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O'zbekiston Respublikasi

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O'zbekiston Respublikasi O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI ALISHER NAVOIY NOMIDAGI SAMARQAND DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI Ro’yxatgaolindi: «TASDIQLAYMAN» O’quvishlariprorektori №_______________ prof. N. B.Eshqobilov ____________________ 2013y. «___» _______ «___»_________2013 yil 2013 й. «___» _______«Markaziy Osiyo devoriy naqsh san’ati»FANIDAN MA’RUZA MATNI Bilimsohasi: 100000 – Gumanitarsoha Ta’limsohasi: 120000 – Gumanitarfanlar Ta’limyo’nalishi: 5120300-Arxeologiya, Tarix Maruza matni kafedraning 2013-yil 28-avgustdagi majlisi qarori bilan tasdiqlangan.(1-son bayonnoma.) Kafedra mudiri: dots.Djuraqulova.D.M Maruza matni fakultet uslubiy kengashining 2013-yil 28-avgustdagi majlisi qarori bilan tasdiqlangan. (1-son bayonnoma.) Tarixfakulteti O’quv-uslubiy kengashi raisi: t.f.n. B.G’oyibov Maruza matni tarix fakulteti ilmiy kengashida 2013-yil 29 avgustda muhokama qilinib, tasdiqlangan. (1- son bayonnoma) Ilmiy kengash raisi: prof. Sh.S.G’afforov Samarqand 2013 1 Fanning ma’ruza matni na’munaviy o’quv dasturi va ishchi o’quv dasturiga muvofiq ishlab chiqildi. Tuzuvchi: SamDU, « Arxeologiya » kafedrasi dots.Xolmatov N.O’ Taqrizchilar: O’zFA Arxeologiya instituti etakchi ilmiy xodimi- t.f.n. Mirzaaxmedov J.K 2 Kirish. MarkaziyOsiyoningdevoriynaqshsan’atifanipredmeti, maqsadvavazifalari. Markaziy Osiyo devoriy naqsh san’ati fan sifatida. Markaziy Osiyoning devoriy naqsh san’ati fani predmeti, maqsad va vazifalari. Markaziy Osiyo devoriy naqsh san’ati fanining san’atshunoslik fanlari sohasida tutgan o’rni. Markaziy Osiyo naqsh san’ati va arxeologiya. Arxeologiya fanining aloqadorligi. Markaziy Osiyoning devoriy naqsh san’ati fani obyekti. Naqsh san’ati manbai. Markaziy Osiyoning devoriy naqsh san’ati o’rganilish tarixi. Markaziy Osiyoning devoriy naqsh san’atining Vatanimiz tarixini o’rganishdagi ahamiyati. MarkaziyOsiyohududiSharqdunyosidaqadimgimadaniyatmaskanlaridanbirih isoblanadi. Bunimazkurzamindantopilganvatadqiqetilgantarixiymadaniyyodgorliklarserobligiv aulartadqiqotinatijalariisbotlabturibdi.Xalqimiz o’tmish tarixi, boy madaniy merosi borasida qimmatli manbalarni tarixiy, madaniy yodgorliklartadqiqotidaqo’lgakiritilganarxeologikmanbalarberadi. Bu tarixiy, madaniy yodgorliklarning tadqiqotlari natijalari esa ajdodlarimizning jaxon xalqlari svilizasiyasiga qo’shgan munosib xissasini belgilashda muxim axamiyat kasb etmoqda. Respublikamiz mustaqillikni qo’lga kiritgandan so’ng tarixiy, madaniy yodgorliklarni yanada batafsilroq o’rganish imkoniyati bo’ldi.Xususan, muxtaram Prezidentimiz Islom Karimov xalqimizning asl haqqoniy tarixini yaratish va shu tarix bilan xalqimizni tanishtirish masalasiga alohida e’tibor berdi. Bu e’tibor Prezidentimizning Respublikamiz taniqli tarixchi olimlari bilan bo’lgan o’z uchrashuvida (1998 yil) bo’lib, xaqqoniy tarix yaratilishida manbalar ahamiyati alohida ta’kidlangan edi. Prezidentimiz Islom Karimovning « Tarixiy xotirasiz kelajak yo’q» nomli asari (1998) biz tarixchi olimlarga xaqiqiy dastur omul bo’ldi.Shu nuqtaiy nazardan bizning «MarkaziyOsiyodevoriynaqshsan’ati» fanimizning dolzarbligi belgilanadi. Kursimiz mazmuni MarkaziyOsiyodevoriynaqshsan’atiborasidayodgorliklartadqiqotidaqo’lgakiritilgan san’atna’munalarinimanbasifatidaxalqlarimizo’tmishtarixi, moddiyvama’naviymadaniyati, madaniymerosinio’rganishdaahamiyatiniko’rsatishdaniborat. Haqiqatdanhamxalqimizmadaniymerosinio’rganishdagimanbalartizimidadevoriysu ratlar, naqshlarninghamo’rnibeqiyos. Sababibumanbalarajdodlarimizningintellektual, ma’naviykechinmalari, ijodiyfaoliyatlariningbevositamahsulihisoblanadi. Devoriysuratlar, naqshlarkelibchiqishio’ztarixiyshart-sharoitlarivatarixiyildizlarigaega. MazkuryodgorliknamunalariMarkaziyOsiyo ibtidoiy davr jamoalari moddiy madaniyati, shaxarsozlik madaniyati va davlatchilik tarixi, ilk o’rta asr, o’rtaasrsan’atitarixinio’rganishdao’zigaxosbirlamchimanbahisoblanadi. 3 MarkaziyOsiyohududitarixiymadaniyyodgorliklaritadqiqotidadevoriynaqshs an’atiborasidaqimmatlimanbalarqo’lgakiritilgan. Xususan, devoriysur’atlarnamunalariko’plabtopilgan. Bulartarixiytaraqqiyotbosqichlariijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, siyosiytaraqqiyoti, ma’naviymadaniyatiborasidamuhimma’lumotlarberadi. Devoriysuratlarningpaydobo’lishitarixiyshart- sharoitlarivatarixiyildizlarikishiliktarixitaraqqiyotiilkbosqichlarihisoblanganibtidoi ydavrjamoalarimoddiymadaniyatigaboribtaqaladi.Buborada O’zbekiston arxeologiyasi fani qo’lga kiritgan yutuqlarhammuhim. Ayniqsa, Respublikamiz mustaqillikni qo’lga kiritgandan so’ng arxeologik tadqiqotlar ko’lami kengaydi. Yodgorliklar tadqiqotida jahonning yetuk ilmiy markazlari bilan hamkorlik ishlari yo’lga qo’yildi. Tadqiqotlarda eng zamonaviy tadqiqot metodikasi qo’llanildi. Xususan, Afrosiyob, Ko’ktepa yodgorliklarida O’zbekiston-Fransiya ekspedisiyasining tadqiqotlari natijalari jahonshumul ahamiyat kasb etdi. Jumladan, Ko’ktepada « sak malikasi» qabrining o’rganilishi muhim bo’ldi, Afrosiyobda amalga oshirilgan tadqiqotlarning natijalari esa Samarqand shahrining 2750 yillik tantanalarini o’tkazish imkonini berdi. MarkaziyOsiyodevoriynaqshsan’atifansifatidaekanligimasalasigakelganimiz dakishiliktarixitarixiytaraqqiyotbosqichlarigategishlitarixiy- madaniyyodgorliklartadqiqotidatopilganvao’rganilgandevoriysuratlarningo’shadav rodamlarima’naviykechinmalari, ijtimoiytuzumi, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, siyosiy, madaniytaraqqiyotiborasidabirlamchimanbaligimuhimahamiyatkasbetadi. MarkaziyOsiyodevoriynaqshsan’atifanipredmetitarixiymadaniyyodgorliklartadqiqo tidaqo’lgakiritilgandevoriyrasmlar, naqshlarmazmun, mohiyoti, ahamiyatibilanifodalanadi. Fanningmaqsadidevoriynaqsh, rasmlarningmanbasifatidaodamlarma’naviymadaniyatishakllanishivarivojidagiaha miyativao’rniniko’rsatishdaniborat. Fanningvazifasidevoriynaqshvarasmlarajdodlarimizningboymadaniymerosinio’rga nishdao’zigaxosmanbaekanligigatayanganholda, yoshavlodniVatanimizga, xalqimiztarixi, madaniymerosigahurmatruhidatarbiyalashdaahamiyatiniifodalashdaniborat. Mavzu: Devoriynaqshlarshakllanishishart-sharoitlarivarivojlanishomillari Reja 1. Ibtidoiydavrjamoalarima’naviykechinmalari-devoriynaqshlar, suratlarshakllanishitarixiyshart-sharoitlarivaomillariekanligi 2. So’nggipaleolitvaongliinsonningpaydobo’lishi. Petrogliflartarixiymanbasifatida 3. Mezolit-neolitdavrlaritavsvirlarikompozisiyasi. So’nggipaleolitvaongliinsonningpaydobo’lishi. Insonvatabiat. Ovchilik. Kishilarongidamagiktasavvurlarningshakllanishi. Ovjarayonitasvirlarlashkishilardiniydunyoqarashiin’ikosisifatida. Naqshsan’atiinsoniyatoliytafakkuriningmahsulisifatida. So’nggipaleolitdavriqoya- toshtasvirlari. Petrogliflar. Rang-bo’yoq. Mezolit-neolitdavriqoya-toshtasvirlari. MezolitdavriZarautoyvaShaxtaqoyalaritasvirlari. NeolitdavriSarmishsoy, 4 Saymolitosh, Takalisoyvaboshqaqoya-toshtasvirlari. Mezolit- neolitdavrlaritavsvirlarikompozisiyasi. Tasvirlarningg’oyaviy- xo’jalikfaoliyatinio’rganishdagiahamiyati. Neolitdavriishlabchiqaruvchixo’jalikshakllariningvujudgakelishi. Sun’iyuy- joyimoratlarbarpoetishningboshlanishi. Pessejiktepayodgorligidao’rganilganimoratdevorlaritasvirlari. Eneolitdavrimonumentalimoratlarningpaydobo’lishi. Eneolitdavrisun’iysug’orishvujudgakelishinatijasidamehnatunumdorligivaishlabchi qarishsamaradorliginingo’sishibadiiymadaniyatrivojlanishidagimuhimomillaridanb irisifatida. MarkaziyOsiyoningso’nggieneolit- bronzadavrlaridayirikmarkazlarningvujudgakelishi. Mahobatliuy-joy, diniyvadunyoviyimoratlarbarpoetishningkuchayishi. Oltindepa, Yassidepa, Qoradepa (JanubiyTurkmaniston), Sarazm (YuqoriZarafshon) yodgorliklarivaulardagiimoratlaridevoriynaqshlari. Plyastrlar. Devoriynaqshlarningbadiiykompozisiyasi. Ibtidoiydavrjamoalarima’naviykechinmalari-devoriynaqshlar, suratlarshakllanishitarixiyshart-sharoitlarivaomillariekanligi. Ma’lumki, arxeologiya fani insoniyat tarixini quyidagi davrlarga bo’lib urganadi; tosh, mis- tosh, bronza( jez) va temir asrlari. Bu bo’linishlar asosida ishlab-chiqarish vositalarning rivojiga nisbatan malum bir obyektiv tarixiy omillar, shart-sharoitlar, texnologik yutuqlar, o’ziga xoslilik xususiyatlar, sosial jarayonlar yotadi. Jumladan, tosh asri bosqichlari xar birida ham muhim sosial o’zgarishlar ro’y berganki, ular shu bosqichlarning o’ziga xoslilik xususiyatlarini ifodalaydilar. Masalan ; Ibtidoiy diniy e’tiqodlar-o’rta paleolitda; ibtidoiy galadan urug`chilik jamoasiga o’tish jarayoni – so’nggi paleolitda ro’y bergan. Demak, har bir bosqichda o’ziga xos muhim sosial voqyeiliklar ro’y bergan. Albatta, bu jarayonlarning barchasi ibtidoiy odamzodning biologik jihatdan rivojlanishida, uning jamiyatida ro’y bergan tub sosial o’zgarishlarga omil bo’lgan. Xususan, so’nggipaleolitdavrigakelibhozirgizamonqiyofasidagiodamzodshakllangan ( «Aql, idrokliodam»). Endiodamzodo’ziyashabturganatrof- muhitgaongliravishdamunosabatqilaboshlagan. Mehnatjarayonidabilimko’nikmalarishakllanaborgan. Turar- joylarquraboshlashganlar. Tabiatningstixiyalikuchlarinitushunishgaharakatqilishgan. Mehnatjarayonidaixtiro, kashfiyotlarqilaboshlaganlar. Jumladan, ibtidoiyodamlaro’zkunlikturmushtarzida, mehnatjarayonidaolganta’surotlarinio’zlariyashayotgang’orlardevorlarigatushirishg aharakatqilgan. Shuboisso’nggipaleolitdavridane’tiboranpetrogliflarshakllanaboshlaganki, ularodamlarma’naviykechinmalarinio’zidaaksettirgan. Qoyatoshsur’atlaritasvirlanishiishlarimezolit, neolitdavrijamoalarihayotidahamdavometgan. O’zbekistonneolitjamoalarima’naviymadaniyatiborasidaqimmatlima’lumotlarbe ruvchiqoyatoshrasmlariyodgorliklarihamjudako’plabtopilgan. Keyingiyillardabuboradaqiziqarlitadqiqotishlariamalgaoshirilib, yangidan- 5 yangiyodgorliklarkashfetilmoqda.Buturdagiyodgorliklarningaksariyatijezdavrijamo
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