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Eyes Wide Shut? the Impact of Embedded Journalism on Dutch Newspaper Coverage of Afghanistan

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Eyes Wide Shut? the Impact of Embedded Journalism on Dutch Newspaper Coverage of Afghanistan The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies bv Chamber of Commerce number 27245148 Lange Voorhout 16 HCSS-08-002 2514 EE The Hague The Netherlands Eyes Wide Shut? www.hcss.nl The Impact of Embedded Journalism on T +31 (70) 318 48 40 Dutch Newspaper Coverage of Afghanistan F +31 (70) 318 48 50 [email protected] Date April, 2008 Author(s) Ulrich Mans, Christa Meindersma, Lars Burema Number of pages 43 All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without the previous written permission from HCSS. This research project was financed by: Stimuleringsfonds voor de Pers The Hague, 2008 HCSS-report | HCSS-08-002 2 / 43 Executive summary Eyes Wide Shut? The Impact of Embedded Journalism on Dutch Newspaper Coverage of Afghanistan Embedded journalism has created a diversity dilemma. While more journalists write of Afghanistan, the focus has narrowed. The close interaction between military and journalists may also jeopardise the independence of reporting. Yet, journalists who travel embedded to Afghanistan are basically content with the embed policy. While individual journalists question the control on operational security prior to publication, in practice there have not been major problems with this type of compulsory review. The main concern of journalists with the embed policy remains the lack of freedom of movement and the The Dutch Ministry of Defence developed a Under the embed policy, three journalists discretion of the military commander in this policy of embedded journalism as an can travel from the Netherlands to Uruzgan regard. integral part of the communication strategy every two weeks. They are hosted by the for the deployment of Dutch troops to Dutch contingent and fall under the In comparison to other ISAF nations, the Uruzgan. This policy allows journalists to commander’s responsibility. Articles have Dutch embed policy is progressive in scope, report from inside the military on operations to be submitted for review on operational but cautious when it comes to details. in Afghanistan, and built on earlier security prior to publication. Dutch The US, UK, Canada and Australia all have experiences of the United States and United embedded journalists cooperate closely with their own experiences with embedded Kingdom, and experiments by the Dutch the Ministry of Defence before, during and journalists and generally use more rigid military in Iraq. after their embed experience. Many have guidelines. developed a close relationship with the From the point of view of the Ministry the military as a consequence. In order to contribute to more diverse and policy has satisfied its primary objective: to substantive reporting, the Dutch embed put the mission in the spotlight. It has Journalists who travel to Afghanistan policy could benefit from further resulted in a constant stream of articles unembedded have criticised embedded clarification of operational security, from a variety of newspapers and journals. journalism as semi-journalism. They accuse relaxing its compulsory review prior to At the same time, the embed arrangement journalists who use the embed option of publication and allowing more freedom of has led to a narrowing of focus of the media being opportunistic and providing a one- movement to embedded journalists. coverage to predominantly Dutch military sided account of the situation in This would emphasise the journalists’ own affairs. Embedded journalists focus on Afghanistan. There are few journalists who responsibility regarding training, resources tactical reporting from the military base, travel unembedded to Afghanistan, which and personal safety. and most articles cover military operations makes comparison of content difficult. or daily life of soldiers at the military camp However text analysis shows that embedded Furthermore, the Dutch press in general in southern Afghanistan. In addition, in the journalists write mainly about the Dutch could benefit from maintaining a two years since the inception of the embed troops and their military operational professional distance from the military, and policy, the Ministry has helped create a core activities while unembedded reporters focus finding more ways to complement group of ‘defence reporters’ who are more on the socio-political situation in embedded with unembedded reporting. knowledgeable on military matters and Afghanistan. regularly report on Afghanistan. Contents Executive summary........................................................................................................ 2 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 5 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................6 2 Research Design............................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Research Questions.......................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Framework of Analysis.................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Facilitation ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Approach.......................................................................................................................... 9 2.5 Methodology.................................................................................................................... 9 3 From the 90’s to Afghanistan...................................................................................... 11 3.1 Background.................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Towards an Embed Policy ............................................................................................. 12 4 Embed Policy in Afghanistan...................................................................................... 15 4.1 Formalising the Policy................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Rules of the Game.......................................................................................................... 16 5 Embedded Reporting – What it Means for the Press ............................................... 18 5.1 Policy............................................................................................................................. 18 5.2 Selection ........................................................................................................................ 19 5.3 Timing............................................................................................................................ 20 5.4 Facilitation ..................................................................................................................... 20 5.5 Freedom of movement................................................................................................... 21 5.6 Control over content ...................................................................................................... 22 5.7 Sanctions........................................................................................................................ 23 6 Embedded Reporting – What it Means for the MoD................................................ 24 6.1 Policy............................................................................................................................. 24 6.2 Selection ........................................................................................................................ 25 6.3 Timing............................................................................................................................ 25 6.4 Facilitation ..................................................................................................................... 25 6.5 Freedom of movement................................................................................................... 26 6.6 Control over content ...................................................................................................... 27 6.7 Sanctions........................................................................................................................ 27 7 Content of Press Coverage.......................................................................................... 28 7.1 Topic.............................................................................................................................. 28 7.2 Sources........................................................................................................................... 30 7.3 Location ......................................................................................................................... 31 7.4 Type of Analysis............................................................................................................ 31 HCSS-report | HCSS-08-002 4 / 43 8 International Comparison........................................................................................... 36 8.1 Canada – Minimal Supervision...................................................................................... 36 8.2 United States – General Guidelines ............................................................................... 37 8.3 Australia – No
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