Planetary Nebula
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A&A 454, 527–536 (2006) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20053468 & c ESO 2006 Astrophysics A search for photometric variability of hydrogen-deficient planetary-nebula nuclei, J. M. González Pérez1,2, J.-E. Solheim2,3, and R. Kamben2 1 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institut of Physics, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway 3 Institut of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway Received 18 May 2005 / Accepted 9 March 2006 ABSTRACT Aims. We searched for photometric variability in a sample of hot, hydrogen-deficient planetary nebula nuclei (PNNi) with “PG 1159” or “O VI” spectral type, most of them embedded in a bipolar or elliptical planetary nebula envelope (PNe). These characteristics may indicate the presence of a hidden close companion and an evolution affected by episodes of interaction between them. Methods. We obtained time-series photometry from a sample of 11 candidates using the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) with the Andalucía Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (ALFOSC), modified with our own control software to be able to observe in a high- speed multi-windowing mode. The data were reduced on-line with the real time photometry (RTP) code, which allowed us to detect periodic variable stars with small amplitudes from CCD data in real time. We studied the properties of the observed modulation fre- quencies to investigate their nature. Results. We report the first detection of low-amplitude pulsations in the PNNi VV 47, NGC 6852, and Jn 1. In addition, we investi- gated the photometric variability of NGC 246. -
Planetary Nebulae
Planetary Nebulae A planetary nebula is a kind of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from old red giant stars late in their lives. The term "planetary nebula" is a misnomer that originated in the 1780s with astronomer William Herschel because when viewed through his telescope, these objects appeared to him to resemble the rounded shapes of planets. Herschel's name for these objects was popularly adopted and has not been changed. They are a relatively short-lived phenomenon, lasting a few tens of thousands of years, compared to a typical stellar lifetime of several billion years. The mechanism for formation of most planetary nebulae is thought to be the following: at the end of the star's life, during the red giant phase, the outer layers of the star are expelled by strong stellar winds. Eventually, after most of the red giant's atmosphere is dissipated, the exposed hot, luminous core emits ultraviolet radiation to ionize the ejected outer layers of the star. Absorbed ultraviolet light energizes the shell of nebulous gas around the central star, appearing as a bright colored planetary nebula at several discrete visible wavelengths. Planetary nebulae may play a crucial role in the chemical evolution of the Milky Way, returning material to the interstellar medium from stars where elements, the products of nucleosynthesis (such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and neon), have been created. Planetary nebulae are also observed in more distant galaxies, yielding useful information about their chemical abundances. In recent years, Hubble Space Telescope images have revealed many planetary nebulae to have extremely complex and varied morphologies. -
A Basic Requirement for Studying the Heavens Is Determining Where In
Abasic requirement for studying the heavens is determining where in the sky things are. To specify sky positions, astronomers have developed several coordinate systems. Each uses a coordinate grid projected on to the celestial sphere, in analogy to the geographic coordinate system used on the surface of the Earth. The coordinate systems differ only in their choice of the fundamental plane, which divides the sky into two equal hemispheres along a great circle (the fundamental plane of the geographic system is the Earth's equator) . Each coordinate system is named for its choice of fundamental plane. The equatorial coordinate system is probably the most widely used celestial coordinate system. It is also the one most closely related to the geographic coordinate system, because they use the same fun damental plane and the same poles. The projection of the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere is called the celestial equator. Similarly, projecting the geographic poles on to the celest ial sphere defines the north and south celestial poles. However, there is an important difference between the equatorial and geographic coordinate systems: the geographic system is fixed to the Earth; it rotates as the Earth does . The equatorial system is fixed to the stars, so it appears to rotate across the sky with the stars, but of course it's really the Earth rotating under the fixed sky. The latitudinal (latitude-like) angle of the equatorial system is called declination (Dec for short) . It measures the angle of an object above or below the celestial equator. The longitud inal angle is called the right ascension (RA for short). -
On the Evolutionary Status of WR-Type Planetary Nebula Nuclei R
ACTA ASTRONOMICA Vol. 43 (1993) pp. 389±396 On the Evolutionary Status of WR-type Planetary Nebula Nuclei by R. Tylenda and S.K. G o r n y Copernicus Astronomical Center, Chopina 12/18, PL-87100 ToruÂn, Poland ABSTRACT The planetary nebula nuclei showing WR-type spectra constitute a unique class of the central stars: they are He-burners. This work presents preliminary results of a study analyzing the observational characteristics of the WR-type nuclei and their nebulae. The existing He-burning models cannot account for the observations of the WR-type nuclei. In the discussion we consider two scenaria: (i) WR-type nuclei are single stars; (ii) WR phenomenon is an evolutionary phase of binary systems. 1. Introduction The planetary nebula nuclei (PNN) showing Wolf-Rayet features in their spectra constitue a unique class of the central stars. This class includes, at present, about 50 objects and all of them are of WC-type (Tylenda et al. 1993). Their strong winds imply that these stars have active shell sources. This and the fact that their atmospheres are hydrogen-poor (Mendez 1991) imply that the WR-type PNN are burning helium. It is, thus, the only class of PNN for which we know the nuclear burning mode. We have undertaken an extensive study of the WR-type PNN in order to better understand their evolutionary status. This paper presents some preliminary results. 2. Observed Samples From the list of WR-type PNN in Tylenda et al. (1993) we have selected a sample of 30 objects for which we have found necessary observational data (e.g. -
THE CONSTELLATION MUSCA, the FLY Musca Australis (Latin: Southern Fly) Is a Small Constellation in the Deep Southern Sky
THE CONSTELLATION MUSCA, THE FLY Musca Australis (Latin: Southern Fly) is a small constellation in the deep southern sky. It was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman and it first appeared on a 35-cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. It was also known as Apis (Latin: bee) for two hundred years. Musca remains below the horizon for most Northern Hemisphere observers. Also known as the Southern or Indian Fly, the French Mouche Australe ou Indienne, the German Südliche Fliege, and the Italian Mosca Australe, it lies partly in the Milky Way, south of Crux and east of the Chamaeleon. De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue in 1598 under the Dutch name De Vlieghe, ‘The Fly’ This title generally is supposed to have been substituted by La Caille, about 1752, for Bayer's Apis, the Bee; but Halley, in 1679, had called it Musca Apis; and even previous to him, Riccioli catalogued it as Apis seu Musca. Even in our day the idea of a Bee prevails, for Stieler's Planisphere of 1872 has Biene, and an alternative title in France is Abeille. When the Northern Fly was merged with Aries by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1929, Musca Australis was given its modern shortened name Musca. It is the only official constellation depicting an insect. Julius Schiller, who redrew and named all the 88 constellations united Musca with the Bird of Paradise and the Chamaeleon as mother Eve. -
Emission Lines in Planetary Nebulae
The Astrophysical Journal, 840:80 (8pp), 2017 May 10 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6c28 © 2017. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. ∗ Identification of Near-infrared [Se III] and [Kr VI] Emission Lines in Planetary Nebulae N. C. Sterling1, S. Madonna2,3, K. Butler4, J. García-Rojas2,3, A. L. Mashburn1, C. Morisset5, V. Luridiana2,3, and I. U. Roederer6,7 1 Department of Physics, University of West Georgia, 1601 Maple Street, Carrollton, GA 30118, USA; [email protected], [email protected] 2 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 3 Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 4 Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 München, Germany; [email protected] 5 Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 20164, 04510, Mexico; [email protected] 6 Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; [email protected] 7 Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics and Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE), USA Received 2017 January 19; accepted 2017 April 4; published 2017 May 9 Abstract We identify [Se III]1.0994 μm in the planetary nebula (PN) NGC5315 and [Kr VI]1.2330 μm in three PNe from spectra obtained with the Folded-Port InfraRed Echellette (FIRE) spectrometer on the 6.5 m Baade Telescope. Se and Kr are the two most widely detected neutron-capture elements in astrophysical nebulae, and can be enriched by s-process nucleosynthesis in PN progenitor stars. -
Near Infrared Photometry of IRAS Sources with Colours Like Planetary Nebulae
University of Groningen Near infrared photometry of IRAS sources with colours like planetary nebulae. III. Garcia-Lario, P.; Manchado, A.; Pych, W.; Pottasch, S. R. Published in: Astronomy & astrophysics supplement series DOI: 10.1051/aas:1997277 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 1997 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Garcia-Lario, P., Manchado, A., Pych, W., & Pottasch, S. R. (1997). Near infrared photometry of IRAS sources with colours like planetary nebulae. III. Astronomy & astrophysics supplement series, 126(3), 479- 502. https://doi.org/10.1051/aas:1997277 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. -
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for Astronomy & Solar
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for Astronomy & Solar Physics Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771 The following report covers the period from July results from the first year of operations that were truly 2002 through September 2003. stunning. The WMAP measurements constrain models of structure formation, the geometry of the universe, and 1 INTRODUCTION inflation. The results indicate that the universe has a flat The Laboratory for Astronomy & Solar Physics (i.e. Euclidean) geometry. Initial observations of polar- (LASP) is a Division of the Space Sciences Directorate ization were reported, the first detection of reionization, at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Mem- and accurate values for many cosmological parameters. bers of LASP conduct a broad program of observational Thirteen papers on the results were published in a spe- and theoretical scientific research. Observations are car- cial issue of the Astrophysical Journal. At the same time ried out from space-based observatories, balloons, and the results were announced, all the data from the first ground-based telescopes at wavelengths extending from year were made public in the new Legacy Archive for Mi- the EUV to the sub-millimeter. Research projects cover crowave Background Data Analsyis (LAMBDA). Gary the fields of solar and stellar astrophysics, the interstellar Hinshaw, Ed Wollack, Al Kogut, and Principal Investi- and intergalactic medium, active galactic nuclei, galaxy gator Chuck Bennett are members of the WMAP team formation and evolution, and studies of the cosmic mi- at GSFC. WMAP is still operating well, and we look crowave background radiation. forward to new results in the coming year. Studies of the sun are carried out in the gamma- The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectro- ray, x-ray, EUV/UV and visible portions of the spec- scopic Imager (RHESSI), also provided dramatic new trum from space and the ground. -
Catalogue of Excitation Classes P for 750 Galactic Planetary Nebulae
Catalogue of Excitation Classes p for 750 Galactic Planetary Nebulae Name p Name p Name p Name p NeC 40 1 Nee 6072 9 NeC 6881 10 IC 4663 11 NeC 246 12+ Nee 6153 3 NeC 6884 7 IC 4673 10 NeC 650-1 10 Nee 6210 4 NeC 6886 9 IC 4699 9 NeC 1360 12 Nee 6302 10 Nee 6891 4 IC 4732 5 NeC 1501 10 Nee 6309 10 NeC 6894 10 IC 4776 2 NeC 1514 8 NeC 6326 9 Nee 6905 11 IC 4846 3 NeC 1535 8 Nee 6337 11 Nee 7008 11 IC 4997 8 NeC 2022 12 Nee 6369 4 NeC 7009 7 IC 5117 6 NeC 2242 12+ NeC 6439 8 NeC 7026 9 IC 5148-50 6 NeC 2346 9 NeC 6445 10 Nee 7027 11 IC 5217 6 NeC 2371-2 12 Nee 6537 11 Nee 7048 11 Al 1 NeC 2392 10 NeC 6543 5 Nee 7094 12 A2 10 NeC 2438 10 NeC 6563 8 NeC 7139 9 A4 10 NeC 2440 10 NeC 6565 7 NeC 7293 7 A 12 4 NeC 2452 10 NeC 6567 4 Nee 7354 10 A 15 12+ NeC 2610 12 NeC 6572 7 NeC 7662 10 A 20 12+ NeC 2792 11 NeC 6578 2 Ie 289 12 A 21 1 NeC 2818 11 NeC 6620 8 IC 351 10 A 23 4 NeC 2867 9 NeC 6629 5 Ie 418 1 A 24 1 NeC 2899 10 Nee 6644 7 IC 972 10 A 30 12+ NeC 3132 9 NeC 6720 10 IC 1295 10 A 33 11 NeC 3195 9 NeC 6741 9 IC 1297 9 A 35 1 NeC 3211 10 NeC 6751 9 Ie 1454 10 A 36 12+ NeC 3242 9 Nee 6765 10 IC1747 9 A 40 2 NeC 3587 8 NeC 6772 9 IC 2003 10 A 41 1 NeC 3699 9 NeC 6778 9 IC 2149 2 A 43 2 NeC 3918 9 NeC 6781 8 IC 2165 10 A 46 2 NeC 4071 11 NeC 6790 4 IC 2448 9 A 49 4 NeC 4361 12+ NeC 6803 5 IC 2501 3 A 50 10 NeC 5189 10 NeC 6804 12 IC 2553 8 A 51 12 NeC 5307 9 NeC 6807 4 IC 2621 9 A 54 12 NeC 5315 2 NeC 6818 10 Ie 3568 3 A 55 4 NeC 5873 10 NeC 6826 11 Ie 4191 6 A 57 3 NeC 5882 6 NeC 6833 2 Ie 4406 4 A 60 2 NeC 5879 12 NeC 6842 2 IC 4593 6 A -
Comparison of the Masses of Planetary Nebula Nuclei Derived from Different Methods
ACTA ASTRONOMICA Vol. 43 (1993) pp. 371±380 Comparison of the Masses of Planetary Nebula Nuclei Derived from Different Methods by ; S.K. G o r n y 1;2 , R. Tylenda1 2 , and G.Stasi nska 2 1 Copernicus Astronomical Center, Chopina 12/18, PL-87100 ToruÂn, Poland 2 DAEC, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, F-92195 Meudon CÂedex, France ABSTRACT We present some results of an extensive and uniform analysis of the planetary nebula nuclei from samples examined by Mendez et al. and Gathier and Pottasch. The present study uses distance independent diagrams. The theoretical tracks have been modi®ed so that they can be directly compared in the diagrams to the observed central star positions. From this comparison the central star masses have been derived. Our results are in contradiction with those from the above cited studies. Possible explanations of the differences are presented. 1. Introduction During recent years numerous studies of the masses of planetary nebula nuclei (PNN) have been undertaken. Most of the authors have come to more or less the same general conclusion, i.e. thatthe PNNmasses are concentrated around0.60M and have a strong cutoff at 0.55 M (SchonbernerÈ 1981, Kaler 1983, Heap and Augensen 1987, Szczerba 1987, 1990, Weidemann 1989, Tylenda and Stasinska 1989, Stasinska and Tylenda 1990, Kaler et al. 1990, Kaler and Jacoby 1990, 1991, Dopita and Meathernigham 1991, Tylenda et al. 1991, Zhang and Kwok 1993). The principal controversy concerns the proportion of massive PNN. Some authors ®nd that the number of PNN above 0.7 M is negligible (e.g. -
Study of Electron Density in Planetary Nebulae
A&A 382, 282–290 (2002) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20011621 & c ESO 2002 Astrophysics Study of electron density in planetary nebulae A comparison of different density indicators M. V. F. Copetti1,2 and B. C. Writzl1 1 Laborat´orio de An´alise Num´erica e Astrof´ısica, Departamento de Matem´atica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97119-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil 2 Physics Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45221-0011, USA Received 29 August 2001 / Accepted 7 November 2001 Abstract. We present a comparison of electron density estimates for planetary nebulae based on different emission- line ratios. We have considered the density indicators [O ii]λ3729/λ3726, [S ii]λ6716/λ6731, [Cl iii]λ5517/λ5537, [Ar iv]λ4711/λ4740, C iii]λ1906/λ1909 and [N i]λ5202/λ5199. The observational data were extracted from the literature. We have found systematic deviations from the density homogeneous models, in the sense that: Ne(N i) ∼< Ne(O ii) <Ne(S ii, C iii, Cl iii or Ar iv)andNe(S ii) ≈ Ne(C iii) ≈ Ne(Cl iii) ≈ Ne(Ar iv). We argue that the lower [O ii] density estimates are likely due to errors in the atomic parameters used. Key words. ISM: planetary nebulae 1. Introduction have found the opposite, i.e., [O ii] densities systemati- cally higher than [S ii] ones. More recently, Keenan et al. The electron density, Ne, is one of the key physical pa- (1996, 1997, 1999), based on data from the series of high rameters needed to characterise a planetary nebula. Some spectral resolution observations of planetary nebulae by density assessment is necessary to confidently derive the Hyung, Aller and collaborators (see references in Sect. -
7.5 X 11.5.Threelines.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19267-5 - Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer’s New General Catalogue Wolfgang Steinicke Index More information Name index The dates of birth and death, if available, for all 545 people (astronomers, telescope makers etc.) listed here are given. The data are mainly taken from the standard work Biographischer Index der Astronomie (Dick, Brüggenthies 2005). Some information has been added by the author (this especially concerns living twentieth-century astronomers). Members of the families of Dreyer, Lord Rosse and other astronomers (as mentioned in the text) are not listed. For obituaries see the references; compare also the compilations presented by Newcomb–Engelmann (Kempf 1911), Mädler (1873), Bode (1813) and Rudolf Wolf (1890). Markings: bold = portrait; underline = short biography. Abbe, Cleveland (1838–1916), 222–23, As-Sufi, Abd-al-Rahman (903–986), 164, 183, 229, 256, 271, 295, 338–42, 466 15–16, 167, 441–42, 446, 449–50, 455, 344, 346, 348, 360, 364, 367, 369, 393, Abell, George Ogden (1927–1983), 47, 475, 516 395, 395, 396–404, 406, 410, 415, 248 Austin, Edward P. (1843–1906), 6, 82, 423–24, 436, 441, 446, 448, 450, 455, Abbott, Francis Preserved (1799–1883), 335, 337, 446, 450 458–59, 461–63, 470, 477, 481, 483, 517–19 Auwers, Georg Friedrich Julius Arthur v. 505–11, 513–14, 517, 520, 526, 533, Abney, William (1843–1920), 360 (1838–1915), 7, 10, 12, 14–15, 26–27, 540–42, 548–61 Adams, John Couch (1819–1892), 122, 47, 50–51, 61, 65, 68–69, 88, 92–93,