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Cost of a Cyber Incident)
CO ST OF A CYBER INCIDENT: S YSTEMATIC REVIEW AND C ROSS-VALIDATION OCTOBER 26, 2020 1 Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr. Allan Friedman, Dr. Lawrence Gordon, Jay Jacobs, Dr. Sasha Romanosky, Matthew Shabat, Kelly Shortridge, Steven Surdu, David Tobar, Brett Tucker and Sounil Yu for the review comments and helpful feedback on the earlier draft of the report. The authors would like to thank CISA staff for support and advice on this project. 2 Table of Contents 1. Objectives .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Results in Brief .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 3. Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Per-Incident Cost and Loss Estimates .............................................................................................. 18 3.1.1. Cross-Validation: Primary Loss Data for Large and Small Incidents .................................. 20 3.1.2. Reconciliation of Per-Incident Cost Studies .................................................................................. 26 3.1.3. Per-Record Estimates ............................................................................................................................. 29 3.2. Aggregate -
Effect of Pyramid Schemes to the Economy of the Country - Case of Tanzania
International Journal of Humanities and Management Sciences (IJHMS) Volume 5, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN 2320–4044 (Online) Effect of pyramid schemes to the Economy of the Country - Case of Tanzania Theobald Francis Kipilimba come up with appropriate laws and mechanisms that will stop Abstract— Pyramid scheme, in their various forms, are not a those unscrupulous people praying on unsuspecting new thing in the world, however, they have reared their ugly individuals. Help supervisory institutions formulate menacing heads‘ in the Tanzanians society only recently. Before the appropriate policies that will require all investment plans to Development entrepreneurship Community Initiative (DECI) debacle be documented, filed and thoroughly scrutinized and come up other schemes such as Women Empowering, woman had already with the ways to recover assets of the culprits and use them to racked havoc in the society.This study intended to evaluate the extent compensate the victims of get rich quick schemes. to which Tanzanians knew about the pyramid schemes operating in the world, their participation in these schemes and their general feelings towards the scammers, our judicial system and the course II. BASIC VIEW OF PYRAMID SCHEME action they are likely to take in the event they are scammed. Results Pyramid scheme is a fraudulent moneymaking scheme in show that most Tanzanians are very naïve when it comes to pyramid which people are recruited to make payments to others above schemes, with very scant knowledge about these schemes. Many do them in a hierocracy while expecting to receive payments not know if they have participated in these schemes but in those instances that they had, they suffered huge financial losses. -
Universita' Degli Studi Di Padova
UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE ECONOMICHE ED AZIENDALI “M. FANNO” CORSO DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION – ECONOMIA E DIREZIONE AZIENDALE TESI DI LAUREA “ONLINE SELLING STRATEGIES: THE MATRIX SCHEME CASE” RELATORE: CH.MO PROF. STEFANO GALAVOTTI LAUREANDO: CARLO BASSAN MATRICOLA N. 1130364 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2017 – 18 Il candidato dichiara che il presente lavoro è originale e non è già stato sottoposto, in tutto o in parte, per il conseguimento di un titolo accademico in altre Università italiane o straniere. Il candidato dichiara altresì che tutti i materiali utilizzati durante la preparazione dell’elaborato sono stati indicati nel testo e nella sezione “Riferimenti bibliografici” e che le eventuali citazioni testuali sono individuabili attraverso l’esplicito richiamo alla pubblicazione originale. Firma dello studente _________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 FEATURES OF NEW MECHANISM OF SALES 3 1.1 E-commerce era characteristics 3 1.2 The matrix schemes case: a genuine cooperation among customers? 5 1.3 Comparison with other similar schemes 13 1.3.1 Pyramid scheme 13 1.3.2 Ponzi scheme 15 1.3.3 Multi-level marketing 19 1.3.4 Referral programs 21 1.3.5 Differences among schemes 22 1.4 Legal issue 24 CHAPTER 2 A MODEL WITH THREE ROUNDS 26 2.1 The Model 26 2.2 Equilibrium analysis 27 2.3 Seller’s profit 32 2.4 Cooperation among players 36 CHAPTER 3 ADDING ONE MORE ROUND 42 3.1 Equilibrium analysis 42 3.2 Seller’s profit 48 3.3 Comparison with case A 50 CHAPTER 4 THE RELEVANCE OF -
Operation D-Elite Results in Jail Time for Bittorrent Admin by Jessie B
Operation D-Elite Results in Jail Time for BitTorrent Admin By Jessie B. Sweetland Daniel Dove, an administrator of EliteTorrent.org, a peer-to-peer (P2P) BitTorrent site was convicted on July 28, 2008 of one count each of conspiracy and copyright infringement for his involvement with the site. On September 9, 2008 Dove was sentenced to a term of 18 months of incarceration and a $20,000 fine. The FBI and the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) shut the site down on May 25, 2005 as part of Operation D-Elite. Agents of the FBI and ICE targeted EliteTorrent primarily for its illegal distribution of copyrighted movies. The Department of Justice reported that the site had a copy of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith available for download six hours before it was shown in theatres. Users downloaded the movie 10,000 times within the following 24 hours. At its peak the site had over 125,000 users that downloaded approximately 700 movie titles over 1.1 million times. Several other BitTorrent sites have shut down in recent years, including LokiTorrent and SuprNova.org due to threats of legal action or a legal shut down. Shutting down BitTorrent sites does little to deter users of P2P networks. As quickly as one site shuts down users move to other sites, many of which are hosted outside of the United State and therefore are harder for the United States government to control. Dove’s conviction follows the convictions of several other administrators’ for the P2P network, including Grant Stanley and Scott McCausland who each received five months incarceration, followed by five months home confinement and a $3,000 fine. -
Download Thesis
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Cyber security and the politics of time Stevens, Timothy Charles Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 1 ] Cyber Security and the Politics of Time Timothy Charles Stevens Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy King’s College London Department of War Studies November 2013 2 Abstract Time is an under-represented topic in security studies and International Relations (IR). -
Cyber Benefits and Risks: Quantitatively Understanding and Forecasting the Balance
Cyber Benefits and Risks: Quantitatively Understanding and Forecasting the Balance Extended Project Report from the Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver www.pardee.du.edu September 2015 Barry B. Hughes, David Bohl, Mohammod Irfan, Eli Margolese-Malin, and José Solórzano In project collaboration with and the Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Conceptualizing Benefits and Costs 4 Using the IFs System for Analysis 4 Background Research Foundations 5 Forecasts and Findings 9 Conclusion 11 A Final Note on Study Contributions 12 1. Introduction: Understanding and Anticipating Change in the Benefits and Costs of Cyber Technology 13 2. ICT and Cyber Development Indices 18 Indices Replicated in the IFs Forecasting System 18 ICT Development Index 18 Global Cybersecurity Index 19 Additional Indices of Importance in Cyber Security Analyses 21 Digitization Index 21 Digital Economy Ranking Index 21 Networked Readiness Index 22 3. Benefits 23 Competing Schools of Thought on Economic Benefits 23 Pessimism Versus optimism concerning ICT’s economic production impacts 23 ICT as a general-purpose technology 25 ICT’s Economic Impact: The Production Side 26 ICT as a growth sector in the economy 26 ICT investment and capital services 29 ICT and multifactor productivity 32 Comparing the Productivity Impacts of GPTs: Steam, Electricity, ICT 33 Variation in ICT Impact across Time/Pervasiveness and Countries 36 Drivers of variation in ICT impact: ICT (especially broadband) pervasiveness 36 Drivers of variable ICT impact: Beyond PCs and broadband 39 Drivers of variable ICT impact: Country development level 41 Consumer Surplus 42 Consumer surplus forecasts 46 Summary of Knowledge Concerning Cyber Risk Benefits: Modeling Implications 47 4. -
Deutsche Nationalbibliografie
Deutsche Nationalbibliografie Reihe T Musiktonträgerverzeichnis Monatliches Verzeichnis Jahrgang: 2015 T 05 Stand: 20. Mai 2015 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (Leipzig, Frankfurt am Main) 2015 ISSN 1613-8945 urn:nbn:de:101-ReiheT05_2015-7 2 Hinweise Die Deutsche Nationalbibliografie erfasst eingesandte Pflichtexemplare in Deutschland veröffentlichter Medienwerke, aber auch im Ausland veröffentlichte deutschsprachige Medienwerke, Übersetzungen deutschsprachiger Medienwerke in andere Sprachen und fremdsprachige Medienwerke über Deutschland im Original. Grundlage für die Anzeige ist das Gesetz über die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (DNBG) vom 22. Juni 2006 (BGBl. I, S. 1338). Monografien und Periodika (Zeitschriften, zeitschriftenartige Reihen und Loseblattausgaben) werden in ihren unterschiedlichen Erscheinungsformen (z.B. Papierausgabe, Mikroform, Diaserie, AV-Medium, elektronische Offline-Publikationen, Arbeitstransparentsammlung oder Tonträger) angezeigt. Alle verzeichneten Titel enthalten einen Link zur Anzeige im Portalkatalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek und alle vorhandenen URLs z.B. von Inhaltsverzeichnissen sind als Link hinterlegt. Die Titelanzeigen der Musiktonträger in Reihe T sind, wie sche Katalogisierung von Ausgaben musikalischer Wer- auf der Sachgruppenübersicht angegeben, entsprechend ke (RAK-Musik)“ unter Einbeziehung der „International der Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation (DDC) gegliedert, wo- Standard Bibliographic Description for Printed Music – bei tiefere Ebenen mit bis zu sechs Stellen berücksichtigt ISBD (PM)“ zugrunde. -
Study (Abridged Version) the FUTURE of VALUES HELD by PEOPLE in OUR COUNTRY a Summary of Key Findings and Scenarios
Study (abridged version) THE FUTURE OF VALUES HELD BY PEOPLE IN OUR COUNTRY A summary of key findings and scenarios Study (abridged version) THE FUTURE OF VALUES HELD BY PEOPLE IN OUR COUNTRY A summary of key findings and scenarios Principal investigators: Cordula Klaus Dr Christian Grünwald Michael Astor Authors: Anna Hornik Dr Georg Klose Dr Thomas Stehnken Florian Spalthoff Holger Glockner Dr Christian Grünwald Daniel Bonin Julian Sachs August 2020 This publication was developed as part of the Zukunfts- büro des Foresight-Prozesses (Foresight III) service contract awarded to Prognos AG and Z_punkt GmbH on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Strategic Foresight; Participation and Citizen Science unit. The authors are responsible for the content of this publication. The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) accepts no liability for the factual correctness, accuracy or completeness of the information provided. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). 3 Table of contents Summary of key findings ..............................................................................................................................................4 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................6 2 Summary of key findings: today’s life goals and the hopes and fears for the -
Global Risks 2014 Ninth Edition Global Risks 2014, Ninth Edition Is Published by the World Economic Forum
Insight Report Global Risks 2014 Ninth Edition Global Risks 2014, Ninth Edition is published by the World Economic Forum. The information in this report, or on which this report is based, has been obtained from sources that the authors believe to be reliable and accurate. However, it has not been independently verified and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy or completeness of any information obtained from third parties. In addition, the statements in this report may provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and may include statements that do not directly relate to a historical or current fact. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are not exhaustive. The companies contributing to this report operate in a constantly changing environment and new risks emerge continually. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these statements. The companies contributing to this report undertake no obligation to publicly revise or update any statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, and they shall in no event be liable for any loss or damage arising from the use of the information in this report. World Economic Forum Geneva Copyright © 2014 By the World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum. ISBN-13: 92-95044-60-6 ISBN-10: 978-92-95044-60-9 REF: 090114 This report and an interactive data platform are available at www.weforum.org/risks. -
P2P and Bittorrent
inf5040 - Presentation by group 1 nghial, baardehe, chricar 30.10.08 Goals of today After this lecture you should have a general understanding of what P2P and bittorrent is be able to recognize the main differences of bitTorrent and other P2P networks A way of organizing resource sharing in computer networks What is P2P? Server/client model Peer-to-peer model Characteristics of P2P networks Peers act as equals Peers function as both client and server No central server managing the network No central router Examples of ”pure” P2P networks Gnutella, Freenet (filesharing) In short Decentralization and multirole BUT! Most networks and applications described as P2P actually contain or rely on some non-peer elements History 1970 – SMTP, NNTP (Usenet) One process both server and client IBM, 1984 ”Advanced Peer to Peer Networking” Software for filesharing in a LAN 1990 – IRC (DCC), MBONE One client can both send and receive 1997 – Napster Created a lot of controversy Convicted because of the centralized file indexing Advantages of P2P networks Better performance and reliability compared to server/client scheme Popular resources will be available at several locations Principle of locality -> less delay and faster transmission Overlay routing Application layer routing (middleware) Two ways of searching for files Flooding DHT (Distributed Hash Table) Area of application Mostly used in ad hoc networks Often categorized by what it’s used for Filesharing Media streaming Telephony (skype) Discussion forums Used to distribute -
Ten Key Questions on Cyber Risk and Cyber Risk Insurance the GENEVA ASSOCIATION
Ten Key Questions on Cyber Risk and Cyber Risk Insurance THE GENEVA ASSOCIATION November 2016 The Geneva Association The Geneva Association is the leading international insurance think tank for strategically important insurance and risk management issues. The Geneva Association identifies fundamental trends and strategic issues where insurance plays a substantial role or which influence the insurance sector. Through the development of research programmes, regular publications and the organisation of international meetings, The Geneva Association serves as a catalyst for progress in the understanding of risk and insurance matters and acts as an information creator and disseminator. It is the leading voice of the largest insurance groups worldwide in the dialogue with international institutions. In parallel, it advances— in economic and cultural terms—the development and application of risk management and the understanding of uncertainty in the modern economy. The Geneva Association membership comprises a statutory maximum of 90 chief executive of officers (CEOs) from the world’s top insurance and reinsurance companies. It organises international expert networks and manages discussion platforms for senior insurance executives and specialists as well as policymakers, regulators and multilateral organisations. Established in 1973, The Geneva Association, officially the ‘International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics’, is based in Zurich, Switzerland and is a non-profit organisation funded by its Members. 2 www.genevaassociation.org -
European Cyber Security Perspectives 2019 | 1 Preface
European 2019Cyber Security Perspectives European Cyber Security Perspectives 2019 | 1 Preface Dear reader, 2018 is a difficult year to summarize for Infosec. After the initial flurry of activity around Spectre and Meltdown in the beginning of January, we ended the year with global supply chain concerns brought about by the Super Micro story. Throughout the year we saw the geopolitical dilemmas of 2018 manifest in cyber security issues. Technology giants like Facebook and Google had a security reckoning. However in pure scariness the medical data breaches of MyHeritage (DNA) and MyFitnessPal (health) rank higher. The Starwood Marriot Hotel breach made every travelling executive nervous for the rest of the year, but probably not as nervous as the incident of CEO Fraud at Pathé. In an effort to alleviate some of that impact we are proud to publish the 6th European Cyber Security Perspectives (ECSP) report. The 2019 issue is filled with great articles from our partners ranging from government, universities and private companies. Special thanks goes out to all the partners who have submitted an article for the 6th edition of the ECSP. Also huge hugs to first time authors from de Piratenpartij, de Volksbank, Leiden University, University of Illinois, Hack in the Box and QuSoft. If IoT was the buzzword in 2017 then Artificial Intelligence (AI) was most definitely in 2018. AI and security seem to be intertwined and that is why you will find several articles about AI in this issue. This year the organization of Hack in the Box created a challenge which you can find at the bottom of the centerfold.