is updated periodically as necessary. • Recruiting external agency for conducting Environmental Audit once in a year and ensure that the relevant recommendations are integrated into the project. • Conducting environmental supervision of sub-projects on a quarterly/ half yearly basis. • Ensuring availability of required human resources for implementation of EMF. • Arranging funds required for implementing the provisions of EMF by coordination with the Finance Management Cell of WDD. • Taking all those actions which are necessary for effective implementation of the EMF.

3.2.5 Research and Extension Cell

A Research and Extension Cell (R&E Cell), will be established in WDD for the overall management guidance for a competitive research process; procurement of contract research agencies; facilitating coordination and partnerships with other government agencies, universities, private sector; quality assurance and evaluation of research products and use, and ensuring links to technology transfer and dissemination (mainly delivered under Component 3). The R&E Cell, with a small complement of deputised experienced staff from sectoral departments or outsourced experts, will be responsible for collaboration with local universities and research organizations, in particular the three Universities of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) and The Horticultural Sciences and other ICAR institutions currently working in partnership with the Ministry of Agriculture. It will also ensure collaboration with other research institutions in India - and where expertise is not locally available, from specialised agencies overseas. Further the R&E Cell will at all times seek to build strengths and links of existing agriculture extensions system, through the ATMA, Krishi Vignana Kendras (KVK) and RSKs (Farmer Contact Centre), etc. The cell will also contract the appropriate agencies (consultancy firms, NGOs, research agencies) to develop user-friendly information and decision tools in close collaboration with research and technical agencies which have analysed research data prepared underlying models.

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3.2.6 Finance Management Cell

A Finance Management Cell (FMC), will be established in WDD to assist the PIA in financial issues of the project. The cell will consist of Financial advisors on consultancy basis.

3.2.7 Procurement Cell

A Procurement Cell (PC), will be established in WDD to assist the PIA in procurement issues of the project. The cell will consists of Procurement advisors on consultancy basis.

3.2.8 Technical Partner

Technical Partner (TP); the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use (NBSSLU) will be the lead technical partner with the WDD for sub-watershed level assessment, providing technical inputs like for the land resource inventory GIS database necessary for planning and also develop and deliver any related training module as incremental training to field personnel, IWMP NGOs, GP and community. The NBSSLU will operationalise and maintain digital library and also will develop protocols for community based monitoring and evaluation. The NBSSLU will procure all the necessary maps, remote sensing imageries in required scale, equipments necessary, etc. - adhering to Bank norms through the WDD. The NBSSLU will enter into partnership with agencies like, SAUs, ISRO, KSRAC, SLUSI (Ministry of Agriculture, GoI), ICRISAT, IISC (consortia of institutions), etc. facilitated by the WDD, in appropriate fields for various spatial and geographical data inputs, etc. The NBSSLU and other partners in the activity shall receive institutional charges as per the norms of ICAR for rendering the above services, and also get support under the Project for various key equipments.

3.3 Local Implementing Units

3.3.1 District Level Committee

A District Level Committee (DLC); this is an arrangement already in place for IWMP. The DLC will periodically review progress of planning, training and extension, convergence along with implementation of land treatment activities in the District, and at the sub-watershed and micro-watershed level. The DLC will be headed by the CEO Zilla Panchayat (ZP) with various line department district heads as members, and the District Watershed Development Officer (DWDO) as member Secretary. After the Social approval of the watershed plans by the Gram- Sabha and Gram Panchayath (GP) the District Watershed Development Team (WDT) will place the Net Plan and Detail Project Report DPR before the DLC. The DLC will approve The Net Plans and Detail Project Report (DPRs).

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At the district level the DWDO will be overall in charge for the implementation of EMF. She will coordinate with the Environmental Consultant at WDD, PMSC and take appropriate actions to implement provisions of the EMF. At the Taluk level the Agricultural Officer is in charge of the implementation of the EMF. The DWDO will also provide directions to the Agricultural Officer (AO) of the Taluk Watershed Development Team in implementing the EMF provisions at the field level. The DWDO and AO will identify the capacity building requirements for implementing the EMF.

3.3.2 Watershed Development Team

A Watershed Development Team (WDT) in the district (DWDT) headed by the District Watershed Development Officer (DWDO) and a Taluk WDT (TWDT) headed by the Agriculture Officer (AO) in Taluk level will coordinate the participatory planning process with appropriate technical inputs and facilitation. The data output generated by the NBSSLU according to agreed technical requirements, will be used by District and Taluk WDTs for integrated participatory planning process. Advanced technical and process oriented training modules developed by NBSSLU and other specialist agencies will be used by the WDD to train the WDTs, NGO Partner and community under the Bank Project, aiding scientifically well informed planning process in IWMP. The scientific Land Resource and GIS based planning process by the WDT will accord special focus to develop Hydrological plans on GIS platform both for surface water and ground water apart from other watershed land treatments. Further capacity on coordination and participatory processes will enable local stakeholders to facilitate programme convergence with MNREGS and other programs. After the Net Plans and DPR are complete the DWDT will evaluate the plans for technical and social conformity and return the plans to TWDT to place them before Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayath (GP) through NGO Partner for Social approval. After the social approval DWDT will through TWDT obtain DPR and place it before the DLC. The WDTs will be strengthened in the Bank Project.

3.3.3 NGO Partner

NGO Partner; the participatory planning process in IWMP is outsourced to NGOs at sub-watershed level, who are also assigned with the responsibility of awareness creation, formation of community based organisation at Gram Panchayath (GP) level as well as community training in various aspects of watershed, livelihoods, etc. They establish an office at the sub watershed level preferably in a centrally located village and closely work with the community. The composition of NGO Partner is one Team Leader, one IGA Specialist and a Data Entry Operator. After the formation of community based organisation process is complete the NGO Partner will constitute watershed executive committee at Gram Panchayath level, one committee for one GP. The NGO partner will assist the WDTs in participatory planning process at micro-watershed level to generate net plans. The NGOs will deliver the planning outputs in MIS based Net plan Module which goes to form the

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Detail Project Report (DPR) for each of the IWMP micro-watersheds. The NGO Partner will facilitate the Taluk WDT to place the Net Plan and Detail Project Report (DPR) in IWMP before the watershed committee and Gram-Sabha and Gram Panchayath (GP) for social approval. The NGO partner will be strengthened in the Bank Project.

3.3.4 Watershed Committee

Watershed Committee; in IWMP there will be one watershed committees for each Gram Panchayath (GP). In a sub-watershed there will be as many committees as there are GPs. Watershed committee comprises of (1) Adhyaksha (President), (4-5) SHG representatives as members of the committee, (5-6) User Group representatives as members of the committee and (2-3) Gram Panchayath representatives of that area as members of the committee. Of the above members the committee will obligatorily have not less than 50% members from women and weaker section representatives of SC & ST representatives. The committees associate closely in participatory planning, work implementation, extension and participatory M&E. Accounts will be responsibility of the watershed committees. The various community based organisations like Self Help Group (SHG), User Group (UG) work in close tandem with the watershed committee.

3.3.5 Ryoatha Samparka Kendra/ Farmer Contact Centre

Ryoatha Samparka Kendras (RSK/ FCC); these centres are at Hobli (cluster of villages within a Taluk) level under the jurisdiction of Agriculture department (AD). They are headed by Agriculture officer (AO). The RSKs operationalise the agriculture programmes. They are also responsible for technology transfer and extension. They cater to various agriculture programmes concerning input supply like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides along with farm mechanisation programmes. Agriculture Department has a programme to modernise and upgrade RSKs. In the bank project the RSKs will house ICE and Web enabled information system KIOSKs and various digital models and Agri-weather forecasting systems, alternate cropping advice etc at RSK level.

3.3.6 Project Partners

Project Partners; the PIA (WDD) will closely work with various sister departments and other agencies. For strengthening the hydrological monitoring and modelling it will partner with Department of Mines and geology, the Groundwater department, Groundwater Board and specialised research agencies to set up the hardware and management systems. For work on strengthening value chains to support specific farmers groups it will partner with the Departments of Agriculture and Horticulture, who will mainly be identifying and commissioning private public consortia to develop options and tools. Similarly the WDD will develop collaborative agreements with specialised external training specialists, management consultancies and similar agencies to provide detailed organizational assessments

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3.4 EMF Implementation

The following table depicts the institutional arrangement and role and responsibilities of the major players in implementing the EMF.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 78 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Table 14: Institutional Arrangements for EMF Level Institution Function Responsibility State Watershed Ensure overall implementation of the EMF in the project. PIA, CCF, Development Arrange funds required for implementing the provisions of EMF. WDD, Department Ensure availability of required human resources for implementation of EMF. Environmental Ensure that recommendations from supervision and monitoring are integrated into the project and Consultant, the EMF is updated periodically as necessary. PMC Recruit external agency for conducting Environmental Audit once in a year and ensure that the relevant recommendations are integrated into the project. Conduct environmental supervision of sub-projects on a half yearly basis. District District Watershed Training and Capacity Building of MWMG, NGOs, Resource Persons on EMF. DLC, DWDO, Development Coordination between various players and actors involved in EMF. DWDT Team Coordinate with other line departments on environment related issues Day-to-day management, responsible for undertaking all activities necessary for implementation of the EMF. Carry out regular monitoring and supervision of the EMF implementation through appropriate mechanisms and report the same to WDD as necessary. Supervising the accuracy of the environmental appraisal conducted by DWDT as part of the scrutiny of the sub-projects. Evaluation of EDS and categorize the sub-projects into one of the categories I & II. Conduct Category II environmental appraisal, if required. Preparation of Detailed Appraisal Sheet (DAS) to identify the environmental impacts and designing mitigation measures. The mitigation measures are included in Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be implemented along with various components of the sub-project. Conduct supervision visits to 20% of the completed sub-projects twice in the year. Provide technical advice and guidance on environmental management to TWDT, MWMG, NGOs, etc. Ensure capacity building of all stakeholders in environmental management. Design and implement IEC campaigns on environmental management. Maintain a database consisting of relevant baseline environmental information of the district, environmental appraisal of the various ongoing and completed sub-projects, findings of supervision,

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 79 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 Level Institution Function Responsibility etc. Coordinate with institutions, agencies and individuals relating to environmental management including the regional offices of the KSPCB, Forest Department, etc.

Taluk Taluk Watershed Environmental management and monitoring of sub-projects at the Taluk level. TWDT Development As part of the scrutiny of the schemes submitted by the MWMG, will check if environmental Team screening and appraisal has been properly done before forwarding them to the DWDT. Coordination with NGOs for ensuring integration of EMF in all relevant project activities including capacity development, communication, project management and supervision. Sensitizing the public representatives, officials and the general public about the provisions of the EMF. Village Micro Watershed Participation in preparation of Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) to be enclosed to Detailed Sub- MWMG Management project Report (DSR). NGO Partner Group The committee shall deliberate on environmental safeguards relevant to the schemes and adopt the same during construction and implementation Certifying the implementation of environmental mitigation measures as part of the implementation completion report. Facilitate IEC activities regarding water and soil conservation and other project components among the villagers.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 80 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

4. Training and Capacity Building

4.1 Introduction

Post Sujala-I and with the implementing experience of IWMP, the district and taluk level implementing agencies have clearly gained awareness, sensitivity, skills and experience regarding the environmental aspects of watershed planning and implementation. This is mainly because of the following:

• The Watershed Development Teams have members with knowledge and experience in agriculture, soil science, water management, social mobilisation and institutional building. These members will have professional qualifications. • These teams guide collection of baseline environmental information including rainfall, temperature, geographical coordinates, topography, hydrology, hydrogeology, soils, forests, demographic features, land-use pattern, major crops & their productivity, irrigation, livestock, information on soil and land-use, information related to water harvesting, recharging and storage etc. needed for preparation of DPRs. • A function of these teams is to working out detailed resource-use agreements (for surface water, groundwater and common/forest land usufructs) among User Groups in a participatory manner based on principles of equity and sustainability. • The exposure of the field teams to various watershed programs under Sujala-I and other IWMP projects • Exposure to extensive material available on watersheds on the internet

For sustainability and seamless adaption of the environmental principles and safeguards by all the implementing partners, awareness creation and capacity building becomes necessary. This is best done with the assistance of experts. Hence a few of the known expert agencies are proposed for this task. It may be noted that some staff of WDD have the skills and capacity to help build the environmental awareness and capacity of are implementing partners.

This capacity building and IEC strategy has been outlined as part of the EMF program developed for the project aims at building environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as well as in the intended target communities. Capacity building for environmental management will be integrated with overall capacity building component of the project.

4.1.1 Objectives

The objectives of the capacity building initiatives are:

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 81 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 • To build and strengthen the capability of Watershed development institutions and other partners (NGOs) to integrate sound environmental management into watershed implementation. • To orient the watershed development staff, participating institutions at watershed level and communities to the requirements of the project’s environmental management framework.

4.1.2 Approach

Systematic capacity building initiatives need to be introduced only after completion of training needs assessment. The training will be of cascade mode. All the trained staff and others will in turn conduct further trainings at district, taluk and village levels. However, since capacity building goes beyond mere imparting training, institutionalization of best practices becomes a prerequisite for improved watershed management.

4.1.3 Institutions for Training

In view of the specialized training and capacity building envisaged under the EMF of the project, it is necessary to identify nodal training institutes that will work closely work with capacity building wing of WDD for conceptualizing, designing, conducting and managing training programs on the EMF. Some such specialized institutions are:

• Environmental Management Policy and Research Institute • Karnataka Rajya Vijnana Parishat, Indian Institute of Science • Engineering Staff College of India • Selected Staff of Forest Department • Selected Staff of Watershed Development Department • Other Identified Consultants

4.2 Details of Training Programs

4.2.1 T1. Training on the EMF

Purpose of the training: . To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for undertaking environmental appraisal as per the requirements of the EMF . To prepare for undertaking periodic supervision of environmental performance of schemes . To prepare for implementing Community Based System for Environmental Monitoring

Participants: Key officials of the project including TWDT, DWDT, as well as State Level Environmental Experts and District Resource Persons. DWDO of the district will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity building budget.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 82 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Schedule: The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. 10 Training programs will be conducted during the first year and 5 refresher programs per year will be conducted for the next 4 years. This will total to 30 programs.

4.2.2 T2. Training on Environmental Management

Purpose of the training: • To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for meaningful participation in the environmental appraisal as per the requirements of the EMF • To prepare for planning and monitoring implementation of environmental mitigation measures identified through the appraisal process • To equip with skills necessary for Community Based Environmental Monitoring

Participants: MWMG, NGOs, Taluk level Resource Persons.

The DWDP of the district will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity building budget.

Schedule: The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. In each district 5 main programs in the first year and 3 refresher programs per year during subsequent years will be conducted. Including the main and refresher programs, the total T2 training programs will be about 120 for the project duration.

4.2.3 T3. Environmental Awareness and Monitoring

Purpose of the training: • To build awareness on soil and water conservation, environmental management, monitoring and reporting.

Participants: TWDT, MWMG, NGOs local resource persons.

Schedule: The training will involve one day workshops at the taluk level. There will also be one day refresher workshops organized annually. In each district 5 main programs in the first year and 3 refresher programs per year during subsequent years will be conducted. Including the main and refresher programs, the total T3 training programs will be about 120 for the project duration.

4.2.4 T4. Quality Construction Practices for Artisans

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 83 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 Purpose: • To equip with knowledge and skills for quality construction and maintenance of structures (including aspects of environmental conservation, human health and safety, etc.)

Participants: Masons, skilled labour, etc., and workforce involved in the project.

Schedule: The training will involve one day workshops at the taluk level. There will also be one day refresher workshops organized annually. In each district 5 main programs in the first year and 3 refresher programs per year during subsequent years will be conducted. Including the main and refresher programs, the total T4 training programs will be about 120 for the project duration.

The number of suggested training programs is presented in table below:

Table 15: Training Topics S. No. Topics Number of Trainings 1 T1 - Environmental Management Framework 30 2 T2 - Environmental Management 120 3 T3 - Environmental Awareness and Sensitization 120 4 T4 - Quality Construction Practices for Artisans 120 Total 390

About 40 to 50 trainees would participate in each of the training programs. It is intended that these trained persons will in turn provide onsite training to TWDT, MWMG, NGOs, resource persons, etc. onsite at village level.

4.3 Budget

The total estimated cost of training on environmental management for members of MWMGs, NGOs, Staff of TWDT, DWDT, and artisans, under the proposed Sujala-II is presented in the table below:

Table 16: Training Budget S. No. Training No. of Programs Estimated Unit Cost in Rs. Total Cost In Rs. 1 T1 30 1,00,000 10,00,000 2 T2 120 50,000 60,00,000 3 T3 and T4 240 20,000 48,00,000 4 Workshops (State) 5 50,000 2,50,000 5 Workshops (District) 25 20,000 5,00,000 Total 1,25,50,000

The total budget for environmental management activities under the proposed Sujala-II has been worked out as Rs. 3.03 crore. The detailed breakup of the budget is presented in the table below.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 84 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Table 17: EMF Budget S No. Activity Amount in Rs. 1 Training and workshops (as estimated) 1,25,50,000 2 Environmental Audit by the external agency twice (2 Nos) @ Rs. 30 60,00,000 lakhs per year 3 Preparation of specific environment related community awareness 90,00,000 materials @ 10 lakh per district and 20 lakh at state level 4 Sub Total 2,75,50,000 5 Contingencies @ 10% 27,55,000 6 Total 3,03,05,000

4.4 Usage/ Updation / Maintenance of EMF

4.4.1 Usage

This EMF has been prepared by the WDD in order to outline anticipated adverse impacts of all the direct and indirectly linked infrastructure related activities and prepare enhancement and mitigation measures for implementation. The WDD intends to make good use of this EMF and the good practice guidance note to identify key Environmental issues, as well as plan and implement mitigation and enhancement measures, as and where applicable.

4.4.2 Need & Nature of Updation

This EMF has been prepared during the preparation phase of Sujala-II. All effort was taken to collect the relevant information and to include in the EMF. Nevertheless, there would be scope for improving the EMF based on implementation experience. As more sub-projects are proposed to WDD, more information on environmental issues would become available. Using this information, it would be possible to improve the EMF, particularly in terms of making it more relevant and appropriate to the implementation context.

The nature of improvements will pertain solely to improving procedures and processes internal to WDD in terms of facilitating better environmental management practices in its sub-projects, and in ensuring the legal requirements are kept up to date.

4.4.3 New Legal Requirements & Updation

WDD would update the EMF on any new legal requirements – modification of existing legislation or introduction of new legislation – as and when they are announced or made applicable. WDD would also ensure that the design, implementation and operation of all its sub-projects are in line with the new legal requirements.

In particular, WDD would update the chapter on legal requirements as and when required.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 85 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 4.4.4 Comprehensive EMF Review

WDD would undertake one thorough / comprehensive review of the EMF during the project period. Based on the review, the EMF would be updated if necessary. WDD would undertake this review and revision prior to Sujala-II’s mid-term review by the World Bank.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 86 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

ANNEXURES

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 87 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 Annexure 1: Approach and Methodology

Approach and Methodology

The approach to study was to complete the assignment in two phases covering five distinct stages of work as below:

Fieldwork Phase Assessment and Reporting Phase Inception Stage Analysis Stage Field Surveys Stage Draft Reporting Stage Final Reporting Stage

Assignment Phases

The five stages covering the two phases of the assignment and the activities taken up during each stage are given below:

Stage Activities Inception Stage . Finalization of Approach and Methodology . Identification of data requirements and mode of data collection . Finalization of outline of the final report . Preparation of study tools . Preparation and Submission of Inception Report . Data Collection from Secondary Sources Field Surveys Stage . Field Surveys in select, representative areas for getting information on the nature and severity of environmental issues . Stakeholder consultations in representative sub/micro-watersheds . Data collection from secondary sources . Preliminary assessment of environmental issues, based on secondary sources of information, field surveys and public consultations . Submission of Draft Report Analysis and . Analysis of baseline environmental issues, policies, legislations and institutions Assessment Stage . Analysis of alternative scenarios . Firming up recommendations regarding mitigation measures, monitoring and evaluation strategies and institutional responsibilities . Preparation of the Environment Management Monitoring Framework and Performance Indicators . Review of ESMF and Operations Manual Draft Reporting Stage . Presentation on findings to WDD and WB . Comments from WDD/ WB . Incorporation of Compliance to Comments Received . Submission of Draft Final Report on Comprehensive Environmental Assessment Final Reporting Stage . Comments from WDD . Comments from The World Bank . Submission of Final Report

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 88 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 The project covers 100 sub-watersheds over an estimated 500,000 ha across 28 taluks in seven arid, rain fed districts: Bidar, Gulbarga, Yadgir, Koppal, Gadag, Davanagere and Chamarajanagar. The project will address soil and water conservation and rural livelihoods in identified villages. The land treatments will include both private and common lands. 10 sub-watersheds were selected covering all the project districts, in consultation with the client.

During the Fieldwork phase existing information on Environmental issues in watersheds from related institutions and other sources like reports of the surveys conducted in the past, reports of the relevant studies done earlier, official records of various concerned departments/organizations etc. was collected.

During this phase detailed discussions with organizations/stakeholders such as WDD, DWDD, etc. were held to collect information regarding environmental issues.

This phase included the following steps: a. Collection of background information: Collection of literature and reports from Government departments and from web sites related to the project. b. Field visits to the watersheds: Field visits were conducted to get first hand information about the watersheds. Field visits to sample watersheds in all the seven districts, viz., Bidar, Gulbarga, Yadgir, Koppal, Gadag, Davanagere and Chamarajanagar were made. c. Collection of primary and secondary data: Primary data on some of the key parameters such as hydrological conditions of the watershed, status of natural resource management was collected during field visits. Secondary data from the available literature and reports from the Government departments as well as from web sites was collected. d. Identification of environmental impacts: Environmental impacts on the physical and biological environment were identified. e. Analysis of impacts: The impacts were analyzed with reference to the environmental standards of various components of the environment and with reference to their usage to human and animal and their health. f. Mitigation measures: Mitigation is the measures or techniques that are used to minimize damages that would otherwise occur, due to the proposed project to the environment. Mitigation measures are intended to counter the adverse impacts of the project. Mitigation measure’s potential effectiveness was assessed based on the use in similar projects and introduced.

Major Components of EA

Baseline Conditions

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 89 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 This required review of the available literature, visiting the project area and consulting the respective DWDO and other line departments to establish the baseline conditions in terms of physical and biological environment conditions in the project area. Data on key parameters such as hydrological conditions of the watershed, status of natural resource management, land use pattern within the watershed, etc. were collected. The environmental impacts, positive and negative, of the project were identified.

Stakeholders’ Consultations

The project stakeholders were identified and consultations with them were held to delineate the appropriate boundaries of the environmental assessment and to screen potential adverse environmental issues. Feedback on the expected environmental issues related to the project impacts and suggested mitigation measures was also received.

Identification of Environmental Impacts

The World Bank’s Safeguard policies that are to be triggered due to the project activities were evaluated. The potential environmental issues in terms of their nature, magnitude, extent and location, and timing and duration were identified. The potential positive and negative impacts of proposed project were identified. These impacts were related project stages, viz., project planning/design stage, project implementation stage and operation stage. These adverse environmental impacts were screened for designing mitigation measures and included in the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

Mitigation measures

Appropriate mitigation measures for preventing or reducing the adverse environmental impacts were proposed. These measures were based achieving the project objectives.

Environmental Management & Monitoring Framework (EMF)

A comprehensive Environmental Management and Monitoring Framework (EMF) was prepared to ensure the adequacy and effectiveness of the proposed environmental management by clearly identifying the roles and responsibilities. The EMF includes a monitoring mechanism, the monitoring parameters and the reporting frequency along

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 90 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 with agencies responsible for monitoring. A set of environment performance indicators were developed to monitor, audit, evaluate and supervise negative and positive project environmental impacts on land use and cover, hydrology (runoff, siltation etc.) and common property. The following were suggested:

• tools for monitoring, auditing and evaluation and formats for monitoring plan including frequency and methodology of monitoring as well as allocate institutional responsibility and costs. • appropriate measures to enhance positive environmental impacts.

Environment Assessment Guidelines for Operational Manual

Environmental Guidelines for sub-projects duly considering environmentally sensitive areas, etc. were developed. These guidelines will serve as the operational manual for the community, DWDO, and WDD to supervise and implement environmental aspects of the project. Checklists were developed to record the adverse environmental impacts and on-ground variations with those noted under the Environmental Assessment. Where these changes are substantial/ significant, a separate Environmental Management Framework needs to be developed after an Environmental Assessment. Environmental Guidelines comprise of baseline conditions, stakeholders’ consultations, impacts identification and an EMF.

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 91 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 Annexure 2: Checklist for Field Data Collection

Karnataka Watershed Management Project – Sujala-II Environmental Assessment

Checklist for Data Collection

1. Groundwater . No. and type of wells in the sub-watershed, . Depth of wells . Water level; winter, summer . Yield from the well . Water quality; chemical & bacteriological 2. Surface water . No. of ponds and lakes . Water storage . How long water available for use in the ponds/lakes? . Types of water usage 3. Sanitation . No. of households . No. of households having individual toilets . Present method of disposal of solid wastes 4. Agriculture . Cultivable land as a percentage of total land . How many households own lands? . Average landholding per household . Area of land with irrigated cultivation . Area of land under rainfed cultivation . Types of crops cultivated during the following season: . Kharif (April to September) . Rabi (October to December) . Summer (January to March) . Yield from the land (ton/ha) 5. Livestock . How many households are having livestock . What is the average number of cattle/goat per household? . Type of feeding to cattle: open grazing/ captive . What is the total milk production in the village? . How the milk is marketed? 6. Livelihood . Average household income . Average per capita income . How many days employment available locally? . How much percentage people migrated for employment? . Current wage rate in the village within the sub-watershed. 7. Domestic water supply

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 92 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011 . Per capita drinking water supply . Source . Quality of water : Fluoride/Nitrate/Hardness . How much water is used from local source? . How much water is used from outside source? 8. Is there sensitive area such as wetlands, wildlife sanctuary etc., nearby? 9. Following particulars related to the District . Agro climatic zone . Soil type . Average annual rainfall (in mm): . Elevation above MSL 10. What are the major industries functioning in the district and their locations? 11. What type of the following income generating schemes or programs exist in the study area? . Integrated Rural Development Program ( IRDP) . Training Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) . National Rural Employment Program (NREP) . Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program (RLEGP) . Karnataka State women development corporation's Swashakthi Program . Ministry of women & Child Development Department's Stree Shakthi Program through Anganwadis. 12. Maps Needed . District wise watershed maps . Taluk wise watershed maps . Maps of sub-watershed with village

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 93 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Annexure 3: Formats for Environmental Data Sheets (EDS)

Formats for Environmental Data Sheets (EDS)

Watershed: Micro Watershed: Village: Taluk: District:

Details of Sub-Project to be Undertaken

Resource Details Forest Resource Forest Area Status (degraded?) Flora fauna status Any protected area Current use of forest for any livelihood activity Grazing Land Area (indicate any encroached area separately) Fallow Land Pasture Land Culturable Waste Land Season when fodder is available Livestock Number of cattle/ buffalo

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 94 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Number of goat/ sheep other Fodder Availability Area under fodder cultivation (mainly dry fodder – mention including crop residues) Period of dry fodder scarcity Source of dry fodder during scarcity Area under green fodder cultivation (like Barseem, Rajka, etc.,) Period of green fodder scarcity Source of green fodder during scarcity Ground Water Total number of in use tube wells Total number of dried up tube wells Depth of Ground water (indicate feet or meters) Quality of Ground water (like salinity, nitrate, etc.,) Surface Water Number of open wells Number of ponds Details of any canals, streams Quality of surface water Period of water availability Agriculture Cropping pattern (mono-cropping/ mixed cropping/ crop rotation) Main crops grown (Rabi, Kharif, and horticultural crops) Soil fertility status

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 95 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Details on soil cards Pesticides/ fertilizer usage Source of irrigation Extent of irrigation (% of sown area which is irrigated) Small scale Mining Details on the minerals, area under mining, number of peoples involved, any safety and health issues Likely Environmental Impacts

Category Assessment Remarks

Name of MWMG:

Signature:

Name of MWMG Representative:

Signature:

Name of TWDT Representative:

Date:

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 96 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Annexure 4: External Audit of the Completed Schemes Objectives: Objectives of external audit are to verify/check the following: . To check the adequacy/correctness of EDS, screening and environmental evaluation of the Category II schemes; . To check in the field the quality of implementation and effectiveness of the environmental mitigation measures with reference to the performance indicators. . To assess the effectiveness of supervision and capacity building initiatives undertaken as part of the EMF

Scope: External audit will be carried once in a year for about 6% of all schemes completed in each districts. The audit will also conduct a desk review to verify whether the environmental assessments procedures are followed correctly. The external audit will be done by an external agency appointed by the WDD.

Sampling of Schemes for External Audit: Purposive sampling of schemes for External Audit will be done considering the significance of the scheme-type to the environment. The number of samples of each type of scheme that will be about 5% of completed sub-projects in the preceding year. These 50% of the schemes taken up for external audit will be selected from the schemes already supervised internally to assess the effectiveness of internal supervision.

A. Documents to be referred to prior to and during the External Audit: • EMF of the Sujala-II • Reports of all supervision reports • Reports of previous External Audits (if applicable) • Reports of all capacity building programs related to the EMF • Latest MIS of the Sujala-II showing district-wise, scheme-type wise list of schemes • For the specific schemes selected for field visits: 1. Filled in EDS of the sub-projects-type 2. Filled in Checklist for Environmental Assessment of the Category II sub-projects (if applicable) 3. Report of any previous internal supervision visit undertaken to the sub-projects (if applicable) B. Process of External Audit: The audit includes the following methodology: . Interaction with the WDD and at least 30% of the DWDTs . Desk review of all relevant EMF documents . For the specific schemes selected for field visits: . Interaction with MWMG

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 97 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

. Interaction with NGO . Interaction with TWDT . Field inspection of all components of the scheme under supervision . Interaction with beneficiaries . Photo documentation (highlighting any significant issues) C. Report of Audit: A detailed report of the external audit must be submitted to the WDD for action. The report must include the following: 1. Description of methodology including details of sampling 2. Review of the implementation and issues: 3. Effectiveness of the environmental assessment system in identifying issues and implementing appropriate mitigation measures 4. Institutional arrangements for implementation of the EMF 5. Capacity building on the EMF 6. Responsiveness of EMF to emerging environmental concerns 7. Overall environmental performance of the Sujala-II with respect to the performance indicators 8. Recommendations for strengthening the EMF 9. Individual reports of the field visits undertaken 10. A copy of the report of the Audit must be sent to all the DWDTs by the WDD for reference

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 98 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Annexure 5: Maps

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 99 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 100 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 101 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 102 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 103 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 104 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 105 Government of Karnataka – Watershed Development Department – The World Bank Assisted Sujala-II Environmental Management Framework – Final Report – December 2011

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Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) 108