DOCSLIB.ORG

Fisheries Exploitation by Albatross Quantified with Lipid Analysis Melinda G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fisheries Exploitation by Albatross Quantified with Lipid Analysis Melinda G San Jose State University From the SelectedWorks of Scott A. Shaffer April 4, 2018 Fisheries exploitation by albatross quantified with lipid analysis Melinda G. Conners, Chicago Zoological Society Chandra Goetsch, University of California, Santa Cruz Suzanne M. Budge, Dalhousie University William A. Walker, NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Science Center Yoko Mitani, Hokkaido University, et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC_BY International License. Available at: https://works.bepress.com/scott_shaffer/75/ ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 April 2018 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00113 Fisheries Exploitation by Albatross Quantified With Lipid Analysis Melinda G. Conners 1,2*, Chandra Goetsch 3, Suzanne M. Budge 4, William A. Walker 5, Yoko Mitani 6, Daniel P. Costa 3 and Scott A. Shaffer 2,7 1 Center for the Science of Animal Care and Welfare, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, United States, 2 Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States, 3 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States, 4 Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, 5 Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States, 6 Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan, 7 Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, United States Mortality from incidental bycatch in longline fishery operations is a global threat to seabird populations, and especially so for the albatross family (Diomedeidae) in which 15 out of 22 species are threatened with extinction. Despite the risks, fisheries remain attractive to many species of seabird by providing access to high-energy foods in the form of discarded fish and offal, target fish, and baited hooks. Current policy regarding fisheries management is increasingly aimed at discard reform, exemplified Edited by: by a discard ban initiated in the European Union Common Fisheries Policy in 2014. Romuald Lipcius, While there is global agreement on the importance of minimizing the waste inherent in Virginia Institute of Marine Science, United States bycatch and discards, there is also growing concern that there is a need to understand Reviewed by: the extent to which marine animals rely on fisheries-associated resources, especially Andrew M. Fischer, at the colony and individual levels. We used a novel adaptation of quantitative fatty University of Tasmania, Australia acid signature analysis (QFASA) to quantify fisheries-associated prey in the diet of Leslie Cornick, Eastern Washington University, two threatened North Pacific albatross species. Diet was estimated with QFASA using United States multiple lipid classes from stomach oil collected from incubating and chick-brooding *Correspondence: Laysan and black-footed albatrosses across three breeding seasons. Prey-specific error Melinda G. Conners [email protected] was estimated by comparing QFASA estimated diets from known “simulated” diets, which informed the level of precaution appropriate when interpreting model results. Specialty section: Fisheries-associated diet occurred in both albatross species across both the incubation This article was submitted to Marine Conservation and and chick-brood stages; however, neither species relied on fisheries food as the dominant Sustainability, food source (consisting of <10% of the total pooled proportional diet in each species). a section of the journal While total diet proportion was low, the incidence of fisheries-associated resources Frontiers in Marine Science in albatross diets was highest in the 2009–2010 breeding season when there was Received: 16 November 2017 Accepted: 15 March 2018 a strong central Pacific El Niño. Additionally, the diets of a few individuals consisted Published: 04 April 2018 almost entirely of fisheries-associated food, indicating that some birds might specialize Citation: on this foraging tactic. QFASA proved a tractable method for estimating the importance Conners MG, Goetsch C, Budge SM, of fisheries-associated resources in albatross diet, and, as a tool, has the potential to Walker WA, Mitani Y, Costa DP and Shaffer SA (2018) Fisheries enable long-term monitoring of diet and fisheries reliance of breeding colonies in the Exploitation by Albatross Quantified northwestern Hawaiian Islands. With Lipid Analysis. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:113. Keywords: biochemical diet analysis, QFASA, fisheries resource management, Phoebastria, Procelleriformes, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00113 seabird-fishery interaction, seabirds, bycatch Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 April 2018 | Volume 5 | Article 113 Conners et al. QFASA Estimates Fisheries Exploitation INTRODUCTION or how fisheries exploitation of a breeding colony relates to variability in oceanographic conditions. Additional limitations in An ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) aims to maintain vessel-based research are necessary to consider: for one, bycaught the health and sustainability of fishery industries and the birds may be a distinct subset of the populations, introducing ecosystems in which they function (Jennings et al., 2014). This a sampling bias, (Edwards et al., 2015). Also, encounters with recently adopted approach prompted the initiation of large- fishing vessels cannot be used as a proxy for direct interactions scale reform to fisheries management and policies, such as the with fisheries (Bodey et al., 2014; Sugishita et al., 2015; Collet proposed discard ban advocated by the European Commission et al., 2017). Therefore, there is a need to quantify seabird-fishery (Borges, 2015). Wide support of such policy reflects the dynamics independent from vessel-collected data. Quantifying scientific consensus that modern industrial fishery practices have the degree to which populations rely on fisheries subsidies substantially diminished biodiversity and ecosystem integrity remains an important, yet, in some cases, intractable problem. on a global scale (Pauly, 2002; Ormerod, 2003; Worm and This is especially true for albatrosses, which rapidly digest prey Myers, 2003; Pauly et al., 2005; Ainley and Blight, 2009). into a homogenous stomach oil (Warham, 1977; Tickell, 2000), When taking an ecosystem approach in fisheries management, thereby reducing, if not sometimes eliminating, the ability to however, it is important to evaluate both positive and negative visually identify fisheries-associated diet in stomach contents. impacts of fishing practices across taxa. While many studies and Biochemical dietary analyses, such as stable isotope, fatty acid, management efforts focus on the negative impacts of fishery and DNA barcoding, can circumvent some of the biases that bycatch, with obvious conservation benefits, it is also important occur in traditional stomach content diet estimations and are to consider potentially adverse impacts on species that have becoming increasingly important when describing the diet of learned to exploit fisheries subsidies. Particularly for species that free-ranging animals that are difficult to observe and/or sample, scavenge bait, catch, or fishery discards, policies that reduce such as albatross (Inger and Bearhop, 2008; McInnes et al., 2016, access to fisheries-associated resources may simultaneously 2017; Cherel et al., 2017). Lipids, and specifically fatty acids, have decrease or eliminate access to what was once a predictable long been used in the characterization of trophic webs both in food source. Thus, when projecting demographic consequences terrestrial and marine ecosystems (Ackman and Eaton, 1966; of fisheries management for scavenging marine consumers, it Connan et al., 2005). They are effective trophic biomarkers due is important to consider fishery resource exploitation as well as to their great diversity of structures and because they are often bycatch mortality rates. only synthesized de novo in certain organisms (Budge et al., Incidental mortality from fisheries bycatch is a principle threat 2006). Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) uses a to seabird biodiversity, particularly for the Procelleriformes robust statistical model to quantify predator diet by identifying (albatrosses and petrels) (Croxall and Gales, 1998; Tuck et al., the combination of prey fatty acid signatures most similar to 2001; Cherel et al., 2017; Pardo et al., 2017). Fifteen out of that of the predator while accounting for predator metabolism. 22 recognized species of albatrosses are currently threatened or QFASA is widely applied in marine trophic web studies, and diets endangered, of which three are critically endangered (IUCN, have been accurately estimated from fatty acids in stomach oil 2017). Population declines of at least 10 albatross species are and adipose and blubber tissue in free-ranging fish (Magnone attributed, at least in part, to adult mortality from fisheries et al., 2015), seabirds (Iverson et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2009), bycatch, and, specifically, to demersal and pelagic longline and marine mammals (Beck et al., 2007; Thiemann et al., 2008; operations (Weimerskirch et al., 1997; Gales and Robertson, Meynier et al., 2010; Bromaghin et al., 2013; Jansen, 2013). 1998; Tuck et al., 2001; Lewison and Crowder, 2003; Véran In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of QFASA to et al., 2007). Despite the risk of injury or death, fisheries remain better understand fisheries exploitation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pennella Instructa Wilson, 1917 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) on the Cultured Greater Amberjack, Seriola Dumerili (Risso, 1810)
    Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 29(3) 2009, 98 Pennella instructa Wilson, 1917 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) on the cultured greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) A. Öktener* İstanbul Provencial Directorate of Agriculture, Directorate of Control, Aquaculture Office, Kumkapı, TR-34130 İstanbul, Turkey Abstract Pennella instructa Wilson, 1917 was reported on the cultured greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) from the Mediterranean Sea of Turkey in October 2008. This parasite is reported for the first time from the greater amberjack. Parasite was recorded with a prevalence of 7.7 % and 2 the mean intensity on host. Introduction Their large size and mesoparasitic life have may be responsible for the cases of greater led to a number of studies of the Pennellidae. amberjack mortalities in (İskenderun Bay) the The most recent account and discussion of Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. their effects on the fish has been published by Kabata (1984). The genus Pennella Oken, This parasitological survey was carried out 1816 are amongst the largest of the parasitic with the aim of identifying the composition Copepoda, and except for a single species of the parasitic fauna of greater amberjack infecting the blubber and musculature of attempted in Turkey under farming systems, cetaceans, are found as adults embedded in so as to develop prevention and control the flesh of marine fish and mammals (Kabata, measures in advance of any possible outbreaks 1979). of infection. Economically, Seriola dumerili is one of the Material and Methods most important pelagic fish species in the Greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso, world, and initial attempts have been made 1810) (Teleostei: Carangidae) were bought to introduce the species into aquaculture from farming system in the Mediterranean systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Bulletin/U S Dept of Commerce National Oceanic
    Abstract.-Seventeen species of parasites representing the Cestoda, Parasite Fauna of Three Species Nematoda, Acanthocephala, and Crus­ tacea are reported from three spe­ of Antarctic Whales with cies of Antarctic whales. Thirty-five sei whales Balaenoptera borealis, Reference to Their Use 106 minke whales B. acutorostrata, and 35 sperm whales Pkyseter cato­ as Potentia' Stock Indicators don were examined from latitudes 30° to 64°S, and between longitudes 106°E to 108°W, during the months Murray D. Dailey ofNovember to March 1976-77. Col­ Ocean Studies Institute. California State University lection localities and regional hel­ Long Beach, California 90840 minth fauna diversity are plotted on distribution maps. Antarctic host-parasite records from Wolfgang K. Vogelbein B. borealis, B. acutorostrata, and P. Virginia Institute of Marine Science catodon are updated and tabulated Gloucester Point. Virginia 23062 by commercial whaling sectors. The use of acanthocephalan para­ sites of the genus Corynosoma as potential Antarctic sperm whale stock indicators is discussed. The great whales of the southern hemi­ easiest to find (Gaskin 1976). A direct sphere migrate annually between result of this has been the successive temperate breeding and Antarctic overexploitation of several major feeding grounds. However, results of whale species. To manage Antarctic Antarctic whale tagging programs whaling more effectively, identifica­ (Brown 1971, 1974, 1978; Ivashin tion and determination of whale 1988) indicate that on the feeding stocks is of high priority (Schevill grounds circumpolar movement by 1971, International Whaling Com­ sperm and baleen whales is minimal. mission 1990). These whales apparently do not com­ The Antarctic whaling grounds prise homogeneous populations were partitioned by the International whose members mix freely through­ Whaling Commission into commer­ out the entire Antarctic.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Resources Science Plan
    NATURAL RESOURCES SCIENCE PLAN 2011-2015 PAPAHÄNAUMOKUÄKEA MARINE NATIONAL MONUMENT NATURAL RESOURCES SCIENCE PLAN April 2011 Prepared by: Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument National Oceanic and United States Fish and Hawai‘i Department of Land and Atmospheric Administration Wildlife Service Natural Resources 6600 Kalanianaole Highway, Suite 300 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 5-231 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 130 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96825 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96850 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813 NATURAL RESOURCES SCIENCE PLAN 2011-2015 Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview of the Monument.....................................................................................3 1.2 Purpose and Scope of the Plan.................................................................................4 1.3 Stakeholders ............................................................................................................5 2.0 SUMMARY OF PLANNING PROCESS .................................................................... 6 2.1 Development of a Research and Monitoring Framework for the Monument .............6 2.2 Public Review and Comment...................................................................................7 2.3 Profiling Ongoing and Potential New Research and Monitoring Projects .................9 2.4 Identification of Research and Monitoring Gaps and Needs...................................10 2.5 Prioritization of Research and Monitoring Activities...............................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Habitat Use, and Conservation of Albatrosses in Alaska
    Suryan and Kuletz 2018, Iden 72:156-164 Published in a special issue on albatrosses in the January issue of the Japanese journal Iden: the article was submitted by invitation from members of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Hokkaido University Museum, and the Editor of Iden. The article is: Robert M. Suryan and Kathy J. Kuletz. 2018. Distribution, Habitat Use, and Conservation of Albatrosses in Alaska. Iden 72:156-164. It is available online, but is in Japanese; for an English version contact [email protected] or [email protected] Distribution, Habitat Use, and Conservation of Albatrosses in Alaska Robert M. Suryan1,2 and Kathy J. Kuletz3 1Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport, Oregon 97365 2Auke Bay Laboratories, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 17109 Pt. Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801, USA 3US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA All three North Pacific albatross species forage in marine waters off Alaska. Despite considerable foraging range overlap, however, the three species do show broad-scale niche segregation. Short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria. albatrus) range most widely throughout Alaska, extensively using the continental shelf break and slope regions of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Archipelago in particular, and the Gulf of Alaska to a lesser extent. Due to small population size, however, short-tailed albatrosses are generally far less prevalent than the other two species. Black-footed albatrosses (P. nigripes) are most abundant in the Gulf of Alaska, and in late summer near some Aleutian passes, occupying foraging habitat similar to short-tailed albatrosses.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment for Fisheries Operating in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
    FAO International Plan of Action-Seabirds: An assessment for fisheries operating in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands by Nigel Varty, Ben Sullivan and Andy Black BirdLife International Global Seabird Programme Cover photo – Fishery Patrol Vessel (FPV) Pharos SG in Cumberland Bay, South Georgia This document should be cited as: Varty, N., Sullivan, B. J. and Black, A. D. (2008). FAO International Plan of Action-Seabirds: An assessment for fisheries operating in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. BirdLife International Global Seabird Programme. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK. 2 Executive Summary As a result of international concern over the cause and level of seabird mortality in longline fisheries, the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) Committee of Fisheries (COFI) developed an International Plan of Action-Seabirds. The IPOA-Seabirds stipulates that countries with longline fisheries (conducted by their own or foreign vessels) or a fleet that fishes elsewhere should carry out an assessment of these fisheries to determine if a bycatch problem exists and, if so, to determine its extent and nature. If a problem is identified, countries should adopt a National Plan of Action – Seabirds for reducing the incidental catch of seabirds in their fisheries. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) are a United Kingdom Overseas Territory and the combined area covered by the Territorial Sea and Maritime Zone of South Georgia is referred to as the South Georgia Maritime Zone (SGMZ) and fisheries within the SGMZ are managed by the Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) within the framework of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living (CCAMLR).
    [Show full text]
  • What Do We Know About the Stock Structure of the Antarctic Minke Whale? a Summary of Studies and Hypotheses
    SC/D06/J12 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE STOCK STRUCTURE OF THE ANTARCTIC MINKE WHALE? A SUMMARY OF STUDIES AND HYPOTHESES LUIS A. PASTENE The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan ABSTRACT A review of the studies on stock structure in the Antarctic minke whale was conducted with the purpose to establish a plausible hypothesis on stock structure of this species in the JARPA research area (Areas IIIE-VIW). Studies on stock structure started at the end of the decade of the 70’s and results were revised by the SC during the comprehensive assessment of the species in 1990. All the analyses were conducted using samples and data from commercial pelagic whaling in the Antarctic. Genetic studies were based mainly on allozyme although studies based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were also conducted. Most of these analyses involved small sample sizes from only Areas IV and V. Non-genetic studies revised in 1990 involved morphology, catch and sighting distribution pattern, analysis of Discovery marks and ecological markers. Results from the different approaches failed to identify unambiguously any isolated population in the Antarctic. Analysis of sighting data suggested the occurrence of five breeding Areas. Studies on stock structure under the JARPA started after the comprehensive assessment. It is considered that samples taken by JARPA are more useful for studies on stock structure given the wider geographical covering of the surveys and because minke whales were taken along track-lines in a random mode design. Initially the JARPA studies on stock structure were based on mtDNA and a considerable genetic heterogeneity in Areas IV and V was found.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Habitat Use by Black-Footed Albatross Tracked from Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (2004 – 2008) and Kure Atoll Seabird Sanctuary (2008)
    Revised FINAL Report to NOAA Synthesis of Habitat Use by Black-footed Albatross tracked from Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (2004 – 2008) and Kure Atoll Seabird Sanctuary (2008) January 30, 2012 David Hyrenbach1,2, Michelle Hester1, Joshua Adams3, Pam Michael1,2, Cynthia Vanderlip4, Carol Keiper1, and Michael Carver5 1 Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, P.O. Box 1932, Benicia, CA 94510; [email protected] 2 Hawai’i Pacific University, 41-202 Kalaniana’ole Hwy, Waimanalo, HI 96795 3 U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 4 State of Hawai’i, Dept. of Land & Natural Resources, Div. of Forestry and Wildlife, Makiki, Honolulu, HI 96822 5 Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, P.O. Box 159, Olema, CA 94950 SUMMARY Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, working with state and federal resource managers and university partners tracked the oceanic distribution and behavior of post-breeding and chick provisioning Black-footed Albatross (BFAL, Phoebastria nigripes) tagged at-sea within the Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (CBNMS) and on the Kure Atoll colony within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) over a four year period (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008). The overarching goal of this project was to summarize the existing information to inform the management of this far-ranging protected species, in the context of static oceanic habitats (bathymetric domains and features), existing jurisdictions (U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS) and Marine Monuments), and international exclusive economic zones (E.E.Z.). INTRODUCTION The conservation status of North Pacific albatross populations warrants comprehensive efforts to understand their ecological requirements and to develop strategies to minimize the impacts of known and potential threats.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Scott A. Shaffer UCSC Agreement No. 12170-‐B-‐G104 Final Report
    Dr. Scott A. Shaffer UCSC Agreement No. 12170-B-G104 Final Report Federal Agency: US Fish & Wildlife Service Agreement No: 12170-B-G104 Project Title: Behavioral, Dietary, And Demographic Responses Of Hawaiian Albatrosses To Environmental Change PI Contact: Dr. Scott A. Shaffer Tel: 408 924 4871 Email: [email protected] Submission Date: 16 May 2014 DUNS: 125084723 EIN Number: 94-1539563 Recipient Organization: Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz CA 95060-5730 Project/Grant Period: 01 October 2011 to 30 January 2014 Reporting Period End Date: 30 April 2014 Project Cost: $77,867 Signature of Submitting Official: Dr. Scott A. Shaffer UCSC Agreement No. 12170-B-G104 2. PUBLIC SUMMARY: Pelagic seabirds (albatrosses and petrels) find food by relying on distinct oceanographic features like transition zones, upwelling, and large eddies. These oceanographic features change intensity, distribution, and duration during El Niño/La Niña events resulting in poor breeding performance in seabirds. Climate models predict that these perturbations will last longer, be more variable, and in some cases, cause major shifts in oceanographic regimes. We analyzed our decade-long dataset of tracked Laysan and black-footed albatrosses (N = 192 individual trips) the breed in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands to investigate the mechanistic role that oceanography plays in affecting the foraging distributions and its subsequent feedback on breeding performance in albatrosses. We compared the total distance traveled, maximum foraging range, trip duration, and the distribution of albatrosses in each year to the distance of the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF) and found that albatrosses traveled farther and for significantly longer durations when the TZCF was greater than 700 km from the colony.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Rule to List the Short-Tailed Albatross As Endangered
    Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 147 / Monday, July 31, 2000 / Rules and Regulations 46643 Issued on: July 25, 2000. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ACTION: Final rule. Rosalyn G. Millman, Fish and Wildlife Service SUMMARY: Under the authority of the Deputy Administrator. Endangered Species Act (Act) of 1973, [FR Doc. 00±19123 Filed 7±25±00; 5:00 pm] 50 CFR Part 17 as amended, we, the U.S. Fish and BILLING CODE 4910±59±C Wildlife Service (Service), extend endangered status for the short-tailed RIN 1018±AE91 albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) to Endangered and Threatened Wildlife include the species' range within the and Plants; Final Rule To List the United States. As a result of an Short-Tailed Albatross as Endangered administrative error in the original in the United States listing, the short-tailed albatross is currently listed as endangered AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, throughout its range except in the Interior. United States. Short-tailed albatrosses VerDate 11<MAY>2000 18:38 Jul 28, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00077 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\31JYR1.SGM pfrm11 PsN: 31JYR1 46644 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 147 / Monday, July 31, 2000 / Rules and Regulations range throughout the North Pacific short-tailed albatross, the Laysan because high numbers of birds were Ocean and north into the Bering Sea albatross (P. immutabilis), the black- seen nearshore during the summer and during the nonbreeding season; footed albatross (P. nigripes), and the fall months (Yesner 1976). Alaska Aleut breeding colonies are limited to two waved albatross (P. irrorata)(AOU lore referred to local breeding birds, and Japanese islands, Torishima and 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • GIS for Wildlife Conservation
    GIS Best Practices GIS for Wildlife Conservation December 2007 Table of Contents What Is GIS? 1 GIS for Wildlife Conservation 3 Launching Spacecraft From a Wildlife Refuge 5 GIS Applications for Gorilla Behavior and Habitat Analyses 15 Philippine Tarsiers Conservation Program Streamlined with GIS 23 The Orangutans of Borneo Are Aided With GIS 29 Turning the Tide for Troubled Albatross 37 Regional Bird Conservation Internet Mapping Tool Takes Flight with GIS 43 i What Is GIS? Making decisions based on geography is basic to human thinking. Where shall we go, what will it be like, and what shall we do when we get there are applied to the simple event of going to the store or to the major event of launching a bathysphere into the ocean's depths. By understanding geography and people's relationship to location, we can make informed decisions about the way we live on our planet. A geographic information system (GIS) is a technological tool for comprehending geography and making intelligent decisions. GIS organizes geographic data so that a person reading a map can select data necessary for a specifi c project or task. A thematic map has a table of contents that allows the reader to add layers of information to a basemap of real-world locations. For example, a social analyst might use the basemap of Eugene, Oregon, and select datasets from the U.S. Census Bureau to add data layers to a map that shows residents' education levels, ages, and employment status. With an ability to combine a variety of datasets in an infi nite number of ways, GIS is a useful tool for nearly every fi eld of knowledge from archaeology to zoology.
    [Show full text]
  • First Report of Infestation by a Parasitic Copepod (Pennella Balaenopterae) in a Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena Phocoena) from the Aegean Sea: a Case Report
    Veterinarni Medicina, 59, 2014 (8): 403–407 Case Report First report of infestation by a parasitic copepod (Pennella balaenopterae) in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Aegean Sea: a case report E. Danyer1,2,3, A.M. Tonay3,4, I. Aytemiz1,3,5, A. Dede3,4, F. Yildirim1, A. Gurel1 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey 2Kocaeli Food Control Laboratory, Kocaeli, Turkey 3Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV), Istanbul, Turkey 4Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey 5Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock, Ankara, Turkey ABSTRACT: An adult, female harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena relicta) was found stranded on the southern Aegean Sea coast of Turkey. Thirteen holes made by copepods were observed on the lateral sides of the porpoise. The copepods were identified as Pennella balaenopterae, based on the morphological characteristics and meas- urement. Tissue samples were collected from embedded parts of parasites, histopathologically examined and pan- niculitis findings were observed. Although this parasite copepod had been reported on several marine mammals, this is the first report in the harbour porpoise, and in the Aegean Sea. Keywords: copepod; Pennella balaenopterae; harbour porpoise; ectoparasite; southern Aegean Sea Parasitic diseases are a significant health problem To produce the offspring, free-swimming insemi- in marine mammals. In the marine environment, nated females need to attach to a cetacean as a generally, ectoparasites cling to the surface of ma- definitive host for feeding on blood and body fluids rine mammals in some way when transmitting to (Dailey 2001; Aznar et al. 2005; Raga et al. 2009). their next stage host and cause skin damage (Geraci Turner (1905) observed that males do not attach and Aubin 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Knowledge on The
    ACONTRIBUTIONTO THEKNOWLEDGE ON THEMORPHOMETR Y ANDTHE ANA TOMICALCHARACTERS OF PENNELLABALAENOPTERAE (COPEPODA,SIPHONOSTOMA TOIDA,PENNELLIDAE), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCETO THEBUCCAL COMPLEX BY P. ABAUNZA1,4/,N.L.ARROYO 2/ andI. PRECIADO 3/ 1/ InstitutoEspañ ol deOceanografía (IEO),Apdo. 240, E-39080 Santander, Spain 2/ UniversidadComplutense de Madrid(U.C.M.), Facultad de Biologí a, Departamentode Biologí a AnimalI, E-28040Madrid, Spain 3/ Asociación Cientí cade Estudios Marinos (A.C.E.M.), Apdo. 1061, E-39080 Santander, Spain ABSTRACT Pennellabalaenopterae ,thelargest known copepod, still presents many questions regarding its morphologicalfeatures and its mode of life. T welvespecimens of P.balaenopterae werecollected from Balaenopteraphysalus inthe northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Their morphological characteristics havebeen analysed by scanningelectron microscopy and a detailedmorphometric study has been accomplished.The buccal complex is describedfor the rsttime, providing details on themouth, rst maxillae,second maxillae, and buccal stylets, together with a new,trilobedstructure not previously describedfor the genus. Other appendages are also presented, including the rstantenna, second antenna,swimming legs, and other external and internal structures. The results are discussed and comparedwith those found in theliterature, together offering a morecomplete picture of the anatomy ofthisspecies. RÉSUMÉ Pennellabalaenopterae ,leplus grand copé pode connu, pose encore des questions quant à ses caractères morphologiques et son mode de vie. Douze spé cimens de P.balaenopterae ont été ré- coltés sur Balaenopteraphysalus dansl’ océan Atlantique nord-oriental. Leurs caracté ristiques mor- phologiquesont é téanalysé es enmicroscopieé lectroniqueà balayageet une é tudemorphomé trique détaillé e aétéré alisé e. Lecomplexe buccal est dé crit pour la premiè re fois,fournissant des dé tails surla bouche,les maxillules, les maxilles et les stylets buccaux, avec une nouvelle structure trilobé e, quin’ avaitpas é tédé crite auparavant pour le genre.
    [Show full text]