NEPAL Last Updated: 2006-10-13

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

N 2001 National: Women: Total F 15.00-49.99 4745 19.60 3321 * 2 Women by age F 15.00-19.99 773 16.60 3 Women by age F 20.00-24.99 1551 17.10 4 Women by age F 25.00-29.99 1181 19.80 5 Women by age F 30.00-34.99 687 22.90 6 Women by age F 35.00-49.99 553 26.10 7 Women by area: Urban F 15.00-49.99 332 7.10 8 Women by area: Rural F 15.00-49.99 4414 20.50 9 Women by ecological zone: Hill F 15.00-49.99 1979 19.50 10 Women by ecological zone: Mountain F 15.00-49.99 361 36.80 11 Women by ecological zone: Terai F 15.00-49.99 2405 17.10 12 Women by development region: Central F 15.00-49.99 1535 21.40 13 Women by development region: Eastern F 15.00-49.99 1102 19.20 14 Women by development region: Far-Western F 15.00-49.99 502 21.10 15 Women by development region: Mid-Western F 15.00-49.99 693 24.30 16 Women by development region: Western F 15.00-49.99 914 12.60 17 Women by sub-region: Central Hill F 15.00-49.99 484 19.30 18 Women by sub-region: Eastern Hill F 15.00-49.99 347 21.60 19 Women by sub-region: Far-Western Hill F 15.00-49.99 223 23.20 20 Women by sub-region: Mid -Western Hill F 15.00-49.99 405 26.30 21 Women by sub-region: Western Hill F 15.00-49.99 521 11.30 22 Women by sub-region: Central Mountain F 15.00-49.99 122 43.90 23 Women by sub-region: Eastern Mountain F 15.00-49.99 74 14.50 24 Women by sub-region: Western Mountain F 15.00-49.99 166 41.50 25 Women by sub-region: Central Terai F 15.00-49.99 930 19.60 26 Women by sub-region: Eastern Terai F 15.00-49.99 681 18.50 27 Women by sub-region: Far-Western Terai F 15.00-49.99 179 13.00 28 Women by sub-region: Mid -Western Terai F 15.00-49.99 222 10.70 29 Women by sub-region: Western Terai F 15.00-49.99 393 14.20 30

L 2000 -2002 Saptari district: PW F 18.00-45.99 128 19.5 5350 * 31 L 1998 -2001 Sarlahi district: PW F 15.00-49.99 1165 7.0 1.20 0.38 5119 * N 1997 -1998 National: Pre-SAC : Total B 1.00-4.99 15307 0.27 1083 *

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

NEPAL Last Updated: 2006-10-13

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

N 1997 -1998 National: Pre-SAC: Total B 0.50-4.99 17455 0.33 1083 National: SAC: Total B 6.00-11.99 15507 1.20 National: SAC: Total B 6.00-11.99 15548 1.90 National: Women: Total F 15.00-49.99 15536 4.70 16.70 National: Women by physiological status: NPW F 15.00-49.99 13750 4.50 16.60 National: Women by physiological status: PW F 15.00-49.99 1598 6.10 16.70 Pre-SAC by sex F 0.50-4.99 8312 0.26 Pre-SAC by sex F 1.00-4.99 7282 0.33 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.50-4.99 9144 0.39 Pre-SAC by sex M 1.00-4.99 8025 0.22 Pre-SAC by age B 1.00-1.99 4457 0.07 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-2.99 4305 0.19 Pre-SAC by age B 3.00-3.99 3455 0.52 Pre-SAC by age B 4.00-4.99 3084 0.45 Pre-SAC by age B 0.50-0.99 1995 0.00 Pre-SAC by age B 1.00-1.99 4534 0.04 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-2.99 4348 0.23 Pre-SAC by age B 3.00-3.99 3470 0.61 Pre-SAC by age B 4.00-4.99 3102 0.77 Pre-SAC by area: Urban B 1.00-4.99 1681 0.00 Pre-SAC by area: Rural B 1.00-4.99 13626 0.31 Pre-SAC by area: Urban B 0.50-4.99 1906 0.16 Pre-SAC by area: Rural B 0.50-4.99 15550 0.35 Pre-SAC by zone: Mountains B 1.00-4.99 1155 0.17 Pre-SAC by zone: Hills B 1.00-4.99 6899 0.10 Pre-SAC by zone: Terai B 1.00-4.99 7253 0.45 Pre-SAC by zone: Mountains B 0.50-4.99 1354 0.07 Pre-SAC by zone: Hills B 0.50-4.99 7953 0.11 Pre-SAC by zone: Terai B 0.50-4.99 8148 0.58 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills Central B 1.00-4.99 1156 0.09 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills East B 1.00-4.99 1200 0.00 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills Far-West B 1.00-4.99 1150 0.26 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills Mid-West B 1.00-4.99 1140 0.18 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills West B 1.00-4.99 1170 0.09 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills Central B 0.50-4.99 1344 0.22 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills East B 0.50-4.99 1346 0.07 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills Far-West B 0.50-4.99 1335 0.30 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills Mid-West B 0.50-4.99 1346 0.07

NEPAL Last Updated: 2006-10-13

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

N 1997 -1998 Pre-SAC by stratum: Hills West B 0.50-4.99 1340 0.00 1083 Pre-SAC by stratum: Mountains All-West B 1.00-4.99 1123 0.00 Pre-SAC by stratum: Mountains Central B 1.00-4.99 1147 0.43 Pre-SAC by stratum: Mountains East B 1.00-4.99 1169 0.17 Pre-SAC by stratum: Mountains All-West B 0.50-4.99 1343 0.15 Pre-SAC by stratum: Mountains Central B 0.50-4.99 1342 0.15 Pre-SAC by stratum: Mountains East B 0.50-4.99 1344 0.00 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai Central B 1.00-4.99 1222 0.82 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai East B 1.00-4.99 1197 0.42 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai Far- West B 1.00-4.99 1147 0.09 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai Mid-West B 1.00-4.99 1133 0.00 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai West B 1.00-4.99 1205 0.17 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai Central B 0.50-4.99 1345 0.74 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai East B 0.50-4.99 1343 0.60 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai Far- West B 0.50-4.99 1336 0.07 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai Mid-West B 0.50-4.99 1336 0.45 Pre-SAC by stratum: Terai West B 0.50-4.99 1348 0.52 SAC by sex F 6.00-11.99 7930 1.00 SAC by sex F 6.00-11.99 7954 1.60 SAC by sex M 6.00-11.99 7575 1.30 SAC by sex M 6.00-11.99 7594 2.20 SAC by age B 6.00-6.99 3262 1.10 SAC by age B 7.00-7.99 3033 0.80 SAC by age B 8.00-8.99 3018 1.30 SAC by age B 9.00-9.99 2348 1.00 SAC by age B 10.00-10.99 2235 1.40 SAC by age B 11.00-11.99 1599 1.60 SAC by age B 6.00-6.99 3278 1.60 SAC by age B 7.00-7.99 3044 1.50 SAC by age B 8.00-8.99 3026 2.00 SAC by age B 9.00-9.99 2348 2.10 SAC by age B 10.00-10.99 2244 2.50 SAC by age B 11.00-11.99 1600 2.10 SAC by zone: Mountains B 6.00-11.99 1196 0.80 SAC by zone: Hills B 6.00-11.99 7077 0.90 SAC by zone: Terai B 6.00-11.99 7234 1.50 SAC by zone: Mountains B 6.00-11.99 1203 1.90 SAC by zone: Hills B 6.00-11.99 7089 1.20

NEPAL Last Updated: 2006-10-13

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

N 1997 -1998 SAC by zone: Terai B 6.00-11.99 7256 2.70 1083 SAC by stratum: Mountains All-West B 6.00-11.99 1185 0.80 SAC by stratum: Mountains Central B 6.00-11.99 1182 1.00 SAC by stratum: Mountains East B 6.00-11.99 1193 0.70 SAC by stratum: Mountains All-West B 6.00-11.99 1185 2.70 SAC by stratum: Mountains Central B 6.00-11.99 1199 1.30 SAC by stratum: Mountains East B 6.00-11.99 1200 0.90 SAC by stratum: Hills Central B 6.00-11.99 1195 1.00 SAC by stratum: Hills East B 6.00-11.99 1190 1.30 SAC by stratum: Hills Far-West B 6.00-11.99 1194 1.20 SAC by stratum: Hills Mid-West B 6.00-11.99 1198 0.30 SAC by stratum: Hills West B 6.00-11.99 1196 0.50 SAC by stratum: Hills Central B 6.00-11.99 1198 1.20 SAC by stratum: Hills East B 6.00-11.99 1199 1.10 SAC by stratum: Hills Far-West B 6.00-11.99 1193 2.10 SAC by stratum: Hills Mid-West B 6.00-11.99 1198 0.80 SAC by stratum: Hills West B 6.00-11.99 1195 1.20 SAC by stratum: Terai Central B 6.00-11.99 1194 0.80 SAC by stratum: Terai East B 6.00-11.99 1199 2.90 SAC by stratum: Terai Far- West B 6.00-11.99 1185 0.80 SAC by stratum: Terai Mid-West B 6.00-11.99 1174 0.30 SAC by stratum: Terai West B 6.00-11.99 1195 1.60 SAC by stratum: Terai Central B 6.00-11.99 1195 1.90 SAC by stratum: Terai East B 6.00-11.99 1200 3.70 SAC by stratum: Terai Far- West B 6.00-11.99 1191 1.40 SAC by stratum: Terai Mid-West B 6.00-11.99 1196 3.30 SAC by stratum: Terai West B 6.00-11.99 1196 2.40 Women by age F NS-19.99 847 1.80 13.30 Women by age F 20.00-29.99 8771 3.50 14.90 Women by age F 30.00-39.99 4790 6.00 19.40 Women by age F 40.00-49.99 1085 10.30 21.20 Women by area: Rural F 15.00-49.99 13828 5.10 Women by area: Urban F 15.00-49.99 1708 0.90 Women by zone: Terai F 15.00-49.99 7256 5.50 19.30 Women by zone: Hills F 15.00-49.99 7076 3.90 13.30 Women by zone: Mountains F 15.00-49.99 1204 4.50 20.40 Women by stratum: Mountains All-West F 15.00-49.99 1193 6.10 22.10 Women by stratum: Mountains Central F 15.00-49.99 1194 3.90 20.80

NEPAL Last Updated: 2006-10-13

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

N 1997 -1998 Women by stratum: Mountains East F 15.00-49.99 1194 2.50 16.30 1083 Women by stratum: Hills Central F 15.00-49.99 1198 4.30 9.50 Women by stratum: Hills East F 15.00-49.99 1197 9.30 21.70 Women by stratum: Hills Far-West F 15.00-49.99 1188 5.10 19.30 Women by stratum: Hills Mid-West F 15.00-49.99 1198 1.40 10.60 Women by stratum: Hills West F 15.00-49.99 1190 0.90 11.80 Women by stratum: Terai Central F 15.00-49.99 1198 1.80 20.90 Women by stratum: Terai East F 15.00-49.99 1197 13.40 24.50 Women by stratum: Terai Far- West F 15.00-49.99 1195 0.70 8.10 Women by stratum: Terai Mid-West F 15.00-49.99 1188 0.90 9.40 Women by stratum: Terai West F 15.00-49.99 1198 4.30 16.80 National: Pre-SAC: Total B 0.50-4.99 843 2.6 32.3 0.89 0.40 National: Women: Total F 15.00-49.99 842 1.4 16.6 1.11 0.48 National: Women by physiological status: NPW F 15.00-49.99 740 1.6 15.0 1.12 0.48 National: Women by physiological status: PW F 15.00-49.99 89 0.0 31.5 1.00 0.48 Pre-SAC by sex F 0.50-4.99 400 3.0 29.8 0.93 0.44 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.50-4.99 443 2.7 34.8 0.85 0.38 Pre-SAC by age B 0.50-0.99 124 1.6 41.9 0.85 0.46 Pre-SAC by age B 1.00-1.99 240 4.2 37.1 0.89 0.44 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-2.99 225 3.6 29.4 0.87 0.38 Pre-SAC by age B 3.00-3.99 130 0.0 27.7 0.90 0.37 Pre-SAC by age B 4.00-4.99 122 1.6 23.7 0.92 0.34 Pre-SAC by area: Urban B 0.50-4.99 111 0.0 26.1 0.91 0.31 Pre-SAC by area: Rural B 0.50-4.99 733 3.1 33.3 0.88 0.42 Pre-SAC by zone: Hills B 0.50-4.99 363 1.1 23.4 0.93 0.31 Pre-SAC by zone: Mountains B 0.50-4.99 105 3.8 35.5 0.99 0.77 Pre-SAC by zone: Terai B 0.50-4.99 375 3.7 40.0 0.82 0.31 Women by age F 15.00-19.99 41 0.0 19.5 1.08 0.46 Women by age F 20.00-29.99 489 1.8 18.2 1.09 0.48 Women by age F 30.00-39.99 265 0.8 13.2 1.15 0.47 Women by age F 40.00-49.99 46 0.0 17.4 1.13 0.56 Women by area: Urban F 15.00-49.99 112 0.9 10.7 1.22 0.53 Women by area: Rural F 15.00-49.99 732 1.5 16.0 1.09 0.47 Women by zone: Hills F 15.00-49.99 362 0.3 10.5 1.23 0.46 Women by zone: Mountains F 15.00-49.99 105 1.9 22.9 1.17 0.70 Women by zone: Terai F 15.00-49.99 375 2.4 20.8 0.97 0.37

N 1996 National: Pre-SAC: Total B 0.50-2.99 3386 1.00 157 *

NEPAL Last Updated: 2006-10-13

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

N 1996 National: Women F 15.00-49.99 3813 18.70 157 Pre-SAC by sex F 0.50-2.99 1653 1.00 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.50-2.99 1733 1.00 Pre-SAC by age B 0.50-0.99 675 0.50 Pre-SAC by age B 1.00-1.99 1379 1.10 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-2.99 1332 1.10 Pre-SAC by area: Urban B 0.50-2.99 227 0.20 Pre-SAC by area: Rural B 0.50-2.99 3159 1.00 Pre-SAC by ecological region: Hill B 0.50-2.99 1468 0.60 Pre-SAC by ecological region: Mountain B 0.50-2.99 249 1.80 Pre-SAC by ecological region: Terai B 0.50-2.99 1669 1.20 Pre-SAC by development region: Central B 0.50-2.99 1132 0.80 Pre-SAC by development region: Eastern B 0.50-2.99 725 1.30 Pre-SAC by development region: Far Western B 0.50-2.99 334 2.30 Pre-SAC by development region: Mid-Western B 0.50-2.99 524 0.60 Pre-SAC by development region: Western B 0.50-2.99 671 0.60 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Central Hill B 0.50-2.99 403 0.60 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Eastern Hill B 0.50-2.99 265 0.40 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Far West Hill B 0.50-2.99 136 1.10 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Mid-Western Hill B 0.50-2.99 273 0.40 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Western Hill B 0.50-2.99 392 0.60 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Central Mountain B 0.50-2.99 88 2.50 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Eastern Mountain B 0.50-2.99 54 0.80 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Western Mountain B 0.50-2.99 107 1.70 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Central Terai B 0.50-2.99 641 0.70 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Eastern Terai B 0.50-2.99 406 1.90 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Far West Terai B 0.50-2.99 139 3.60 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Mid-Western Terai B 0.50-2.99 203 0.80 Pre-SAC by sub-region: Western Terai B 0.50-2.99 280 0.70

D 1994 -1997 Salahi district: PW F 12.00-45.99 3269 10.70 111 * 32 D 1993 Pre-SAC by district: Bardiya B 0.50-4.99 2206 3.30 151 * Pre-SAC by district: Dolpa B 0.50-4.99 1245 4.30 Pre-SAC by district: Doti B 0.50-4.99 1342 3.60 Pre-SAC by district: Kailati B 0.50-4.99 2116 2.20 Pre-SAC by district: Kanchanpur B 0.50-4.99 1889 1.50

NEPAL Last Updated: 2006-10-13

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line D 1991 Sarlahi district: PW/LW: Total F NS 426 7.00 2025 * Women by physiological status: PW (lactating) F NS 82 11.70 Women by physiological status: PW (not lactating) F NS 103 6.20 Women by physiological status: LW F NS 241 7.00

D 1989 Sarlahi district: Pre-SAC B 1.00-4.99 3497 1.40 1.20 0.10 2030 * 33 D 1987 Surkhet district: Pre-SAC: Total B 0.00-5.99 1105 0.72 0.63 2177 * Pre-SAC by sex F 0.00-5.99 555 0.90 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.00-5.99 550 0.55 Pre-SAC by age B 0.00-0.99 288 0.00 Pre-SAC by age B 1.00-1.99 201 0.50 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-5.99 616 1.14 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Babiyachaur B 0.00-5.99 90 1.10 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Birendranagar B 0.00-5.99 321 0.30 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Dahachaur B 0.00-5.99 49 2.00 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Dandakhali B 0.00-5.99 56 0.00 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Gumi B 0.00-5.99 100 0.00 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Kalyan B 0.00-5.99 70 0.00 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Kunathari B 0.00-5.99 81 0.00 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Latikoili B 0.00-5.99 132 0.80 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Sahare B 0.00-5.99 120 0.80 Pre-SAC by panchayat: Tatopani B 0.00-5.99 86 3.50

N 1980 -1981 National: All B 0.00-79.99 39887 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 141 * 34 National: Pre-SAC: Total B 0.00-5.99 7580 0.50 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 35 Pre-SAC by sex F 0.00-5.99 3569 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 36 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.00-5.99 3632 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 37 Pre-SAC by area: Urban B 0.00-5.99 6837 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 38 Pre-SAC by area: Rural B 0.00-5.99 367 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 39 Pre-SAC by terrain: Hills B 0.00-5.99 3326 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 Pre-SAC by terrain: Mountains B 0.00-5.99 258 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41 Pre-SAC by terrain: Terai B 0.00-5.99 3315 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 42 Pre-SAC by terrain: Valleys B 0.00-5.99 305 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 43 Pre-SAC by region: Central B 0.00-5.99 2189 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 44 Pre-SAC by region: Eastern B 0.00-5.99 1833 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 45 Pre-SAC by region: Far West A B 0.00-5.99 1047 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 46 Pre-SAC by region: Far West B B 0.00-5.99 790 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 47

NEPAL Last Updated: 2006-10-13

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

N 1980 -1981 Pre-SAC by region : Western B 0.00-5.99 1345 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 141 48 Pre-SAC by zone: Bagmati B 0.00-5.99 666 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 49 Pre-SAC by zone: Bheri B 0.00-5.99 622 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50 Pre-SAC by zone: Dhaulagiri B 0.00-5.99 91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 51 Pre-SAC by zone: Gandaki B 0.00-5.99 561 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 52 Pre-SAC by zone: Janakpur B 0.00-5.99 686 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 53 Pre-SAC by zone: Karnali B 0.00-5.99 73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 54 Pre-SAC by zone: Koshi B 0.00-5.99 669 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 55 Pre-SAC by zone: Lumbini B 0.00-5.99 693 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 56 Pre-SAC by zone: Mahakali B 0.00-5.99 450 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 57 Pre-SAC by zone: Mechi B 0.00-5.99 473 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 58 Pre-SAC by zone: Naryani B 0.00-5.99 837 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 59 Pre-SAC by zone: Rapti B 0.00-5.99 352 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 60 Pre-SAC by zone: Sagarmatha B 0.00-5.99 691 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 61 Pre-SAC by zone: Seti B 0.00-5.99 340 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 62

N 1980 -1981 National: Pre-SAC/SAC: Total B 0.00-14.99 6106 1.08 1.65 0.03 276 * 63 Pre-SAC by age B 0.00-5.99 3051 0.60 1.30 SAC by age B 6.00-14.99 3055 1.60 2.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by terrain: Hill B 0.00-14.99 2839 1.70 1.10 0.04 0.04 Pre-SAC/SAC by terrain: Mountain B 0.00-14.99 1250 1.40 1.20 Pre-SAC/SAC by terrain: Plain B 0.00-14.99 3055 0.05 1.20 Pre-SAC by terrain: Hill B 0.00-5.99 1374 0.90 0.90 Pre-SAC by terrain: Mountain B 0.00-5.99 616 0.80 0.50 Pre-SAC by terrain: Plain B 0.00-5.99 1061 2.30 SAC by terrain: Hill B 6.00-14.99 1465 2.40 1.30 SAC by terrain: Mountain B 6.00-14.99 634 2.10 1.90 SAC by terrain: Plain B 6.00-14.99 956 0.10 3.20

Reference No: 3603 General notes: Sample comprised of pregnant women (greater than or equal to 24 weeks gestation) attending a prenatal clinic at the Prashuti Griha Royal Maternity hospital in Kathmandu and agreed to participate. Blind women excluded. Subsample of women with serum retinol data taken from reference No. 5349. Mean age of serum retinol group 22.9 years (SD 0.2 years).

Note 1 Median: 1.20 µmol/L Reference No: 3321 General notes: PPS sampling. Sample comprised of 251 enumeration areas (215 rural and 42 urban). Not representative of 6 enumeration areas due to security concerns. Previous XN is XN during any pregnancy ending in birth in the previous 5 years preceding the survey. If 2 or more live births in 5 years period, data refer to most recent birth. Note 2 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 7.50% Note 3 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 4.80% Note 4 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 6.60% Note 5 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 8.60% Note 6 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 10.00% Note 7 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 8.90% Note 8 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.90% Note 9 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 7.90% Note 10 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 5.50% Note 11 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 8.70% Note 12 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 9.00% Note 13 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 7.80% Note 14 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 7.60% Note 15 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 12.50% Note 16 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 8.00% Note 17 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 4.00% Note 18 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.70% Note 19 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.20% Note 20 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 16.10% Note 21 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 9.90% Note 22 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.30% Note 23 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.60% Note 24 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.60% Note 25 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 15.30% Note 26 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 11.60% Note 27 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 10.70% Note 28 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 5.20% Note 29 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.20% Note 30 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 4.90%

Reference No: 5350 General notes: Baseline data for control (non-nightblind) women of survey designed to assess consumption of food sources of vitamin A in improving symptoms of vitamin A deficiency in nightblind PW. Survey conducted in seven 6-week cycles in 60 clusters of 9 small villages. Each cluster formed a "Village Development Committee". Located in Saptari district in Eastern Terai region. Note 31 Geometric mean: 1.03 µmol/L, standard error of the mean: 0.03 µmol/L Reference No: 5119 General notes: Women selected from 9 village development communities in Sarlahi district to represent the different geographic and ethnic communities in the district. Baseline data for supplementation trial. Same data as reference No. 5497. Reference No. 5497 has disaggregated baseline data and follow-up data for Controls in 3rd trimester.

Reference No: 1083 General notes: Two-stage PPS cluster sampling. Stratified by ecological zone and development region. 30 clusters (wards) selected from each stratum (total 390 clusters). Dry blood samples collected from only 30 clusters (wards) per zone (total 90 clusters). Clinical samples representative at national, ecological zone and development region levels. Serum retinol samples only representative at national and ecological zone levels. Sample sizes weighted to account for sample design - based on analysis at ecological zone level. Previous XN is XN during last pregnancy. Same survey reported in reference No. 3930. Reference No: 157 General notes: Two-stage stratified sampling. Sample comprised of 253 primary sampling units (34 urban and 219 rural). Representative by urban/rural status and by sub-region. Prevalence data also provided by birth order, mothers education and literacy. Previous XN is XN in women who reported having trouble seeing at night during their last pregnancy up to 3 years preceding the survey. Reference No: 111 General notes: Sample comprised of 30 village development communities, Sarlahi district. Local terms for night blindess used ('rataundho' in Nepali and 'ratauni' in Maithili). Study designed to evaluate effect of vitamin A and beta carotene supplementation on maternal night blindness. Placebo group data. Same survey reported in references No. 156, 291 and 2977. Note 32 Interviewer-verified XN prevalence (by questioning women on how they were affected by XN): 8.60% Reference No: 151 General notes: Multi-stage cluster sampling in the mid and far west regions. Sample comprised 20 clusters of approx. 100 households in rural areas of 5 districts (Bardiya, Dolpa, Doti, Kailati and Kanchanpur).

Reference No: 2025 General notes: Large community trial to assess impact of vitamin A supplementation on pre-SAC mortality in Sarlahi district. Sample comprised PW and LW (with infant <6 months) who came to central site with their children. Reference No: 2030 General notes: Baseline assessment for randomized vitamin A supplementation trial in Sarlahi district. Voluntary participation. Note 33 Combined prevalence (XN, X1B): 0.70%; combined prevalence (XN, X1B, XS): 3.40% Reference No: 2177 General notes: Random cluster sampling based on 1987 election list. Sample comprised of 10 out of 51 panchayats in Surkhet district.

Reference No: 141 General notes: Two-stage PPS cluster sampling. Sample comprised of randomly selected households from 1 ward from each of 105 urban and rural panchayats. Survey covered 99.5% of population. Disaggregated data available by altitude, sampling strata, religion, caste, mother tongue, ethnic group, population density and other socio-economic variables. Note 34 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.63% Note 35 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.80% Note 36 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.60%

Note 37 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 1.10% Note 38 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.90% Note 39 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.80% Note 40 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.40% Note 41 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.00% Note 42 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 1.40% Note 43 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.00% Note 44 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 1.20% Note 45 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.90% Note 46 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.50% Note 47 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.90% Note 48 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.40% Note 49 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.30% Note 50 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.10% Note 51 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.00% Note 52 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.70% Note 53 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.70% Note 54 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.00% Note 55 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.50% Note 56 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.30% Note 57 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 1.30% Note 58 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.40% Note 59 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 2.20% Note 60 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 1.10% Note 61 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 1.70% Note 62 Combined prevalence (X1A, X1B): 0.30% Reference No: 276 General notes: Multi-stage PPS sampling. Sample comprised of 1 site from each of the 12 subregions. Note 63 Combined prevalence (X2, X3A, X3B): 0.02%

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Reference 5119 Jiang T, Christian P, Khatry SK, Wu L, West KP Jr. Micronutrient deficiencies in early pregnancy are common, concurrent, and vary by season among rural Nepali pregnant women. Journal of Nutrition, 2005, 135 :1106-1112.

Reference 5350 Haskell MJ, Pandey P, Graham JM, Peerson JM, Shrestha RK, Brown KH. Recovery from impaired dark adaptation in nightblind pregnant Nepali women who receive small daily doses of vitamin A as amaranth leaves, carrots, goat liver, vitamin A-fortified rice, or retinyl palmitate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 81 :461-471.

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Reference 156 Christian P, West KP, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Kimbrough-Pradhan E, Katz J, Shrestha SR. Maternal night blindness increases the risk of mortality in the first 6 months of life among infants in Nepal. Journal of Nutrition, 2001, 131 :1510-1512.

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Reference 2916 Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Kimbrough-Pradhan E, Dali SM, Shrestha SR. Vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation reduces symptoms of illness in pregnant and lactating Nepali women. Journal of Nutrition, 2000, 130 :2675-2682.

Reference 2938 Christian P, Khatry KK, Yamini S, Stalling R, LeClerc SC, Shrestha SR, Pradhan EK, West KW. Zinc supplementation might potentiate the effect of vitamin A in restoring night vision in pregnant Nepalese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001, 73 :1045-1051.

Reference 2977 Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Kimbrough-Pradhan E, LeClerq SC, Katz J, Shrestha SR, Dali SM, Sommer A. Night blindness during pregnancy and subsequent mortality among women in Nepal: effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2000, 152 :542-547.

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Reference 3021 Katz J, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Thapa MD, LeClerq SC, Pradhan EK, Pokhrel RP, Sommer A. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on prevalence and incidence of xerophthalmia in Nepal. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 1995, 36 :2577-2583.

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Reference 3089 Yamini S, West KP Jr, Wu L, Dreyfuss ML, Yang DX, Khatry SK. Circulating levels of retinol, tocopherol and carotenoid in Nepali pregnant and postpartum women following long-term beta- carotene and vitamin A supplementation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001, 55 :252-259.

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