Tajikistan: Roads Improvement Project Ayni – Panjakent Road

Initial Environmental Examination

June 2012

Republic of Tajikistan: Roads Improvement Project Ayni – Panjakent Road

Prepared by the Ministry of Transport, Republic of Tajikistan for the Asian Development Bank (ADB)

This initial environmental examination document is that of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB‘s Board of Directors, Management, or Staff and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to legal or other status of any territory or area.

BA3OPATTT HAKJTT{ETr4 MIIHI4CTEPCTBO TPAHCTIOPTA TIYMXYPI4II TOTII4KI,ICTOH PECTIYEJII,IKI4 TAAXIIKI4CTAH MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE REPUBLICOF TAJIKISTAN 134042, w.fiyuan6e, r. Afisn, 14 Ter. (372) 2l-17-13 21-20-03 734042,r. .[yuaH6e, yr. AfiHn,l4Ten. (372) 2l-11 -13; 2l-20-03 Cyparxlco6 202049'12lI 1010100001 Pacqssrri ccer 202049721| l0l 0100001 Mapxa:n xa:HuaaopnuBaooparn Monxrx .flenaprameHrxaanaqeficrso MUHncrepcrBoQnnancon Jbyuxypur TonHrscron BI,IK 350101800 Pecny6rrraTaaxrrlcraua. MOO 350101800 E+ail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] f," o2{013 *" /- za 7

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To Mr.Hong Wang Director,Transport and Communications Division Centraland West Asia Department ADB

Subject: Ayni-Penjikent-UzbekistanBorder Road Reconstruction and RehabilitationProject

- InitialEnvironmentalExamination

DearMr. Hong Wang,

Thankyou for yourcontinuous assistance in thedevelopment of transportinfrastructure ofthe Republicof Tajikistan,and for the support on beginningof implementationofthe above- namedproject in the shortestterms. Foryour consideration and approval please find attached lnitial Environmental Examination of thegiven project.

Sincerely,

inisterof Transport ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank BOD – Biological Oxygen Demand CEO – Constructor Environmental Officer CEP – Committee for Environmental Protection COD – Chemical Oxygen Demand CO2 – Carbon Dioxide DEP – Department of Environmental Protection DMC – Developing Member Countries EA – Environmental Assessment SSEMP – Site Specific Environmental Management Plan EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan ERP – Emergency Response Plan GoT – Government of Tajikistan IEE – Initial Environmental Examination KM – Kilometer KM/H – Kilometers per Hour LARP – Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan MoT – Ministry of Transport NO – Nitrogen Oxide NO2 – Nitrogen Dioxide m – Meter MFF – Multitranche Financing Facility PIU – Project Implementation Unit PM – Particulate Matter UN – United Nations SEE – State Ecological ―Expertise‖ SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide TA – Technical Assistance TMP – Traffic Management Plan WMP – Waste Management Plan

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary...... 1 II. Introduction ...... 4 A. Purpose of the report ...... 4 B. Identification of the Project and Project Proponent...... 5 C. The Nature, Size, Location and Importance of the Project ...... 5 D. IEE Boundaries ...... 5 E. Methodology Applied ...... 6 F. Constraints and Limitations ...... 6 G. Structure of the Report ...... 6 III. Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework ...... 7 A. General ...... 7 B. Country Policies and Administrative Framework ...... 7 C. Legal framework for EA environmental licensing and permitting ...... 10 D. Local Environmental Statutes ...... 13 E. Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policies 2009 ...... 14 IV. Description of the Project ...... 17 A. Type of project ...... 17 B. Category of Project ...... 17 C. Need for project ...... 17 D. Location & Size of Operation ...... 19 E. Scope of Works ...... 21 F. Alternatives ...... 35 G. Proposed schedule for implementation ...... 37 V. Description of the Environment...... 37 A. Physical Resources ...... 37 B. Ecological Resources ...... 50 C. Economic Development ...... 52 D. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 54 VI. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 61 A. Introduction ...... 66 B. Impact Phases ...... 66 C. Types of Impact ...... 66 D. Mitigation Aspects...... 67 E. Physical Resources ...... 67 F. Ecological Resources ...... 67 G. Economic Development ...... 67 H. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 68 VII. Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring Plans and Institutional Requirements ...... 95 A. Introduction ...... 95 B. Institutional Requirements ...... 101 C. Environmental Management Plan Pre-Construction Phase ...... 102 D. Environmental Management Plan Detailed Design Phase ...... 105 E. Environmental Management Plan Construction Phase ...... 109 F. Environmental Management Plan Operational and Maintenance Phase ...... 121 G. Environmental Monitoring Plan Pre-Construction Phase ...... 122 H. Environmental Monitoring Plan Construction Phase ...... 124 I. EMP Costs...... 126 VIII. Public Consultation, Information, Disclosure and Grievance Mechanism ... 134

A. Public Consultations ...... 129 B. Planned Information Disclosure ...... 133 C. Grievance Mechanism ...... 133 IX. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 135 A. Conclusions ...... 138 B. Recommendations ...... 138

List of Figures

Figure C-1: Project Road Location Map...... 19 Figure C-2: Road Alignment ...... 20 Figure C-3: Retaining Wall Location, KM37 ...... 25 Figure C-4: Potential Quarry Site, KM18 ...... 32 Figure C-5: Potential Base Material, KM32 ...... 32 Figure C-6: Alignment Alteration...... 36 Figure C-7: Proposed alignment change at KM25...... 36 Figure C-8: Alignment Changes in Dardar...... 36 Figure D-1: Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Central Asia...... 37 Figure D-2: Mean Annual Rainfall in Tajikistan ...... 40 Figure D-3: Annual Air Temperature Anomalies in Tajikistan ...... 41 Figure D-4: Topography ...... 42 Figure D-5: Topography ...... 42 Figure D-6: Erosion ...... 43 Figure D-7: Blocked Culvert ...... 43 Figure D-8: River Basins of Tajikistan ...... 44 Figure D-9: Waste Water Discharge in Main River Basins ...... 46 Figure D-10: Small Waterfalls at KM14...... 36 Figure D-11: Groundwater level in Project Area ...... 47 Figure D-12: Overhang at KM18...... 48 Figure D-13: Seismic Conditions in Tajikistan...... 49 Figure D-14: Degraded Slopes above the Project Road ...... 51 Figure D-15: Protected Areas of Tajikistan ...... 52 Figure D-16: Land Use in Dardar...... 53 Figure D-17: Iskodar...... 55 Figure D-18: Dardar ...... 55 Figure D-19: Novabod ...... 55 Figure D-20: Shurcha ...... 55 Figure D-21: Sarazm...... 36 Figure D-22: Madrassa and Mosque, Panjakent...... 36 Figure D-23: Cemetery, KM25...... 36 Figure D-24: Dardar Mosque (KM10)...... 36 Figure D-25: Area requiring removal of Dardar Mosque...... 36 Figure G-1: Panjakent Focus Group ...... 131 Figure G-2: Dardar Focus Group ...... 131 Figure G-3: Schematic Presentation of the Grievances Redress Mechanism...... 136

List of Table

Table A-1: Selected Environmental Legislation in Tajikistan ...... 8 Table C-1: Geometric Design Standards for Category IV Roads ...... 23 Table C-2: Geometric Design Standards for Category III Roads ...... 24

Table C-3: Bridges ...... 26 Table C-4: Earthworks and Pavement Quantities ...... 28 Table C-5: Potential Quarry Sites ...... 31 Table D-1: Air Quality Standards ...... 38 Table D-2: Temperature & Precipitation, Panjakent ...... 39 Table D-3: Zaravshan Basin Characteristics ...... 44 Table D-4: Water Quality Standards ...... 46 Table D-5: Public Services in the Project Area ...... 46 Table D-6: Education Statistics in the Project Area ...... 46 Table D-7: Population Data (01/01/2011) ...... 46 Table D-8: Selected Industrial and Agricultural Data ...... 46 Table D-9: Noise Sensitive Receptors ...... 61 Table E-1: Recommended Native Vegetation Types ...... 69 Table E-2: Rockfall / Landslide Locations and Mitigations ...... 78 Table E-3: Mitigation for Historical Sites ...... 92 Table E-4: Construction Noise Examples ...... 93 Table F-1: EMP: Pre-construction Phase Mitigation ...... 99 Table F-2: EMP: Detailed Design Phase Mitigation ...... 105 Table F-3: EMP: Construction Phase Mitigation ...... 109 Table F-4: EMP: Operational and Maintenance Phase Mitigation ...... 121 Table F-5: EMP: Pre-construction Phase Instrumental Monitoring ...... 122 Table F-7: EMP: Construction Phase Instrumental Monitoring ...... 124 Table F-8: EMP Mitigation Costs ...... 126 Table F-9: EMP Baseline Instrumental Monitoring Costs ...... 128 Table G-1: Panjakent Focus Group ...... 129 Table G-2: Dardar Focus Group ...... 130 Table G-3: Local Officials Consultations ...... 131 Table G-4: Roadside Community Consultations ...... 133 Table G-5: Rayon Grievances Redress Committee ...... 136 Table G-6: Summary of Grievance Procedure ...... 137

List Of Appendices

Appendix A: Environmental Setting ...... 139 Appendix B: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...... 148 Appendix C: Indicative Schedule of Utilities on Site ...... 153 Appendix D: Indicative Schedule of Cross Drainage Structures ...... 162 Appendix E: Indicative Schedule of Retaining Walls and Slope Protection Works ...... 180 Appendix F: Bridge Structures ...... 185 Appendix G: Hydrological Data ...... 192 Appendix H: Consultation Documents from KM25 ...... 196 Appendix I: Typical Cross Sections ...... 199 Appendix J: Traffic Data ...... 202 Appendix K: Focus Group Consultation Participants ...... 204 Appendix L: Wind Roses ...... 206

I. Executive Summary

A. Introduction

1. This initial environmental examination (IEE) is part of the process of compliance with the ADB guidelines in relation to Road Improvement Project under ADB TA-8052 for the road from Ayni to the Uzbekistan Border via Panjakent.

2. The IEE provides a road map to the environmental measures needed to prevent and/or mitigate negative environmental effects associated with the development project. The IEE provides a detailed description of the direct and indirect environmental effects associated with the proposed subproject during key periods of work. The IEE:

Describes the extent, duration and severity of the impacts; Analyzes all potential impacts, both positive and negative; Formulates the mitigation actions and presents it all in the form of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

3. Based on the existing ADB Environmental Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB‘s project Category B.

B. Description of the Project

4. The Project is a road improvement project which will upgrade the existing 113 kilometer road segment to the required Tajikistan road standards (a 40km category IV section and a 73km category III section). Typical works, divided into Project phases, include:

(i) Pre-construction – During this phase the Contractor shall undertake the following activities; Traffic Management Plan; Land Acquisition; Site Clearing Works; Demolition of Structures and Removal of Debris; Removal of Trees; Relocation of Existing Services; and preparation of a Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) (ii) Detailed Design – On completion of the Pre-construction phase the Contractor must prepare detailed design for the construction of new and widening/rehabilitation of the old bridges, and the cross drainage works, taking into account the design concepts prepared during the feasibility study and the requirements of the IEE & EMP. (iii) Construction – The detailed design will occur in conjunction with the Construction phase of the project. The main construction phase aspects include; construction and rehabilitation of retaining structures, bridges, drainage, earthworks and pavement. In addition, Project works will also include the opening and operation of borrow pits, quarries, asphalt plants and construction camps. (iv) Operation and Maintenance - From the Commencement Date to the date of Taking Over of the Works by the Employer (the MOT), the Contractor shall be solely responsible for routine, winter and emergency maintenance.

C. Impact Identification

5. The IEE established that there were no significant environmental issues that could not be either prevented or adequately mitigated to levels acceptable to Tajik and international standards. A complete Environmental Management Plan has been prepared, with tables listing mitigative measures and monitoring actions to be undertaken during the pre-construction, detailed design, construction and operating period of the project. The following provides a summary of the potential impacts in these phases:

Pre-construction Phase (i) Siting of facilities – Improper siting of construction camps, borrow pits, quarries, temporary storage sites, etc, could have negative impacts to water quality, local residents, flora, fauna and Protected Areas. (ii) Resettlement – Changing the alignment of the road could impact upon agricultural, commercial and residential lands leading to resettlement requirements. (iii) Flora – Clearing works will result in the cutting of approximately 500 trees within the Project Road right of way.

Detailed Design Phase Erosion – Inadequate design of road structures, such as drainage, could lead to increased soil erosion within the Project Area. This may lead to degradation of productive lands.

Construction Phase (i) Dust and Emissions – Movement and operation of construction vehicles and machinery will result in short term, elevated concentrations of dust and emissions. (ii) Water Quality – Spills and poor storage of liquid waste and hazardous liquids could have negative impacts to water quality. Bridge construction works may also have negative impacts on water flow. (iii) Noise – Operation of construction vehicles and machinery can lead to elevated levels of noise within residential areas. (iv) Waste and Spoil – Due to the fact that more cut will be generated than required fill, there will be an excess of more than 100,000 cubic meters of cut material. This waste needs to find a disposal location. In addition, 30,000 cubic meters of waste asphalt material will be excavated from the exiting road and will not be re- used in the Project. (v) Health and Safety – The potential exists of health and safety impacts to villagers living and working within the construction areas, especially school children, and also to the construction workers themselves. (vi) Archeology / Historical Sites – Several areas of notable archeological and historical importance are located within 200 meters of the project Road.

D. Mitigation Actions

6. The summary mitigation measures for the potential impacts identified above include:

Pre-construction Phase

(i) Siting of facilities – The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all of his construction facilities are sited according to the requirements of the EMP, that means ensuring that they are sited away from sensitive sites and that they do not pollute water courses or soils. The Engineer shall be responsible for reviewing and approving all of the Contractors proposed facility locations. (ii) Resettlement – A Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) will be prepared by the MOT according to ADB requirements on resettlement. (iii) Flora – Adequate siting of facilities should reduce impacts to flora within the Project Area, although it should be stressed that due to human settlement within this area of the Zaravshan Valley no special status flora have been identified.

Detailed Design Phase Erosion – Recommendations are made within the IEE to mitigate potential erosion impacts through suitable design of drainage structures. However, it is noted that degradation of slopes above the Project Road due to human activity, may lead to impacts to the Project over time as the slopes continue to erode as a result of lack of vegetation cover.

Construction Phase (i) Dust and Emissions – Proper control, siting and maintenance of equipment shall mitigate emissions impacts. Spraying of roads with water during dry periods and covering of friable materials will also help prevent dust impacts. (ii) Water Quality – Proper siting and management of facilities as per the recommendations of the IEE will prevent impacts to water quality. Accidental spills could occur and provisions are recommended to manage such accidents. (iii) Noise – Noise levels from construction equipment and vehicles can be reduced by introducing activity time constraints and by ensuring proper siting and maintenance of equipment. (iv) Waste and Spoil – Waste disposal activities shall be coordinated with DEPs to ensure that all construction waste is disposed of at suitable locations, this will include consultations between DEPs, Engineer and Contractor to ensure adequate disposal of the 100,000 cubic meters of spoil material. Regarding Asphalt, the DEUs should assess the feasibility of recycling the waste asphalt for other projects in the region. (v) Health and Safety – Health and safety plans, training and HIV/AIDS awareness programs will be provided by the Contractor. In addition he shall prepare traffic management plans to reduce potential impacts to villagers during construction periods. (vi) Archeology / Historical Sites – The EMP makes the Contractor aware of all sites requiring special consideration during the construction phase and also provides a procedure for chance finds, which is especially important close to Sarazm, a UNESCO site.

E. Monitoring Actions

7. To ensure that all of the above mitigation actions are completed according to the requirements of the EMP, monitoring shall be undertaken of Project works by the Engineer and by independent monitoring specialists. Specifically both observational monitoring and instrumental monitoring shall be undertaken as follows:

(i) Instrumental Monitoring – This shall be completed by independent specialists and will include air quality monitoring and water quality monitoring at the pre-construction and construction phases and noise quality monitoring at the construction phase. Schedules, parameters, locations are indicated by the IEE EMP and shall be adopted by the Contractors SSEMP. (ii) Observational Monitoring – The Contractors actions shall be continually monitored by the Engineer throughout the Projects Construction phase. This will be achieved through weekly inspections of the Contractors environmental performance by national and international environmental specialists engaged by the Engineer throughout the construction period. The Engineer shall have the right to suspend works or payments if the Contractor is in violation of any of his obligations under the EMP and this IEE.

F. Consultations

8. Stakeholder consultations were undertaken in March and May, 2012. The consultations with villagers, local official and government representatives in Panjakent and Dardar did not reveal any environmental impacts that could not be mitigated by this IEE. In addition, consultations with the Environmental Departments at Ayni and Panjakant did not reveal any specific environmental issues that would result from Project works, including potential impacts to Protected Areas.

G. Implementation

9. The EMP, its mitigation and monitoring programs, contained herewith shall be included within the Project Bidding documents for project works. The Bid documents state that the Contractor shall be responsible for the implementation of the requirements of the EMP through his own Site Specific Environmental Management Plan which will adopt all of the conditions of the EMP and add site specific elements that are not currently known, such as the Contractors borrow pit locations. This ensures that all potential bidders are aware of the environmental requirements of the Project and its associated environmental costs.

10. The EMP and all its requirements will then be added to the Contractors Contract, thereby making implementation of the EMP a legal requirement according to the Contract. He shall then prepare his SSEMP which will be approved and monitored by the Engineer. Should the Engineer note any non-conformance with the SSEMP the Contractor can be held liable for breach of the contractual obligations of the EMP. To ensure compliance with the SSEMP the Contractor should employ a national environmental specialist to monitor and report Project activities throughout the Project Construction phase.

II. Introduction

A. Purpose of the report

11. This initial environmental examination (IEE) is part of the process of compliance with the ADB guidelines in relation to Road Improvement Project under ADB TA-8052 for the road from Ayni to the Uzbekistan Border via Panjakent.

12. The IEE provides a road map to the environmental measures needed to prevent and/or mitigate negative environmental effects associated with the development project. The IEE also provides a detailed description of the direct and indirect environmental effects associated with the proposed subproject during key periods of work.

13. More specifically, the IEE:

(i) Describes the extent, duration and severity of the impacts; (ii) Analyzes all significant impacts; (iii) Formulates the mitigation actions and presents it all in the form of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

B. Identification of the Project and Project Proponent

14. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is prepared as a part of the ‗Road Improvement Project‘ – ADB TA-8052 for the road from Ayni to the Uzbekistan Border via Panjakent referred to as the ‗Project Road‘. The Ministry of Transport (MOT) of the Government of Republic of Tajikistan (GoT) is the project proponent with support from international and national consultants (including the Tajikistan Design Institute) provided through this TA.

C. The Nature, Size, Location and Importance of the Project

15. The road, from Ayni to the Uzbekistan Border via Panjakent, with a total length of 113 kilometers, is part of the historical Silk Road connecting the Tajik – Uzbek border with the country‘s main north-south transport artery. The road starts at a small junction on the eastern edge of Ayni and ends at the border post with Uzbekistan. The existing alignment runs in an east to west following the Zaravshan River through the Zaravshan Valley.

D. IEE Boundaries

16. For purposes of establishing the environmental conditions, the overview of regional data is followed by the description at the project level if data is available. This IEE covers the entire length of the Project Road. For purposes of this impact assessment, an envelope of 200 meters wide on each side of the project road over its entire length is identified as the primary impact area (―Project Area‖ or ―Project Corridor‖). This distance takes into account the common impacts associated with road works such as noise, dust and emissions. However, the project impact area maybe widened depending on conditions on the ground and with regard to specific construction sites outside of the right of way (RoW), e.g. borrow pits and quarries. The road sections where sensitive receptors are present, such as schools, hospitals or other places where people congregate are given particular attention so that ample mitigation is formulated. For road sections that cross rivers, the impact assessment is expanded to cover the identified continuous extent of any ecologically important habitats / features along the Project Corridor.

E. Methodology Applied

17. The methodology is based on the ADB, Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) and the joint experience of the International and National environmental consultants involved in the IEE. Background data and information was obtained from published and unpublished sources, e.g., on: climate, topography, geology and soils, natural resources, flora and fauna, agriculture, and socio-economic data. Several site inspections were conducted jointly by the International Environmental Specialist and National Counterpart during April and May 2012. The existing road was driven and areas of potential environmental significance assessed carefully. Discussions were held with a number of stakeholders and face-to-face surveys were conducted with villagers along the road corridor in order to determine their perceptions of the level of impact from road works (see Section F). Data and information obtained have been included where appropriate in the IEE Report.

F. Constraints and Limitations

18. Given the available time and resources very little constraints or limitations are applicable to this report. The Project is classified as a Category B project1 and as such, at this stage of the Project, no items such as air quality data, water quality data, etc was deemed warranted for analysis. Two field trips were undertaken with an International and National Environmental Specialist and multiple consultations were held with stakeholders.

G. Structure of the Report

19. The report is organized to comply with ADB Safeguard Policies (2009) as follows:

(i) Section A: Introduction – The section in hand provides the introductory information and a detailed description of the legal and policy framework within which the Project will operate during the design, construction and operational phases of the Project. (ii) Section B: Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework - This section presents an overview of the policy/legislative framework as well as the environmental assessment guidelines of Tajikistan that apply to the proposed project. The section also identifies relevant Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policies that will apply. (iii) Section C: Description of the Project – Section C describes the Category of the Project, the Project need and its environmental setting. A detailed scope of works is also provided indicating the type of engineering works required. The final portion of this section discusses Project alternatives. (iv) Section D: Description of the Environment – This section of the report discusses the regional and local environmental baseline conditions. This section is divided into subsections relating to physical environment, ecological environment, economic conditions and socio-cultural characteristics.

1 See Section C.2 for explanation of category.

(v) Section E: Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Section E outlines the potential environmental impacts and proposes mitigation measures to manage the impacts. (vi) Section F: Environmental Management Plan & Institutional Requirements – This section provides the EMP for the design, construction and operational phases of the Project. (vii) Section G: Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism – Section G provides a summary of all of the stakeholder consultation activities undertaken. A grievance mechanism for project affected persons is also provided along with information regarding the disclosure process. (viii) Section H: Conclusions and Recommendations – The final section of the report provides the report conclusions and any necessary recommendations.

III. Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework

A. General

20. This section presents an overview of the policy/legislative framework as well as the environmental assessment guidelines of Tajikistan that apply to the proposed project. The section also identifies relevant Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policies that will apply. The project will be required to comply with all relevant national and international environmental and social policies / guidelines.

B. Country Policies and Administrative Framework

21. Environmental legislation in Tajikistan includes laws on air quality, mineral resources, land management, forests, health and safety, waste and chemicals management. The Tajikistan ―Framework‖ Environment Law was adopted in 1993 and amended in 1996. The Water Code was adopted in 2000, the Land Code in 1992 and the Land Administration in 2001. Tajikistan is party to a number of international environmental treaties including:

(i) Convention on Biological Diversity, 1997; (ii) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1998; (iii) The Ramsar Convention (joined 2000); (iv) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (joined 2001); (v) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (ratified 2007); and (vi) Aarhus Convention (joined 2001)

22. However, Tajikistan is not a signatory to either the Espoo Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context or the Helsinki Convention on trans-boundary watercourses and international lakes.

23. Environmental Impact Assessment is subject to the ―Law on Environment Protection‖ (2011) and the ―Law on Ecological Expertise‖ (2011). An environmental licensing system exists in relation to handling hazardous waste and mineral extraction. An environmental permitting system regulates the use of natural resources, especially

the hunting or harvesting certain species. However, as in so many places around the world, implementation of the regulations and policing are problematic.

24. In Tajikistan, the organizations with most responsibility for environmental monitoring and management currently are the State Committee for Environmental Protection and Forestry (CEP) under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan (GoT), the Sanitary Inspectorate of the Ministry of Health, the Inspectorate for Industrial Safety and the Mining Inspectorate.

25. Public control is carried out by public organizations or trade unions and can be exercised with respect to any governmental body, enterprise, entity or individual. The environmental laws have articles related to the protection of soils and the rational use of land. The most important environmental laws are summarized in the following table:

Table A-1: Selected Environmental Legislation in Tajikistan Air quality Law on Air Protection Law on Hydro-meteorological activity Mineral resources Law on Mineral Waters Water Code Land Land Code management Law on Land Administration Law on Land Valuation Forests Forestry Code Animals and Law on Protection and Use of Animals factories Law on Protection and Use of Factories Law on Factories Quarantine Health and safety Law on Securing Sanitary and Epidemiological Safety of the Population Law on Veterinary Medicine Law on Salt Iodization Law on Quality and Safety of Food Law on Industrial Safety of Hazardous Installations Law on Radiation Safety Waste and Law on Production and Consumption Waste chemicals Law on Production and Safe Handling of Pesticides and management Agrochemicals

26. These laws along with the Regulations approved by the GoT create a favorable legal framework for environmental protection in the country as well as for the use and protection of its natural resources. The most relevant of these laws, codes and regulations are highlighted in the following sections.

1. Framework environment law

27. The ―framework environment law‖ / Law on Environment Protection was adopted in 2011 (21 July, 2011, № 208). The previous Law on Nature protection was adopted in 1993 and amended in 1996, 2002. 2004 and expired in 2011.

28. The new Law on environment protection stipulates that Tajikistan's environmental policy should give priority to environmental actions based on scientifically proven

9 principles to combine economic and other activities that may have an impact on the environment, with nature preservation and the sustainable use of resources. The Law defines the applicable legal principles, the protected objects, the competencies and roles of the Government, the Committee for Environmental Protection under Government of Tajikistan, the local authorities, public organizations and individuals.

29. The Law also stipulates measures to secure public and individual rights to a safe and healthy environment and requires a combined system of ecological expertise and environmental impact assessment of any activity that could have a negative impact on the environment. The Law also defines environmental emergencies and ecological disasters and prescribes the order of actions in such situations, defines the obligations of officials and enterprises to prevent and eliminate the consequences, as well as the liabilities of persons or organizations that caused damage to the environment or otherwise violated the Law. The Law establishes several types of controls over compliance with environmental legislation: State control, ministerial control, enterprise control and public control. State control is affected by, the Sanitary Inspectorate of the Ministry of Health, the Inspectorate for Industrial Safety and the Mining Inspectorate. Public control is carried out by public organizations or trade unions and can be exercised with respect to any governmental body, enterprise, entity or individual.

2. Water Code

30. The Water Code (2000) stipulates the policies on water management, permitting, dispute resolution, usage planning and cadastre. It promotes rational use and protection of water resources and defines the types of water use rights, authority and roles of regional and local governments for water allocations among various users, collection of fees, water use planning, water use rights and dispute resolution. The Code delegates Water User Associations to operate and maintain on-farm irrigation and drainage infrastructure.

3. Land Code

31. The current Land Code (1992) defines the types of land use rights, the authority and the role of regional and local governments for land allocation, collection of land taxes, land use planning, land use right mortgaging and settlement of land disputes. It defines the rights of land users and lease-holders, and also defines the use of a special land fund for the purpose of land privatization and farm restructuring. The law does not provide for purchase or sale of land. The Land Code regulates land relations and it is directed at the rational ―use and protection of land and fertility of the soil… .‖ The land may be used in a ―rational manner‖ only and the Code allows local authorities to decide what constitutes ―rational‖ land use. It includes mechanisms that make it possible to take the land-use permit away from farmers, including in situations where their activities cause land degradation. This decision is taken by the raion (district level) administration. Articles 38, 39, 43 and 45 regulate land acquisition for specific activities / projects such as a transmission line.

4. Land Administration Law (2010)

32. The Law obliges the authorities to map and monitor the quality of land, including soil contamination, erosion and water logging.

C. Legal framework for EA environmental licensing and permitting

1. Basic EA Laws.

33. There are two laws in the country that stipulate all aspects of the EA: (a) Law on Environment Protection; and (b) Law on Ecological Expertise. The Chapter V, Articles 35-39 of the Law on Environment Protection (2011), introduces the concept of state ecological review (literally, state ecological ―expertise‖ – SEE) that seeks to examine the compliance of proposed activities and projects with the requirements of environmental legislation and standards and ecological security of the society. The mentioned laws stipulate the mandatory cross-sectoral nature of SEE, which shall be scientifically justified, comprehensive, and objective and which shall lead to conclusions in accordance with the law. SEE precedes decision-making about activities that may have a negative impact on the environment. Financing of programs and projects is allowed only after a positive SEE finding, or conclusion, has been issued. The following activities and projects subject to state ecological review: a) draft state programs, pre-planning, pre-project, and design documentation for economic development; b) regional and sectoral development programs; c) spatial and urban planning, development, and design; d) environmental programs and projects; e) construction and reconstruction of various types of facilities irrespective of their ownership; f) draft environmental quality standards and other normative, technology, and methodological documentation that regulates economic activities; g) existing enterprises and economic entities. The laws stipulate that all types of economic and other activities shall be implemented in accordance with existing environmental standards and norms and shall have sufficient environmental protection and mitigation measures to prevent and avoid pollution and enhance environmental quality. The EA studies analyzing the short- and long-term environmental, genetic, economic, and demographic impacts and consequences shall be evaluated prior to making decisions on the allocation, construction, or reconstruction of facilities, irrespective of their ownership. If these requirements are violated, construction will be terminated until necessary improvements are made, as prescribed by the GoT and/or other duly authorized control bodies, such as sanitary, geological, and public safety agencies.

2. Environmental Impact Assessment.

34. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a component of the State Ecological Expertise, as set out in the 2011 amendments to the Environmental Protection Law and in the Law on the State Ecological Expertise (2011). The EIA is the responsibility of the project proponent. The State Ecological Expertise for all investment projects is the responsibility of the Committee for Environmental Protection under Government of Tajikistan (CEP) and its regional offices. Furthermore, according to the 2011 Law on the State Ecological Expertise, all civil works, including rehabilitation, should be assessed for their environmental impacts and the proposed mitigation measures reviewed and monitored by the CEP.

3. Types of Ecological Expertise.

35. According to the 2011 Law on Ecological Expertise, ecological expertise is intended to prevent negative impacts on the environment as a result of a proposed activity, forecast impacts from activities that are not considered as necessarily damaging to the environment and create databases on the state of the environment and knowledge

11 about human impact on the environment. This Law and the Law on Environment Protection envisage two types of ecological expertise – State ecological expertise and public ecological expertise, which are not given equal importance. While State ecological expertise is a prerequisite for beginning any activity that may have an adverse environmental impact, public ecological expertise becomes binding only after its results have been approved by a State ecological expertise body. The State Ecological Expertise is authorized to invite leading scientists and qualified outside specialists to participate in the review. Approval should be issued within 30 days, unless the project developer agrees to an extension, and remains valid for two years, if the decision is positive. For very complicated projects the term of consideration and approval can be extended till 60 days. According to the Law on SEE the public ecological expertise of economic activities or other activities implementation of which can negatively impact the environment of population which live in relevant area can be carried out by any public organization and citizen. They have right to sent the proposals to the responsible government bodies concerning environmental issues of implementation planned activities; to receive information on results of conducted state ecological expertise from relevant responsible bodies. The materials reflecting the public expertise delivered to the experts‘ commission should be taken into consideration under preparation of conclusion of state ecological expertise and decision making on realization of expertise object. The public ecological expertise is carried out under the state registration of application of public organization. The registration can be done by local executive authorities (during 7 days) in place where the expertise activities are planned. The public organizations which are organizing this expertise, should inform the population of initiation of expertise and then on its results.

4. Environmental auditing.

36. Law on environment protection (2011) and Law on environmental audit (2011) stipulate that conduction of environmental audit is obligatory for business subjects activity in cases mentioned by Tajikistan legislation. The environmental audit should be conducted by independent auditors and audit organizations on basis of agreement with customer.

5. Screening categories.

37. The laws on Environment Protection and EE stipulate the Government will approve a list of activities for which the full Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory. Currently there is no EIA categorization system in place and environmental impacts of most construction activities are reviewed on a case by case basis.

6. EA Administrative framework.

38. The Environmental Protection Law states that a SEE should be conducted by the CEP, which is designated as a duly authorized state environmental protection body. The CEP absorbed the former State Forest Enterprise, and has a staff of over 2000. It has a comprehensive mandate that includes policy formulation and inspection duties. The CEP has divisions at oblast (region), city and rayon (district) level, in the form of Departments of Environmental Protection (DEPs), within the Hukumat (local administration) at each city or rayon.

39. A small unit in the ministry is entrusted with guiding and managing both EIA and SEE. EIA preparation is the responsibility of the proponents of public and private-sector projects, who, in addition to complying with various environmental standards, procedures, and norms, shall meet the standards of other sectors and environmental media line agencies, such as sanitary-epidemiological, geological, water, etc.

7. Public participation.

40. Article 12 of the Environment Protection Law proclaims the right of citizens to live in a favorable environment and to be protected from negative environmental impacts. Citizens also have the right to environmental information (Article 13), as well as to participate in developing, adopting, and implementing decisions related to environmental impacts (Article 13). The latter is assured by public discussion of drafts of environmentally important decisions and public ecological reviews. Public representative bodies have an obligation to take into consideration citizens‘ comments and suggestions. The Law on the EE also provides the rights to the citizens to conduct a Public Environmental Expertise (art. 7). On 17 July 2001 Tajikistan acceded to the 1998 Aarhus Convention, the provisions of which have priority over domestic law that also stipulates the rights for Public EE.

8. Licenses.

41. Licenses are legal instruments to regulate certain potentially hazardous activities where minimal qualifications and strict adherence to rules are required to ensure that they are carried out efficiently, safely and do not result in potentially very significant and irreparable damage to the environment and human health . In particular, licenses are required for handling hazardous waste; for activities in industrial safety, sources of ionizing radiation, production and handling of pesticides and other agrochemicals. They are issued by the relevant industry regulator (ministry or committee) or an entity to which it has delegated such right. Licensing is also used to ensure the most efficient and sustainable use of natural resources. For example, licenses are required for prospecting, collecting or extracting mineral resources, or for constructing underground facilities not related to mining.

9. Environmental permits.

42. Permits are meant to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources. There are two types of permits: (a) permits to use natural resources; and, (b) permits for emissions or discharges. The natural resources use permits allow their holders to take a certain number or amount of a particular natural resource within a defined territory and time period. They are issued both to individuals (e.g. to hunt a particular species of animal or harvest particular factories) and to organizations (e.g. permits to extract ground or surface water for a particular use). By law, permits are needed for any commercial use of any resource. The authority that issues the permit and the legislation (government resolution) that applies depend on the resource. Permits to discharge polluted matter are issued by the relevant inspectorate (e.g. previous State Water Inspectorate or State Air Inspectorate – now departments) of the local state environmental protection committees to industrial or agricultural enterprises and municipal utilities that release by-products into the environment. The permits allow releasing a certain amount of polluted matter (gases, liquids, solid waste) into the environment. The permits are normally granted for

13 one year and indicate the maximum allowed concentration of the pollutants in the released matter, the maximum volume of the polluted matter and the pollutants allowed.

10. Environmental norms and standards.

43. Norms are set for air and water pollution, noise, vibration, magnetic fields and other physical factors, as well as residual traces of chemicals and biologically harmful microbes in food. The exceeding of their thresholds results in administrative action, including financial sanctions. Several ministries determine environmental quality standards, each in its field of responsibility. For example, admissible levels of noise, vibration, magnetic fields and other physical factors have been set by the Ministry of Health.

11. Implementation and compliance.

44. A number of legal acts establish liability for violations of environmental laws, which can be enforced by several State bodies. In particular, the 2010 Code of Administrative Violations establishes administrative liability for organizations, their officers and individuals for a range of violations, from the careless treatment of land to violation of the rules for water use or water protection or failure to comply with a State ecological expertise. The administrative sanctions for environment related violations can be imposed by the administrative commissions of hukumats, courts, the CEP‘s inspectors, the Veterinary Inspectors of the Ministry of Agriculture, and the State Committee for Land Administration, Mapping and Geodezy. The most common administrative sanction is a fine of up to 10 minimal monthly salaries for individuals and up to 15 minimal salaries to officers of organizations. The 1998 Criminal Code covers crimes against ecological safety and the environment, such as violations of ecological safety at work, poaching, and spoiling land, violation of rules for the protection and use of underground resources. The maximum fine is up to 2,000 minimal monthly salaries and the maximum sentence is up to eight years in prison.

D. Local Environmental Statutes

1. The Program of Economic Development up to 2015.

45. In the section dealing with land and water resource, the Program states that effective resolution of social problems substantially depends on the effective use of soil and water resources, the principal resources of the country.

2. State Environmental Program 2009-2019

46. The program, approved in 2009, obligates ministries and offices, heads of administrations and mayors of cities to improve environmental conditions and ensure sustainable development of the country during the period of economic transition. It calls for adoption of modern environmental standards for water, air, soil, solid waste, toxic wastes, and noise control, based on maximum permissible amounts. Standards are to be supplemented by discharge permits. The Program is accompanied by broad ecological zoning, dividing the country into ten zones (Syr-Darya, Northern Turkestan, Zeravshan, Gissar, Vaksh, Dangarin, Khulbak-Kulyak-Tchube, Karategin-Baldzhuan- Shurobad, Garm-Muksu-Balandkiik, and Badakshan)

47. The principal directions of the Program are improvement of (i) the environmental status of agricultural lands, (ii) state of water resources, (iii) vegetation including forest resources, (iv) fauna and flora, (v) recreational possibilities, (vi) air quality, (vii) utilization of mineral resources, (viii) public health, and (ix) environmental performance of industry and construction. The Program calls for economic and other analyses of environmental problems and economic mechanisms that are to be used for the purpose of environmental management including: (a) limits on the use of resources, (b) payment for use of natural resources, and (c) pollution charges. Any use of a natural resource – including the assimilative capacity of air, water, and soil – is to be paid for in an amount as determined by the Government. The program calls also for better monitoring, improved environmental impact assessment, and improved financing of environmental activities. There are section dealing with environmental education, information, environmental centers and environmental legislation. State natural sanctuaries and natural reserves for perpetuation of rare and threatened species are to receive special attention.

3. The Concept of environment protection of Tajikistan

48. Adopted in 2008 it devotes rather considerable space to principles of introduction of environment protection aspects into different aspects of economy, applying of international standards for creation of environmental management system, protection and rational use of water and land resources.

4. Program of Environmental Education and Training 2009-2019

49. Adopted in 2009, the Program recognizes the importance of professional training and education of the population on issues of conservation of environment and its rational use.

E. Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policies 2009

50. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has three safeguard policies that seek to avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and social costs to third parties, or vulnerable groups as a result of development projects2.The current generation of safeguard policies was designed when direct project lending was the dominant modality for development assistance. New lending modalities and financing instruments, such as the multitranche financing facility (MFF), have increased the complexity of applying safeguard policies and ensuring compliance. The new modalities and the likelihood of continued innovation, as well as changing client circumstances, suggest a need to enhance the relevance and effectiveness of ADB‘s safeguards, which has been reflected in an update of the Safeguard Policy by 2009, announced through the Safeguard Policy Statement 2009.

51. According to the newly revised and published Safeguard Policies in 2009 (SPS 2009) of ADB, ADB‘s overarching statement on it‘s commitment and policy principles are:

2 ADB. 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement, Manila

ADB affirms that environmental and social sustainability is a cornerstone of economic growth and poverty reduction in Asia and the Pacific. ADB‘s Strategy 2020 therefore emphasizes assisting Developing Member Countries (DMCs) to pursue environmentally sustainable and inclusive economic growth. In addition, ADB is committed to ensuring the social and environmental sustainability of the projects it supports. In this context, the goal of the SPS is to promote the sustainability of project outcomes by protecting the environment and people from projects‘ potential adverse impacts.

The objectives of ADB‘s safeguards are to: avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, where possible; minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is not possible; and help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to manage environmental and social risks.

52. Since the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement had been approved it supersedes the Involuntary Resettlement Policy (1995), the Policy on Indigenous Peoples (1998), the Environment Policy (2002), and the second sentence of para. 73, and paras. 77–85, and 92 of the Public Communications Policy (2005).

1. Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment.

53. The objectives are to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects, and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project decision-making process.

54. The requirements apply to all ADB-financed and/or ADB-administered sovereign and non-sovereign projects, and their components regardless of the source of financing, including investment projects funded by a loan; and/or a grant; and/or other means, such as equity and/or guarantees. Mechanisms such as Public Consultation, Identification of potential impacts, elaboration of adequate mitigation measures and impact monitoring as well as implementation of an appropriate environmental management plan remained mainly unchanged referring to the former Environmental Safeguard Policy.

55. Special attention has been put on the Grievance Redress Mechanism, securing that the borrower/client will establish a mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples‘ concerns, complaints, and grievances about the project‘s environmental performance. The grievance mechanism should be scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the project. It should address affected people's concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that is gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no costs and without retribution. The mechanism should not impede access to the country‘s judicial or administrative remedies. The affected people will be appropriately informed about the mechanism.

56. Guidelines provide a rational approach for determining environmental category of the Project, the need for public consultation and disclosure, environmental management planning, and resolving involuntary resettlement, indigenous people and gender issues.

2. Safeguard Requirements 2: Involuntary Resettlement.

57. The objectives are to avoid involuntary resettlement wherever possible; to minimize involuntary resettlement by exploring project and design alternatives; to enhance, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons1 in real terms relative to pre-project levels; and to improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups. The safeguard requirements underscores the requirements for undertaking the social impact assessment and resettlement planning process, preparing social impact assessment reports and resettlement planning documents, exploring negotiated land acquisition, disclosing information and engaging in consultations, establishing a grievance mechanism, and resettlement monitoring and reporting.

58. The involuntary resettlement requirements apply to full or partial, permanent or temporary physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) resulting from (i) involuntary acquisition of land, or (ii) involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. Resettlement is considered involuntary when displaced individuals or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition that results in displacement.

3. Safeguard Requirements 3: Indigenous Peoples.

59. The objective is to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for Indigenous Peoples‘ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural uniqueness as defined by the Indigenous Peoples themselves so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate actively in projects that affect them.

60. For operational purposes, the term Indigenous Peoples is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:

(i) self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (ii) collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories; (iii) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (iv) a distinct language, often different from the official language of the country or region.

61. In considering these characteristics, national legislation, customary law, and any international conventions to which the country is a party will be taken into account.

62. Guidelines provide a rational approach for determining environmental category of the Project, the need for public consultation and disclosure, environmental management planning, and resolving involuntary resettlement, indigenous people and gender issues.

63. Activities carried out under the project needs to conform to current laws in Tajikistan and sound social and environmental principles. In general, the project activities will not trigger serious impacts on physical and human environment.

IV. Description of the Project

A. Type of project

64. The Project is a road improvement project which will improve the existing 113 kilometer road segment to the required Tajikistan road standards (40km category IV section and 73km category III)3.

B. Category of Project

65. Based on the existing ADB Environmental Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB‘s project Category B. This category is defined as:

―Projects with potential to cause less significant fewer environmental impacts than Category A, yet still require a prescribed level of environmental management to protect the environment. For these projects an initial environmental examination (IEE) could be considered as final environmental assessment report if the stated document determines that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is not required for the project under examination‖.

66. Considering the type and magnitude of activities and the absence of significant land acquisition and new road construction, no significant impacts that will warrant the conduct of an EIA are foreseen.

C. Need for project

67. Due to its geographic isolation and over 90% mountainous territory countrywide, Tajikistan has high transport and logistics costs that make it uncompetitive in neighboring countries‘ markets. The country‘s remoteness from seaports, limited transport infrastructure and facilities place constraints on development. Large sections of the country are sparsely populated. Connectivity remains a key development issue facing the country: the railway network is fragmented due to the construction difficulty created by the mountainous topography; roads as the dominant transport mode are deteriorating rapidly due to inadequate maintenance, ineffective traffic loading control and harsh terrain and climate.

68. Prone to extreme natural events, the Zarafshan Valley4 is an isolated and remote region with one of the highest migration rates in Central Asia. Access to the high elevation Valley is often restricted during winter due to poor road conditions, avalanches,

3 Category III road requires a design speed of 80 km/hour in rolling terrain (50 km/hour in mountain terrain), and a carriageway of two 3.5-meters lanes. Category IV road requires a design speed of 60 km/hour in rolling terrain (30 km/hour in mountain terrain), and a carriageway of two 3.0-meters lanes. 4 It is located in the north of Tajikistan, comprising districts of Penjakent, Ayni and Kuhistoni Mastchoh and belonging to the Sughd province. The Valley is one of the poorest regions with per capita gross domestic product at 60% of the national average in 2010.

and mudflows. Consequently, over 343,000 people living in the region have limited access to markets, educational and medical services, and the region's capacity to develop diverse industries including agriculture, mining and tourism is severely constrained.

69. The project road—part of the historical Silk Road—runs in the east-west direction following the Zarafshan River through the Valley. It connects with the country‘s main north-south transport artery in the east, crosses Penjakent and Ayni districts and ends at the border with Uzbekistan in the west. Being built during the Soviet era, the road has been devastated by the civil war and has not been restored for more than 30 years. Growth of cargo traffic, coupled with damages caused by natural disasters and lack of adequate maintenance, has led to a rapid deterioration of road conditions and structural deficiencies of bridges. The road needs urgent repair for functional improvement, and more importantly to address traffic safety hazards. As a vital link of the national network, the project road is strategic to the region for providing a trade corridor with Uzbekistan in the long term, particularly for the northern parts of the country. Improvements to this road will increase the network connectivity and level of service for both local and through traffic, and reduce transport costs. This will bring impoverished communities better accessibility to markets and social services, stimulate the development of constrained agriculture, tourism and mining industries that in return create more employment opportunities, and ultimately improve living standards long due for this region.

70. The government, in its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for 2010–20125, notes the importance of infrastructure development in promoting economic development, creating favorable conditions for poverty reduction and achieving the main goals of the National Development Strategy up to 2015.6 One of the government‘s main objectives is to unblock countrywide transport network bottlenecks through improving roads and railways. The project is included in the government‘s 2012–2014 Public Investment Program7, fits with ADB‘s Strategy 2020, and is included in the Country Operations Business Plan for Tajikistan (2012–2014).

71. The impact of the project will be contributions to inclusive economic growth in Tajikistan in general and that in the Sughd province in particular. The outcome will be improved connectivity and traffic service level of regional road network. The project outputs will be: (i) approximately 113 km of rehabilitated and reconstructed road between Ayni-Panjakent and the border with Uzbekistan; (ii) Improved road safety; and (iii) upgraded Sarazm border post infrastructure and improved public facilities along the road for local communities.

Indicative Implementation Arrangements

72. The Ministry of Transport (MOT) will be the executing agency. The MOT has

5 International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2010. Poverty Reduction Strategy of The Republic of Tajikistan For 2010–2012. IMF Country Report No. 10/104. Washington, D.C. 6 Republic of Tajikistan. 2007. National Development Strategy of The Republic of Tajikistan for The Period to 2015. Dushanbe. 7 Republic of Tajikistan. The State Programme Investments, Grants and Capital Construction for Period 2012-2014. Government Degree No.578 issued on 3 December 2011.

19 implemented five ADB assisted road projects since 1998 and has the reasonable project management capacity. The project implementation unit (PIU) staffs have the necessary experience and skills. Technical departments of MOT will also assist the PIU during project implementation. Project implementation will take about 3.5 years.

D. Location & Size of Operation

Project Location

73. The Ayni-Panjakent-Uzbekistan Border Road is located in the Zaravshan Valley, a mountainous region in the north of Tajikistan. The road is a part of the historical Silk Road, and it was built during the Soviet era. Figure C-1 provides a location map within the context of Tajikistan. A schematic presentation of the Project Road alignment is shown in Figure C-2.

Figure C-1: Project Road Location Map

Project Road

Source: Environmental Performance Review: Tajikistan, UN, 2004

Figure C-2: Road Alignment

Source: Ministry of Transport, Tajikistan, 2012

74. The Project Road commences at the junction (roundabout) of Ayni - Panjankent Road with Dushanbe – Bustan – Chanok Road (KM0) and ends at KM113 at the border with Uzbekistan.

E. Scope of Works

1. Project Phases

75. The Project is being undertaken in several phases as follows:

(i) Feasibility / Preliminary Design - The Contract for the Project is funded by the ADB and the GoT. The MOT carried out a general engineering conceptual design in 2011. In March 2012, ADB engaged a team of individual international consultants and the Tajik Design Institute (the Consultants) to prepare a feasibility study (including this IEE) and preliminary design for the Project Road, as well as the Bidding Documents. The conceptual designs the Consultants prepared during the feasibility study were included in the Bidding Documents. These drawings will be provided to the Contractor for an initial understanding and guidance. The geotechnical, hydrological, materials investigation and technical reports, including the EMP will be provided to the Contractor with the Bidding Documents but are not Contract Documents. They are provided to the Contractor only for initial information and understanding of the context of the project.

(ii) Pre-construction – During this phase the following activities will be undertaken:

1. Traffic Management Plan - Within 14 days after the Commencement Date, the Contractor must submit its Traffic Management Plan (TMP) to the Engineer for approval. 2. Land Acquisition - Under the terms of the Grant of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), before the commencement of the construction works at any part of the site, the Employer must prepare the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (the LARP), obtain the approval of ADB and then implement the plan and acquire the land. The LARP for this contract was prepared on the basis of the alignment established as part of the preliminary design. The LARP will be processed by the Employer and ADB during the bidding period, and it does not require any action of the Contractor. It will be approved and implemented before the Commencement Date. The Contractor shall prepare geometric design of the road in such a way that no land acquisition in addition to that included in the LARP is required in consequence of the design. 3. Site Clearing Works - The Works include the following site clearing works within or adjacent to the RoW of the Project Road, in accordance with the Drawings or instructions of the Engineer: - Clearing and grubbing. - Cutting, removing and disposing of trees and stumps of any size.

- Demolition, removal and disposal of existing fences, structures/buildings or parts of structures or buildings. - Removal and disposal of traffic signs, sign posts and their foundations. - Demolition, removal and disposal of existing bridges including foundations, abutments, piers, retaining walls, riverbank and waterway protection works. - Demolition, removal and disposal of existing culverts, inlet and outlet structures, headwalls, concrete drains, channel lining, and erosion protection works. - Removal of and any other natural or artificial objects within the RoW. - Backfilling and compacting cavities remaining after the removal of trees, stumps, or any other incidental works. - Removal and disposal of all vegetation and debris within the designated limits of the Right-of-Way. - Any other works incidental to demolition, tree cutting and site clearance. 4. Planning the Site Clearing Activities - Four weeks after the Commencement Date, the Contractor must submit to the Engineer a time program, including a detailed Schedule of Site Clearance and Demolition Works. 5. Demolition of Structures and Removal of Debris - The Employer will notify the affected persons after receiving the Contractor‘s Schedule of Site Clearance and Demolition Works. If the structures or other objects belonging to the affected persons are not removed within 30 days after the notification, it is the Contractor who must demolish and remove all structures and objects from the Right-of-Way. 6. Removal of Trees - The persons affected by land acquisition are entitled to cut and remove the trees from their land that will be acquired for the Project Road. If they do not use this entitlement after the Employer‘s notification, the Contractor must cut and remove all such trees or the remaining stumps. The Contractor must also remove from the existing Right-of-Way the trees from the land owned by the local authorities or public. 7. Relocation of Existing Services - The Works include the relocation of all services affecting the construction of the Project Road within the Right-of-Way. The services include the following - water mains - overhead electric supply lines - underground telephone cables - sewer mains 8. Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) - During this period the Contractor shall be responsible during for the preparation of his own SSEMP to conform with this IEE and its EMP. The SSEMP shall be completed with 30 days of the signing of the Contract to ensure that all EMP measures are included within the Pre-construction activities. The SSEMP shall be updated on completion of the Pre-construction phase and prior to the start of detailed design and construction when all of the final

environmental aspects, such as locations of borrow pits, quarries, construction camps, etc, are known.

76. The period between the end of the Pre-construction Phase and the commencement of the Detailed Design / Construction Phase is not currently know and will be determined by the Contractor. Any significant delay between the phases may result in environmental impacts such as soil erosion from lack of erosion protection construction and plantings, or potential issues arising from the removal of traffic signs. As such it is recommended that the Contractor shall limit the period between these phases so as to reduce, as far as practical, these impacts.

(iii) Detailed Design – On completion of the Pre-construction phase the Contractor must prepare detailed design for the construction of new and widening/rehabilitation of the old bridges, and the cross drainage works, taking into account the design concepts prepared during the feasibility study and the requirements of the IEE & EMP. However, it must verify the accuracy and appropriateness of the conceptual designs, and carry out and rely on its own surveys, geotechnical, hydrological and site investigation and design of the Works.

(iv) Construction – The detailed design will occur in conjunction with the Construction phase of the project. The main construction phase aspects are described in detail below.

(v) Operation and Maintenance - From the Commencement Date to the date of Taking Over of the Works by the Employer, the Contractor shall be solely responsible for routine, winter and emergency maintenance (including the removal of rockfalls) of the following sections of the road: - KM0 to approximately KM89 (entry to Panjankent town) - KM98 (exit from Panjankent) to Uzbekistan Border

2. Major Components and Design Characteristics

(i) Road Standards and Typical Profiles

77. The Project Road is classified as a Category III road between KM42 and the border with Uzbekistan and as a Category IV road between Ayni and KM42. Tables C-1 & C-2 provide an overview of the Geometric Standards for Category III & IV roads (according to SNiP 2.05.02-85)

Table C-1: Geometric Design Standards for Category IV Roads Description Design Standard Road IV Category Design Speed Flat Rolling Mountainous (km/h) 80 60 40 Lane Carriagew Shoulder Shoulder Roadbed Cross- No. of Lanes Width ay Width Strengthening sectional Width (m) Width (m) (m) (m) Width (m) Elements (m) 2 3.0 6.0 2.0(1.0) 0.5 10.0(8.0)

Cross Slope, Roadway Shoulder % 2.0(2.5) 4.0 Maximum Superelevatio 6 n % Minimum General Mountain General Mountain General Mountain Radius in Plan (m) 300 250 150 125 60 Maximum 6 7 9 Grade, % Minimum Stopping Passing Stopping Passing Stopping Passing Sight Distance 150 250 85 170 55 110 Minimum Crest Sag Crest Sag Crest Sag Vertical Curve Radius (m) General Mountain General Mountain General Mountain 500 2500 1000 0 2000 1000 1500 600 1000 3000

Table C-2: Geometric Design Standards for Category III Roads Description Design Standard Road III Category Design Flat Rolling Mountainous Speed (km/h) 100 80 50 Lane Carriageway Shoulde Shoulder Roadbed No. of Lanes Width Width r Width Strengthening Cross- Width (m) sectional (m) (m) (m) Width (m) Elements (m) 2 3.5 7.0 2.5 0.5 12.0 (9.0)

Cross Roadway Shoulder Slope, % 2.0(2.5) 4.0 Maximum Superelevat 6 ion % Minimum General Mountain General Mountain General Mountain Radius in Plan (m) 600 400 300 250 100 100 Maximum 5 6 8 Grade, % Minimum Stopping Passing Stopping Passing Stopping Passing Sight Distance 200 350 150 250 75 130 Minimum Crest Sag Crest Sag Crest Sag Vertical Curve 10,00 General Mountain 5,000 General Mountain 1500 General Mountain

Radius (m) 0

3,000 1,500 2,000 1,000 1,200 400

78. Appendix I illustrate typical cross sections of a Category III & IV road.

(ii) Retaining Structures

79. A geotechnical investigation of the road was conducted as part of the study. The study found a number of locations where remedial action is required to stabilize geotechnical weaknesses affecting either the existing cut and fill batters or the integrity of the formation. An indicative list of locations where the construction of retaining structures was considered during the preliminary design stage is provided in Appendix E. However, it is the responsibility of the Contractor to identify the exact locations and types of retaining structures required for the stability of the road and the slopes, the prevention of erosion or stone falls, and to provide detailed design of all such structures. Figure C-3 indicates the location of one of the longest areas requiring a retaining wall

Figure C-3: Retaining Wall Location, 80. The following types of earth KM37 retaining structures may be considered by the Contractor: (i) Gabion Walls- These are typically used to retain fill slopes. These will be placed typically to support the fill side of the formation on a slope. They can be used to remedy existing slope failures provided that they are suitably founded, i.e. in or on stable material. (ii) Stone Masonry Walls- These are typically used to retain back slopes on cuts that are prone to landslides and on embankment formations. The height varies from a minimum of 1.5m to a maximum of 5.0 meters. They can be constructed in conjunction with bioengineering works

(iii) Breast Walls- These are similar to stone masonry walls but are generally shorter in height (1.5m high or less) and more commonly used to contain minor slips at the toe of the cut slope. These types of structure will be founded on stable soil or on compacted ground. (iv) Bioengineering- This technique covers a variety of specific treatments, all involving planting of selected vegetation to reduce slope erosion and water infiltration. It can be used to improve near surface stability over a wider area. It will typically be effective where stability problems are caused by low strength soils or rock rather than in steep terrain. Actual effects can be hard to quantify, however the probability of large scale failures will be reduced if the work is done correctly. (v) Catch Drains- These are constructed to divert water away from areas or structures where it will cause stability problems. They are typically placed around the

upper extremity of a slope, diverting water away from the slope. Normal table drains, culverts etc. should also be considered as an integral part of the water diversion. (vi) Check Dams- These are constructed to control the flow of surface water to reduce the velocity of the surface runoff and minimize erosion. They act as small weirs to dissipate the energy. They can be constructed of a variety of materials.

(iii) Bridges

81. Thirty one bridges will be constructed during the project works to replace the existing structures. Table C-3 below provides summary details of the bridges and their locations with Appendices F & G providing more specific data about the bridges and the relevant hydrological conditions.

Table C-3: Bridges Bridge No. Location (km) Nearest Watercourse Length (m) Settlement Zeravshan 1 7.066 Iskodar 140.24 River 2 9.748 Dardar Dardar gully 12.30 Obi Togmad 3 15.328 Obi Togmad 28.60 gully 4 24.077 Veshkand Ustoghi gully 34.08 Dashti Zeravshan 5 26.620 72.14 Veshkand River 6 28.681 Urmetan Vashan gully 37.20 7 32.539 Urmetan Vashan gully 13.10 8 38.331 Revad Revad gully 20.45 Zeravshan 9 46.485 Kishtudak 140.24 River 10 51.148 Dashti Kozi Sarchashmasoi 13.10 11 53.238 Ruziobnok gully 13.10 Zeravshan 12 53.578 Shurcha 86.40 River 13 56.754 Shashkad gully 13.10 14 61.400 Varzi kanda gully 10.10 15 63.231 Navobod Zavron 19.13 16 64.553 Navobod gully 10.10 17 64.983 Navobod gully 13.10 18 66.271 Navobod gully 13.10 19 68.698 Kolhozchiyon gully 19.10 20 70.771 Kolhozchiyon gully 7.10 21 73.700 Gusar Shurcha gully 13.10 22 75.624 Dashti Malla gully 7.10 23 80.737 Sudjina gully 7.10 24 83.464 Sudjina Magyan River 25.10 25 89.830 Kuktosh gully 13.10 26 90.430 Kuktosh gully 13.10 27 93.200 Panjakent Zebon gully 37.15 28 96.310 Toshmunor gully 13.10

29 97.730 Toshmunor gully 10.10 30 100.146 Yalokjar gully 19.10 31 108.757 Sarazm gully 10.10

(iv) Culverts

82. Project works include the survey, investigation, design and construction of cross drainage structures (culverts), including inlet and outlet structures and associated works in accordance with the Specification. The scope of the cross drainage works under the Contract includes: (i) Complete replacement of existing culverts which are old, structurally deficient or undersized; (ii) Extension of existing culverts which are of adequate design and in good condition; (iii) Construction of new culverts at locations where no cross drainage structure existed before; (iv) Clearing and re-excavation of inlet and outlet channels of all structures for the minimum length of 10 m, or as instructed by the Engineer; (v) Cleaning of existing culverts which are partially or completely silted; (vi) Miscellaneous repair of the existing culvert joints, headwalls, wing walls, and scour and erosion protection works; and (vii) Construction of new scour protection and channel lining works.

83. Indicative locations, length and types of the cross drainage works are shown in the Indicative Schedule of Cross Drainage Structures in Appendix D. They are provided to assist the Contractor assess the scope of the drainage works. All new and extended cross drainage structures must be constructed after a detailed engineering assessment of the actual site conditions and cross drainage requirements.

(v) Other Drainage Structures

84. Surface runoff from the carriageway and all other pavements, and cut and embankment slopes must be discharged through longitudinal drains designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and the outfalls. The Works include construction of the drainage system components in urban and rural areas according to the types, dimensions, classes and material requirements for this work shown on the Typical Cross Section Drawings. The Contractor must verify the design of the entire storm water drainage system of the Project Road to ascertain whether the types and locations of the surface, sub-surface and cross drainage for the pavements, shoulders, embankments and cut areas are adequate. If the verification shows that the type of drains determined on the basis of the Typical Cross sections of the road is inadequate, the Contractor must amend the typical design accordingly.

(vi) Earthworks

85. The Works include the following types of earthworks necessary for the construction of the Project Road and all associated works: (i) Removal of topsoil. (ii) Construction of embankments. (iii) Construction of subgrade. (iv) Excavations in cuts.

(v) Excavation and removal of the existing pavement materials and the existing road embankment. (vi) Removal and replacement of unsuitable materials. (vii) Structural excavation. (viii) Excavation for the construction of side drainage and cross-drainage works. (ix) Excavation for the removal and relocation of the existing utilities. (x) All backfilling necessary for the construction of bridges, retaining walls or other earth retaining structures, cross drainage structures and associated works, side drains and erosion protection work. (xi) Preparation of beddings and filters for all structural, cross drainage, side drains or pavement works. (xii) Excavation, filling or backfilling necessary for the execution of any other incidental works.

86. Table C-4 indicates the earthworks and pavement quantities for both sections of the Project Road.

Table C-4: Earthworks and Pavement Quantities Lengths of Earthworks Earthworks Pavement Quantities (m3) Quantities (m3) Section (km) Total Sub- Base- Cut Fill Total Fill Asphalt Cut base course 1: Ayni – KM42 10 3 465000 200000 152000 52000 33250 2. KM42 – 0.3 6.5 5850 96000 200000 151300 67000 Uzbek Border

(vii) Pavement

87. The road pavement shall be rehabilitated using one of the following methods:

Rehabilitation Type R1 - This rehabilitation method shall be applied along the entire section of the road in category IV, from Ayni to KM47. On this mountainous section, the road profile needs to be corrected and the pavement is exposed to harsh climatic conditions and slow moving traffic. The rehabilitation method shall include the following activities: (i) Replacement of unsuitable materials below existing pavement and compaction of the substitute material in layers (potholes repair) (ii) Removal of existing asphalt (iii) Excavation in cut where the road needs to be widened (iv) Subgrade preparation (v) Construction of the leveling sub-base course layer of variable thickness, minimum 200 mm thick (vi) Construction of base course layer with a uniform thickness of 150 mm (vii) Placing a 6 cm thick layer of Hot Asphalt Pavement for Binder Course (d=19mm) (viii) Placing a 4 cm thick layer of Hot Asphalt Pavement for Wearing Course (d=12mm)

Rehabilitation Type R2 - This rehabilitation method shall be applied on the section of the road in category III, between KM47 and Panjankent, where the longitudinal profile and cross sections of the road need a more substantial correction. The rehabilitation method shall include the following activities: (i) Replacement of unsuitable materials below existing pavement and compaction of the substitute material in layers (potholes repair) (ii) Removal of existing asphalt (iii) Subgrade preparation (iv) Construction of the leveling sub-base course layer of variable thickness, minimum 200 mm thick (v) Construction of base course layer of uniform thickness of 150 mm (vi) Placing a 6 cm thick layer of Hot Asphalt Pavement for Wearing Course (d=12mm)

Rehabilitation Type R3 - This rehabilitation method shall be applied at short sections of the road in category III at locations where the longitudinal profile of the road needs to be raised above the level of neighboring irrigated fields and irrigation canals. This rehabilitation method shall include the following activities: (i) Replacement of unsuitable materials below existing asphalt layer (potholes repair) (ii) Removal of existing asphalt (iii) Construction of the embankment (iv) Subgrade preparation (v) Construction of 250 mm thick sub-base course layer of uniform thickness (vi) Construction of base course layer of a uniform thickness of 150 mm (vii) Placing a 6 cm thick layer of Hot Asphalt Pavement for Wearing Course (d max = 12mm)

Rehabilitation Type R4 - This rehabilitation method shall be applied at locations where the cross section and longitudinal profile of the road do not require substantial corrections. The method shall be applied for short sections of category III road before Panjakent, and the section of the road between Panjakent and Uzbekistan Border. At these sections the new horizontal alignment follows the existing alignment, there is no widening of the carriageway and the road profile does not require substantial corrections. The leveling course shall comprise a minimum 150 mm thick base course layer of variable thickness. The rehabilitation method shall include the following activities: (i) Replacement of unsuitable materials below existing pavement and compaction of the substitute material in layers (potholes repair) (ii) Removal of existing asphalt (iii) Subgrade preparation (iv) Construction a leveling base course layer of variable thickness, d min=15 cm (v) Placing a 6 cm thick layer of Hot Asphalt Pavement for Wearing Course (12mm)

Rehabilitation Type R5 - This rehabilitation method shall be applied at approximately 10 km long section of the road inside Panjakent, where the traffic intensity is much higher then outside the town, and the pavement is exposed to slow moving traffic of heavy vehicles. The rehabilitation method shall include the following activities:

(i) Replacement of unsuitable materials below existing pavement and compaction of the substitute material in layers (potholes repair) (ii) Removal of existing asphalt (iii) Subgrade preparation (iv) Constructing a leveling base course layer of variable thickness, min 15 cm (v) Placing a 6 cm thick layer of Hot Asphalt Pavement for Binder Course (d=19mm) (vi) Placing a 4 cm thick layer of Hot Asphalt Pavement for Wearing Course (d=12mm)

(viii) Removal of Asphalt

88. The Contractor shall remove the existing bituminous pavement layers and stockpile this material at locations that will be specified by the Employer and instructed by the Engineer. The existing bituminous pavement material removed from the section of the road from KM0 to KM47 shall be stockpiled at a specified location at Ayni. The average transport distance for this material shall be 24 km. All other bituminous material shall be transported to and stockpiled at a location in Panjakent. The average transport distance for the material removed from the road section from KM47 to KM90 (Panjakent) will be 22 km. The bituminous material removed from the road inside Panjakent shall be transported to an average distance of 8 km, while asphalt removed from the section of the road between Panjakent and the Uzbekistan Border shall be transported to a transport distance of 7 km. The maximum length of the road from which asphalt pavement can be removed without being covered with the levelling course will be limited based on the Contractor‘s capacity to place and complete levelling course. At any point of time, the maximum length of the section of the road from which asphalt pavement has been removed, which may be left without being fully covered by a completed levelling course layer shall not exceed 3 km. The potential exists for the reuse of this asphalt material and this issue will be discussed further within the section of the IEE relating to impacts and mitigation.

(ix) Permanent Ancillary Features

89. The Works include the design and construction of Bus Stops and bus shelters. The Contractor must prepare a detailed design based on the conceptual drawing prepared during the preliminary design. A preliminary schedule of bus stops is provided in the Typical Drawings to the Contractor. However, the exact locations of bus stops will be finalized after the consultations between the Contractor, the Employer and the Engineer, according to the instructions of the Employer.

3. Source of Materials

(i) Quarries & Borrow Pits

90. The exploitation of the borrow pits and quarries will be conducted by the licensed companies or the Contractor will obtain its own licenses. The exact locations of quarry and borrow sites will be determined by the Contractor and specified within the SSEMP. The Project will not implement any exploration activities from illegal sources. Potential borrow sites and quarries include:

Table C-5: Potential Quarry Sites # Location and Name Material 1 The quarry on the Ayni – Dushanbe Gravel-pebble-sand. The material is Road 130km in the floodplain suitable for concrete and asphalt work. Zaravshan to the right of the road at a distance of 2km. 2 4km Ayni - Panjakent with left-axis The material is suitable for the from the road 20m. construction of the embankment. 3 Right floodplain of the 20km road Gravel-pebble-sand. The material is Zaravshan Ayni - Panjakent at a suitable for the fractions after sorting for distance of 2km. concrete and asphalt work. 4 Crushed stone and gravel at 8km The material is suitable for construction of road- Ayni - Panjakent embankment 5 Groundwater reserve scree material The material is suitable for construction of at the site 27km road Ayni - embankment Panjakent 6 29km-30km road Ayni - Panjakent The material is suitable for construction of embankment 7 65 km of the road Ayni - Panjakent. Gravel-pebble Sai DeVore 8 68 km of the road Ayni - Panjakent. Gravel. The material is suitable for Sai Mazor construction of embankment 9 70-71 km of the road Ayni - Gravel-pebble. The material is suitable for Panjakent floodplain of the river the fractions after sorting for concrete and Zaravshan asphalt work 10 Gravel-pebble. The material is suitable for 73 km of the road Ayni - Panjakent the fractions after sorting for concrete and asphalt work 11 99km. Road Ayni - Panjakent Gravel-pebble. The material is suitable for to the right country asphalt plant on the fractions after sorting for concrete and the floodplain of the river Zaravshan asphalt work 2km 12 Gravel-pebble. The material is suitable for 101km. Road. Ayni - Panjakent the fractions after sorting for concrete and asphalt work

91. There will be potential impact of borrow activities at various locations including river bed and floodplain locations. So, necessary environmental permits of suppliers will be obtained by the Contractor prior the extraction works.

Figure C-4: Potential Quarry Site, KM18 Figure C-5: Potential Base Material, KM32

92. There are several deposits of alluvial material (see Figure C-5 for an example) transported to the edges of the Project Road. Apart from some oversize particles, this material appears to be suitable for use for the construction of embankments or even as a sub-base material. The Contractor shall first test this material to determine whether it could be used for such purposes. If the material is suitable, the Contractor must use such material first before using any other borrow pit within 3 km from any such alluvial deposit.

(ii) Asphalt Plants

93. Two existing asphalt plants have been identified, one owned and operated by China Roads Company, close to Ayni, and another owned and operated by Panjakent

94. DEU on the outskirts of Panjakent. The capacity of the DEU plant is not sufficient to meet the needs of the Project and as such the Contractor shall be responsible for opening and operating his own Asphalt Plants. The Contractor will be responsible for ensuring the facilities comply with the EMP and that all necessary permits to operate are obtained from the local authorities including the DEPs.

(iii) Water

95. Non-potable water will be derived from the Zaravshan River. The locations of the extraction points have yet to be determined, although they should be approved by the Engineer and DEP prior to the start of extraction. Potable water will also need to be sourced for construction camps.

4. Temporary Storage Areas

(i) Construction Camps

96. Camp sites will be selected keeping in view the availability of an adequate area for establishing camp sites, including parking areas for machinery, stores and workshops, access to communication and local markets, and an appropriate distance from sensitive areas in the vicinity. Final locations will be selected by the Contractor after the approval from the DEP and the Engineer.

97. The area requirement for construction camps will depend upon the workforce deployed and the type and quantity of machinery mobilized. In view of the area required, it will not be possible to locate camp sites within the RoW and the contractors will have to acquire land on lease from private landowners. The construction camp will have facilities for site offices, workshop and storage yard, and other related facilities including fuel storage.

98. The Contractor will provide the following basic facilities in the construction camps: (i) Safe and reliable water supply. (ii) Hygienic sanitary facilities and sewerage system. (iii) Treatment facilities for sewerage of toilet and domestic wastes (iv) Storm water drainage facilities. (v) Sick bay and first aid facilities.

99. Detailed criteria for siting of construction camps and establishment of facilities are given in the EMP.

(ii) Storage Areas

100. Temporary storage areas will be required for certain activities, such as the storage of sand and gravels and construction equipment. These storage areas may range in size from anything between 50 m2 to more than a hectare. The precise locations of these temporary facilities is not known at this stage, as such mitigation measures shall be prepared to ensure that these areas are sited in approved locations.

5. Road Safety

101. The scope of the Permanent Works includes the planning, manufacturing and installation of traffic signs and application of pavement markings along the entire length and for all features of the Project Road. The Contractor must also provide all traffic signs required for the Project Road according to the standards referenced in the Employer‘s Special Requirements. The following types of traffic signs must be installed along the Project Road: (vi) Warning Signs (vii) Regulatory Signs (viii) Signs for all off-ramp/adjacent roads (ix) Information and Direction Signs

102. In addition, the Works include the construction/manufacturing and installation of different types of safety barriers steel guardrail, kilometer posts and guide posts in accordance with the Employer‘s Requirements.

103. The main road safety benefits the project will deliver are the following: (i) Reduced risk of vehicles leaving their lane to avoid potholes and surface deformations; (ii) Reduced risk of accidents due to road hazards, e.g. flooding of roadway, foreign objects (falling rocks) on roadway; (iii) Improved sight distances due to improved vegetation control; (iv) Better separation between pedestrians and vehicles; and (v) Better night driving conditions due to wider carriageway and improved pavement centerline markings.

104. Some of these advantages could be partially offset by the higher speeds which will be possible after the road improvements.

6. Contracting and Institutional Issues

(i) Contracting Procedures

105. The Project Contracting Procedures are an essential aspect of the Project Design. The Project shall incorporate procedures which include important safeguards, most notably the Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP), the purpose of which is to make explicit the Contractor's documented and detailed understanding of the requirements of the EMP and to make their implementation both site-specific (e.g., where water quality monitoring will be conducted pursuant to the requirements of the Contract) and time-specific. It is important to note that, to be meaningful, the recommendations of the EMP must go beyond recommendations and become legally enforceable and incorporated in the bid and contract documents.

(ii) Monitoring and Supervision

106. Supervision and monitoring are an equally important part of Project design. Supervision and monitoring provisions of the Project will be primarily the responsibility of the following:

Engineer. The Engineer will be tasked with specific responsibility to ensure safeguard compliance of civil works - with particular emphasis on the monitoring of implementation of SSEMP and related aspects of the Project. Contractor's Environmental Specialist. The preparation of the SSEMP will require a licensed person. The Contractor will be required to retain expertise to do this work and must keep that person/firm to oversee the operation throughout the contract period.

107. Recommendations in regard to this aspect of the Project will be put forward in Section F: Environmental Management Plan and Section G: Conclusions and Recommendations.

F. Alternatives

1. The No Action Alternative

108. The ―No Action‖ Alternative in this instance is defined as a decision not to undertake the proposed construction of the Project Road. The ―No Action‖ Alternative would result in the continued deterioration of the road, bridges and drainage structures along the Right of Way (RoW), thereby severely impeding the economic recovery of the Project Area and the country as a whole. All positive benefits would be foregone. The relatively minor, less than significant environmental impacts (such as noise and short- term air quality impacts due to maintenance activities) and inconveniences (such as traffic diversions) would be avoided in the short-run. In the long-run, however, the steadily declining state of the roadway would severely hamper economic development in the Zaravshan Valley. In light of these considerations, the ―No Action‖ Alternative is deemed to be neither prudent not in the best interest of Tajikistan or those with an interest in, and attempting to assist restoration of, Tajikistan‘s well being.

2. Site Alternatives

109. Site alternatives generally include alternative routes, re-alignments, by-passes and similar actions. In this instance, due to the topographical conditions of the region no site alternatives can be considered as there is no alternate route from Ayni to Panjakent.

3. Alignment Alternatives.

110. Several minor design alternatives have been considered, they mainly relate to slight changes of alignment around tight hairpin curves in the section between Ayni and KM44. The precise changes in alignment will not be determined until the Detailed Design Phase in these sections, however, it should be stressed that none of these alignment changes will result in any form of resettlement or compensation with the exception of the two properties at KM11 in Dardar which are discussed below (Figure C-8). Another typical example of locations where slight alignment changes maybe considered is also noted (Figures C-6 & C-7). In general, these slight changes in alignment will have beneficial safety impacts without negative impacts to environmental conditions.

Figure C-6: Alignment Alteration.

The preliminary design has indicated that certain sections in the mountain areas (Ayni – KM44) may benefit from reducing the tight curves at locations such as this at KM25. A bridge will be constructed that will reduce the curve and make access easier for large trucks. The arrow indicates the proposed bridge direction. Figure C-9, below provides an aerial view of the same section, and here it is easier to see the benefits of cutting the curve. The only drawback to this action is the requirement to cut slightly into the graveyard indicated. However, formal consultations with locals have resulted in a positive conclusion that will see only a small section of the graveyard removed without interference to existing graves.

Figure C-7: Proposed alignment change at KM25. (Graveyard within blue circled area)

Figure C-8: Alignment Changes in Dardar.

Here, in the center of Dardar, there is another tight curve, which will be reduced by changing the alignment slightly across a stream which flows through the center of Dardar. The arrow indicated the direction of the proposed alignment, and as can be seen the red roofed house (and one other property) will have to be removed. The issue of resettlement for these properties is discussed in the Project LARP.

G. Proposed schedule for implementation

Project duration: 3.5 Years Start Date: March 2012 End Date: December 2015 Works Procurement: March 2012 – November 2012 Civil Works: November 2012

V. Description of the Environment

111. This section of the report discusses the existing environmental and social conditions within the Project corridor under the following headings: (i) Physical Resources (air quality, hydrology, topography, etc) (ii) Ecological Resources (flora, fauna, protected areas) (iii) Economic Resources (infrastructure, transport, land use, etc) (iv) Social and Cultural Resources (health, education, noise, cultural resources, etc)

A. Physical Resources

1. Air quality & Climate

(i) Air Quality

112. The first portion of the Project Road traverses relatively barren mountainous landscape interspersed with small villages clinging to the valley slopes. As such there is little industrial activity that may produce air quality impacts. The second portion of the

road generally follows the valley floor and is dedicated more to agricultural use, again limiting scope for industrial related air emissions, (Section D.3.1 discusses industrial activity in the region). One of the main sources of air pollution in the region relates to the burning of fossil fuels for heating, cooking and power within the urban areas, although this impact is being reduced as more portions of the valley become powered by hydroelectricity from Tajikistan‘s vast hydro resources. The other main source of emissions in the Valley is from vehicle movements which can be classified in two categories; emissions from the combustion engines, and dust related impacts from the movement of vehicles.

113. Emissions from the combustion of fuel, at present rates, is relatively low due to the low volume of traffic on the road. Traffic counts and forecasts were undertaken by the MoT to assess baseline vehicle movements on the Project Road (Appendix J). The traffic forecasts indicate that traffic volumes is likely to increase at a rate of about 20% every five years over the operating period of the Project (20 years). However, it can be noted from Figure D-1, that Tajikistan‘s contribution to Carbon Dioxide emissions in Central Asia is negligible, thus indicating that any increase in emissions from vehicles operating on the rehabilitated road is unlikely to be a significant contributor to CO2 emissions in the region.

114. Certain portions of the road, particularly in the first 44KM, have degraded to such an extent that little asphalt remains on the road, thereby vehicle movement create high volumes of dust, especially within the dry summer months. This issue was one that was highlighted during the consultation phase of the IEE (see Section F) Tajikistan has a set of air quality standards; they are indicated by Table D-1 below.

Table D-1: Air Quality Standards Pollutant Tajikistan Standard 8 mg / m3 Particulate Matter 0.150 Nitrogen Oxide (NO) 0.060 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 0.040 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 0.050 Carbon Dioxide 3.000 Ammonium 0.200 Source: Asian Development Bank. Environmental Profile of Tajikistan. 2000.

(ii) Climate

115. The climate of Tajikistan is continental, with considerable seasonal and daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity. The country‘s very complicated relief structure, with huge variations in elevation, creates unique local climates with great temperature differences. The climate in this region of Tajikistan where the Project is located is characterized by dry climate, with hot dry summers and cool, winters. The cold period lasts 110-190 days, the warm period – 260-140 days. The climate affects the construction season in the Project area which is between March and November. Table

8 Based on the Russian standard GN 2.1.5.1338-03 on maximum allowable concentrations for pollutants in the outdoor air of populated areas

D-2 and Figure D-2 indicate the average temperature and precipitation levels in Panjakent.

Table D-2: Temperature & Precipitation, Panjakent Month Average High Average Low Precipitation Temperature Temperature January 3 -2 18 February 4 -1 24 March 8 1 30 April 12 5 24 May 14 7 9 June 18 9 2 July 18 10 1 August 16 9 0 September 14 7 0 October 12 5 9 November 10 3 12 December 6 0 27 Source: http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Panjakent-weather-averages/Sughd/TJ.aspx

116. Zaravshan valley winds have an average speed of 3-6 m / s and generally blow down the valley, west, during the day and up the valley, east at night. Wond roses for Panjakent and Ayni provided by Appendix L illustrate the westerly and easterly winds in these locations.

Figure D-2: Mean Annual Rainfall in Tajikistan

Project Road

Source: Atlas of Tajikistan

(iii) Climate Change

117. Climate change has been identified as an increasing threat to the environment in Tajikistan. The greatest concern has been an increase in air temperature, which has serious implications for its glaciers and water resources. Ground air temperatures are increasing in most districts and high altitude zones. The biggest increase of annual mean temperature has been at Dangara at 1.2°C and Dushanbe at 1.0°C over a 65- year period. In mountainous areas, 1.0-1.2°C was observed in Khovaling, Faizabad and Iskashim. There has also been an increase of the number of days maximum temperatures have reached 40°C or over. Figure D-3 indicates a slight change in temperature anomalies in the Panjakent area, but no changes in the area around Ayni. There has been an increase in east and south - east (warm) winds, and a decrease in west and south - west (cold) winds. Thunderstorms and hailstorms, both associated with cold fronts, have decreased.

Figure D-3: Annual Air Temperature Anomalies in Tajikistan

Project Road

Source: Reaching the Tipping Point: Climate Change in Tajikistan. Oxfam, 2009.

118. Droughts will likely be more intense and frequent in the future. One of the worst droughts was in 2000-1 where, in the lowland arid region of the Amu Darya River Basin (e.g. Karakalpakstan), access to water was halved. According to the IPCC (2007) ―the projected decrease in mean precipitation in Central Asia will be accompanied by an increase in the frequency of very dry spring, summer and autumn seasons. Changes in seasonality and amount of water flows from river systems are likely to occur due to climate change. Changes in runoff of river basins could have a significant effect on the power output of hydropower generating countries like Tajikistan, which is the third- highest producer in the world.‖ 9

2. Topography

119. Mountains occupy around 93% of Tajikistan. The main elements of Tajik geography are the following: the Kuramin Mountain Range and the Mogoltau Mountains, Fergana Depression, Hissar-Alai Mountains (the South Tian Shan), the depressed area in southwestern Tajikistan (Tajik depression), and Pamir. Altitudes range from 300 to 7495 meters above sea level. The modern relief of Tajikistan is the result of activities of alpine tectonic movements of the earth surface as well as the denudation process. The majority plain territories of the country are the broad areas of river valleys or the vast depressions between the mountains. Most of the country‘s population is concentrated in these particular areas along with the main fields of industrial production and agricultural potential of the county.

9 Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation, Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC, 2007

120. The Project Road itself is situated in two distinct topographical areas: (i) Ayni – KM50 – This mountainous area of the Project starts at Ayni at an altitude of 1420 meters above sea level. Figure D-4 illustrates the mountainous nature of the topography in this portion of the Project. At KM44 the Project Road falls to an elevation of around 1100 meters. (ii) KM50 – KM113 – In general, the Project Road moves out of the mountain slopes and into the valley floor, as depicted by Figure D-5. Elevations in Panjakent are approximately 1000 meters above sea level and around 900 meters above sea level at the border with Uzbekistan.

Source: Google Maps.

Figure D-4: Topography Figure D-5: Topography

Starting at Ayni and looking west, we can Looking east from the border with see the mountainous topography of the Uzbekistan (KM113), we can see the open first portion of the project road flat plain of the Zaravshan Valley which (approximately 50KM) and the narrow continues for around 65 kilometers. valley that the road sits within.

3. Soils

(i) Profiles

121. Within the Zaravshan Valley the soil cover consists of gray desert (sierozem), brown-carbonate, and mountain steppe soils.

(ii) Erosion

122. Soil erosion and landslides are significant problems in Tajikistan. Erosion is a widespread natural phenomenon due to the relief and climate of the country, but it is accelerated by poor land management practices, such as the cultivation of land on steep slopes; excessive cuttings of forests, shrubs and bushes including wind shelters; overgrazing; and improper irrigation. Within the Project Area soil erosion is resulting in significant impacts to the Project Road. Figures D-6 and D-7 show examples of existing erosion impacts.

Figure D-6: Erosion Figure D-7: Blocked Culvert

Bare mountain slopes have led to Here is another illustration of eroded materials excessive soils and rubble movement blocking the existing culvert. These materials blocking existing culverts which has will be excavated, and perhaps used for base led to water flow overtopping the material. The culvert will be replaced with a 2x2 project road in peak flow periods and meter box culvert. However, excessive eroded creating wide gullies adjacent to the materials will continue to move through this road. The red area indicates location channel while the slopes above the Project of the existing failed culvert and the Road remain bare. extent of the eroded gullies

4. Hydrology – Surface water & Flooding

123. The rivers of Tajikistan are important sources of fresh water for the Aral Sea. The glaciers and permanent snow feed the rivers of the Aral Sea basin with over 13 km3 of water a year. The major rivers are the Syr Darya (total length 2,400 km), which flows for 195 km across the Fergana Valley in the north, the Zaravshan, which runs through central Tajikistan, and the Kafirnigan, Vakhsh and Panj rivers, all of which together drain more than three fourths of Tajikistan‘s territory. The Project Road is located within the Zaravshan River Basin (See Figure D-8).

124. The nature of the Zaravshan Basin has changed over the past half century. Formerly, it was a sub-basin of the Amu Darya basin but its connection was lost as more and more water from the river and its 70 tributaries was diverted for irrigation.

Figure D-8: River Basins of Tajikistan10 Table D-3: Zaravshan Basin Characteristics Basin Length Catchment Average Month of Total (km) In Tajikistan area in annual water Maximum (km) Tajikistan discharge flow (thousand (billion km3) m3/year) Zaravshan 877 310 11.8 5.1 July - August Source: Environmental Performance Review, Tajikistan. UN, 2004

125. The Main river within the Basin is the Zaravshan River which forms the Zaravshan Valley through which the Project Road traverses from Ayni to the Uzbekistan Border. The river derives its name from the Persian word zar-afshān, meaning "the

10 Source: Environmental Performance Review, Tajikistan. UN, 2004

45 sprayer of gold" refering to the presence of gold-bearing sands in the upper reaches of the river. To the ancient Greeks it was known as the 'Polytimetus'. It was also formerly known as Sughd River. It rises at 39°30′N 70°35′E on the fringes of the Pamirs in Tajikistan, flowing due west for some 300 kilometres (190 mi), passing Penjikent before entering Uzbekistan at 39°32′N 67°27′E, where it turns west-to-north-west, flowing past the legendary city of Samarkand, which is entirely dependent on the oasis thus created, until it bends left again to the west north of Navoiy and further to the south-west, passing Bukhara before it is lost in the desert beyond the city of Qorako‗l (Karakul), not quite reaching the Amu Darya, of which it was formerly a tributary. Tajikistan uses only about 8% of the river‘s discharge. Virtually all the remainder is used to irrigate more than 600,000 hectares in Uzbekistan. Reportedly, there are preliminary plans to dam a section of the Zaravshan however, the exact locations of the proposed Dam and any schedule of works is not currently known. However, it would be prudent for the Contractor to discuss this issue with the relevant Ministry to determine if such a project would impact upon Project Road structures.

(i) Flooding

126. In Tajikistan floods occur either in spring following heavy rains, or during snowmelt in summer time. Flash floods in narrow valleys are particularly destructive. River beds rise due to the load of silt and stones carried down from the mountains. The South-eastern slopes of Gissar range, Northern slopes of Turkestan range and Southern slopes of Kuramin range are the areas with greatest flood activity, particularly in the basins of Yakhsu, Varzob, Vakhsh, Obihingou and Zaravshan (within the Project Area) Rivers. At the beginning of June 2005 floods caused considerable damage to the infrastructure and livelihoods of Panjakent District. A total of 110 houses were totally destroyed and 299 houses were partially damaged in 5 villages of Shing and Rudaki Jamoats of Panjakent District (none of which are within the Project Area). In total 3,500 people were reportedly affected.11

(ii) Water Quality

127. According to the National Geoscience Database of Tajikistan, the Zaravshan river is subject to pollution from industry and settlements, including BOD, antimony and mercury. However, Figure D-9 illustrates that the Zaravshan Basin has lower levels of wastewater discharge than most other Basins in Tajikistan.

11 Tajikistan, Country Report for Asian Disaster Reduction Center February 2006

Figure D-9: Waste Water Discharge in Main River Basins

Source: Geoscience Database of Tajikistan: http://www.ngdtj.com/Default.asp?URL=http://www.ngdtj.com/Main.asp

128. Tajikistan has water quality standards for surface watercourses as indicated by Table D-4.

Table D-4: Water Quality Standards Parameter Limit Value Oxygen Winter – 4.0 mg/litre Summer – 6.0 mg/litre Salt ammonium 0.5 mg/litre BOD 3.0 Oil 0.05 Iron 0.05 Copper 0.001 Zink 0.01 Phenols 0.001 Chlorides 300 Sulphates 100 Calcium 180 Potassium 50 Suspended Matter 1000 Source : State Committee for Statistics. Environmental Protection in Tajikistan: Statistical Summary 1990- 2000. 2002. (in Russian)

(iii) Drainage

129. The current drainage system along the Project Road is poorly maintained and has led to the blockage and break up of side drains, culverts and other drainage structures. This has led to portions of the road being eroded due to water overtopping the road at points where culverts and drains are blocked.

(iv) Other Water Features

130. Around KM14, there is a rest stop located Figure D-10: Small water falls on the valley slopes where there are some small at KM14 water falls (Figure D-10) which provide a source of clean, fresh water for travellers. This picturesque point on the road has real aesthetic value which should be maintained.

5. Hydrology - Groundwater

131. Groundwater is observed mostly at the depths of 10-20 m. The following map (Figure D- 11) shows the level of the groundwater table for the Project Area.

Figure D-11: Groundwater level in Project Area

Source: Carec Tajikistan, 2012

6. Geology

132. The mountain landscapes of the Zaravshan River Valley are composed of Palaeogene and Neogene deposits and magmatic formations. Quaternary, Neogene,

and Palaeogene deposits and intrusive rocks are most common here. Within the Project Area large areas of unstable rock is present. Blasting will be required in some sections to improve the width of the existing roadway (Figure D-12).

Figure D-12: Overhang at KM18. Blasting will be required in this section of the Project Road to improve road width.

133. Within the first portion of the Road between Ayni and KM44 retaining wall structures will be required mainly on the inside of the roadway and occasionally on the outside of the road where the rock stability allows. Appendix E indicates the proposed locations for retaining wall structures.

7. Natural Hazards and Disasters

134. Probably the most forceful expressions of the consequences of loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation are natural disasters. Owing to its geography Tajikistan is particularly prone to water-related disasters. Steep mountain slopes and unstable soils contribute to the approximately 50,000 landslides that occur annually. These fragile and unstable conditions make the land all the more susceptible to damage caused by human activity. Deforestation, cultivation and overgrazing of slopes, strip mining and road building exacerbate the instability of mountainous areas. Anthropogenic impacts are particularly striking in the Hisor-Zeravshan zone, where grazing, agriculture and industry (particularly mining) have taken their toll on the fragile slopes.

135. Floods, mudflows, landslides and avalanches occur every year, destroying roads, bridges, embankments, construction and equipment. For instance, between 1997 and 2004, 5,900 km of roads, 760 bridges, 1,300 km of embankments and 3,800 km of irrigation works were destroyed at a cost of some 240 billion somoni, i.e about US$ 86 million.12

136. The incidence of natural disasters causing casualties among inhabitants in risk areas has been increasing steadily over recent years. As such, environment-related migration is therefore becoming a major concern for the Government, which has identified a total of 700 families requiring urgent relocation due to environment- related factors and a remaining 10,037 families as potential ecological migrants over the next

12 Source: Environmental Performance Review, Tajikistan. UN, 2004

49 five years.

(i) Seismic Conditions

137. From the seismological point of view the Project Road is located in an 8 point seismic area according to MSK-64 scale (Figure D-13). Anecdotal information provided by the Ayni DEU indicated that significant earthquakes were not however, frequent within the Project Corridor.

(ii) Avalanches

138. The major reason of avalanches in Tajikistan is fresh snow formation (60- 70%). Most avalanches are observed in February and March. In 1969, extraordinary avalanche activities were indicated in the Western Pamir. The number of days with avalanches exceeding twice the average was indicated in 1976, 1984 and 1987. During recent avalanches in January and February 2006, a total of 23 people have been killed.13

Figure D-13: Seismic Conditions in Tajikistan

(iii) Mudflows

139. Mudflows are one of the consequences of heavy rainfall, being observed frequently in the foothills and mountainous areas of Tajikistan. Another reason for the occurrence of mudflows can be the damming of watercourses by landslides and glaciers, and the accumulation of loose debris on slopes and in the channels of watercourses behind a dam. Some 85% of Tajikistan‘s area is threatened by mudflows and 32% of the

13 Tajikistan, Country Report for Asian Disaster Reduction Center February 2006

area is situated in the high mudflow risk zone. The major mudflows that occurred in Tajikistan were: Garm district the (villages Yaldamich and Navdi) in 1969 and 1998; Panjakent in (Shing Jamoat), Tavildara (Langar), Nurek (Navdekh) in 1998.

(iv) Landslides

140. Some 50 000 landslides have been reported in the 1990s all over the republic, including both seismic and non-seismic slides. Seismic landslides triggered by strong earthquakes are much bigger than non-seismic slides and have much more serious consequences. According to these studies some 1500 of landslides/mudslides were identified to threaten settlements and industrial constructions.

B. Ecological Resources

1. Flora

141. The Zaravshan Valley has a long history of human settlement featuring agricultural development with some limited industrial activity, and this is true of the Project corridor. As such, within the immediate vicinity of the Project Road very little flora is present. Degraded slopes exist along many portions of the road which have led to increased soil erosion and unstable slopes. Much of the forest on these slopes has been cut by the local population to provide fuel wood as a result of the lack of a reliable power network in the Valley. Most vegetation in the Project Area now occurs in irrigated land and gardens, growing fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Both introduced and local species and varieties are used. Besides homes and private plots, in the second portion of the road (KM44 to KM113) land immediately adjoining the road is used for vegetable growing, cereals and orchards. Either side of the road, rows of trees have been planted. Most are between 20 and 30 years in age approximately. Around 80% are ornamental species, primarily Populus (poplar) species, which make up around 50% of the total. The remaining 20% are fruit and nut trees, including apricot, persimmon, walnut and mulberry.

142. No important, rare, endangered, or protected species of fauna are found within or in the vicinity of the road with the exception of some Tugai forests which can be found within the Zaravshan River floodplains between KM80 and Panjakent. Tugai forests consist of poplar Populus pruinosa, oleaster Elaeagnus oxycarpa, tamarisk Tamarix laxa in combination with reed grass, liana, bulrush and other plant species. In Tajikistan tugai forests are well preserved in the lower reaches of Vahsh river within ―Tigrovaya balka‖ nature reserve as well as in Panji, Kafirnigan and Zeravshan rivers. Tugai forests are characterized with high level of groundwater position, periodically flooded areas during spring season, humid microclimate with high annual surface air temperatures. Tugai forests play big water security and coast protection functions and serve as habitats for many species of animals and plants. However, Tugai forests have been substantially damaged as a result of excessive use of water for irrigation.

2. Fauna

143. While Tajikistan is home to a wide diversity of animals and birds, generally the biodiversity of the wildlife / fauna in the Project Road area is rather low. There are relatively few species and few individuals. The following animals may rarely stray into

51 the area: eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus), white-toothed shrew (Crocidura), Indian porcupine, rats, launce (Ammodytes), Afghan vole, jackal, striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), small five-toed jerboa (Allactaga elater), steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanni). There are no critical habitats for these species within or in the vicinity of the Project Road. Common bird species within the Project Corridor include pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), see-see partridge (Ammoperadix griseogularis), kite (Milvus korshun), lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni), rock-pigeon (Columba livia), striated scops-owl (Otus brucei), woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucopterus), black swift (Apus apus), my-lady's-belt (Acridotheres tristis), red-rumped swallow (Hirundo daurica). No important, rare, endangered, or protected bird species or habitats are found within the Project Corridor.

3. Aquatic biology

144. Other than the Zaravshan river there are no perennial water bodies within or near the project road. No rare, endangered, or protected fish species or habitats are found within the vicinity of the Project Road.

4. Forests & Protected Areas

145. In recent decades, deforestation has become a serious threat in Tajikistan, especially within the Project Corridor (Figure D-14). Valuable juniper, walnut, birch and pistachio forests have shrunk by 20 to 25%, and tree cutting has led to an outbreak of weeds, alien and quarantine plant species, erosion, landslides and the impoverishment of winter pastures. Only about 3% of Tajikistan is really forested, and its main function is to protect the environment. Since forests secure water, prevent erosion and protect soils, logging is generally prohibited except for sanitary tree-cuttings and restoration works. Clear- cutting is never allowed, only selective cutting. According to the Forestry Department, forests should cover at least 10% of the country. Much more forest is needed to reduce erosion and also for domestic wood Figure D-14: Degraded consumption. Slopes above the Project Road 146. Tajikistan‘s forest resources consist of 200 species of trees and bushes, including rare, relict and endangered species. The major types are tugai forests, broadleaved forests, mixed birch and poplar forests, xerophytic pistachio light forests, desert forests and juniper forests.

147. Two protected areas are in the area of the Project Road: Say-Vota State Preserve (IUCN Category IV) - with an area of 4200 ha, the site was established in 1970 to conserve and restore juniper forests on the North slopes of Zaravshan range, and Zaravshan State Preserve (IUCN Category IV) was established in 1976 to conserve unique Zaravshan pheasant and bukhara deer (Cervus elaphus baktrianus), and tugay forest (area of preserve if 2300 ha). Despite the protected area status the site has been significantly degraded over the past few years by human activity.

148. The nearest point of Say-Vota preserve is about 500-800 m distance from the project road, and nearest point of Zeravshan preserve – about 1 km distance from the project road. No buffer zones exist for either of the Protected Areas. However, no direct impact from project works could be expected to the afore mentioned protected areas, and this was also the response from the DEPs at Ayni and Panjakent. The Panjakent DEP also commented that the Zaravshan preserve was already heavily degraded by human activity.

Figure D-15: Protected Areas of Tajikistan14

C. Economic Development

1. Industries

149. Industrial activity in the Project Corridor is relatively low. The mountainous areas between Ayni and KM44 show no signs of significant industrial activity of mineral exploitation. The most significant industrial activity in the Zaravshan Valley is the

14 Tajikistan Environmental Performance Review, UN, 2004

Zaravshan Gold Company, located within 5km of Panjakent. Reportedly, there are two gold mines, one is an open-pit mine producing 4000t/d of ore; another is underground mine producing 1000t/d of ore. According to the Panjakent DEP, a Chinese company has the concession to operate the mine and is often in breach of the environmental standards required to operate the facility. There is however, the potential to procure base material from this facilities quarries. In addition, the JSC "Lada marble" company is located in Panjakent District. This facility can process about 60 000 sq. m. meters of marble in year. Reportedly another thirteen industrial plants operate in Panjakent district.

2. Infrastructure and Transportation facilities

150. Irrigation systems form an important service throughout the Project corridor. These often intricate systems serve to irrigate areas of land perched high on the valley slopes. Local villagers operate and maintain these systems some of which however, have fallen into disrepair due to lack of funds to maintain the systems.

151. Transport infrastructure in the Zaravshan Valley is poor, until recently (2006) when the Anzob Pass Tunnel was constructed the road from Ayni south to Dushanbe could be impassable for days. As described above, the current road condition is very poor and currently the border with Uzbekistan is closed. As such not much in the way of a regional road network exists. According to residents of Panjakent, if they wish to visit Samarkand, just a 40km drive west into Uzbekistan, they have to undertake an eight hour drive to Dushanbe, then fly from Dushanbe to Uzbekistan. There are airports at Panjakent and Ayni, although services to these locations are irregular and expensive.

3. Land use

152. Land uses within the first portion of the Project Corridor (Ayni – KM44) are limited to small patches of fertile, terraced plots of land perched on the valley slopes. Figure D-16 illustrates typical land use in this section of the road. The second portion of the Project Road traverses mainly agricultural and grazing land interspersed with larger villages and towns, such as Panjakent.

4. Power sources and transmission

153. The energy sector of Tajikistan Figure D-16: Land Use in Dardar. includes several entities. The electric power is the responsibility of the State- owned joint stock company Barqi Tojik, which entirely controls production, transportation and distribution of electricity in Tajikistan. The coal-mining sector is controlled by the State Committee for Industry. Tajikistan has 4.4 gigawatts (GWe) of generating capacity, about 90% of which is hydroelectric. A major portion of this hydroelectric capacity is used in aluminum production, which consumes 40% of all the country's electric power. Tajikistan produces practically no oil, gas, or coal of its own. There is a greater hydroelectric power capacity in Tajikistan than any other country in in Central Asia.

Tajikistan has the potential to produce more than 300 billion kilowatt hours electricity per year, but currently produces only 16.5 billion kilowatt hours.

154. High voltage transmission lines follow adjacent to the Project Road for large portions of its route. A newly constructed electricity substation is also located adjacent to the Project Road at around KM3. During the winter months many of the villages that line the Project Road only receive a maximum of four hours electricity per day. This has resulted in many of the villagers turning to wood as a fuel source. Subsequently this has led to deforestation of the mountain slopes, soil erosion, blocking of the culverts on the Project Road and degradation of the roadway. Energy consumption per capita from the central Zaravshan valley networks is low - 796 kWh / person. per year, which is 3 times lower than the average in Tajikistan. In Panjakent District this figure is 832.3 kWh / person. per year and in Ayni - 840 kWh / person. per year.

5. Agricultural development, mineral development, and tourism facilities

(i) Agriculture

155. As stated above, agriculture is the mainstay of the economy within the Project Corridor. A range of crops are grown, including corn, tobacco, rice, wheat, grapes (there are several vineyards around Panjakent, and a company producing Panjakent branded wine for ten Somoni adjacent to the Project Road at Gusar), apples, apricot and other fruits. Irrigated farms range from 7 to 300 hecatres in size. However, deforestation of the slopes is leading to a gradual degradation of the limited agricultural land in the mountain areas of the Project Road.

(ii) Mineral Development

156. As mentioned above under the heading of Industries, the main mineral development activity within the Project Corridor is the Zaravshan Gold Company, located close to Panjakent. The mine is one of the major employers in the Panjakent area, although there have been recent disputes between the Concessionaire and his local employees regarding salary conditions.

(iii) Tourism

157. The Zaravshan Valley is a perfect location for tourism with the dual locations of Samarkand in Uzbekistan and Sarazm in Tajikistan just 40 kilometers apart. Unfortunately the closed border between these sites prevents the flow of tourists between these sites. According to officials in Panjakent, Sarazm receives on average around forty visitors per day, this could be increased significantly with the rehabilitation of the Project Road and opening of the border with Uzbekistan.

D. Social and Cultural Resources

1. Population and communities

158. In 2006 Tajikistan‘s population was estimated at 7,320,815 people. The growth rate was 2.19 percent per year. The average density was 51.3 people per square

55 kilometer, but the population was concentrated heavily in the western, southwestern, and northwestern regions. Within the Project Corridor, the population density is relatively low with the majority of the population gathered in small villages that line the Project Road.

159. Some 30 percent of the population was classified as urban, the lowest percentage among the former Soviet republics. In 2006 an estimated 700,000 Tajikistanis, mostly men, spent some or all of the year as migrant workers in Russia and other countries, creating a significant male- female imbalance in the adult population. In 2006 the net migration rate was about –2.5 per 1,000 population.

160. The main population centers within the corridor are as follows: (i) Iskodar – KM7 Total 1433 (men: 732, women: 701) (ii) Dardar – KM10: Total 1181 (men: 940, women: 941) (iii) Veshkand – KM24: Total 1878 (men: 982, women: 896) (iv) Umetan – KM32: Total 7110 (men: 3459, women: 3657) (v) Shurcha – KM53: Total 6033 (vi) Novabod – KM63: Total 4662 (vii) Gusar – KM73: Total 8189 (viii) Sudjina – KM81: Total 4573 (ix) Panjakent – KM93: Total 43459

Figure D-17: Iskodar Figure D-18: Dardar

Figure D-19: Novabod Figure D-20: Shurcha

2. Health & Education facilities

(i) Health

161. In Tajikistan indicators such as infant and maternal mortality rates are among the highest of the former Soviet republics. In the post-Soviet era, life expectancy has decreased because of poor nutrition, polluted water supplies, and increased incidence of cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, and typhoid. The leading causes of death are cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and infectious and parasitic diseases. Because the health care system has deteriorated badly and receives insufficient funding and because sanitation and water supply systems are in declining condition, Tajikistan has a high risk of epidemic disease.

162. Most of the larger villages in the Project Corridor have access to their own health clinics. These clinics provide a variety of services including maternal health care. However, for serious injuries the main hospital is located in Panjakent. Given the current low volumes of traffic on the road existing noise and dust related impacts to this facility are low.

Table D-5: Public Services in the Project Area Ayni District Panjakent District Number of secondary schools 47 134 Number of hospitals 7 hospitals 18 Number of health clinics, health centers 56 92

(ii) Education

163. In Tajikistan school attendance is mandatory between the ages of seven and 17, but many children fail to attend because of economic needs and security concerns in some regions. At all levels, Tajikistan‘s education system suffers from a depleted infrastructure and an acute shortage of teachers, which will increase because of the relatively high birthrate. The official literacy rate is 98 percent, but the poor quality of education since 1991 has reduced skills in the younger generations.

164. Within the Project corridor almost all villages have at least one school, with several, such as Dardar and Panjakent having multiple facilities. Three schools were noted to be very close to the Project Road (closer than 10 meters), they include: (i) School No. 15, Panjakent (ii) School in central Dardar (iii) School at Novabod

Table D-6: Education Statistics in the Project Area Ayni District Panjakent District Number of teachers 1868 3800 School children Around 16244 pupils 51769 pupils

165. As mentioned above, current low levels of traffic on the road mean that these facilities are not impacted significantly by traffic noise, vibration, or poor air quality. However, due to the siting of these facilities adjacent to the road, especially in narrow corridors such as Dardar, the potential for accidents between school children and

57 vehicles is higher than in other portions of the road, especially around time when children are arriving and leaving the schools.

3. Socio-economic conditions

166. The following provides a summary of Tajikistan‘s socio-economic conditions and an overview of the situation within the Project corridor.

(i) Demography

167. In 2006 some 37.9 percent of the population was 14 years of age or younger, and only 4.8 percent was 65 years of age or older. The birthrate was 32.6 births per 1,000 population. The death rate was 8.3 per 1,000 population. In the early 2000s, estimates of the infant mortality rate have varied widely, from 54 to 111 deaths per 1,000 live births, according to differing standards of calculation. In 2006 overall life expectancy was 64.9 years: 62 years for males, 68 years for females.15

Table D-7: Population Data (01/01/2011) Ainy District Penjikent District Total population 72140 246200 Male 35295 123800 Female 36845 122400 Households 12392 50171

(ii) Economy

168. Tajikistan‘s economy, which had been the poorest in the Soviet Union, was severely disrupted by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the civil war of 1992– 97. With independence, Tajikistan lost the nearly 50 percent of its state revenue that had come as transfers from Moscow, as well as barter arrangements that brought food from other republics in exchange for cotton and aluminum. The civil war disrupted both agricultural and industrial production. Particularly hard-hit was the cotton industry, a key economic element in the Soviet era. In 2005 the economy remained fundamentally agricultural and highly dependent on the export of aluminum and cotton, although significant growth occurred in light industries and services. Soghd Province, where a portion of the Project Road is located, in the north accounts for the majority of industrial and agricultural output. Per capita GDP in 2005 was US$258, lowest among the 15 countries of the former Soviet Union. In 2005 services contributed 48 percent, agriculture 23.4 percent, and industry 28.6 percent to GDP. Within the Project corridor the predominant economic activity is agriculture, although as noted under Section D.3.1, there are several notable industrial facilities within the Project Road section of the Zaravshan Valley, including gold mines and marble extraction.

Table D-8: Selected Industrial and Agricultural Data Ayni District Panjakent District Number of industrial enterprises 3 12 Number of people engaged to industry 991 persons 1962 persons

15 Country Profile Tajikistan, 2007, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division.

Number of private farms 155 1074 Number of people engaged in 15735 persons 68606 persons agriculture Area of agricultural lands 131483 hectares 158575 ha Area of irrigated land 3139 ha 21445 ha Pastures 126524 ha 133236 Orchards 871,2 ha 3374 ha Number of pump stations 8 18

(iii) Ethnic Groups

169. According to the 2000 census, 79.9 percent of the population was Tajik, 15.3 percent Uzbek, 1.1 percent Russian, and 1.1 percent Kyrgyz. Smaller ethnic groups include Germans, Jews, Koreans, Turkmens, and Ukrainians. Tajikistanis also have a strong regional affiliation: mountains divide the country into northern and southern regions, whose rivalry spurred the civil war of the 1990s. Within the Project corridor the predominant ethnic group is Tajik, followed by Uzbek.

(iv) Languages

170. The official state language is Tajik, which is related to Persian. Russian is widely used in government and business, and Uzbek is the main language of about 25 percent of the population. Within the Project corridor the prominent language is Tajik.

(v) Religion

171. Some 85 percent of the population is Sunni Muslim and 5 percent, Shia Muslim. About 3 percent of the population is Christian, mainly Russian Orthodox and concentrated in Dushanbe. Within the Project Corridor the predominant religion is Sunni Muslim.

4. Historical and Archeological Areas of Significance

172. Historic and cultural resources include monuments, structures, works of art, the sites of outstanding universal value from historical, aesthetic, scientific ethnological and/or anthropological points of view, including graveyards and burial sites. Tajikistan is rich in historic and cultural resources, especially in the area around Panjakent. The responsibility for preservation, maintenance and assessment of historical and cultural monuments in Tajikistan rests with the Ministry of Culture. There are numerous historical and archeological sites of significance within the vicinity of the Project Road. Figures D-21 to D-25 provides details of these sites.

Figure D-21: Sarazm - Sarazm, which means ―where the land begins‖, is a UNSECO archaeological site bearing testimony to the development of human settlements in Central Asia, from the 4th millennium BC to the end of the 3rd millennium BC. It is managed by the Panjakent Archaeological Base under the supervision of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences. This site is located more than two hundred meters north of the Project Road around KM108

Figure D-22: Madrassa and Mosque, Panjakent – Located in central Panjakent (KM92) adjacent to the Project Road, both of these facilities are of significant cultural importance to the people of Panjakent.

Figure D-23: Cemetery, KM25 – Construction works will require a small portion of the cemetery being removed. Consultations with villagers have been held regarding this subject and approvals for the works have been given. No graves will be impacted by Project works. The blue arrow indicates the portion of the cemetery to be removed.

Figure D-24: Dardar Mosque (KM10) – The mosque is reportedly more than two hundred years old and forms the cultural centerpiece of Dardar.

Figure D-25: Area requiring removal at Dardar Mosque – A small portion of the cement steps leading up to the mosque will need to be removed to make way for the Project works. The red arrow indicates approximately what portion of the step will be removed.

173. In addition to the above, given the rich cultural heritage of Panjakent it could be possible that chance finds could occur during project works.

5. Noise & Vibration

174. Noise and vibration can disturb sleep and relaxation, interfere with an individual‘s ability to perform complicated tasks, be a source of annoyance, influence mood and stress levels, and otherwise detract from the quality of life. Economic effects of noise include impacts to property values, impaired health, and lowered working efficiency. Noise levels within the Project corridor are generally low, especially in the mountainous areas where traffic volumes are lowest. However, consultations held with the focus group in Dardar revealed that vibration from heavy goods vehicles affects properties close to the Project road. Several sensitive noise receptors are located close to the project road, including schools and health clinics as indicated below in Table D-9. There are also two mosques, one in Dardar and one in Panjakent, that maybe affected by construction noise impacts due to their proximity to the road.

Table D-9: Noise Sensitive Receptors # Location Receptor Proximity to Road 1 Panjakent School No. 15 10 meters 2 Central School 10 meters Dardar 3 Novabod School 15 meters 4 Panjakent Mosque / Madrassa 10 meters 5 Dardar Mosque 5 meters

VI. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

A. Introduction

175. This section of the IEE details the Projects potential impacts and proposes mitigation measures to limit any negative impacts identified. The first items discuss the types and phases of the impacts. This is then followed by a summary impacts matrix. The report then presents the impacts and mitigation in detail in the subsections as follows: (i) Physical Resources 1. Air quality 2. Climate Change 3. Topography 4. Soils 5. Hydrology - Surface water & Flooding 6. Hydrology – Groundwater 7. Geology 8. Natural Hazards (ii) Ecological Resources 1. Flora 2. Fauna 3. Aquatic biology 4. Forests & Protected areas (iii) Economic Development 1. Industries 2. Infrastructure & Transportation Facilities 3. Land use 4. Power sources and transmission 5. Agricultural development, mineral development, and tourism facilities 6. Waste and Spoil (iv) Social and Cultural Resources 1. Population and communities 2. Health & Education 3. Socio-economic conditions 4. Historical and Archeological Areas of Significance 5. Noise

B. Impact Phases

176. This impact assessment and mitigating measures cover the entire cycle of the project, from pre-construction to construction and operation and maintenance. The coverage of each of this sub-project phases is defined as follows:

(i) Pre-construction Phase – this period is the time that the ‗Notice to Proceed‘ is given to the Contractor until commencement of detailed design and construction. During this time the Contractor shall undertake tasks such as clearing of land and demolition of structures (see Section C.5.2.1) (ii) Detailed Design / Construction Phase - the period from the completion of the Pre-construction activities time until the issuing of the ‗Certificate of Completion‘. (iii) Operation and Maintenance Phase - the one year defects liability period for the Contractor and the time following this period.

177. The key feature of the project that mitigates the overall adverse impact is the fact that the project will be confined within the existing road alignment and that existing RoW can accommodate the proposed carriageway widening. Work will consist of widening of carriageway, repair of pavement, shoulder, drainage and slope stabilization. Given these types of works, activities in any particular section shall be of short duration. Thus, the prescribed planned road improvement activities described are considered negligible, small or intermediate.

178. In addition, initial screening of the potential impacts was done using the ADB‘s rapid environment assessment checklist (Appendix A). Subsequently, the review of the existing conditions prevailing along the alignment allowed the identification at a detailed level, the sensitive receptors such as important ecologic features and the location of human settlements. These areas identified within alignment shall be given special attention with respect to environmental management.

C. Types of Impacts

179. Environmental consequences resulting from the impacts of projects such as the Ayni – Panjakent Road Project include:

(i) Direct Impacts - i.e., those directly due to the Project itself such as the impacts to air quality resulting from construction activities, equipment and vehicles. Direct impacts also include the impact of construction expenditures in the local economy. (ii) Indirect Impacts - i.e., those resulting from activities prompted by the Project, but not directly attributable to it. The use of rock and other construction materials, for example, has an indirect impact of increasing the demand for these materials. (iii) Cumulative Impacts - i.e., impacts in conjunction with other activities. A single road improvement may not exert a significant environmental impact, but if several roads are developed in the same area developing a road network the cumulative or additive effect could be more significant.

180. Impacts in all three categories may be either:

(i) Short-term – i.e., impacts which occur during construction and affect land use, air quality and other factors. Many of these impacts, however, will be short-lived and without long-lasting effects. Even the effects of some relatively significant impacts such as borrow pits, for example, may be eventually erased if appropriate mitigation actions are taken. Many potential short-term negative impacts can be avoided or otherwise mitigated through proper engineering designs and by requiring Contractors to apply environmentally appropriate construction methods. Or; (ii) Long-term – i.e., construction impacts that could, for example, affect regional hydrology and flooding if poor design practices are used.

181. Both short-term and long-term impacts may be either beneficial or adverse. Short-term positive impacts will include, for example, the generation of employment opportunities during construction period. Long-term benefits will include enhanced development opportunities, improved transport services, easier access to commercial and service facilities; faster communications and commodity transport; improved access to markets and growth centers and increased services and commercial facilities.

D. Mitigation Aspects

182. Mitigation is recommended through strategic avoidance combined with construction and monitoring. Bid and contract documents are recommended to specify that a Site Specific EMP (SSEMP) shall be required. The SSEMP requires submission within 30 days of the award of the Contract and approval by the Engineer prior to the start of the Pre-construction Phase. The SSEMP shall then be updated at the end of the Pre-construction phase and prior to the commencement of the Detailed Design / Construction phase when all addition environmental factors are known, such as locations of borrow pits, etc.

E. Physical Resources

1. Air Quality

(i) Potential Impacts

183. The potential impacts of the Project to air quality are described as follows:

Pre-construction Phase

184. The road rehabilitation work is generally intermittent and not permanent in a specific site, the works move along the Project road as work progresses and as such air quality impacts will be short term in specific locations. However, fugitive emissions will be emitted on a longer-term basis from stationary sources such as quarries, borrow pits and asphalt plants. These sites can however be selected and be placed in an area where it can cause the least impact on human and ecologic receptors.

Construction Phase

185. During construction, air quality is likely to be degraded by a range of operational activities including:

Exhaust emissions from the operation of construction machinery and the combustion of fuel for furnaces and boilers; Open burning of waste materials; Dust generated from quarries, borrow pits, haul roads, unpaved roads, exposed soils and material stock piles. The dust may settle on productive crops, and may cause some degree of respiratory stress for nearby residents.

Operational Phase

186. Once completed, the air quality impacts of the completed road will be overwhelmingly positive. Current high levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in areas where the road condition is poor will be substantially reduced. Improvements in road surface condition and traffic capacity will alleviate local congestion that might have otherwise occurred. It will improve traffic flow, thereby reducing engine idling and the resulting local air quality degradation. Improved vehicle performance on a new better road surface will serve to alleviate potential air pollution levels to a modest degree.

187. It is however, reasonable to assume that vehicle traffic will increase when the road construction is complete. Estimates prepared by the MOT indicate that traffic is likely to increase by 20% every five years until 2032. However, as discussed in Section D above, such increases will not result in significant contributions to regional Carbon Dioxide emissions.

(ii) Mitigations Actions

Pre-construction Phase

188. Locations for quarry sites, borrow pits and asphalt plants shall require approval from the Engineer and DEPs during the Pre-construction phase. Efforts should be made to ensure that these facilities are as near to the Project road as practical to avoid unnecessary journeys and potential dust issues from vehicle movements during construction works. In addition, no quarry or asphalt plant shall be located within 300 meters of any urban area, protected area or sensitive receptor. The locations of these facilities shall be indicated within the Contractors SSEMP. Baseline air quality monitoring shall also be undertaken by the Contractor as described below under recommended monitoring.

189. To adequately manage air quality impacts, the Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of an Air Quality Plan, submitted to the Engineer as part of the SSEMP. The plan will detail the action to be taken to minimize dust generation (e.g. spraying unsurfaced roads with water, covering stock-piles, and blasting with use of small charges etc) and will identify the type, age and standard of equipment to be used and will also provide details of the air quality monitoring program for baseline and routine monitoring. The Plan shall also include contingencies for the accidental release of toxic air pollutants.

Detailed Design / Construction Phase

190. The Contractor shall be responsible, through compliance with this EMP and his SSEMP, for the following;

(i) Exhaust emissions - No furnaces, boilers or other similar plant or equipment using any fuel that may produce air pollutants will be installed without prior written consent of the Engineer. Construction equipment shall be maintained to a good standard and fitted with pollution control devices regularly monitored by the Contractor and Engineer. (ii) Open burning of waste materials - No burning of debris or other materials will occur on the Site without permission of the Engineer. (iii) Dust generated from haul roads, unpaved roads, material stock piles, etc - The Contractor shall ensure and that material stockpiles shall be located in sheltered areas and be covered with tarpaulins or other such suitable covering to prevent material becoming airborne. All trucks used for transporting materials to and from the site will be covered with canvas tarpaulins, or other acceptable type cover (which shall be properly secured) to prevent debris and/or materials from falling from or being blown off the vehicle(s). Hard surfaces will be required in construction areas with regular movements of vehicles. Effective use of water sprays will be implemented (e.g., all roads within the construction areas of the Site shall be sprayed at least twice each day during days of no rainfall, and more if necessary to control dust to the satisfaction of the Engineer).

191. Any new quarry sites and asphalt mixing plant shall be the subject of separate environmental application under the responsibility of the Contractor. The Engineer shall ensure that no such facility becomes operational without the required permits from the local CEPs.

192. Finally, the Contractor is responsible for the preparation of a health and safety plan. The Plan, required as part of the SSEMP, shall include contingencies for the accidental release of toxic air pollutants.

(iii) Instrumental Monitoring

193. Monitoring of air quality is recommended as follows:

Pre-construction Phase

Baseline Air Quality Survey – Air quality monitoring shall be carried out as soon after the date of acceptance of the Bid as practicable to determine the baseline levels of the air quality at specified monitoring stations as indicated by the EMP. Baseline monitoring is required to be carried out for a one-week period with measurements to be taken at each monitoring station according to the frequency schedule specified in the EMP. The EMP indicates when the Contractor proposes to undertake the required baseline air quality survey and shall provide references to locations indicated by the accompanying site plan(s) as appropriate. The reporting requirements are outlined within the EMP.

Detailed Design / Construction Phase

Routine Air Quality Monitoring – Air water quality shall be monitored not less than once per month during the course of the Works. Monitoring results shall be submitted to the Engineer two (2) working days from the completion of the monitoring period for analysis and review. Actions taken in response to the monitoring results shall also be required.

Additional monitoring shall be undertaken as deemed warranted by the Engineer. The reporting requirements are outlined within the EMP.

2. Topography

(i) Potential Impacts

196. The Project location in this instance has been determined by the existing RoW to be rehabilitated. No significant alteration in realignment is included in the Project. Potential relocations of the RoW due to topographic characteristics have been found to be unwarranted.

Detailed Design / Construction Phase

197. Potential impacts to area topography are most likely to occur in this phase due to the possibilities of:

(i) Cut and Fill Requirements - Cut and fill activities will be required along the projects alignment (as indicated in Section C.5.2 – Scope of Works). Unmanaged disposal of cut material can have significant impacts to surface hydrology. Surveys have been undertaken to assess the practicability of balancing cut with fill. Approximately 470,000 m3 of material will be blasted or excavated during the rehabilitation works; it is estimated that as much as 300,000 m3 will be re-used for building up embankments along much of the project alignment. As such, there will be excess cut in certain areas that cannot be re-used. Such cut will have to be disposed of in certain locations. Improper dumping of such material could have significant impacts to surface watercourses, especially the Zaravshan River, or to private and agricultural lands. (ii) Slope Stabilization – Between KM30 and KM40 there is a large section of unstable slopes above the Project Road (see Exhibit D-14). The cause of the slope instability is the cutting of trees which used to stabilize this area. This has led to excessive build up of soils and rock behind the culverts which are now blocked and resulting in water flow overtopping the road and degrading the road surface. In addition, the proposed rehabilitation works may have some impacts on slope stability, particularly during slope cutting and stabilization works. Clearing of the slopes may hasten erosion and downslope movement of unstable materials. This can cause smothering of vegetation downslope. Without intervention, this impact can continue until the slope has naturally stabilized by vegetation growth or attrition. The sections of the road where slope stabilization is required is outlined in Appendix E. (iii) Quarry Operations - Crushed rock material will be needed for construction purposes. Operation of quarries can have significant environmental problems if not managed correctly, more specifically uncontrolled excavation of rock material can leave unsightly scars on mountain sides and can also potentially make slopes unstable. Site-specific sources have been identified in Section C.5.2.

(iv) Blasting – Blasting operation on slopes may result in noise impacts, vibration impacts (which can affect properties) and potential impacts from fly-rock.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

Detailed Design Phase

198. Potential adverse impacts to topography in the Project Area will be avoided or otherwise mitigated by ensuring the Contractor complies with the following:

(i) Cut and Fill Requirements – Excess cut material will be produced during the Construction phase. This issue is discussed further below under the item of Waste and Spoil. (ii) Slope Stabilization – Designs shall ensure appropriately sized culverts to relive the potential impact of materials blocking the culverts below the unstable bare slopes above the road on KM30 – KM40. In addition, to ensure slope stabilization around areas of cut, the Contractor, shall during the Detailed Design, ensure: 1. Design of discharge zones from drainage structures with riprap to reduce erosion when required. 2. Down drains/chutes are lined with rip-rap/masonry or concrete to prevent erosion. 3. Side slopes adjusted in the range based on soil and other conditions as specified by the Project Specifications to reduce erosion potential. It is recommended that steep slopes be stabilized, covered with riprap or other material to prevent soil erosion. 4. Stepped embankments for embankments greater than six meters. (iii) Quarry Operations – Several potential quarry sites have been identified by the MOT, although they do not currently have permits. These quarry sites must obtain the required permits prior to commencement of works at these sites, this shall include approval from the DEP and the Engineer. Efforts should be made to ensure that quarries are as near to the site as practical to avoid unnecessary journeys. However, no quarry shall be located within five hundred meters of any urban area, protected area or sensitive receptor. The locations of the quarries shall be indicated within the Contractors SSEMP. In addition, Contractors should ensure that quarries and crusher plants are: 1. Located at least 300 meters from urban areas to prevent noise and dust impacts; 2. Located outside of agricultural land; and 3. Where possible located on government owned lands.

199. In addition, alluvial material which will be excavated upstream from blocked culvert areas may be used as base material. This material shall be tested by the Contractor and Engineer for its suitability as base material before it maybe used. This activity will reduce the dependency on quarry facilities.

Construction Phase

200. Potential adverse impacts in the Project Area will be avoided or otherwise mitigated by ensuring the Contractor complies with the following:

(i) Cut and Fill Requirements. The Contractor shall ensure that where excess fill material cannot be re-used that none of the excess material is dumped into the Zaravshan River (or any of its tributaries). Any locations identified by the Contractor where excess cut material will be produced (not anticipated by design) shall be reported to the Engineer and a suitable location identified by both parties and the DEP for the disposal of this inert waste. Temporary and permanent storage of materials should be confined to government owned land and in no circumstances should be dumped on agricultural or productive lands or to any watercourse including irrigation channels. In the event of any spoil or debris from construction works being deposited in any of the afore mentioned areas or any silt washed down to any area, then all such spoil, debris or material and silt shall be immediately removed and the affected land and areas restored to their natural state by the Contractor to the satisfaction of the Engineer. (ii) Blasting – The Contractor should prepare a Blast Plan prior to the commencement of works. The Plan, which shall be approved by the Engineer, should ensure that: 1. Before the firing of any blast, the rock to be blasted shall be covered with approved blasting mats, soil, or other equally serviceable material, to prevent fly rock that may result in damage to life or property. 2. The Contractor shall protect all overhead and underground utilities prior to blasting and immediately repair or replace any damaged by the blasting operations. 3. Warning signs and public notification are required to avoid all risks to the public that use the roadway. 4. Blasting shall be restricted to the times specified by the Engineer 5. The Contractor shall use the utmost care so as not to endanger life or property, or disturb materials outside the limits of the excavation. 6. When blasting, ample warning shall be given to all persons within the vicinity prior to blasting. Warning signs shall be erected a minimum of 24 hours prior to the blast time, and workers shall be stationed to warn people before firing any blasts. The warning signs will state the time and date of each blast. 7. The Contractor is forewarned that existing residential and commercial properties may be located in close proximity of the blast and that these properties shall be protected. The Contractor shall be responsible for all damage to these properties, including providing suitable temporary housing to residents or business occupants until repair work is completed. (iii) Slope Stabilization - Final forming and re-vegetation will be completed at locations specified in the design or by the Engineer as soon as possible following fill placement to facilitate regeneration of a stabilizing ground cover; trenching will be used where necessary to ensure successful establishment of vegetation; seeding with a fast growing crop and native seed mix (see Table E-1 for recommended species) will occur

immediately after fill placement to prevent scour and to encourage stabilization.

Table E-1: Recommended Native Vegetation Types # Type 1 Elm - Celtis caucasica 2 Judas-tree, certis – Certis 3 Senna- Colutea vulgaris 4 Dog rose - Rosa cocanika

Operational and Maintenance Phase

201. Potential adverse impacts in the Project Area will be avoided or otherwise mitigated by the following:

Slope Stability - The bare slopes between KM30 and KM40 are causing significant erosion issues that are affecting the capacity of the existing culverts. New larger culverts will be designed and constructed however, this will not prevent further erosion from the bare slopes. Although beyond the remit of this project, it is recommended that the Ayni DEP and the Ayni DEU coordinate the development of a plan to vegetate and stabilize these slopes.

3. Soils

(i) Potential Impacts

202. The decision to restrict the road upgrading to within the existing RoW and carriageway, will keep soils related construction impacts to a minimum. Potential impacts may however include:

(i) Loss of Soil for Grazing and Agricultural Production – The preliminary road alignment prepared by the Consultants closely follows the existing road alignment. As the project involves reconstruction and rehabilitation of an established road, the Project impact on the land acquisition is reduced to a minimum. In addition, the Contractor shall prepare geometric design of the road in such a way that no land acquisition in addition to that included in the LARP is required in consequence of the design. (ii) Erosion - Certain types of road improvements (e.g., road widening) result increased runoff and/or increased velocities could lead to additional soil loss. In this instance, however, virtually all rehabilitation activities will be confined to the existing RoW and no significant increase in the amount of impervious surfaces and/or the quantity or velocity of runoff is anticipated. (iii) Borrow Pits – Most of the Project borrow pits will be located within the floodplain of the Zaravshan River. However, it is possible that other borrow pits for soils maybe required. (iv) Alluvial Material - There are several deposits of alluvial material transported to the edges of the Project Road. Apart from some oversize particles, this material appears to be suitable for use for the construction of embankments or even as a sub-base material.

(v) Induced Changes - Induced changes in the Project Area leading to industrial and commercial development are conceivable, thereby decreasing soil availability for agricultural purposes. Given the land use controls that apply and the amount of under-utilized industrial and commercial land throughout the Project Area, the potential for induced changes significantly reducing arable soils is negligible. (vi) Contamination Due to Spills or Hazardous Materials - Potential soil contamination is a possibility resulting from poorly managed fuels, oils and other hazardous liquids used during the project works.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

Pre-construction Phase

203. Mitigation related to the potential soil-related impacts is recommended as follows:

(i) Loss of Soil for Agricultural Production. Under the terms of the Grant of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), before the commencement of the construction works at any part of the site, the Employer must prepare the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (the LARP), obtain the approval of ADB and then implement the plan and acquire the land. The LARP for this contract was prepared on the basis of the alignment established as part of the preliminary design. The LARP will be processed by the Employer and ADB during the bidding period, and it does not require any action of the Contractor. It will be approved and implemented before the Commencement Date. In addition, construction camps, staging areas and temporary storage, shall not be located on agricultural or private lands without the express permission of the landowner. (ii) Borrow Pits. Due to the sensitivity of the borrow pit locations, the Contractor shall prepare a Borrow Pit Action Plan (BAP) that should be submitted to the Engineer prior to the start of construction. The plan will identify the locations of all proposed borrow pits. The locations of the borrow pits shall be approved by both the Engineer and representatives of the DEPs. The plan shall ensure that: 1. Pit restoration will follow the completion of works in full compliance all applicable standards and specifications. 2. Arrangements for opening and using material borrow pits will contain enforceable provisions. 3. The excavation and restoration of the borrow areas and their surroundings, in an environmentally sound manner to the satisfaction of the Engineer will be required before final acceptance and payment under the terms of contracts. 4. Additional borrow pits will not be opened without the restoration of those areas no longer in use. 5. Water quality monitoring is undertaken downstream of all of the sites.

204. In addition to the above, the Sub-contractor will be responsible for preparation of an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) which will cover containment of hazardous materials, oil spills, and work-site accidents. The plan will detail the process for handling, and subsequently reporting, emergencies, and specify the organizational structure

(including responsibilities of nominated personnel). The plan will be submitted to the Engineer for approval. Implementation of the plan will be monitored by the Engineer. Any emergencies, and how they were handled, will be reported in monthly progress reports by the Contractor to the Engineer & MOT.

Detailed Design

205. Potential adverse impacts in the Project Area during design will be avoided or otherwise mitigated by the following:

Erosion. To reduce the impacts of erosion, engineering designs shall ensure: (i) The side slopes of cuttings and embankments will be designed to reflect soil strength and other considerations as included in the project specifications in order to reduce slips or erosion; (ii) To prevent soil erosion in areas of steep mountainous slopes, rock-fall fences, rip-rap, retaining structures and gabion baskets for river bank protection will be included in the engineering design; (iii) For embankments greater than 6m, stepped embankments will be used; and (iv) Ditches shall be designed for the toe of slopes in cut sections with gutters or drainage chutes designed to carry water down-slope to prevent erosion. Interceptor ditches shall be constructed near the top of slopes, or on benches, in cut slopes. For steep slopes drainage will be designed and constructed to intercept longitudinal flow and carry water away from fill slopes.

Construction Phase

206. Potential adverse impacts in the Project Area will be avoided or otherwise mitigated by ensuring the Contractor complies with the following:

(i) Erosion - During construction, the Contractor will be responsible for ensuing material that is less susceptible to erosion will be selected for placement around bridges and culverts. In addition he shall ensure re- vegetation of exposed areas including; (i) (ii) selection of fast growing and grazing resistant species of local grasses and shrubs (see Table E-1); (ii) immediate re-vegetation of all slopes and embankments if not covered with gabion baskets; (iii) placement of fiber mats to encourage vegetation growth. The Engineer and the Contractor will both be responsible for ensuing that embankments are monitored during continuously during construction for signs of erosion. (iii) Borrow Pits – During construction the Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring compliance with the Borrow Pit Action Plan. The Engineer shall monitor the Contractors performance against the plan throughout construction. (iv) Conversion of Agricultural Soils Due to Indirect/Induced Impacts. Although the EMP contains provisions controlling direct impacts of land takings for both the road and ancillary functions (asphalt plants, construction camps, etc.), control of the induced impacts is largely beyond the scope of the Project. (v) Alluvial Material - The Contractor shall first test this material to determine

whether it could be used for such purposes. If the material is suitable, the Contractor must use such material first before using any other borrow pit within 3 km from any such alluvial deposit. (vi) Contamination Due to Spills or Hazardous Materials. The Contractor, with oversight from the Engineer, shall ensure that: 1. All fuel and chemical storage (if any) shall be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area shall be located away from any watercourse or wetlands. The base and bund walls shall be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110 percent of the volume of tanks. 2. The construction camp maintenance yard shall be constructed on impervious hardstanding with adequate drainage to collect spills, there shall be no vehicle maintenance activities on open ground. 3. Filling and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures. Drip pans shall be placed under all filling and fueling areas. Waste oils shall be stored and disposed of by a licensed contractor. 4. All valves and trigger guns shall be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. 5. The contents of any tank or drum shall be clearly marked. Measures shall be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any soils. 6. No bitumen drums or containers, full or used, shall be stored on open ground. They shall only be stored on impervious hardstanding. 7. Areas using bitumen shall be constructed on impervious hardstanding to prevent seepage of oils into the soils.

4. Hydrology – Surface water & Flooding

(i) Potential Impacts

Design Phase Impacts

207. The following potential impacts to hydrological conditions exist:

(i) Bridge Construction, Drainage & Flooding - The Project Road crosses the Zaravshan River and its tributaries at thirty one locations. Flash floods and mudslides can occur in this region, especially closer to Panjakent where extensive flooding occurred in the summer of 2005. Inadequate assessment of the hydrological conditions in the area and poor design could result in the failure of some of the Project structures. This in turn would result in several impacts including cost to rebuild the structures, potential flooding of valuable agricultural lands and impacts to the surface water quality of the Zaravshan and its tributaries. (ii) Construction Camps – Improper siting and design of construction camps can have negative impacts to hydrology through improper disposal of liquid waste and spills of hazardous liquids. (iii) Borrow Pits – Increased embankment heights and wider roadways may present demands for fill, portions of which are likely to be supplied by

area sand and gravel from Borrow Pits. It is likely that near-stream mining in river beds will be required for the sand and gravel materials. Near- stream mining is carrying out mining in a wide channel that stays dry at low stages, while only a narrow channel is left for conveying the discharge; at high stages the whole area is flooded. Channels are dynamic systems that respond rapidly to outside stimuli such as aggregate extraction. The response may affect the hydraulic characteristics and water quality. Effects include increased turbidity, reduced light penetration, increased temperature, and resuspension of organic or toxic materials which may affect aquatic habitat, including spawning beds, and nursery, shellfish, and riparian habitat. Hydraulic impacts may include: 1. Channel modifications such as widening or deepening the channel, creation of deep pools, loss of riffles, alteration of bedload, alteration of channel flow, and degraded aesthetics; 2. Upstream and downstream erosion, and related impacts to bridges and other infrastructure whose foundations may be undermined by the lowering of the riverbed.

Construction Phase Impacts

(i) Construction Camps and Storage Areas – Impacts during the construction phase can result from the discharge of wastes to surface water from construction camps, the poor management of sanitary waste and accidental spills of hazardous liquids.

(ii) Bridge Construction - The construction of new and widening of the existing bridges includes but is not limited to the following parts of the structures and associated works: 1. Foundations 2. Substructure including bridge bearings 3. Superstructure, including construction of expansion and deformation joints and footpaths 4. Deck pavement including hydro isolation, drainage, hand railing, and conduits for services 5. Approach slabs 6. Slope treatments in front and around the abutments 7. Construction and maintenance of traffic detours 8. Scour and erosion protection of the waterway areas and river bank protection upstream and downstream of the bridge crossing, and 9. Removal of old foundations and substructure from the waterways. Bridge construction activities may increase silt load in the river during construction at bridge sites and may result in accidental spillage of concrete and liquid waste into the river. This may impact upon the ecology of the river including fish species.

(iii) Drainage and Flooding - Embankments and construction materials (fill, sand, and gravel) are subject to wash out with rainwater. However, for rivers with high sedimentation rate, such as the Zaravshan, silt contribution from work areas during rainy season can be insignificant

compared to background levels. Based on this assessment, this impact is assessed to be low and of short term duration. It will persist only during the construction work. Road construction can increase the amount of impervious surface and design decisions in regard to increased runoff could adversely impact the area drainage. Inadequate culverts or other cross drainage structures could fail to allow floodwaters to equilibrate and pass freely and to avoid prolonging flood periods and by heightening the flood levels on the upstream side of the roads. During the IEE Consultation period one resident of Dardar complained about flow from an existing culvert flooding her land. However, inspection of this area with the Ayni DEU, revealed that any potential flooding was not a result of the culvert, but a result of the drainage system within the town downstream from the Culvert.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

Pre-construction Phase

208. Potential adverse impacts in the Project Area will be avoided or otherwise mitigated by ensuring the Contractor complies with the following:

Construction Camps – The Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of a Construction Camp Site Plan which will form part of the SSEMP. The Plan shall indicate the system proposed and the locations of related facilities in the site, including latrines, holding areas, etc. The Contractor shall ensure the following conditions are met within the Plan:

(i) Wastewater arising on the site shall be collected, removed from the site via a suitable and properly designed temporary drainage system and disposed of at a location and in a manner that will cause neither pollution nor nuisance. (ii) There shall be no direct discharge of sanitary or wash water to surface water. Disposal of materials such as, but not limited to, lubricating oil and onto the ground or water bodies shall be prohibited. (iii) Liquid material storage containment areas shall not drain directly to surface water. (iv) Lubricating and fuel oil spills shall be cleaned up immediately and spill clean-up shall be materials be maintained at the storage area. (v) Construction and work sites will be equipped with sanitary latrines that do not pollute surface waters. (vi) Discharge of sediment-laden construction water directly into surface watercourses will be forbidden. Sediment laden construction water will be discharged into settling lagoons or tanks prior to final discharge. (vii) Spill clean up equipment will be maintained on site. The following conditions to avoid adverse impacts due to improper fuel and chemical storage: (viii) Fueling operations shall occur only within containment areas. (ix) All fuel and chemical storage (if any) shall be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area shall be located away from any watercourse or wetlands. The base and bund walls shall

be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110 percent of the volume of tanks. (x) Filling and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures and will take place within areas surrounded by bunds to contain spills / leaks of potentially contaminating liquids. (xi) All valves and trigger guns shall be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. (xii) The contents of any tank or drum shall be clearly marked. Measures shall be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any drain or watercourses. (xiii) Disposal of lubricating oil and other potentially hazardous liquids onto the ground or water bodies will be prohibited. (xiv) Should any accidental spills occur immediate clean up will be undertaken and all cleanup materials stored in a secure area for disposal to a site authorized to dispose of hazardous waste.

209. Site plans shall be devised to ensure that, insofar as possible, all temporary construction facilities are locate at least 50 meters away from a water course, stream, or canal. If determined warranted by the Engineer, the Contractor shall provide a wash pit or a wheel washing and/or vehicle cleaning facility at the exits from the sites. If so requested, the Contractor shall ensure that all vehicle are properly cleaned (bodies and tires are free of sand and mud) prior to leaving the site areas. The Contractor shall provide necessary cleaning facilities on site and ensure that no water or debris from such cleaning operations is deposited off-site.

Design Phase

(i) Drainage and Flooding - Consideration in the design phase will be given to the issue of drainage and culverts to ensure that drainage patterns are improved from the existing conditions and that increased run-off does not occur or result in flooding of areas previously undisturbed. During design, all drainage works are designed based on the historical flood data and flood forecasting. A design discharge of 50 years return period is considered for culverts, and 100 years of bridges. Embankments of the Project road will obstruct surface runoff and culverts are proposed for all small drains including agricultural drains. If, during the operational phase of the Project, the rehabilitated road does result in increased run-off and flooding, the MoT shall be responsible for rectifying this issue. (ii) Bridge Construction - all new and widened bridges must be designed for the life expectancy of 75 years. The bridge rehabilitation and strengthening works must be designed for the life expectancy of 50 years. The design loading and design of all structural components must conform to the bridge design standards provided in the Employer‘s Special Requirements. Finally, the bridge design and layout must be aesthetically pleasing and in harmony with the existing environment.

Construction Phase

(i) Construction Camps and Storage Areas – The Engineer shall undertake regular monitoring of the construction camps and the storage areas to

ensure compliance with the SSEMP and the Construction Camp Site Plan. (ii) Bridge Construction – The contractor shall consult with the DEPs to establish the fish spawning period in relation to the bridge construction works. The Contractor shall ensure that all works are undertaken in periods least likely to affect the fish spawning period.

In addition, concerning bridge construction works, the Contractor shall: 1. Divert the water flow near the bridge piers. 2. Coffer dams, silt fences, sediment barriers or other devices will be provided to prevent migration of silt during construction within streams. 3. Dewatering and cleaning of cofferdams will be performed to prevent siltation by pumping from cofferdams to a setting basin or a containment unit. 4. Carry out bridge construction works without interrupting the traffic on the Project Road. As the four replacement bridges will be constructed next to the existing ones, no traffic detours are envisaged during the construction of these bridges.

(iii) Drainage and Flooding – During the construction phase the Contractor is required to construct, maintain, remove and reinstate as necessary temporary drainage works and take all other precautions necessary for the avoidance of damage by flooding and silt washed down from the Works. The Contractor shall arrange with the village representatives those works which might interfere with the flow of irrigation waters to be carried out at such times as will cause the least disturbance to irrigation operations. Should any operation being performed by the Contractor interrupt existing irrigation facilities, the Contractor shall restore the irrigation appurtenances to their original working conditions within 24 hours of being notified of the interruption.

(iii) Instrumental Monitoring

210. Monitoring of surface water quality is recommended as follows:

Design Phase

Baseline Surface Water Quality Survey – Surface water quality monitoring shall be carried out as soon after the date of acceptance of the Bid as practicable to determine the baseline levels of the water quality at specified monitoring stations as indicated by the EMP. Baseline monitoring is required to be carried out for a one-week period with measurements to be taken at each monitoring station according to the frequency schedule specified in the EMP. The EMP shall indicate when the Contractor proposes to undertake the required baseline air quality survey and shall provide references to locations indicated by the accompanying site plan(s) as appropriate. The reporting requirements are outlined within the EMP.

Construction Phase

Routine Surface Water Quality Monitoring – Surface water quality shall be monitored not less than once every three months during the course of the Works. Monitoring results shall be submitted to Engineer two working days of the completion of the monitoring period for analysis and review. Actions taken in response to the monitoring results shall also be required. Additional monitoring shall be undertaken as deemed warranted by the Engineer. The reporting requirements are outlined within the EMP.

5. Hydrology – Groundwater

(i) Potential Impacts

211. Project works have the potential to impact subsurface hydrology in a variety of ways. The most significant being groundwater pollution form construction works (including impacts resulting from construction camps) and extraction of limited groundwater resources for construction activities.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

212. The mitigation measures outlined in Section D.6.4, Hydrology – Surface water, should prevent impacts to groundwater as well as surface water. For example, the conditions relating to accidental spills will also prevent impacts to groundwater (and also to soils). Regarding extraction of groundwater; it is unlikely that groundwater will be required for construction activities with the exception of use as potable drinking water at the construction camps (and perhaps for activities such as use in laboratories). If boreholes are constructed at construction camps it is likely that the water will also be used for other activities such as water for washing, cooking, cleaning of the site and vehicles. This may result in a significant consumption over the construction period. As such, the Contractor is required to obtain all necessary permits for the drilling and operating of a borehole during the construction period. The Engineer will ensure that all appropriate permits are in place before excavation of boreholes can begin.

6. Geology

(i) Potential Impacts

213. Given Tajikistan‘s circumstances, the Project-induced demand for geological resources is unlikely to cause or contribute significantly to their depletion. Rock materials will be obtained from quarries in or near the project site and hauled by road to the site as needed. Existing sources, if in active operation, are expected to be used in most cases although Sub-Contractors may elect to use other supply options provided they are cost competitive and provide rock meeting established quality standards. Issues relating to quarried materials are discussed above in the Topography section.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

214. Actions to ensure the use of proper sources of rock have been noted above to the degree warranted by the nature of the Project. Other than the actions as noted and adherence to good engineering practice, no mitigation actions related geological characteristics are warranted.

7. Natural Hazards

(i) Potential Impacts

215. Seismic events in this area of Tajikistan have the ability to cause damage to structures including Project related structures such as bridges. As mentioned in the existing condition section, Earthquakes in this region can reach up to 8 on the Richter scale and can result not only in structural damage from the actual earthquake, but to damage resulting from subsequent avalanches and landslides (mudslides / rockslides). In addition, at approximately KM33 there is a visible zone of road settlement which needs to be stabilized before a new pavement can be constructed.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

216. The seismic characteristics of the potentially affected area shall be taken into account during the design phase of the Project. Earthquake loading shall be applied to the design of structures, including bridges, to ensure that seismic events do not have negative impacts during the operational phase of the Project. In addition, the Contractor shall ensure that his design takes into account the area of settlement around KM33 and that his designs and construction methods for this area are approved by the Engineer. Regarding the potential for rockfalls and landslides, the following table indicates the potentially dangerous locations and the required levels of mitigation.

Table E-2: Rockfall / Landslide Locations and Mitigations Location of dangerous Needed measures to # Description site mitigate or prevent 1 Village Aslonobod On the left side exits of Moving of the highway Dashti Hushekat heavily destroyed rocks. On deeper into the rocky the right - destruction of the slopes of the site. road shelve to the later Erection of retaining wall erosion, undermining of the on the right side. lower reaches of the river Zaravshan. 2 Dashti Iskodar Erosion of soil bases on the Regulation of surface right side. waters of a temporary nature (atmospheric). 3 Dashti Iskodar From the left side – small Retaining wall fractioned slide-rocks. From construction in the form right side - the erosion of of wall with height of 5- the right of way. 10 m 4 Opposite the village From the left side – Terracing of the slope Iskodar rockslide and rockfalls, from with the subsequent the right – destruction of establishment of the wall. road shelve. Sometimes On the lower reaches of due to rockfalls the traffic the right side -

can be closed construction of a retaining wall. 5 From village Iskodar Rockslide-rock falls Retaining structure to the bridge across the river Zeravshan 6 From the bridge Rockslide-rock falls, Retaining walls across the river destruction of road from the Zeravshan near left side village Iskodar to the crossroad with v.Zerobod 7 Opposite the gasoline Small fractioned Rockslide Retaining wall from the station of Dar-Dar right side 8 Rockslide near Dar- Most dangerous site. There Perhaps the construction Dar is always rockslide (talus) of a concrete floor from the right side, from the gallery. left side – destruction of retaining wall 9 Dar-Dar-Novdonak Retaining walls 10 Obi Togmad Rock fall galleries 11 Opposite of Vertically overlying shale galleries v.Hairobod much destroyed, rockfall, the narrowing of the road 12 famous dangerous On the right side of the Retaining walls site of Dashti rockfall talus permanent. Hairobod With the destruction and narrowing of the left road shelve 13 Veshkand Erosion from the right side Retaining walls 14 from the end of Rock falls and rockslide of Retaining walls v/Veshkand till conglomerates beginning of v/Isrofilobod 15 landslide site , Deep erosion and Possible transport routes Urmetan mudflows from the right side to the top 16 v.Urmetan Landslide site 17 Chashma-Revad Rockslide Retaining walls 18 bridge sai Revad Rock falls Retaining walls

F. Ecological Resources

1. Flora

(i) Potential Impacts

217. Minor impacts upon habitats and flora of the project area are expected as a result of the road works. Rehabilitation work will directly cause minor degradation of local ecology through the clearance of small areas of vegetation – mostly ground cover - at work sites and ancillary sites. As indicated above, the number of trees within the right of way that will need to be felled is low. However, such simple facts do not always deter the

Contractor from felling trees, either by accident, or for use as fuel or for construction purposes. Most of the trees that line the route are not of particular economic value, but do serve an aesthetic purpose. Consultation with landowners revealed a general consensus that felling of trees was not a significant issue for them. However, there are some notable areas, such as Mulberry groves, where efforts should be made to maintain as many trees as possible (Mulberry have both aesthetic and economic value). No special status flora have been identified within the vicinity of the Project Road that maybe adversely affected, this was confirmed with the DEPs.

218. Habitat fragmentation occurs when a road cuts through an ecosystem. However, the project road has existed for some time and if original construction caused habitat fragmentation, the ecosystems have re-established around the roads. The project will not cause any further physical habitat fragmentations as the rehabilitation works will be within the existing RoW and detours will utilize existing tracks and roads which have been cut for some time.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

219. Construction activities will impact only a narrow band of vegetation adjacent to the existing roads. Some road side trees (generally artificially introduced ones in towns) may have to be removed. Although there is no specific legislation in Tajikistan outlining the requirement for tree replanting, it is recommended that each one removed should be replaced by at least two new saplings of the same species or other at suitable locations, all as designated by the tree owner, this will help prevent the Contractor felling trees ad- hoc. Other potential impacts to roadside trees will be avoided by ensuring that roadside activities such as asphalt plants, construction camps and other ancillary features are properly sited as agreed with the relevant DEP and where possible the Contractor should employ techniques such as asymmetrical widening. In addition, the Contractor will be responsible for supplying appropriate and adequate fuel in workers‘ camps to prevent fuel-wood collection. Therefore, in light of the nature of the project and the types of works envisaged, there will be no significant loss of flora or habitat.

2. Fauna

(i) Potential Impacts

220. Consideration has been given to potential direct impact to wildlife due to: (i) Habitat Loss - Improvements will occur within the existing RoW with little if any loss of habitat. Borrow pits and quarries used will require the approval of the Engineer. No significant habitat loss is anticipated due to direct impacts. (ii) Habitat Fragmentation - Habitat fragmentation occurs when a road cuts through an ecosystem, fragmenting an area into weaker ecological sub- units, thus making the whole more vulnerable to invasion and degradation. In this instance, the fact that proposed construction actions will occur within areas already devoted to transport and the fact that all improvement activities will be contained within the existing RoWs minimizes any potential for further habitat fragmentation. (iii) Disruption of Wildlife Migration Patterns - No evidence has come to light indicating that the existing RoW interrupts wildlife migration corridors in the vicinity of the Project Road.

(iv) Accidents Involving Wildlife. Accidents involving wildlife attempting to cross the road are a potential impact faced by many road projects. In this instance, the fact that the corridor is devoted to transport or otherwise altered by man minimizes any potential for such impacts. Field investigations revealed no evidence suggesting a potential for increased accidents involving wildlife due to the proposed road construction. (v) Rare and Endangered Species – No rare or endangered species have been identified in the Project area, as confirmed by the DEPs. (vi) 221. Consideration has also been given to potential indirect wildlife impacts under the following headings: (vii) Accessibility. Penetration of previously unmodified areas and upgrading existing roads generally facilitates an increase in the number of people having access and is sometimes accompanied by an increased likelihood of impacts to area wildlife. In this instance, the magnitude of the increased accessibility to areas bordering the roadway and the lack of significant wildlife habitat make significant impacts to wildlife unlikely. (viii) Ecological Disequilibrium. Opening of a transport corridor sometimes results in the introduction of a new plant and animal species along the roadway upsetting the dynamic balance that exists in the ecosystem and altering predator-prey relationships. In this instance, the fact that the corridor is devoted to transport or otherwise altered by man minimizes any potential for ecological disequilibrium.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

222. None required.

3. Aquatic biology

(i) Potential Impacts

223. In many locations the Project Road runs adjacent to the Zaravshan River. The road crosses the river and its perennial and seasonal tributaries at thirty one locations. It is possible for the aquatic biology, including aquatic flora, fauna and habitat to be affected negatively during the construction phase of the project via a number of pathways, they include: (i) Water pollution from construction works, e.g. bridge construction; (ii) Water pollution from human waste; (iii) Interference to water flow during bridge construction; (iv) Interference to flow from waste material; and (v) Impacts caused from borrow pit excavation.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

224. Mitigation of impacts to Aquatic biology are discussed in the sections above relating to Hydrology (Section E.6.4).

4. Forests & Specially Protected areas

(i) Potential Impacts

225. Two protected areas are in the area of project districts: 1) mountainous-forest preserve ―Say-Vota‖ with area 4200 ha, organized in 1970 to conserve and restore juniper forests on the North slopes of Zaravshan range, and 2) Zaravshan preserve organized in 1976 to conserve unique Zaravshan pheasant and bukhara deer (Cervus elaphus baktrianus), and tugay forest (area of preserve if 2300 ha). The nearest point of Say-Vota preserve is about 500-800 m distance from the project road, and nearest point of Zaravshan preserve – about 1 km distance from the project road. Thus no impact from project works could be expected to mentioned protected areas. This issue has been confirmed with the DEPs in both Ayni and Panjakent.

226. However, secondary impacts, such as the opening of borrow pits may have impacts upon the Zaravshan protect area if the borrow pit locations are not part of an approval process.

227. Rehabilitation of the road will improve access to these protected areas. This will have both positive and negative impacts. On the positive side more tourists will be able to access the site thus bringing money into the economy of this region. Tourism is being actively encourage in the region, especially around Panjakent, and by improving access to these areas, specifically from Dushanbe, trade along the road and within the region in general will increase to provide for tourists. However, additional tourism could put pressure on these sites if they are not managed in the correct manner. Illegal hunting and habitat destruction could result from increased tourism.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

228. Any mitigation required as a result of potential damaging activities by increased access to these sites is largely beyond the scope of this project. However, as indicated in Section E.6.3, the opening of borrow pits shall require the approval of the relevant DEP and the Engineer to ensure there are no detrimental impacts to protected areas.

G. Economic Development

1. Industries

(i) Potential Impacts

229. Due to the mountainous nature of the first portion of the road and the agricultural nature of the second portion, very little industrial activity is present within the project area. Coal mining does occur in the mountains around Ayni, although this activity is relatively small scale. Significant negative impacts to industrial activities are therefore not anticipated. However, rehabilitation of the road has the potential to increase economic activity in the region and thus stimulate industrial activity within the valley.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

230. No mitigation required other than ensuring that access roads to coal mines and any other industrial activities in the region are kept open during the construction phase.

2. Infrastructure & Transportation Facilities

(i) Potential Impacts

Infrastructure

231. Project works will include the demolition or rehabilitation of existing drainage structures and construction of new drainage structures along the alignment. Design errors could lead to portions of the drainage network operating below the required standard and lead to erosion of embankments, road washout, flooding, inadequate flow of water too and from agricultural land and dangerous driving conditions.

Transportation

232. Impacts to transportation relate primarily to the road and its users. Small airstrips are located in Ayni and Panjakent, but these facilities will not be impacted by project works. Site visits revealed that the traffic volumes on the road are low, this is perhaps influenced by the limited access at the Uzbekistan border, the poor weather and the generally poor condition of the road. The main vehicles observed on the route were private cars, taxis, microbuses and heavy good vehicles.

233. The main impacts resulting from Project works will be road closure (during blasting), diversions and some temporary blocking of access routes. Road closure may occur for periods between one and two hours and as such is not a significant issue as long as the local population are given notice of the delays. Diversions are not likely to present significant changes to the existing alignment as the road traverses a narrow valley. Blocking of access routes will be temporary while structures, such as side drains and culverts, are constructed. Notwithstanding the above, the potential beneficial impacts to transport are significant. The road, when complete, will offer reduced travel times, smoother ride (resulting in less vehicle maintenance and less damage to perishable goods) and safer driving conditions.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

Infrastructure

234. As mentioned above under the Item relating to Hydrology (Section E.6.4) during the pre-construction phase detailed designs will ensure that all drainage structures sized and located correctly. During the construction phase the Engineer will ensure that the Contractor follows the design documents with respect to the required infrastructure facilities.

Transportation

235. The Contractor shall be responsible for provision of all road diversion signs and ensure that diversion roads do not impact negatively upon private lands. Any diversions shall be agreed upon by the Engineer. Notices of delays, due to blasting, shall be posted in villages within ten kilometers of the blasting area so villagers can plan their travel times accordingly. The Contractor should make blasting at a regular period in the day so that the population in the valley become aware of the most likely delay periods, for

example, between 1 & 3 pm. At the end of the working day, the Contractor should ensure that all access roads remain open.

3. Land use

(i) Potential Impacts

Pre-Construction Phase.

236. The preliminary road alignment prepared by the Consultants and shown on the Drawings closely follows the existing road alignment. As the project involves reconstruction and rehabilitation of an established road, the Project impact on the land acquisition is reduced to a minimum. The Contractor shall prepare geometric design of the road in such a way that no land acquisition in addition to that included in the LARP is required in consequence of the design. For specific details of land acquisition, refer to the Project LARP.

Construction Phase

237. Potential impacts to land uses outside of the RoW during the construction stage are limited to the creation of Construction Camps and other ancillary facilities such as quarries. Construction workers camps constitute a temporary land use change and raise issues related to activities such as unauthorized tree felling to get fuel-wood even when alternative fuel is made available; poaching of edible animals and birds of the locality in spite of prohibitions; poor sanitation arrangement and improper methods used for disposal of solid wastes and effluent; and transmission of communicable diseases to the local people by the construction workers due to inappropriate health monitoring facilities. Issues relating to quarries are discussed under the heading of Topography above.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

Pre-Construction Phase

238. Under the terms of the Grant of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), before the commencement of the construction works at any part of the site, The Employer must prepare the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (the LARP), obtain the approval of ADB and then implement the plan and acquire the land. The LARP for this contract was prepared on the basis of the alignment established as part of the preliminary design. The LARP will be processed by the Employer and ADB during the bidding period, and it does not require any action of the Contractor. It will be approved and implemented before the Commencement Date. The Contractor is aware that any design involving additional land acquisition or resettlement requires additional social surveys, measurements, cost assessment and approval of the amended LARP by both the government of Tajikistan and ADB. Accordingly, the Contractor‘s time program provides for such a contingency. Under the terms of the Grant of the Asian Development Bank, the Employer must notify all persons affected by land acquisition, approximately one month before the commencement of works on the acquired land. The notice is required to give these persons sufficient time to remove their belongings and to salvage the material from any structure or to cut and remove any trees from the acquired land.

Construction Phase.

239. Sub-Contractors will be required to coordinate all construction camp activities with neighboring land uses. Contracts for the Project activities will also require construction operators to maintain and cleanup campsites and respect the rights of local landowners. If located outside the ROW, written agreements with local landowners for temporary use of the property will be required and sites must be restored to a level acceptable to the owner within a predetermined time period.

4. Power sources and transmission

(i) Potential Impacts

240. A newly constructed electricity substation is located at KM3. The Substation is located adjacent to the roadway. The existing road width in this section is enough to accommodate the required design without impacting upon the substation. However, throughout the valley small villages are connected to the High Voltage electricity network which runs adjacent to the road for many kilometers, the electricity pylons and poles are often located close enough to the road (especially in the mountain areas) so that they may require relocation when the road works begin.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

241. During construction all power lines shall be kept operational (with the exception of periods of blasting whereby the Contractor shall coordinate with power transmission agencies to ensure that all HV lines are switched off during these periods), this will include temporary transmission lines while existing poles and lines are moved.

5. Agricultural development, mineral development, and tourism facilities

(i) Potential Impacts

Agricultural Development

242. The Project is anticipated to have a beneficial impact on agricultural development by decreasing journey times to market and reducing transport costs.

Mineral Development

243. Mineral development in the Zaravshan Valley is limited to small scale coal mining. The construction works may have a very short-term impact to these areas as a result of the closure of access routes to these sites.

Tourism

244. The Zaravshan Valley has the potential to be a productive tourist location. The road forms part of the corridor leading through Panjakent to Samarkand in Uzbekistan, of which both sites are of special historical and cultural significance. However, difficulty for Tajiks and Uzbeks crossing the border at the present time limits the tourism flow

through the corridor. Panjakent is home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site at Sarazm and numerous ancient artifacts from this area can be viewed at the National Museum in Dushanbe. The UNESCO site is set well back from the roadway and as such will not be impacted significantly. Most likely improvements to the road will have a positive impact on tourism in the country by providing improved access to the area.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

Agricultural Development

245. None required.

Mineral Development

246. The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all access routes are kept open during Project works for at least 50% of the day during construction works and 100% of the time after construction works are completed for the day.

Tourism

247. Impacts to tourism will be beneficial, as such no mitigation is warranted with the exception of ensuring contraction camps, etc, are located correctly.

6. Waste and Spoil

(i) Potential Impacts

Spoil

248. The Project will generate about 165,000 m3 of spoils due to excess cuts or unsuitable cuts for fill. Improper disposal of this waste material could have negative impacts to landowners. Excessive dumping of spoil into the Zarafshan river could have detrimental impacts to its flow and ecology, and as such should be prohibited. However, it may be feasible for relatively small volumes of spoil to be disposed of in the river as the river appears to have a high sediment load. Such actions would require approval from the DEPs to determine locations and schedule so that impacts to ecology are minimal.

Waste

249. Construction works are expected to generate wastes from including garbage, recyclable waste, food waste, and construction debris. In addition small quantities of hazardous waste will also be generated mainly from the vehicle maintenance activities (liquid fuels; lubricants, hydraulic oils; chemicals, such as anti-freeze; contaminated soil; spillage control materials used to absorb oil and chemical spillages; machine/engine filter cartridges; oily rags, spent filters, contaminated soil, etc). The main construction wastes produced, apart from spoil, will be Asphalt. Considering that approximately 5cm of asphalt currently exist over an average pavement width of 6 meters for the roads length (113km) we can estimate that as much as 30,000 m3 of waste asphalt material will be produced. At present the current plan is to store this waste in piles at certain

87 locations along the road within the RoW. Other construction waste will include materials from old bridges and culverts. The metal from the suspension bridges will be recycled by the DEUs for use on other projects. Waste concrete and reinforced concrete will also require disposal, however, currently there are no locations available for the disposal of this type of waste. This waste should not however be left in or dumped into, the Zaravshan river or its tributaries.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

Spoil

250. Under no circumstances should excess materials be dumped on private lands without express permission of the owner. In addition, excess spoil shall not be dumped or pushed into the Zaravshan river at any location without prior permission from the Engineer and approval from the DEPs.

Waste

251. Regarding waste management, the contractor shall be responsible for the following: Provide refuse containers at each worksite; Maintain all construction sites in a cleaner, tidy and safe condition and provide and maintain appropriate facilities as temporary storage of all wastes before transportation and final disposal; Train and instruct all personnel in waste management practices and procedures as a component of the environmental induction process, and Collect and transport hazardous and non-hazardous wastes separately to sites approved by the Engineer and DEPs approved disposal sites. A specialized company may be contracted (if available) to ensure collection of domestic and general waste from camps and temporary storage areas and transportation to the landfills. Where facilities do not exist for the disposal of certain construction materials like reinforced concrete, the Contractor will consult with the Engineer, DEU and DEP to identify a suitable storage location for this waste until suitable landfill sites are established. This was shall not be dumped within rivers.

252. Hazardous waste is expected to constitute in average about 0.1% of total amount of the wastes. Disposal of the most part of hazardous wastes should be agreed with the DEPs. Constructing Contractor shall collect hydrocarbon wastes, including lube oils, for safe transport off-site for reuse, recycling, treatment or disposal at the temporary storage sites and further at the locations approved by DEPs or pass it to the licensed operator having environmental permit on operation of the hazardous wastes.

253. Discussions with DEUs revealed that they do not have the required equipment capable of reprocessing the waste asphalt. Reprocessing this material could provide an alternative to disposing of the waste. Disposal itself presents a problem as there are no available sites for disposal of construction waste in the region. As such, it is recommended that discussions are undertaken with the DEUs to determine if it is feasible to re-process the asphalt for use on other local roads throughout the region. If it is determined to be cost effective, the Project should consider procuring equipment for this purpose.

254. To ensure all of the above conditions are met, the Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of a Waste Management and Recycling Plan. The Plan shall include items relating to the safe handling and management of:

(i) Domestic waste (ii) Food waste (iii) Inert garbage (iv) Recycled Waste (v) Plastic (vi) Metals (vii) Wood (viii) Construction Waste (ix) Hazardous Waste (x) Liquid Waste

255. The Plan will also include provisions to manage all excess spoil material. The Plan should indicate where the spoil will occur and methods and locations for disposal. The Plan shall be approved by the Engineer, DEPs and MoT as part of the SSEMP approval process. Oversight of the implementation of the Plan is the responsibility of the Engineer as outlined in the EMP.

H. Social and Cultural Resources

1. Population and communities

(i) Potential Impacts

256. In as much as the project is rehabilitation of the existing road only, it does not have the social, economic and community life concerns that are associated with new road construction, this road improvement project is generally aimed at bringing benefits to surrounding communities through lower transport costs and better access to market places, jobs, and services such as health and education. Road construction and rehabilitation projects can lead to changes in the community or social environment around the road, influencing various aspects of lifestyles, travel patterns, social and economic activities.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

257. Road construction works will have short-term negative impacts to the population of the road corridor, such as air quality and noise impacts and potential social impacts resulting from imported labour. However, in general the impacts to population and communities will be overwhelmingly beneficial. Imported labour can however, also lead to a spread of sexually transmitted disease which is discussed below under Item E.9.2.

2. Health and Education

(i) Potential Impacts

258. Potential impacts due to the proposed construction can be identified as follows:

(i) Easier access to health care facilities. Positive health impacts may result due to quicker response time in emergency situations and improved access to health care facilities for those living in remote areas, or those requiring care at the hospital in Panjakent; (ii) Air quality. The amount of particulate matter, or dust, generated by vehicle movement may increase slightly during construction works, but will decrease to below the current levels during the operational phase of the Project. This will have positive impacts to the health of the population living and working adjacent to the road. (iii) Contamination of local water supplies during construction. Potential impacts to local water supplies include the possibility of temporary labor camps and the water supply and wastewater disposal associated with them during the construction period, these issues are discussed above under Item E.6.4; (iv) Noise levels with health consequences. Potential noise issues are discussed in Item E.9.5 below; (v) Safety. Construction of the road may result in an increase in the total number of road traffic accidents between vehicles, pedestrians and vehicles and livestock and vehicles; and (vi) Worker Safety. Accidents are common during a project of this size and scale. Accidents can occur if workers are not adequately trained or qualified for the job or if they have incorrect safety equipment and clothing.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

259. Construction of the road may result in an increase in the total number of road traffic accidents between vehicles, pedestrians and vehicles and livestock and vehicles. However, given that the traffic volumes are also anticipated to rise once construction is complete, the percentage of those affected by road accidents may actually decrease as a result of traffic safety measures, and improvements to the road condition. Traffic safety issues shall be accounted for during the design phase of the Project, they shall include:

(i) Safety barriers (ii) Traffic signs (iii) Road Crossings (iv) Speed Bumps (v) Speed limits

260. A Health and Safety Plan shall be prepared by the Contractor to manage worker safety. The Plan shall include the following items:

(i) Safety Training Program. A Safety Training Program is required and shall consist of: 1. Initial Safety Induction Course. All workmen shall be required to attend a safety induction course within their first week on Site. 2. Periodic Safety Training Courses. Period safety course shall be conducted not less than once every six months. All Subcontractor employees will be required to participate in relevant training courses appropriate to the nature, scale and duration of the

subcontract works. Training courses for all workmen on the Site and at all levels of supervision and management. (ii) Safety Meetings. Regular safety meetings will be conducted on a monthly basis and shall require attendance by the safety representatives of Subcontractors unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer. The Engineer will be notified of all safety meetings in advance. The Engineer may attend in person or by representative at his discretion. The minutes of all safety meetings will be taken and sent to the Engineer within seven (7) days of the meeting. (iii) Safety Inspections. The Contractor shall regularly inspect, test and maintain all safety equipment, scaffolds, guardrails, working platforms, hoists, ladders and other means of access, lifting, lighting, signing and guarding equipment. Lights and signs shall be kept clear of obstructions and legible to read. Equipment, which is damaged, dirty, incorrectly positioned or not in working order, shall be repaired or replaced immediately. (iv) Safety Equipment and Clothing. Safety equipment and protective clothing are required to be available on the Site at all material times and measures for the effective enforcement of proper utilization and necessary replacement of such equipment and clothing, and all construction plant and equipment used on or around the Site shall be fitted with appropriate safety devices. These shall include but not be limited to: 1. Effective safety catches for crane hooks and other lifting devices, and 2. Functioning automatic warning devices and, where applicable, an up-to-date test certificate, for cranes and hoists.

261. In addition, all sub-contractors will be supplied with copies of the SSEMP. Provisions will be incorporated into all sub-contracts to ensure the compliance with the SSEMP at all tiers of the sub-contracting. All subcontractors will be required to appoint a safety representative who shall be available on the Site throughout the operational period of the respective sub-contract unless the Engineers approval to the contrary is given in writing. In the event of the Engineer‘s approval being given, the Engineer, without prejudice to their other duties and responsibilities, shall ensure, as far as is practically possible, that employees of subcontractors of all tiers are conversant with appropriate parts of the SSEMP.

262. It shall be a requirement of the Contract that the Contractor subcontracts with an Approved Service Provider to provide an HIV Awareness Program to the Contractor‘s Personnel and the Local Community as soon as practicable after the Contractor‘s Personnel arrive at the Site but in any case within two weeks after the Contractor‘s Personnel arrive at Site and to repeat the HIV Awareness Program at intervals not exceeding four months.

3. Socio-economic conditions

(i) Potential Impacts

263. The Project is expected to have a significant beneficial impacts to the economy of the project area. The key benefits include:

(i) Improved access to markets – The road will improve access to markets for farmers along the entire Project Road alignment; (ii) Reduction in travel times – Journey times from Dushanbe to Panjakent and between villages along the road will reduce from some four hours to around two and a half hours; (iii) Reduction of maintenance costs – maintenance of vehicles due to poor road condition drives up the costs of agricultural products; (iv) Increased Reconstruction effort in remote areas - improved access to these areas may also allow a more intense level of reconstruction effort in the remote areas including facilities such as schools and clinics. (v) Improved access to health and education facilities – Improved road conditions will most likely result in increased traffic on the roads including mini-bus and taxi services, this will enable people to access health care and educational facilities more easily; (vi) Increased tourism potential – Increased access to the UNESCO Site at Sarazm will have positive impacts to the tourist economy; and (vii) Creation of Jobs - The community along the alignment of sub-project will have opportunities for temporary employment during construction. Albeit, this opportunity is temporary in nature, this will be beneficial.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

264. None required.

4. Historical and Archaeological Areas of Significance

(i) Potential Impacts

265. Several places of historical and archeological importance have been noted within the Project Area, they include:

(i) UNESCO Site, Sarazm – This site contains archeological discoveries dating back to 3,500 BC and is located more than 200 meters from the Project Road. (ii) Panjakent Mosque and Madrassa – These sites are located adjacent to the Project Road within central Panjakent. (iii) Mosque in Dardar – The mosque is reportedly more than 200 years old and sits adjacent to the road in the center of Dardar. Preliminary designs have indicated that a small section of the concrete steps leading up to the mosque will need to be removed to improve the curvature and line of site through this tight section of road. These improvements will reduce accidents in this area which are common according to the participants of the IEE Focus Group consultations. (iv) Drinking Water Springs – These springs form an aesthetically pleasing rest stop and should be preserved. (v) Cemeteries – According to preliminary designs a small section of the cemetery at KM25 will need to be removed due to the location of the cemetery on a tight mountainous bend. However, no graves will be disturbed. Consultations have been held with the villagers about this

issue and it has been agreed that the alignment changes can take place at this location.

266. These locations should be preserved protected from Project related impacts, such as noise, construction accidents, etc. In addition, due to the rich history of the area and its association with the Silk Route, unexpected discoveries could occur in the construction process, especially in the area around Panjakent.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

267. To avoid potential adverse impacts to historic and cultural resources, the Contractor shall:

(i) Adhere to accepted international practice and all applicable historic and cultural preservation requirements of the GoT, including all appropriate local government entities, and (ii) In the event of unanticipated discoveries of cultural or historic artifacts (movable or immovable) in the course of the work, the Contractor shall take all necessary measures to protect the findings and shall notify the Engineer and provincial-level representatives of the relevant department within the Ministry of Culture If continuation of the work would endanger the finding, project work shall be suspended until a solution for preservation of the artifacts is agreed upon.

268. More specifically, several structures may potentially be impacted by Project works without particular attention by the Contractor. The following table indicates the mitigation for these structures.

Table E-3: Mitigation for Historical Sites # Site Chainage Mitigation 1 UNESCO Site KM108 The site is set well back from the road, more than 200 meters. No permanent or temporary construction camps or storage areas shall be located within one kilometer of this site. Access shall remain open to this site at all times during the project works. 2 Dardar Mosque KM10 Designs shall ensure that the road does not encroach any closer to the mosque which currently stands just a couple of meters from the edge of the road. During construction the Mosque should be protected from noise and dust impacts by protection boards. Access to the Mosque shall remain available throughout the construction period. 3 Mosque and KM92 Designs shall ensure that the road does not Madrassa encroach any closer to the mosque which currently stands just a couple of meters from the edge of the road.

During construction the Mosque should be protected from noise and dust impacts by protection boards. Access to the Mosque shall remain available throughout the construction period. 4 Cemeteries Various Designs shall ensure that encroachment to cemeteries close to the road shall not occur with the exception of the Cemetery at KM25. 5 Natural Spring KM14 Designs should ensure that this roadside feature remains undisturbed.

5. Noise and Vibration

(i) Potential Impacts

Construction Phase

269. Noise during the rehabilitation work will mostly come from the operation of construction equipment. Typical noise signatures of the different equipment for different construction activities are enumerated below.

Table E-4: Construction Noise Examples Site Clearing Excavation and Earth Structure Construction Moving Equipment Noise Level Equipment Noise Level Equipment Noise Level Bulldozer 80 Bulldozer 80 Pneumatic 81-98 drill Front end 72-80 Backhoe 72-93 Crane 75-77 loader Dump 83-94 Dump Truck 83-94 Welding 71-82 Truck Machine Grading and compacting Jack 80-93 Concrete 74-88 Hammer Mixer Grader 80-93 Landscaping and Clean Up Concrete 81-84 Pump Roller 73-75 Bulldozer 80 Concrete 76 Vibrator Paving Excavator 72 Air 74-87 Compressor Paver 86-88 Truck 83-94 Bulldozer 80 Truck 83-94 Paver 86-88 Cement and 83-94 Tamper 74-77 Dump trucks

270. The noise levels are dependent on the model and the maintenance status of the equipment. Construction noise can be a nuisance to residents living along the road. Noise attenuation based on the doubling distance rule shows that residents living next to the road will occasionally be exposed to high noise levels if no mitigation measures are implemented.

271. Blasting will be required at several locations along the Project Road. Blasting may be required to reduce the gradient of slopes, to widen the road width, or to reduce impacts of rockfalls and slope failure. Blasting can create significant noise and vibration impacts.

272. It should be noted that most of the project road is sparsely populated, and as such and short term localized construction noise is unlikely to have significant impacts. It is considered most likely that any significant impacts would result from long-term exposure to noise that may result from construction facilities such as rock crushing plants and quarries where operational activities may last for the entire construction period. In addition, there are several schools and health clinics located along the route which are classified as noise sensitive receptors (see Section D.4.5).

Operational Phase

273. Noise originating from the Project Road over the next five to ten years cannot be considered a major concern, as traffic volumes are generally low (see Appendix J). However, traffic volumes are anticipated to increase more significantly over the following twenty years within the Project Corridor and this will eventually lead to elevated noise levels over a longer duration. For some residents living close to the road, the issue of increased noise and vibration, from cars and trucks, is unavoidable.

(ii) Mitigation Actions

274. Cooperation between the Contractor, the DEPs and the local residents is essential and it is the responsibility of the Engineer to arrange meetings between these parties and arrange such matters as work schedules (hours of equipment operation, traffic lanes to be kept open, diversion roads, etc.), locations of work camps and material storage areas, and siting of rock crushers and batch plants. In addition, the Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring the use of: (i) Source Controls, i.e., requirements that all exhaust systems will be maintained in good working order; properly designed engine enclosures and intake silencers will be employed; and regular equipment maintenance will be undertaken; (ii) Site Controls, i.e., requirements that stationary equipment will be placed as far from sensitive land uses as practical; selected to minimize objectionable noise impacts; and provided with shielding mechanisms where possible; (iii) Work near Sensitive Receptors shall be limited to short term activities. No asphalt plants, rock crushing plants or any long term generators of significant noise shall be allowed within 300 meters of sensitive receptors; (iv) Time and Activity Constraints, i.e., operations will be scheduled to coincide with periods when people would least likely be affected; work hours and work days will be limited to less noise-sensitive times. Hours- of-work will be approved by the site engineer having due regard for possible noise disturbance to the local residents or other activities. Construction activities will be strictly prohibited between 10 PM and 6 AM in the residential areas. When operating close to sensitive areas such as residential, nursery, or medical facilities, the Sub-Contractor‘s hours of working shall be limited to 8 AM to 6 PM;

(v) Community Awareness, i.e., public notification of construction operations will incorporate noise considerations; methods to handle complaints will be specified. Sensitive receptors will be avoided as possible (i.e., aggregate crushers, operators, etc.). Disposal sites and haul routes will be coordinated with the local DEP; (vi) Blasting will only be carried out during the day and according to a pre- established schedule, the adjacent communities will be notified of the blasting times well in advance; (vii) Use of blasting mats to reduce noise during blasting operations; (viii) Use of low volume charges will reduce the potential for vibration induced damage to structures; and (ix) In the event of damage proven to be due to the contractor‘s activities, owners of structures will be fully compensated.

(iii) Instrumental Monitoring

275. Monitoring of noise is as follows:

Construction Phase

276. Routine Noise Monitoring – Noise shall be monitored not less than once per month during the course of the Works. Monitoring results shall be submitted to the Engineer two working days of the completion of the monitoring period for analysis and review. Actions taken in response to the monitoring results shall also be required. Additional monitoring shall be undertaken as deemed warranted by the Engineer. The reporting requirements are outlined within the EMP.

VII. Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring Plans and Institutional Requirements

A. Introduction

277. This section of the report provides the Projects Environmental Management Plan and the necessary institutional requirements to implement the Plan. In addition, the approximate costs of the EMP are outlined.

B. Institutional Requirements

1. EMP

278. The EMP below provides the overall Project environmental management framework. It provides summary information of the types of impacts, which are described in detail in Section E. It also provides detailed information about the required mitigation and monitoring measures, the implementation arrangements and the reporting requirements. At this stage of the Project the EMP is particularly relevant to the Pre- construction and Detailed Design Phase as it actively helps with decision making such which areas to avoid when considering the location of borrow pits.

279. The EMP in itself cannot however, ensure that the mitigation and monitoring measures are adhered to in their entirety (especially in the Construction Phase), several other tools are required to make this happen, they include; (i) Site Specific EMP (SSEMP); (ii) Environmental Conditions in Bid Documents; and (iii) Contract Documents.

2. Site Specific EMP

280. The SSEMP is the document that the Contractor shall prepare outlining how he intends to implement the EMP at the Construction Phase and ensure that all of the mitigation and monitoring is completed according to the implementation arrangements specified in the IEE EMP. This is important, because at this stage of the Project there are still unknown aspects, such as who will dispose of waste generated at construction camps, the precise locations of quarries, etc. Specifically the SSEMP shall contain sections relating to: (i) Management of Physical Environment 1. Soils 2. Water 3. Air (ii) Management of Ecological Environmental 1. Flora 2. Fauna 3. Protected Areas (iii) Management of Economic Characteristics 1. Infrastructure 2. Transport 3. Land Use 4. Agriculture (iv) Management of Social and Cultural Resources 1. Communities, Health and Education Facilities 2. Historical and Cultural Areas 3. Noise

281. Each section shall describe the precise location of the required mitigation / monitoring, the persons responsible for the mitigation / monitoring, the schedule and reporting methodology.

282. In addition, the SSEMP shall contain specific Management Plans (as Annexes) relating to the following: (i) Borrow Pit Management Plan (ii) Emergency Response Plan (iii) Air Quality Management Plan (iv) Water Quality Management Plan (v) Noise Management Plan (vi) Waste Management Plan (vii) Dust Suppression Plan (viii) Construction Camp Site Plan (ix) Health and Safety Plan

283. The SSEMP must be submitted within 30 days of the contract award and Pre- construction cannot commence until the SSEMP is approved by the MoT and the Engineer. The SSEMP will be updated after completion of the Pre-construction phase and Detailed Design and construction cannot start until the updated SSEMP is approved by the MoT and Engineer.

3. Bid Documents

284. The Bid Documents for the potential Contractor shall contain two sections relating to environmental issues, firstly a basic clause indicating that the Contractor will be responsible for following the requirements of the IEE EMP and that he should prepare his own SSEMP for the Project. Secondly, the EMP shall be repeated in its entirety as an Annex to the Bid Documents so as the bidder is aware of his environmental requirements under the Project (both Pre-construction, Detailed Design and Construction) and help him put costs to his proposal (such as costs for noise monitoring, etc).

4. Contract Documents

285. The Contract Documents should follow a broadly similar pattern to the Bid Documents. It is not considered necessary to repeat the mitigation measures verbatim in a list of environmental contract provisions, rather the Contract should specify that the Contractor is responsible for implementation of the EMP via his SSEMP. Again, the EMP should be included at an Annex to the Contract so the Contractor is liable for any non- conformance with the EMP, and thereby this IEE.

5. Contractor Requirements

286. As stated above, after selection, the Contractor will be responsible for the preparation of the SSEMP. The preparation of the SSEMP requires a qualified environmental person as the work will need to be fully compliant with the EMP and will need to be prepared within 30 days of Contract award, during the Pre-construction Phase and updated after the completion of this phase. During the Detailed Design and Construction phase the Contractor must retain expertise with his Environmental Officer (EO) to update the SSEMP and to oversee and report on the operation throughout the contract period. The required qualifications of the EO are as follows: Degree in environmental sciences / management Fluent in Tajik, Russian and English Experience of at least one construction project of a similar size and scale.

287. The Contractor is also responsible for engaging external consultants, such as air quality monitoring, or noise monitoring consultants. The Contractor will also be responsible for the preparation of weekly environmental reports that shall be submitted to the Engineer for review. The weekly reports shall contain sections relating to: General Progress of the Project Environmental Incidents; e.g. spills of liquids, blasting issues Progress of any environmental initiatives, e.g. protection of sensitive sites Records of any environmental monitoring, both observational and instrumental Conclusions and Recommendations

288. The Contractor shall also prepare a series of environmental training activities for his staff. These activities will be prepared by the CEO and should include training on: (i) Waste management (ii) Health and safety (iii) Hazardous liquid spills

289. The training programs shall be approved by the Engineer.

6. Engineer Requirements

290. As noted in Section E and the EMP below, the Engineer is tasked with specific responsibility to ensure safeguard compliance of civil works – with particular emphasis on the monitoring of implementation of EMP through the Contractors SSEMP and related aspects of the project. As such, the Engineer should retain the use of Environmental Specialist, both national and international, to ensure that the Contractor is compliant with his environmental obligations. Specifically, the Engineer should be responsible for preparing a monthly environmental report outlining the Contractors environmental performance during that period.

C. Environmental Management Plan Pre-Construction Phase

291. The following table (Table F-1) provides the environmental mitigation for the Pre-construction Phase.

Table F-1: EMP Pre-construction Phase Mitigation Subject Potential Mitigation Measure Responsibilities Impact / Issue Air Quality Air quality Locations for quarry sites, borrow pits and asphalt plants shall Contractor to select sites impacts from require approval from the Engineer and DEPs during the Pre- Engineer and DEPs to stationary construction phase. Efforts should be made to ensure that these approve sites. sources facilities are as near to the Project road as practical to avoid unnecessary journeys and potential dust issues from vehicle movements during construction works. In addition, no quarry, borrow pit or asphalt plant shall be located within 300 meters of any urban area, protected area or sensitive receptor. Topography Selection of Several potential quarry sites have been identified by the MOT, Contractor to select Quarry Sites although they do not currently have permits. These quarry sites quarry sites and apply for must obtain the required permits prior to commencement of works approval from DEPs and at these sites; this shall include approval from the DEP and the any other regulatory Engineer. Efforts should be made to ensure that quarries are as agencies. near to the site as practical to avoid unnecessary journeys. Engineer to review quarry However, no quarry shall be located within one kilometer of any locations, licenses and urban area, protected area or sensitive receptor. The locations of approvals from MoT and the quarries shall be indicated within the Contractors SSEMP. In DEP. addition, Contractors should ensure that quarries and crusher plants Engineer to test suitability are: of alluvial material. Located at least 300 meters from urban areas to prevent noise and dust impacts; Located outside of agricultural land; and Where possible located on government owned lands.

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In addition, alluvial material which will be excavated upstream from blocked culvert areas may be used as base material. This material shall be tested by the Contractor and Engineer for its suitability as base material before it maybe used. Hydrology / Selection of Due to the sensitivity of the borrow pit locations, the Contractor shall Contractor to select Soils Borrow Pits prepare a Borrow Pit Action Plan (BAP) that should be submitted as borrow sites and apply for part of the SSEMP to the Engineer prior to the start of construction. approval from DEPs and The plan will identify the locations of all proposed borrow pits. The any other regulatory locations of the borrow pits shall be approved by both the Engineer, agencies. MoT and the DEPs. No borrow pit shall be located within five Engineer to review hundred meters of any protected area. The locations of the borrow borrow locations, licenses pits shall be indicated within the Contractors SSEMP. and approvals from MoT and DEP. Selection of No new asphalt plant shall be located within five hundred meters of Contractor to select sites Asphalt Plant any urban area, protected area or sensitive receptor. The locations and apply for approval Location of the asphalt plants shall be indicated within the Contractors from DEPs and any other SSEMP. Asphalt plant locations shall be approved by the Engineer, regulatory agencies. MoT and the DEP. Engineer to review locations, licenses and approvals from MoT and DEP. Selection of The Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of a Engineer to review & Construction Construction Camp Site Plan which will form part of the SSEMP. approve Site Plan Camp Site The Plan shall indicate the system proposed and the locations of related facilities in the site, including latrines, holding areas, etc. The Contractor shall ensure the following conditions are met within the Plan: Wastewater arising on the site shall be collected, removed from the site via a suitable and properly designed temporary drainage system and disposed of at a location and in a manner that will cause neither pollution nor nuisance. There shall be no direct discharge of sanitary or wash water to surface water. Disposal of materials such as, but not limited to,

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lubricating oil and onto the ground or water bodies shall be prohibited. Liquid material storage containment areas shall not drain directly to surface water. Lubricating and fuel oil spills shall be cleaned up immediately and spill clean-up shall be materials be maintained at the storage area. Construction and work sites will be equipped with sanitary latrines that do not pollute surface waters. Discharge of sediment-laden construction water directly into surface watercourses will be forbidden. Sediment laden construction water will be discharged into settling lagoons or tanks prior to final discharge. Spill clean up equipment will be maintained on site. The following conditions to avoid adverse impacts due to improper fuel and chemical storage: Fueling operations shall occur only within containment areas. All fuel and chemical storage (if any) shall be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area shall be located away from any watercourse or wetlands. The base and bund walls shall be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110 percent of the volume of tanks. Filling and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures and will take place within areas surrounded by bunds to contain spills / leaks of potentially contaminating liquids. All valves and trigger guns shall be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. The contents of any tank or drum shall be clearly marked. Measures shall be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any drain or watercourses. Disposal of lubricating oil and other potentially hazardous liquids onto the ground or water bodies will be prohibited. Should any accidental spills occur immediate clean up will be undertaken and all cleanup materials stored in a secure area for

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disposal to a site authorized to dispose of hazardous waste.

Site plans shall be devised to ensure that, insofar as possible, all temporary construction facilities are locate at least 50 meters away from a water course, stream, or canal. If determined warranted by the Engineer, the Contractor shall provide a wash pit or a wheel washing and/or vehicle cleaning facility at the exits from the sites. If so requested, the Contractor shall ensure that all vehicle are properly cleaned (bodies and tires are free of sand and mud) prior to leaving the site areas. The Contractor shall provide necessary cleaning facilities on site and ensure that no water or debris from such cleaning operations is deposited off-site. Soils Contaminatio The Contractor will be responsible for preparation of an Emergency Contractor to prepare n of Soils Response Plan (ERP), which will cover containment of hazardous ERP materials, oil spills, and work-site accidents. The plan will detail the Engineer to review and process for handling, and subsequently reporting, emergencies, and approve ERP as part of specify the organizational structure (including responsibilities of the SSEMP nominated personnel). The plan will be submitted to the Engineer for approval as part of the SSEMP. Air Quality Air Quality The Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of an Air Contractor to prepare Quality Plan, submitted to the Engineer prior to commencement of AQP the works. The plan will detail the action to be taken to minimize Engineer to review and dust generation (e.g. spraying unsurfaced roads with water, approve ERP as part of covering stock-piles, and blasting with use of small charges etc) and the SSEMP will identify the type, age and standard of equipment to be used. The Plan shall also include contingencies for the accidental release of toxic air pollutants. The Plan shall be completed during the design phase and shall form part of the SSEMP. Flora Vegetation The Contractor shall be responsible for identifying locations where Contractor to select sites. procurement he may procure specific vegetation for slope stabilization. The vegetation types should include; Elm - Celtis caucasica, Judas-tree, certis – Certis, Senna- Colutea vulgaris & Dog rose - Rosa cocanika.

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Land Use Loss of The MoT must prepare the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan MoT to complete LARP Property and (the LARP), obtain the approval of ADB and then implement the ADB to approve LARP Land plan and acquire the land prior to the start of Pre-construction activities. Waste and Waste The Contractor shall be responsible for preparing a Waste Contractor to prepare Spoil Management Management Plan to manage all excess spoil and waste material. WMP The Plan, which forms part of the SSEMP, shall include items Engineer to review and relating to the safe handling and management of: approve WMP as part of Domestic waste the SSEMP Food waste Inert garbage Recycled Waste Plastic Metals Wood Construction Waste Hazardous Waste Liquid Waste

The Plan will also include provisions to manage all excess spoil material. The Plan should indicate where the spoil will occur and methods and locations for disposal. Health and Worker A Health and Safety Plan shall be prepared by the Contractor, as Contractor to prepare safety Health and part of the SSEMP, to manage worker safety. The plan shall include HSP Safety an item relating to accidental release of toxic fumes. Engineer to review and approve HSP as part of the SSEMP EMP Preparation The Contractor shall prepare a SSEMP to meet the requirements of Contractor to prepare Requiremen of SSEMP this EMP. Specifically the SSEMP shall contain sections relating to: SSEMP t Management of Physical Environment Engineer to review and Soils approve SSEMP Water Air

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Management of Ecological Environmental Flora Fauna Protected Areas Management of Economic Characteristics Infrastructure Transport Land Use Agriculture Management of Social and Cultural Resources Communities, Health and Education Facilities Historical and Cultural Areas Noise

In addition, the SSEMP shall contain specific Management Plans as Annexes relating to the following: Borrow Pit Management Plan Air Quality Management Plan Water Quality Management Plan Noise Management Plan Waste Management Plan Emergency Response Plan Dust Suppression Plan Site Plan Health and Safety Plan

Each section shall describe the precise location of the required mitigation / monitoring, the persons responsible for the mitigation / monitoring, the schedule and reporting methodology. The SSEMP must be submitted within 30 days of the contract award and construction cannot commence until the SSEMPs are approved by the MoT and the Engineer.

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Incorporation The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring compliance with MoT to ensure EMP is of Items into this EMP. A specific environmental section shall be included within included within Bid Bid the main Bid Documents indicating that the Contractor shall be Documents Documents responsible for conforming with the requirements of the EMP. As such this EMP shall be included as an annex to the Contract Bid Documents.

D. Environmental Management Plan Detailed Design Phase

292. The following table (Table F-2) provides the environmental mitigation for the Detailed Design Phase

Table F-2: EMP Detailed Design Phase Mitigation Potential Mitigation Measure Responsibilities Impact / Issue

Soils Soil Erosion To reduce the impacts of erosion, the Contractors Detailed Designs Contractor to include shall ensure: mitigations in his detailed The side slopes of cuttings and embankments will be designed to design. reflect soil strength and other considerations as included in the Engineer to review and project specifications in order to reduce slips or erosion; approve design To prevent soil erosion in areas of steep mountainous slopes, documents. rock-fall fences, rip-rap, retaining structures and gabion baskets for river bank protection will be included in the engineering design; For embankments greater than 6m, stepped embankments will be used; and Ditches shall be designed for the toe of slopes in cut sections with gutters or drainage chutes designed to carry water down-slope to prevent erosion. Interceptor ditches shall be constructed near the top of slopes, or on benches, in cut slopes. For steep slopes

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drainage will be designed and constructed to intercept longitudinal flow and carry water away from fill slopes. Slope The Contractors Detailed Design shall ensure appropriately sized Contractor to include Stabilization culverts to relive the potential impact of materials blocking the culverts mitigations in his detailed below the unstable bare slopes above the road on KM30 – KM40 and design. along other areas of the Project Road. The Contractor shall follow the Engineer to review and recommendations of the Preliminary Design in selecting his slope approve design stabilization methods (see Appendix E of the IEE). documents.

In addition, to ensure slope stabilization around areas of cut, the Contractor, shall during the Detailed Design, ensure: Design of discharge zones from drainage structures with riprap to reduce erosion when required. Down drains/chutes are lined with rip-rap/masonry or concrete to prevent erosion. Side slopes adjusted in the range based on soil and other conditions as specified by the Project Specifications to reduce erosion potential. It is recommended that steep slopes be stabilized, covered with riprap or other material to prevent soil erosion. Stepped embankments for embankments greater than six meters. Geology Seismic The seismic characteristics of the potentially affected area shall be Contractor to include and Seismic Issues taken into account during the Detailed Design phase of the Project. mitigations in his detailed Conditions Earthquake loading shall be applied to the design of structures, design. including bridges, to ensure that seismic events do not have negative Engineer to review and impacts during the operational phase of the Project. approve design documents. Hydrology Drainage Consideration in the design phase will be given to the issue of Engineer to review and drainage and culverts to ensure that drainage patterns are improved approve design from the existing conditions and that increased run-off does not occur documents. or result in flooding of areas previously undisturbed. During design, the Contractor shall ensure that all drainage works are designed based on the historical flood data and flood forecasting. A design discharge of 50 years return period is considered for culverts, and 100

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years of bridges. The design of all structural components must conform to the design standards provided in the Employer‘s Special Requirements.

Drilling of The Contractor shall ensure that all required permits have been Contractor to gather Boreholes gathered prior to the excavation of any borehole. permits Engineer to review permits prior to excavation works commencement. Bridge All new and widened bridges must be designed for the life expectancy Constructio of 75 years. The bridge rehabilitation and strengthening works must n be designed for the life expectancy of 50 years. The design loading and design of all structural components must conform to the bridge design standards provided in the Employer‘s Special Requirements. Finally, the bridge design and layout must be aesthetically pleasing and in harmony with the existing environment. Historical Impacts to Designs shall ensure that there is no significant encroachment to any Contractor to include and Historical of the following sites: mitigations in his detailed Archeologic and UNESCO Site, Sarazm (KM108) design. al Sites Archeologic Dardar Mosque (KM10) Engineer to review and al Sites Mosque and Madrassa, Panjakent (KM92) approve design Cemeteries (with the exception of the cemetery at KM25) documents. Waterfall, KM14 Flora Loss of During Detailed Design the Contractor shall ensure that roadside Contractor to include Trees activities such as asphalt plants, construction camps and other mitigations in his detailed ancillary features are properly sited as agreed with the relevant CEP. design. The Contractor should avoid loss of trees where possible and should Engineer to review and employ techniques such as asymmetrical widening. Where trees must approve design be felled, the Contractor shall ensure that each one removed should documents. be replaced by at least two new saplings of the same species or other

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at suitable locations, all as designated by the tree owner, Contractor to replace trees during Construction with oversight from the Engineer. Health and Safety The Contractor shall ensure that traffic safety issues shall be Engineer to review and Safety accounted for during the design phase of the Project, they including approve design incorporation of: documents. Safety barriers Traffic signs Road Crossings Speed Bumps Speed limits

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E. Environmental Management Plan Construction Phase

293. The following table (Figure F-3) provides the environmental mitigation for the Construction Phase

Table F-3: EMP Construction Phase Mitigation Subject Potential Mitigation Measure Responsibilities Impact / Issue

Air Quality Open The Contractor shall ensure no burning of debris or other materials will Contractor to implement burning of occur on the Site without permission of the Engineer. mitigation. waste Engineer to routinely materials monitor Contractors activities. Fuel Contractor shall ensure that no furnaces, boilers or other similar plant Contractor to implement Emissions or equipment using any fuel that may produce air pollutants will be mitigation. installed without prior written consent of the Engineer. Engineer to routinely monitor Contractors activities. Exhaust The Contractor shall ensure construction equipment shall be Contractor to implement emissions maintained to a good standard and fitted with pollution control devices. mitigation. from the The equipment (including the pollution control devices) will be Engineer to routinely operation of checked at regular intervals by the Engineer to ensure they are monitor Contractors construction maintained in working order and the checks will be recorded by the activities. machinery Contractor & Engineer as part of environmental monitoring. In addition, the Contractor shall: Discouraging of the idling of engines; Prohibit of the use of equipment and machinery that causes excessive pollution (i.e. visible smoke) at project work sites; Ensure material stockpiles being located in sheltered areas and be covered with tarpaulins or other such suitable covering to prevent material becoming airborne.

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Fugitive The Contractor shall ensure that conveyor belts at ancillary facilities Contractor to implement emissions (e.g. quarries) shall be fitted with wind-boards, and conveyor transfer mitigation from points and hopper discharge areas shall be enclosed to minimize dust Engineer to routinely quarries emission. All conveyors carrying materials that have the potential to monitor Contractors and asphalt create dust shall be totally enclosed and fitted with belt cleaners. activities. plants. Dust The Contractor shall ensure that the following dust suppression Contractor to implement generated measures shall be instituted: mitigation from haul All trucks used for transporting materials to and from the site will be Engineer to routinely roads, covered with canvas tarpaulins, or other acceptable type cover (which monitor Contractors unpaved shall be properly secured) to prevent debris and/or materials from activities. roads, falling from or being blown off the vehicle(s); exposed Areas of reclamation shall be completed, including final compaction, soils and as quickly as possible consistent with good practice to limit the material creation of wind blown dust. stock piles. Hard surfaces will be required in areas with regular movements of vehicles; and Effective use of water sprays will be implemented (e.g., all roads within the construction areas of the Site shall be sprayed at least twice each day, and more if necessary to control dust to the satisfaction of the Engineer). Topography Cut and Fill The Contractor shall ensure that: Contractor to implement Requiremen Where excess fill material cannot be re-used contract provisions mitigation t shall ensure that none of the excess material is dumped into the Engineer to routinely Zaravshan River (or any of its tributaries). monitor Contractors Any locations identified by the Contractor where excess cut activities. material will be produced (not anticipated by design) shall be Approvals for waste reported to the Engineer and a suitable location identified by both disposal sites to be parties and the DEP for the disposal of this inert waste. sought from the DEP by Temporary and permanent storage of materials should be confined the Contractor. to government owned land and in no circumstances should be dumped on agricultural or productive lands or to any watercourse including irrigation channels.

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In the event of any spoil or debris from construction works being deposited in any of the afore mentioned areas or any silt washed down to any area, then all such spoil, debris or material and silt shall be immediately removed and the affected land and areas restored to their natural state by the Contractor to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Blasting The Contractor shall prepare a Blast Plan to the satisfaction of the Engineer, in addition he shall ensure: Before the firing of any blast, the rock to be blasted shall be covered with approved blasting mats, soil, or other equally serviceable material, to prevent fly rock that may result in damage to life or property. The Contractor shall protect all overhead and underground utilities prior to blasting and immediately repair or replace any damaged by the blasting operations. Warning signs and public notification are required to avoid all risks to the public that use the roadway. Blasting shall be restricted to the times specified by the Engineer The Contractor shall use the utmost care so as not to endanger life or property, or disturb materials outside the limits of the excavation. When blasting, ample warning shall be given to all persons within the vicinity prior to blasting. Warning signs shall be erected a minimum of 24 hours prior to the blast time, and workers shall be stationed to warn people before firing any blasts. The warning signs will state the time and date of each blast. The Contractor is forewarned that existing residential and commercial properties may be located in close proximity of the blast and that these properties shall be protected. The Contractor shall be responsible for all damage to these properties, including providing suitable temporary housing to residents or business occupants until repair work is completed. Slope The Contractor shall be responsible for the following: Contractor to implement Stabilization Final forming and re-vegetation will be completed by the mitigation

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Contractor as soon as possible following fill placement to facilitate Engineer to routinely regeneration of a stabilizing ground cover. monitor Contractors Trenching will be used where necessary to ensure successful activities. establishment of vegetation. Seeding with a fast growing crop and native seed mix (see Section E.1 for list of species) will occur immediately after fill placement to prevent scour and to encourage stabilization; Construction in erosion and flood-prone areas will be restricted to the dry season. Quarries If licensed quarries are not available the Contractor may be made DEP to approve responsible for setting up their dedicated quarries. Prior to opening of locations. any quarry or rock crushing facility, the Contractor will require approval Contractor to obtain from the relevant DEP and the Engineer to ensure that land owners necessary permits. are adequately compensated for land use and that the sites are not Engineer to review located in an area likely to cause significant detriment to the local permits and approvals environment. To ensure that this is the case Contractors should prior to the opening of the ensure that quarries and crusher plants are: site. Located at least 300 meters from urban areas to prevent noise and dust impacts; Located outside of agricultural land; and Where possible located on government owned lands. Alluvial material which will be excavated upstream from blocked Engineer to test material culvert areas may be used as base material. This material shall be before use as base tested by the Contractor and Engineer for its suitability as base material. material before it maybe used. The Contractor must use such material first before using any other quarry or borrow pit within 3 km from any such alluvial deposit. Soils Loss of Soil The Engineer shall ensure that all appropriate LARP measures have Engineer to coordinate for been taken by the MoT before any alteration or destruction of with MOT & Contractor. Agricultural agricultural land by the Contractor. Production Erosion The Contractor will be responsible for ensuing: Contractor to implement Material that is less susceptible to erosion will be selected for mitigation

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placement around bridges and culverts. Engineer to routinely Re-vegetation of exposed areas including; (i) selection of fast growing monitor Contractors and grazing resistant species of local flora (see Section E.1); (ii) activities. immediate re-vegetation of all slopes and embankments if not covered with gabion baskets; (iii) placement of fiber mats to encourage vegetation growth, although due to the arid conditions in most of the road, this may only feasible where there is regular rainfall or other natural water supply. Contaminati The Contractor shall ensure that: Contractor to implement on Due to All fuel and chemical storage (if any) shall be sited on an mitigation Spills or impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The Engineer to routinely Hazardous storage area shall be located away from any watercourse or monitor Contractors Materials wetlands. The base and bund walls shall be impermeable and of activities. sufficient capacity to contain 110 percent of the volume of tanks. The construction camp maintenance yard shall be constructed on impervious hardstanding with adequate drainage to collect spills, there shall be no vehicle maintenance activities on open ground. Filling and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures. Drip pans shall be placed under all filling and fueling areas. Waste oils shall be stored and disposed of by a licensed contractor. All valves and trigger guns shall be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. The contents of any tank or drum shall be clearly marked. Measures shall be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any soils. No bitumen drums or containers, full or used, shall be stored on open ground. They shall only be stored on impervious hardstanding. Areas using bitumen shall be constructed on impervious hardstanding to prevent seepage of oils into the soils. Hydrology Drainage The Contractor shall ensure the following conditions are met: Contractor to implement

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and During the construction phase the Contractor is required to construct, mitigation Flooding maintain, remove and reinstate as necessary temporary drainage Engineer to routinely works and take all other precautions necessary for the avoidance of monitor Contractors damage by flooding and silt washed down from the Works. activities. The Contractor shall arrange with the village representatives those works which might interfere with the flow of irrigation waters to be carried out at such times as will cause the least disturbance to irrigation operations. Should any operation being performed by the Contractor interrupt existing irrigation facilities, the Contractor shall restore the irrigation appurtenances to their original working conditions within 24 hours of being notified of the interruption. Constructio The Contractor shall ensure the following conditions are met: Contractor to implement n Camps Wastewater arising on the site shall be collected, removed from the mitigation and Storage site via a suitable and properly designed temporary drainage system Engineer to routinely Areas and disposed of at a location and in a manner that will cause neither monitor Contractors pollution nor nuisance. activities. There shall be no direct discharge of sanitary or wash water to surface water. Disposal of materials such as, but not limited to, lubricating oil and onto the ground or water bodies shall be prohibited. Liquid material storage containment areas shall not drain directly to surface water. Lubricating and fuel oil spills shall be cleaned up immediately and spill clean-up shall be materials be maintained at the storage area. Construction and work sites will be equipped with sanitary latrines that do not pollute surface waters. Discharge of sediment-laden construction water directly into surface watercourses will be forbidden. Sediment laden construction water will be discharged into settling lagoons or tanks prior to final discharge. Spill clean up equipment will be maintained on site. The following conditions to avoid adverse impacts due to improper fuel and chemical storage: Fueling operations shall occur only within containment areas. All fuel and chemical storage (if any) shall be sited on an impervious

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base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area shall be located away from any watercourse or wetlands. The base and bund walls shall be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110 percent of the volume of tanks. Filling and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures and will take place within areas surrounded by bunds to contain spills / leaks of potentially contaminating liquids. All valves and trigger guns shall be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. The contents of any tank or drum shall be clearly marked. Measures shall be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any drain or watercourses. Disposal of lubricating oil and other potentially hazardous liquids onto the ground or water bodies will be prohibited. Should any accidental spills occur immediate clean up will be undertaken and all cleanup materials stored in a secure area for disposal to a site authorized to dispose of hazardous waste. If determined warranted by the Engineer, the Contractor shall provide a wash pit or a wheel washing and/or vehicle cleaning facility at the exits from the sites. If so requested, the Contractor shall ensure that all vehicle are properly cleaned (bodies and tires are free of sand and mud) prior to leaving the site areas. The Contractor shall provide necessary cleaning facilities on site and ensure that no water or debris from such cleaning operations is deposited off-site. Bridge The Contractor shall consult with the local DEP to establish the fish Contractor to implement Constructio spawning period in relation to the bridge construction works. The mitigation. n Contractor shall ensure that all works are undertaken in periods least Contractor to consult with likely to affect the fish spawning period. In addition, concerning bridge DEP. construction works, the Contractor shall: Engineer to routinely Divert the water flow near the bridge piers. monitor Contractors Coffer dams, silt fences, sediment barriers or other devices will be activities. provided to prevent migration of silt during construction within streams.

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Dewatering and cleaning of cofferdams will be performed to prevent siltation by pumping from cofferdams to a settling basin or a containment unit. Borrow Pits. The Contractor shall ensure that: Contractor to implement Pit restoration will follow the completion of works in full compliance mitigation all applicable standards and specifications. Engineer to routinely Arrangements for opening and using material borrow pits will monitor Contractors contain enforceable provisions. activities. The excavation and restoration of the borrow areas and their surroundings, in an environmentally sound manner to the satisfaction of the Engineer will be required before final acceptance and payment under the terms of contracts. Additional borrow pits will not be opened without the restoration of those areas no longer in use. Flora and Loss of flora The Contractor shall ensure the following conditions are met: Contractor to implement Fauna Each tree removed by the Contractor should be replaced by at mitigation least two new saplings of the same species or other at suitable Engineer to routinely locations, all as designated by the tree owner. monitor Contractors Supplying appropriate and adequate fuel in workers‘ camps to activities. prevent fuel-wood collection from unauthorized sources. Protected The opening of additional borrow pits shall require the Contractor to Contractor to implement Areas receive the approval of the Environmental Agency and the Engineer to mitigation ensure there are no detrimental impacts to protected areas. Engineer to routinely monitor Contractors activities. Land Use Constructio The Contractor will be required to coordinate all construction camp Contractor to implement n Camps activities with neighboring land uses. The Contractor shall also be mitigation and other responsible to maintain and cleanup campsites and respect the rights Engineer to routinely ancillary of local landowners. If located outside the RoW, written agreements monitor Contractors facilities with local landowners for temporary use of the property will be activities. required and sites must be restored to a level acceptable to the owner within a predetermined time period. Transport Road The Contractor shall ensure that: Contractor to implement

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and closures, He shall be responsible for provision of all road diversion signs mitigation Infrastructur diversions and ensure that diversion roads do not impact negatively upon Engineer to routinely e and private lands. monitor Contractors blocking of Any diversions shall be agreed upon by the Engineer. activities. access Notices of delays, due to blasting, shall be posted in villages within routes ten kilometers of the blasting area so villagers can plan their travel times accordingly. The Contractor should make blasting at a regular period in the day so that the population in the valley become aware of the most likely delay periods. The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all access routes are kept open during Project works for at least 50% of the day during construction works and 100% of the time after construction works are completed for the day. Electrical During construction the Contractor shall ensure that all power lines be Contractor to implement Systems kept operational, this may include the provision of temporary mitigation transmission lines while existing poles and lines are moved. The only Engineer to routinely exception to this item will be during periods of blasting when HV monitor Contractors power lines will be switched off for safety. activities. Waste and Spoil Under no circumstances shall the Contractor dump excess materials Contractor to implement Spoil on private lands without permission of the owner and approval from mitigation. the Engineer. In addition, excess spoil shall not be dumped or pushed DEP to approve any into the Zaravshan river at any location unless in low volumes and waste disposal to the agreed upon with the Engineer and with approval from the DEP. River. Engineer to routinely monitor Contractors activities. Inert Solid & The contractor shall be responsible for the following: Contractor to implement Liquid Provide refuse containers at each worksite; mitigation. waste Maintain all construction sites in a cleaner, tidy and safe condition and DEP to approve any provide and maintain appropriate facilities as temporary storage of all waste disposal site. wastes before transportation and final disposal; Engineer to routinely Train and instruct all personnel in waste management practices and monitor Contractors

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procedures as a component of the environmental induction process, activities. and Collect and transport non-hazardous wastes to all approved disposal sites. The sites for waste disposal shall be agreed with the local municipal authorities and DEP. A specialized company may be contracted, if available to ensure collection of domestic and general waste from camps and temporary storage areas and transportation to landfills approved and licensed by the DEP. Asphalt It is recommended that discussions are undertaken with the DEUs to DEU to assess feasibility. determine if it is feasible to re-process the asphalt for use on other local roads throughout the region. If it is determined to be cost effective, the Project should consider procuring equipment for this purpose. Hazardous Management, handling & storage protocols for hazardous waste will Contractor to implement Waste be outlined in the Contractors Waste Management Plan. Disposal mitigation. locations of hazardous wastes should be agreed with the DEP. The DEP to approve any Contractor shall collect hydrocarbon wastes, including lube oils, for waste disposal site. safe transport off-site for reuse, recycling, treatment or disposal at the Engineer to routinely temporary storage sites and further at the locations approved by DEP monitor Contractors or pass it to the licensed operator having environmental permit on activities. operation of the hazardous wastes. Health and Worker The Contractor shall be responsible for provision of: Contractor to implement Safety Health & Safety Training Program. A Safety Training Program is required and mitigation safety shall consist of an Initial Safety Induction Course. All workmen shall Engineer to routinely be required to attend a safety induction course within their first week monitor Contractors on Site and Periodic Safety Training Courses. activities. Safety Meetings. Regular safety meetings will be conducted on a monthly basis and shall require attendance by the safety representatives of Subcontractors unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer. Safety Inspections. The Contractor shall regularly inspect, test and maintain all safety equipment, scaffolds, guardrails, working platforms, hoists, ladders and other means of access, lifting, lighting, signing and

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guarding equipment. Lights and signs shall be kept clear of obstructions and legible to read. Equipment, which is damaged, dirty, incorrectly positioned or not in working order, shall be repaired or replaced immediately. Safety Equipment and Clothing. Safety equipment and protective clothing are required to be available on the Site at all material times and measures for the effective enforcement of proper utilization and necessary replacement of such equipment and clothing, and all construction plant and equipment used on or around the Site shall be fitted with appropriate safety devices. First Aid facilities. A fully equipped first aid base shall be climatically controlled to maintain the temperature of the inside of the building at 20 degrees C. Arrangements for emergency medical services shall be made to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

The Contractor shall coordinate with local public health officials and shall reach a documented understanding with regard to the use of hospitals and other community facilities. Sub- All sub-contractors will be supplied with copies of the SSEMP. Contractor to implement contractor Provisions will be incorporated into all sub-contracts to ensure the mitigation H&S compliance with the SSEMP at all tiers of the sub-contracting. All sub- Engineer to routinely contractors will be required to appoint a safety representative who monitor Contractors and shall be available on the Site throughout the operational period of the sub-contractors activities. respective sub-contract unless the Engineers approval to the contrary is given in writing. In the event of the Engineers approval being given, the Engineer, without prejudice to their other duties and responsibilities, shall ensure, as far as is practically possible, that employees of subcontractors of all tiers are conversant with appropriate parts of the SSEMP.

HIV / AIDS The Contractor shall subcontract with an Approved Service Provider to Contractor to implement provide an HIV Awareness Program to the Contractor‘s Personnel and mitigation. the Local Community as soon as practicable after the Contractor‘s Service Provider to Personnel arrive at the Site but in any case within two weeks after the

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Contractor‘s Personnel arrive at Site and to repeat the HIV Awareness implement training. Program at intervals not exceeding four months Engineer to review program. Historical Impacts to To avoid potential adverse impacts to historic and cultural resources, Contractor to implement and Historical the Contractor shall: mitigation archeologic and Adhere to accepted international practice and all applicable Engineer to routinely al areas archeologic historic and cultural preservation requirements of the Government monitor Contractors al areas of Tajikistan, including all appropriate local government entities, activities. and In the event of unanticipated discoveries of cultural or historic artifacts (movable or immovable) in the course of the work, the Contractor shall take all necessary measures to protect the findings and shall notify the Engineer and the Ministry of Culture. If continuation of the work would endanger the finding, project work shall be suspended until a solution for preservation of the artifacts is agreed upon. Noise Constructio The Contractor shall ensure provision of the following: Contractor to implement n Noise and Source Controls, i.e., requirements that all exhaust systems will be mitigation Vibration maintained in good working order; properly designed engine Engineer to routinely enclosures and intake silencers will be employed; and regular monitor Contractors equipment maintenance will be undertaken; activities. Site Controls, i.e., requirements that stationary equipment will be placed as far from sensitive land uses as practical; selected to minimize objectionable noise impacts; and provided with shielding mechanisms where possible; Work near Sensitive Receptors shall be limited to short term activities; Time and Activity Constraints, i.e., operations will be scheduled to coincide with periods when people would least likely be affected; work hours and work days will be limited to less noise-sensitive times. Hours-of-work will be approved by the Engineer having due regard for possible noise disturbance to the local residents or other activities. Construction activities will be strictly prohibited between

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10 PM and 6 AM in the residential areas. When operating close to sensitive areas such as residential, nursery, or medical facilities, the Contractor‘s hours of working shall be limited to 8 AM to 6 PM; Community Awareness, i.e., public notification of construction operations will incorporate noise considerations; methods to handle complaints will be specified. Sensitive receptors will be avoided as possible (i.e., aggregate crushers, operators, etc.). Disposal sites and haul routes will be coordinated with local officials; Blasting will only be carried out during the day and according to a pre- established schedule, the adjacent communities will be notified of the blasting times well in advance; Use of blasting mats to reduce noise during blasting operations; Use of low volume charges will reduce the potential for vibration induced damage to structures; and In the event of damage proven to be due to the contractor‘s activities, owners of structures will be fully compensated.

F. Environmental Management Plan Operational and Maintenance Phase

294. The following table (Table F-4) provides the environmental mitigation for the Operational and Maintenance Phase

Table F-4: EMP Operational and Maintenance Phase Mitigation Subject Potential Mitigation Measure Responsibilities Impact / Issue Air Quality Air quality Potential impacts due to the use of the highway are the purview of the CEP to monitor air impacts from CEP. emissions during the Vehicle operational phase of the movements Project Soils Erosion Contracts stipulated that the Contractor shall be liable for a one year DEPs to monitor

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defects liability period. During this year the DEPs should undertake vegetation growth and regular observational monitoring of the Project Road to ensure that erosion impacts during engineering works and vegetation growth have prevented erosion defects liability period. impacts. If the DEPs discover any potential issues they shall report their findings to the MoT who shall then make the Contractor responsible for final improvements. Final payments can not be made until outstanding issues are resolved Slope Although beyond the remit of this project, it is recommended that the Ayni DEU and DEP to Stability Ayni DEP and the Ayni DEU coordinate the development of a plan to coordinate regarding vegetate and stabilize the slopes between KM30 & KM40. vegetation. Hydrology Impacts to Contracts stipulated that the Contractor shall be liable for a one year DEPs to monitor water hydrology defects liability period. During this year the locals DEPs should quality during defects and water undertake regular water quality monitoring and routine observational liability period. quality) as a monitoring of construction areas close to the Zaravshan River and its result of tributaries to ensure that the road works are not having any construction continuous impacts upon the hydrological conditions of the region. If activities. the DEPs discover any potential issues they shall report their findings to the MoT who shall then make the Contractor responsible for final improvements. Final payments can not be made until outstanding issues are resolved.

G. Environmental Monitoring Plan Pre-Construction Phase

295. The following table (Table F-5) provides the environmental monitoring for the Pre-construction Phase

Table F-5 EMP: Pre-construction Phase Instrumental Monitoring Issue Mitigation Locations Schedule Responsibilities Reporting Water Quality The Contractor shall undertake The recommended Water quality The Contractor The Agency Impacts due baseline instrumental monitoring baseline monitoring baseline shall engage a shall provide to during the Pre-construction locations include: monitoring shall third party his results to construction phase. Parameters to be 50 meters down be carried out monitoring agency the Contractor

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works monitored to establish a baseline stream of at least as soon after to undertake the and Engineer include: five borrow pit the date of baseline prior to the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) locations; acceptance of monitoring. The start of Project Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 50 meters the Bid as Agency shall be works. Dissolved oxygen (DO) downstream of practicable to approved by the Fecal coliform bridges at KM7, determine DEP. Oil and grease KM46, KM53. ambient levels In addition, the of the pollutants Engineer may also at the specified recommend monitoring additional monitoring locations which locations during will be identified baseline monitoring in the SSEMP. and during construction. However, as an indicator the number of sampling locations, including the baseline locations, should not exceed ten. Air quality The Contractor shall undertake The recommended Air quality The Contractor The Agency baseline instrumental monitoring baseline monitoring baseline shall engage a shall provide during the Pre-construction locations include: monitoring shall third part his results to phase. Parameters to be Central Dardar be carried out monitoring agency the Contractor monitored to establish a baseline (KM10) as soon after to undertake the and Engineer include: Novabod (KM65) the date of baseline prior to the Total Suspended Particulates Shurcha (KM53) acceptance of monitoring. The start of Project (TSP) Panjakent the Bid as Agency shall be works. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) (KM92) practicable to approved by the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Veshkand determine DEP. Carbon Monoxide (CO) (KM26) ambient levels of the air

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Gusar (KM73) pollutants at the specified In addition, the monitoring Engineer may also locations which recommend will be identified additional monitoring in the SSEMP. locations during the baseline monitoring. However, as an indicator the number of sampling locations should not exceed ten.

H. Environmental Monitoring Plan Construction Phase

296. The following table (Exhibit F-6) provides the environmental monitoring for the Construction Phase

Table F-7 EMP: Construction Phase Instrumental Monitoring Issue Mitigation Locations Schedule Responsibilities Reporting Air Quality The Contractor shall establish At the locations of Monitoring to be The Contractor shall The routine Air Quality Monitoring the baselines undertaken hire an independent Independent throughout the construction period. monitoring and at once every monitoring Specialist shall The following parameters shall be any additional three months consultant to provide his monitored: (TSP), Sulfur Dioxide locations to be perform the results to the (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and determined by the monitoring Contractor and Carbon Monoxide (CO). Other Engineer (not to activities. Engineer parameters maybe warranted as and exceed ten per within a three when requested by the Engineer. monitoring period). days of the sampling activity.

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Surface The Contractor shall ensure that Locations will be Monitoring to be Responsibilities – The Water routine surface water monitoring is determined in undertaken bi- The Contractor shall Independent Quality undertaken throughout the consultation with the monthly hire an independent Specialist shall construction period. Measured water Engineer and the air quality provide his quality parameters shall include DEP and shall monitoring results to the Total Suspended solids (TSS) include the baseline consultant. Contractor and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) locations above and Engineer Dissolved oxygen (DO), any other likely to be within three Conductivity - Fecal coliform subject to water days of the Oil and grease quality impacts or sampling significant runoff activity. (construction camps, staging areas, etc.). Noise The Contractor shall ensure that Locations will be Bi-Monthly The Contractor shall The routine noise monitoring is determined in throughout hire an independent Independent undertaken throughout the consultation with the construction. noise monitoring Specialist shall construction period. Parameters to Engineer and the consultant. provide his be monitored to establish a baseline local DEP but shall results to the include: include at least the Contractor and Laeq 1h (dBA) following locations: Engineer Central Dardar within a three (KM10) days of the Novabod (KM65) sampling Shurcha (KM53) activity. Panjakent (KM92) Veshkand (KM26) Gusar (KM73)

I. EMP Costs

297. Most costs associated with the environmental recommendations are a normal part of preparing the bid and contract documents and ensuring that proper environmental provisions are incorporated therein. The installation of septic systems at construction camps, for example, is an environmental necessity, but not generally considered an ―environmental cost‖. Bid solicitations will call for the costs of recommended baseline monitoring to be included in the bids. Both baseline and periodic monitoring during construction are normally considered to be a part of good engineering practice and included in the Project Budget. Supervision and monitoring of Contractor activities and reporting thereon are a normal responsibility of the Engineer included in the Project Budget and not a separable cost. Nonetheless, the most overt and explicit environmental mitigation and monitoring activities can be estimated. Those for the Project are summarized below (Tables F-8 & F-9). They include estimates for training in regard to the requirements of SSEMP, baseline monitoring of the major environmental parameters and routine periodic monitoring and reporting during the Construction Stage.

Table F-8: EMP Mitigation Costs Activity / Item Frequency Unit Cost Cost /USD Pre-construction 1. Selection of Quarry Sites Once during design Included in 0 Project Budget 2. Selection of Borrow Pits Once during design Included in 0 Project Budget 3. Selection of Asphalt Plant Once during design Included in 0 Location Project Budget 4. Selection of Construction Once during design Included in 0 Camp Site Project Budget 5. ERP Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 SSEMP 6. Soil Erosion protection Once during design Included in 0 measures Project Budget 7. Slope Stabilization measures Once during design Included in 0 Project Budget 8. Hydrological measures Once during design Included in 0 Project Budget 9. Air Quality Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 SSEMP 10. Waste Management Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 SSEMP 11. Worker Health and Safety Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 Plan SSEMP 12. Noise Monitoring Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 SSEMP 13. Preparation of SSEMP Once 15,000 15,000 Detailed Design 14. Tree felling Throughout 5 5,000 detailed design

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(planting approximately 1000 trees) Construction 15. Engineers National 8 Months 2,000 per month 16,000 Environmental Specialist 16. Engineers International 4 Months 14,000 per month 56,000 Environmental Specialist 17. Safety Training Every month, by Included in Contractors H&S Project Staff Construction costs 18. Safety Equipment for Once Included in 0 Workers Project Construction costs 19. First aid facilities Once Included in 0 Project Construction costs 20. Refuse containers Once. Assume fifty 90 4,500 (360 liter). 21. Waste disposal Throughout Included in 0 construction Project Construction costs 22. Clean up of construction Once Included in 0 sites Project Construction costs 23. Environmental Permits Once Included in 0 Project Construction costs 24. Embankment vegetation Throughout Included in 0 construction Project Construction costs 25. Spill kits At each hazardous Included in 0 liquid storage area Project (assume 10) Construction costs 26. Septic tanks Once at Two 10,000 20,000 locations. 27. Temporary drainage / Throughout Included in 0 irrigations measures construction Project Construction costs 28. Impervious hardstanding (for At each Included in 0 maintenance yards, bitumen Construction camp Project

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storage, etc) Construction costs 29. Water spraying Daily During dry Water extracted 20,000 periods. from river. Contractor to purchase water bowser – 20,000 30. Tarpaulins Once Included in 0 Project Construction costs 31. HIV/AIDS Training Program Once every 4 1,000 6,000 months (6 times) Total 142,000

Table F-9: EMP Baseline Instrumental Monitoring Costs 1. Water Quality Once at each specific 80 640 location prior to construction (8 Sites) 2. Air Quality Once at each specific 100 600 location prior to construction (6 Sites) Routine Instrumental Monitoring 1. Air Quality Every three months at 80 4,000 Monitoring specific sites through construction (maximum ten sites) 2. Water Quality Bi-monthly at specific sites 100 12,000 Monitoring through construction (maximum ten sites) 3. Noise Monitoring Bi-monthly at specific sites 40 4,800 through construction (maximum ten sites) Total 22,040

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VIII. Public Consultation, Information Disclosure and Grievance Mechanism

A. Public Consultations

298. According to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009):

―The borrower/client will carry out meaningful consultation with affected people and other concerned stakeholders, including civil society, and facilitate their informed participation. Meaningful consultation is a process that: Begins early in the project preparation stage and is carried out on an ongoing basis throughout the project cycle; Provides timely disclosure of relevant and adequate information that is understandable and readily accessible to affected people; Is undertaken in an atmosphere free of intimidation or coercion; Is gender inclusive and responsive, and tailored to the needs of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups; and Enables the incorporation of all relevant views of affected people and other stakeholders into decision making, such as project design, mitigation measures, the sharing of development benefits and opportunities, and implementation issues. Consultation will be carried out in a manner commensurate with the impacts on affected communities. The consultation process and its results are to be documented and reflected in the environmental assessment report.‖

299. As such, three levels of consultations have been undertaken during the preparation of this IEE, they included; focus groups in Dardar and Panjakent (15-20 persons per group) comprising villagers, government officials and other relevant stakeholders; meetings with local officials, including DEPs, DEUs, etc; and lastly, consultations with villagers and road users along the road. The following section provides a summary of the consultations.

1. Focus Groups

300. Two focus groups were held during May in the towns of Panjakent and Dardar. The following provides an overview of the meeting (names of all attendees can be found in Appendix H):

Table G-1: Panjakent Focus Group

Friday, 5th May, Panjakent DEU Office. # Question / Comment Answer 1 Will rockfall galleries be included within the No, rockfall galleries will not be design? Cars are sometimes damaged by included in the design, but works falling rocks should reduce the incidences of rockfalls, but not completely eliminate them. 2 Radio programs indicate the Project will The exact start date of construction start in October, is this correct? is not yet known. 3 How long will the Project last? Approximately three years 4 What will the specification of the road be? DEU representative explained the design standards for the section in

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Panjakent. 5 The road is too narrow and not good for Comment noted cars 6 Currently there are problems with noise Yes, the new pavement should and dust along the road, we hope that the reduce, although not eliminate, dust new road will reduce dust issues. impacts. 7 Current lack of road crossings and poor Comment noted. road quality increases the likelihood of accidents. 8 Close to School number 15 in Panjakent Comment noted. there are often accidents resulting from punctured tyres resulting from poor road quality. 9 Vehicle maintenance costs are high due to Comment noted. the poor road quality. 10 Street lights and crossings should be This issue will be taken into account provided at schools and markets. within the EMP with recommendations for these services. 11 The road should by-pass the city. This was not a design option due to the need to contain construction within the existing RoW. 12 Will the road become a toll-road? No, there are no plans for the road to include tolls.

Table G-2: Dardar Focus Group

Saturday, 6th May, Dardar school # Question / Comment Answer 1 Irrigation systems at KM9 need to be Consultant agreed to visit the removed. location and review with DEU engineer after the meeting. The findings are summarized in Section E. 2 Poor road condition means they have to Comment noted. travel as far as Khujund to make major repairs to their vehicles 3 Repairing culverts is very important in Designs will ensure that culverts are Dardar to ensure good flow of water. placed in the correct locations. 4 One house in the town is close to the road, This issue will be managed by the will it be damaged during construction. LARP. 5 Dust and vibration from heavy goods The new road should reduce dust vehicles is a problem in the town. impacts, but noise & vibration issues may still exist after construction. 6 Construction of the road through Dardar This issue is noted, and may result in accidents to children who recommendations will be made in have no pavement to walk on. the EMP to manage this issue. 7 Can construction close to schools be This may be problematic as the completed only during the summer construction schedules may not

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vacation period? allow for this, but the issue could be discussed with the Contractor. 8 There are often accidents at the U-bend Design changes to this bend should close to the mosque in the center of reduce accidents in this area. Dardar. 9 There are sometimes accidents outside Speed limit signs and school schools due to speeding vehicles. children crossing signs shall be placed in these areas to warn drivers to limit their speeds and be aware of the children. 10 Can construction be limited to periods This may not be possible due to outside of the growing season to limit construction schedules. impacts to irrigation. 11 Will the cemetery in Dardar be affected? No.

Figure G-1: Panjakent Focus Group Figure G-2: Dardar Focus Group

2. Local Officials

Table G-3: Local Officials Consultations Date Person Met (Name, Topics Discussed position) 5th May, 2012 Mr.Sharipov There are two protected areas are in the area Khamid, Head of of project districts: 1) mountainous-forest Environmental preserve ―Say-Vota‖ with area 4200 ha, protection organized in 1970 to conserve and restore department of juniper forests on the North slopes of Panjakent district Zeravshan range, and 2) Zeravzhan preserve (tel.927657679) organized in 1976 to conserve unique Zeravshan pheasant and bukhara deer (Cervus elaphus baktrianus), and tugay forest (area of preserve if 2300 ha), no impacts to these sites are anticipated. 1. There is no legislation for the replacement of cut trees, however fines can be given for illegal cutting of trees, as such tree felling should be coordinated with DEPs.

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2. No impacts to flora or fauna are anticipated as the area is already heavily disturbed by human activity, including the Protected Areas. 3. There have been accidental road kill of wolves during the winter months, when the wolves come down into the warmer valley from the mountains. 4. No animal crossings are needed on the road. 5. No transboundary impacts are anticipated. 6. All borrow pits should have the approval of the DEPs. 5th May, 2012 Panjakent DEU 1. The DEU have an existing Asphalt Plant two kilometers from Panjakent, but its capacity is too small for the Project. 2. The current surface comprises 5cm of Asphalt over 15-20cm of gravel, the asphalt will be removed and stored at specific locations during construction, but the DEU do not have the appropriate equipment to reprocess the material for further use. 3. The construction season in this area is March – November 4. Borrow pit locations are known, but they need to be approved by the DEP. 5. The pits will be located within the river bed. 6. There is an existing quarry, 30km from Panjakent, owned by a Chinese Gold Mining company, the DEU hope to use this facility. 7. Three nurseries exist within Panjakent for the procurement of erosion prevention and tree planting activities. 5th May, 2012 Panjakent 1. Would like an underpass to be constructed Architecture Officer at the area of the mosque in Panjakent. 2. A fence should be built around the mosque in Panjakent. 3. The old town of Panjakent is located within two kilometers of the road, but no impacts to this area are anticipated. 4. Approximately 40 visitors per day to the Sarazm UNESCO site. 5. No negative impacts to this UNESCO site are anticipated. 6th May, 2012 Mr.Khalilov Sharaf, 1. There is one landfill in the Ayni district for Head of domestic waste, however, there are no Environmental facilities for the disposal of construction protection waste or hazardous waste. department of Ainy 2. No significant impacts to flora or fauna are district anticipated.

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(tel.927618778) 3. All borrow pits and quarries should be approved by the DEP.

3. Roadside Community

Table G-4: Roadside Community Consultations Date Person Met (Name, Topics Discussed position) 29th March, Farmer The farmer noted that the current road 2012 condition was very poor. He had no concerns about the road project and stated that if any of the roadside trees on his land needed to be felled he would not object. 5th May, 2012 Farmer The farmer was planting some poplar saplings adjacent to the road. He was very happy about the road construction and had no negative comments about the Project. 6th May, 2012 Villager The lady was concerned about the culvert discharging to her property within Dardar. A review of the culvert was undertaken with the Ayni DEU. It appears that the culvert functions adequately, but the drainage downstream of the culvert is inadequate for the flow. As such, this is not considered likely that the Project works can induce or reduce these impacts, rather the local authority should take measures to manage the drainage network within the village.

B. Planned Information Disclosure

301. It is anticipated that in compliance with ADB's requirements for IEEs (Category B environmental analyses), the document will be provided for disclosure on the ADB website prior to Board consideration of the Project. 302. The Contractor will be contractually obligated to notify and inform the public of construction operations prior to construction works, publish an emergency response plan disclosing his intentions to deal with accidents and emergencies, including environmental/public health emergencies associated with hazardous material spills and similar events, etc.

C. Grievance Mechanism

1. Requirements

303. According to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) ―The borrower/client will establish a mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples‘ concerns, complaints, and grievances about the project‘s environmental performance. The grievance mechanism should be scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the project. It should address affected people's concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that is gender responsive, culturally

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appropriate, and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no costs and without retribution. The mechanism should not impede access to the country‘s judicial or administrative remedies. The affected people will be appropriately informed about the mechanism.‖

304. The following Grievance Mechanism has been developed as part of the LARP.

2. Mechanism

(i) Grievance mechanism during the resettlement phase

305. Complaints and grievances received during the resettlement phase will addressed through the following steps and actions:

(i) Complaints will be lodged at the Jamoat level, where all the relevant representatives (land and environmental specialists, Deputy jamoat chairperson, responsible for gender policy, Jamoat Resource Center representatives), representatives of the affected households and MOT representative, will attempt to resolve the issue. A standard grievance registration form was prepared and given for comments and perusal to Hukumats and Jamoats officials. Each complaint will be registered, signed by the affected person and a representative of the Grievance Redress Committee, and the receipt of the complaint given to the affected person. The period fixed for resolution of complaints is 14 calendar days the latest.

(ii) If the complaint is not addressed at Jamoat level, Affected Person will apply to the district level LAR Committee/Working Group for solution. The LARC should invite MOT/PIU representative once they registered the complaint. Similar to Jamoat level complaint will be applied to register and file all the complaints from the APs. The period for resolution of a complaint is 16 calendar days. In addition, at this stage the affected person may also lodge a complaint directly to the ADB in Dushanbe.

(iii) If no solution is reached within 16 days, the affected person can submit her/his case to the appropriate court of law, with all costs paid for by the project.

306. A grievance redress mechanism is presented in following figure.

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Figure G-3: Schematic Presentation of the Grievances Redress Mechanism

Affected Persons

Major Grievance Minor Grievance

PIU Field Level Staff/Resettlement GRC at the district Specialist level

Not Not Addressed Addressed Addressed

Working Group Addressed

Not Addressed

Court of Law

(ii) Formation of Grievances Redress Committee (GRC)

307. One Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will be established at the rayon level in each district to resolve complaints and grievances informally through community participation. The GRC will consist of representatives of the MOT, the local hukumat, APs, women APs (if any), and appropriate local NGOs to allow voices of the affected

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communities to be heard and to ensure a participatory decision-making process. If the complainants are not satisfied with the GRC decisions, they can always file their cases in court.

308. GRCs will be established at the rayon level, by an office order of the Ministry of Transport (MOT) and the decree of the district Chairperson. The following seven members will constitute each Grievances Redress Committee:

Table G-5: Rayon Grievances Redress Committee Head of Committee, Deputy Chairman of the District 1 Convener Government Authority 2 Chief District Architect Member

Head of Municipality (inter-district) bureau of technical 3 Member inventory Head of the Women and Family Welfare Department of 4 Member district 5 Representative from the PIU Member Secretary Representative from the district Office of the 6 Cadastre and Land Registration, Land Management Member and Geodesy Agency 7 Representative of APs Member 8 Representative from the Jamoats within the District Member Representative of the Independent Labor Union within 9 Member district Representative local NGOs (different for Ayni and 10 Member Panjakent)

(iii) Grievance mechanism during the construction period

309. All persons living along the Project road, regardless of whether affected by land acquisition and resettlement, may experience some adverse impact during the construction period such as damages or losses to property, caused by direct physical impact of the contractor‘s equipment, vibration, contractor‘s or employer‘s design, or by other activities related to the construction of the road. Under the terms of the civil works contract, the Contractor has the obligation to provide a third party insurance in the joint name of MOT, as the Employer, and the Contractor. According to the terms of the civil works contract, in case of damages, an affected person (the Claimant) may follow the claim procedure:

(i) Address his/her claim(s) for damages to the Contractor, or to the Employer, or to both of them. (ii) The Claimant may chose to write first a Notice of Claim, immediately after the event, which caused the damage, and then to write a full claim, providing particulars of the damages and details of the compensation claimed. Alternatively, the Claimant may submit only a claim. In either case, it is advisable to submit the complete claim not later than 7 days

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after the damaging event. While the Notice of Claim is an option, the submission of a detailed claim is a must. (iii) Once the Employer or the Contractor receives the claim, they have an obligation to notify the Insurer, which should then send its representatives to verify the Claimant‘s allegations, investigate the causes and assess the damages. (iv) After that, the Insurer decides whether the claim is justified, and if so, whether to pay a part or the entire claim. (v) The Insurer will reject the entire claim if it is not justified. Furthermore, the Insurer may refuse to pay damages, or to pay only a part of a justified claim. This could happen for many different reasons: if the insured parties did not notify the Insurer of the claim/notice of claim within the period specified in the insurance policy; or the Contractor or the Employer were grossly negligent, or the particular damage or a particular action is excluded from the insurance, etc. In such a case, the Contractor or the Employer may still accept liability for a part or the entire amount of the claimed damages and pay the difference to the Claimant. (vi) However, if after the Insurer does not pay a part or the entire claim, and one or both parties also refuse to pay a part or the entire claim, and the Claimant believes that his or her claim is justified, the Claimant may take legal action against either or both parties. It is essential to note that the Claimant does not have any claim against the Insurer, but only against one or both parties.

310. If the Insurer refuses to pay the entire or a part of the amount claimed, the Claimant may still be entitled to the full amount of the claimed damages from the Contractor or the Employer. If the Contractor or the Employer refuses to pay a part or the entire amount of damages to which the Claimant believes to be entitled, the Claimant may sue the Contractor, or the Employer, or both. The following Table outlines a summary of the grievance resolution process.

Table G-6: Summary of Grievance Procedure Stages in Response Required Activities Handling Verbally responds to questions and/or complaints.

Jamoat Head or Hukumat If no response within 1 week, or response is representative and MOT unsatisfactory, AP prepares a grievance in writing representative (utilise standard forms where possible).

Registers the written complaint and attempts to solve it. If complaint is not resolved in 30 days, it is passed by District GRC the GRC to the working group for resolution.

The affected persons also has the right to make a ADB compliant directly to ADB in Dushanbe.

The District court hears the case and makes a final District Court of Law decision, which is binding on all parties.

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IX. Conclusions and Recommendations

A. Conclusions

311. The IEE established that there were no significant environmental issues that could not be either totally prevented or adequately mitigated to levels acceptable Tajikistan and international standards. As such, based on the existing ADB Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB‘s Category B. The total estimate costs of the environmental mitigation and management has been calculated at $164,040, or 1.5% of the $97,000,000 overall Project budget.

B. Recommendations

312. The EMP, its mitigation and monitoring programs, contained herewith shall be included within the Bidding documents for project works. The Bid documents state that the Contractor shall be responsible for the implementation of the requirements of the EMP through his own Site Specific Environmental Management Plan which will adopt all of the conditions of the EMP and add site specific elements that are not currently known, such as the Contractors borrow pit locations. This ensures that all potential bidders are aware of the environmental requirements of the Project and its associated environmental costs.

313. The EMP and all its requirements shall then be added to the Contractors Contract, thereby making implementation of the EMP a legal requirement according to the Contract. He shall then prepare his SSEMP which will be approved and monitored by the Engineer. Should the Engineer note any non-conformance with the SSEMP the Contractor can be held liable for breach of the contractual obligations of the EMP. To ensure compliance with the SSEMP the Contractor should employ a national environmental specialist to monitor and report Project activities throughout the Project Construction phase.

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APPENDIX A: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The following section provides a summary of the existing conditions, both illustrative and descriptive, along the route to enable the reader to understand the general environmental setting of the project.

KM1 (looking east towards Ayni): The road starts out from Ayni in the lower area of the Zaravshan valley. The land use in this area is predominantly agricultural with very little residential property. The pavement comprises an aging asphalt surface about 10 meters in width.

KM3: The road continues along the valley towards a newly constructed electricity substation. Trees line portions of the road (Populus konjilaliana), these are of little economic or ecological value, but do provide some aesthetic value.

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KM5: The road starts to climb up the slopes where the valley narrows. The geology comprises unstable rock which will require the use of retaining walls at various points where the road narrows to below the required design standard. Retaining walls maybe used either on the outside or inside of the road. In this case, due to the poor stability of the outside slope the retaining walls will most likely be placed on the near side of the road.

KM7: The road enters the town of Dardar at around kilometer seven. The road weaves through the town, but in most instances the pavement width is more than 8 meters, meeting the design standard (8 meters, see Exhibit X). At some points, where the width is minimal, covered drains maybe required on the near side of the road.

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KM13: Upon leaving Dardar, the road continues to traverse the mountainous side slopes. Existing retaining walls on the outside of the road can be observed. In these areas the pavement varies between a rough gravel surface and remnants of the old asphalt surface. However, in general the road width remains constant around 8-9 meters.

KM22: The road occasionally moves off the steep slopes into fertile agricultural and urban areas dotted along the valley. Here a Mulberry (Morus alba, white Mulberry) Grove can be seen. Mulberry Trees are found throughout the valley, some of which may need to be cut due to rehabilitation works. In the case of the road section above the pavement is wide enough to accommodate the design standard. In areas where this is not the case asymmetrical widening may be recommended to limit the number of trees cut.

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KM24: The road enters the village of Veshkand at around KM24. A school and clinic are located opposite each other in the village center. The school is pictured above. In such areas speed restrictions should be applied along with road crossings and suitable pavements for the children to use.

KM27: The road continues to traverse the valley slopes, some of which present a potential hazard to drivers. Here safety barriers can be observed, but they are in poor condition and would not prevent a truck or speeding vehicle from an untimely ending in the river below.

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KM40: Utilities cross the road at various points, these items need to be relocated in several areas.

KM41: The road continues through the village of Yavon, the road is tree lined, but with a road width of more than nine meters these trees are not likely to be impacted. Note the road sign indicating school children. These signs should maintained in the correct position.

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KM53: The road moves away from the steep valley slopes and through more village and agricultural areas. The village of Shurcha is illustrated above. There is one pinch point in the village where several trees may need to be cut.

KM64: The road continues to wind through the valley until it enters the village of Novabod. The road width here is more than twelve meters. Surface condition is poor however.

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KM73: The view east is typical of the landscape in this portion of the road, a mix of rural residential property, grazing and farmland. Note the graveyard on the right hand side of the road. This graveyard borders with the road but will not be impacted by road widening as the existing road width meets the required design standard. However, areas such as these should be protected during rehabilitation works from issues such as excess noise, siting of equipment and temporary storage.

KM89: As the road moves closer to Panjakent the landscape becomes

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dominated by agricultural activity. The main crops grown in these areas include potato, rice and tobacco as well as numerous fruit orchards (apple, apricot) and vineyards.

KM90: The road enters Panjakent via this archway. Pavement quality improves in Panjakent and the road width is more than ten meters with one meter shoulders.

KM91: Central Panjakent

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KM101: The road between Panjakent and the Uzbek border is again dominated by agricultural activity. The road is flat and straight for almost twenty kilometers. Surface quality is poor, but road width is greater than 10 meters thus precluding any impact to agricultural lands.

KM 110: The road passes the UNESCO site (Sarazm) at KM110. The site is more than 500 meters from the road and will not be impacted by project works. However, the contractor should be prevented from siting any temporary storage or equipment within two kilometers of this site as it is an important tourist attraction, when open.

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APPENDIX B: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the ―without mitigation‖ case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the ―remarks‖ section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Republic of Tajikistan: Roads Improvement Project

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division: CWTC

SCREENING QUESTIONS Ye No REMARKS s A. Project Siting

Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? . Cultural heritage site x

x The alignment is located at a distance of several . Protected Area kilometers of the Zeravshan and Sayvotin nature reserves (IUCN Category IV) x . Wetland

. Mangrove x

. Estuarine x

. Buffer zone of protected area x

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SCREENING QUESTIONS Ye No REMARKS s . Special area for protecting biodiversity x

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause… . encroachment on historical/cultural areas; x The project may disfiguration of landscape by road potentially cause embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries? impacts to landscape due to cut and fills borrow pits and quarries . encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. x sensitive or protected areas)?

. alteration of surface water hydrology of x waterways crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?

. deterioration of surface water quality due to x The project may have silt runoff and sanitary wastes from worker- temporary impacts to based camps and chemicals used in water quality due to construction? bridge and road reconstruction . increased local air pollution due to rock x The project may result crushing, cutting and filling works, and in local air pollution due chemicals from asphalt processing? to cutting and filling and blasting . risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational x health and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards during project construction and operation during project construction and operation?

. noise and vibration due to blasting and other x Construction noise and civil works? vibration may potentially affect settlements. . dislocation or involuntary resettlement of x As the alignment people? passes through a number of settlements, the project may have resettlement issues . dislocation and compulsory resettlement of x The project can have people living in right-of-way? impacts to people living in the right-of-way

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SCREENING QUESTIONS Ye No REMARKS s . disproportionate impacts on the poor, women x and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

. other social concerns relating to x inconveniences in living conditions in the project areas that may trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and stress?

. hazardous driving conditions where x construction interferes with pre-existing roads?

. poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in x construction camps and work sites, and possible transmission of communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local populations?

. creation of temporary breeding habitats for x diseases such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents?

. accident risks associated with increased x vehicular traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials?

. increased noise and air pollution resulting x It is anticipated that from traffic volume? there will be some increase in noise due to increased traffic. . increased risk of water pollution from oil, x grease and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the road?

. social conflicts if workers from other regions x or countries are hired?

. large population influx during project x construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?

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SCREENING QUESTIONS Ye No REMARKS s . risks to community health and safety due to x the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?

. community safety risks due to both accidental x and natural causes, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Ye No REMARKS Questions s The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Is the Project area subject to hazards such as X The project area is a earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical subject to earthquakes, cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or landslides, and volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see mudflows Appendix I)

. Could changes in temperature, precipitation, X or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (eg., increased erosion or landslides could increase maintenance costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture content could affect sub0-grade).

. Are there any demographic or socio- X economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (eg., high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

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. Could the Project potentially increase the X climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by encouraging settlement in areas that will be more affected by floods in the future, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

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APPENDIX C: INDICATIVE SCHEDULE OF UTILITIES ON SITE

Location Height of Type of Overhead No. Length From To Utility Line above (km) (km) the Road A Overhead Power Supply Lines 1 0+119 OPS 3wires 5м 14,5м (utility crossing the road) 2 0+191 OPS 2wires 4,5м 34,2м (utility crossing the road) 3 0+628 OPS 2wires 4,5м 29м (utility crossing the road) 4 1+113 OPS 2wires 8,5м 30м (utility crossing the road) 5 1+640 OPS 2wires 8,5м 33,4м (utility crossing the road) 6 3+089 OPS 3wires 10м 76м (пересеч) 7 3+222 OPS 2wires 4,5м 50м (utility crossing the road) 8 4+051 OPS 4wires 15м 64м (utility crossing the road) 9 4+066 OPS 3wires 15м 60м (utility crossing the road) 10 9+148 OPS 3wires 6м 42м (utility crossing the road) 11 9+236 OPS 3wires 6м 24м (utility crossing the road) 12 9+502 OPS 3wires 6м 36м (utility crossing the road) 13 9+528 OPS 3wires 7м 26м (utility crossing the road) 14 9+682 OPS 3wires 6м 36м (utility crossing the road) 15 9+771 OPS 2wires 6м 36м (utility crossing the road) 10+24 16 OPS 2wires 6м 20м (utility crossing the road) 8 10+30 17 OPS 4wires 200м 0 10+41 18 OPS 2wires 6м 36м (utility crossing the road) 7 OPS 10+57 2wires, 19 7м 36м (utility crossing the road) 4 OPS 3 wires 10+62 20 OPS wires 52м 3 12+57 21 OPS 3wires 7м 30м (utility crossing the road) 2 12+93 22 OPS 3wires 7м 36м (utility crossing the road) 7 14+19 23 OPS 4wires 8,5м 30м (utility crossing the road) 3 14+21 24 OPS 3wires 10м 17м (utility crossing the road) 3 14+29 25 OPS 3wires 10м 17м (utility crossing the road) 6 21+31 26 cable 1pcs 48м 3 27 23+19 OPS 3wires 44м (utility crossing the road)

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8 23+68 28 OPS 3wires 8м 50м (utility crossing the road) 2 23+72 29 OPS 3wires 9м 32м (utility crossing the road) 9 23+86 30 OPS 3wires 44м (utility crossing the road) 7 24+02 240+7 31 OPS 3wires 0 0 24+06 32 OPS 3wires 3 24+18 33 OPS 4wires 8,м 32м (utility crossing the road) 7 24+66 220кВ 4 34 0 wires 24+61 35 OPS 2wires 50м 9 26+40 36 OPS 3wires 3 26+94 37 OPS 3wires 9 27+21 273+0 38 OPS 3wires 100м 0 ,00 28+21 39 OPS 3wires 36м (utility crossing the road) 6 29+05 40 OPS 4wires 32м (utility crossing the road) 7 29+05 41 OPS 4wires 46м (utility crossing the road) 4 29+93 220кВ 4 42 22м (utility crossing the road) 4 wires 30+20 43 OPS 3wires 76м (utility crossing the road) 5 30+87 44 OPS 4wires 0 31+12 45 OPS 4wires 2 31+25 46 OPS 4wires 4 31+57 47 OPS 4wires 54м (utility crossing the road) 3 32+17 48 OPS 4wires 0 32+43 49 OPS 3wires 8 32+52 50 OPS 3wires 84м (utility crossing the road) 2 33+84 51 OPS 3wires 38м (utility crossing the road) 2 52 35+66 OPS 3wires 90м (utility crossing the road)

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8 36+12 53 OPS 3wires 60м (utility crossing the road) 4 37+39 54 OPS 2wires 60м (utility crossing the road) 0 37+51 55 OPS 2wires 10м (utility crossing the road) 3 37+15 56 OPS 2wires 2 37+92 57 OPS 2wires 2 38+14 58 OPS 2wires 1 38+64 59 OPS 3wires 4 39+62 60 OPS 3wires 36м (utility crossing the road) 3 39+99 61 OPS 2wires 20м (utility crossing the road) 5 40+02 62 OPS 2wires 20м (utility crossing the road) 0 51+57 63 OPS 4wires 46м (utility crossing the road) 8 51+68 64 OPS 2wires 36м (utility crossing the road) 5 52+39 65 OPS 3wires 56м (utility crossing the road) 9 55+28 66 OPS 4wires 42м (utility crossing the road) 7 56+05 67 OPS 2wires 26м (utility crossing the road) 4 56+10 68 OPS 3wires 37м (utility crossing the road) 6 56+13 ЛЭС 69 43м (utility crossing the road) 0 16wires 58+82 70 OPS 3wires 37м (utility crossing the road) 3 59+37 71 OPS 4wires 46м (utility crossing the road) 7 59+57 72 OPS 2wires 39м (utility crossing the road) 4 59+94 73 OPS 4wires 42м (utility crossing the road) 5 60+32 74 cable 1pcs 30м 3 61+37 75 OPS 3wires 39м (utility crossing the road) 0 62+20 76 OPS 3wires 37м (utility crossing the road) 6 77 63+77 cable 1pcs 30м

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5 64+06 78 OPS 4wires 37м (utility crossing the road) 8 64+20 79 cable 1pcs 30м 4 64+46 80 OPS 4wires 46м (utility crossing the road) 7 66+24 81 OPS 4wires 58м (utility crossing the road) 4 67+36 82 OPS 4wires 62м (utility crossing the road) 0 70+28 83 OPS 2wires 37м (utility crossing the road) 1 70+97 84 OPS 2wires 46м (utility crossing the road) 6 71+07 85 OPS 2wires 33м (utility crossing the road) 6 71+12 86 OPS 2wires 51м (utility crossing the road) 8 71+22 87 OPS 2wires 57м (utility crossing the road) 0 71+68 220кВ 3 88 9 wires 72+30 89 OPS 3wires 3 72+47 90 OPS 4wires 300м 5 72+67 91 OPS 4wires 8 73+86 92 OPS 4wires 7 210м 74+04 93 OPS 3wires 2 74+48 94 OPS 3wires 42м (utility crossing the road) 8 75+92 95 OPS 3wires 38м (utility crossing the road) 3 76+15 96 OPS 3wires 52м (utility crossing the road) 8 76+84 97 OPS 4wires 45м (utility crossing the road) 0 78+65 98 OPS 3wires 8м 37(utility crossing the road) 6 78+93 99 OPS 1wire 8м 56м (utility crossing the road) 7 80+83 100 OPS 2wires 7м 38м (utility crossing the road) 7 82+87 101 OPS 3wires 8м 37м (utility crossing the road) 4 102 82+94 OPS 3wires 8м 36м (utility crossing the road)

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3 83+13 103 OPS 4wires 8м 39м (utility crossing the road) 4 84+07 104 OPS 3wires 9м 37м (utility crossing the road) 5 84+17 105 OPS 4wires 6м 42м (utility crossing the road) 0 84+54 106 OPS 3wires 6м 46м (utility crossing the road) 1 84+67 107 OPS 3wires 5м 28м (utility crossing the road) 4 86+02 108 OPS 3wires 9м 36м (utility crossing the road) 9 86+19 109 OPS 4wires 6м 46м (utility crossing the road) 3 87+25 110 OPS 3wires 10м 43м (utility crossing the road) 1 88+47 111 OPS 3wires 7м 48м (utility crossing the road) 1 99+37 112 OPS 4wires 8м 22м (utility crossing the road) 7 99+39 113 OPS 3wires 8,5м 35м (utility crossing the road) 6 99+41 114 OPS 3wires 8,5м 31м (utility crossing the road) 1 99+95 115 OPS 3wires 12м 28м (utility crossing the road) 8 100+3 116 OPS 3wires 6м 33,4м (utility crossing the road) 66 100+4 117 OPS 4wires 6м 67м (пересеч) 01 101+2 118 OPS 4wires 6м 46м (utility crossing the road) 82 101+9 119 OPS2wires 7м 75м (utility crossing the road) 31 105+3 120 OPS 3wires 9м 49м (utility crossing the road) 38 108+7 121 OPS 2wires 100м 73 111+1 122 OPS 2wires 7м 24м (utility crossing the road) 18 111+5 123 OPS 3wires 7м 36м (utility crossing the road) 55 111+9 124 OPS 3wires 7м 26м (utility crossing the road) 62 B Telephone Communication Lines - TCL 1 2+107 TCL wire 12м 2 2+378 TCL wire 8м

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3 3+839 TCL1cable 46м (utility crossing the road) 4 5+398 TCL1cable 200м 5 5+550 TCL1cable 6 7+093 TCL1cable 56м (utility crossing the road) 10+01 7 TCL wire 10м 5 10+93 8 TCL1cable 2 12+48 9 TCL1cable 350м 8 13+06 10 TCL1cable 46м (utility crossing the road) 5 13+35 11 TCL1cable 66м (utility crossing the road) 9 13+46 12 TCL1cable 46м (utility crossing the road) 0 13+71 13 TCL1cable 7 13+73 14 TCL1cable 180м 7 13+97 15 TCL wire 8м 4 14+43 16 TCL1cable 100м 6 15+27 17 TCL1cable 6 15+39 18 TCL1cable 2 700м 15+64 19 TCL1cable 1 15+76 20 TCL1cable 4 17+23 21 TCL1cable 40м 5 18+85 22 TCL1cable 50м 1 21+02 23 TCL1cable 0 21+19 24 TCL1cable 3 150м 21+21 25 TCL1cable 8 21+29 26 TCL1cable 8 23+26 27 TCL1cable 75м 0 23+78 28 TCL1cable 0 300м 23+84 29 TCL1cable 4

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24+25 30 TCL1cable 80м 6 27+78 31 TCL1cable 26м (utility crossing the road) 9 28+05 32 TCL1cable 30м (utility crossing the road) 6 28+49 33 TCL1cable 28м (utility crossing the road) 2 28+90 34 TCL1cable 35м (utility crossing the road) 5 30+24 35 TCL1cable 28м (utility crossing the road) 2 32+88 36 TCL1cable 30м (utility crossing the road) 3 33+53 37 TCL1cable 85м (utility crossing the road) 9 35+60 38 TCL1cable 28м (utility crossing the road) 9 37+75 TCL1cable, 39 36м (utility crossing the road) 2 2wires 37+92 40 TCL1cable 2 750м 38+14 41 TCL1cable 1 46+34 42 TCL 1 cable 28м (utility crossing the road) 7 51+76 TCL 16 43 4 wires 54+03 44 2 54+26 45 350м 9 54+38 46 9 57+67 47 TCL 1 cable 28м (utility crossing the road) 2 58+46 48 28м (utility crossing the road) 6 59+12 TCL 2 49 28м (utility crossing the road) 3 cables 59+31 50 TCL 1 cable 3 59+83 TCL 3 51 3 cables 61+98 52 TCL 1 cable 0 64+32 53 TCL 1 cable 9 64+76 TCL 2 54 135м 6 cables

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64+89 55 TCL 1 cable 6 69+81 TCL 6 56 7 cables 74м 69+88 57 TCL 1 wire 3 69+91 58 TCL 3 wires 28м (utility crossing the road) 0 70+01 59 TCL 1 wire 28м (utility crossing the road) 0 70+20 TCL 3 wires 60 8 1 cable 70+35 TCL 2 wires 61 185м 9 1 cable 70+38 62 TCL 1 cable 1 70+52 TCL 3 63 7 cables 70+53 64 TCL 1 cable 60м 5 70+58 65 TCL 1 cable 4 70+84 TCL 3 66 28м (utility crossing the road) 6 cables 71+05 67 TCL4 wires 28м (utility crossing the road) 4 71+69 68 TCL 1 cable 28м (utility crossing the road) 5 71+94 69 TCL 1 cable 0 40м 71+98 70 TCL 1 cable 0 73+42 71 TCL 1 cable 8 73+43 72 TCL 1 cable 89 3 73+51 TCL 16 73 6 wires 73+62 TCL 8 wires 74 8 7 cables 73+75 TCL 8 wires 75 270м 2 7 cables 73+80 TCL 16 76 3 wires 74+72 77 TCL 6 wires 2 77+21 TCL 10 78 9 wires 80+92 TCL 16 79 5м 28м (utility crossing the road) 7 wires

161

83+08 80 TCL 8 wires 8м 32м (utility crossing the road) 7 83+83 TCL 16 81 7м 28м (utility crossing the road) 8 wires 84+63 TCL 16 82 5м 28м (utility crossing the road) 5 wires 86+12 TCL 16 83 6м 30м (utility crossing the road) 0 wires 86+36 84 TCL 1 cable 10м 28м (utility crossing the road) 8 87+26 85 TCL 1 cable 9м 26м (utility crossing the road) 9 87+28 86 TCL 1 cable 8м 28м (utility crossing the road) 5 87+30 TCL 10 87 8м 36м (utility crossing the road) 7 wires 873+2 88 TCL 1 cable 7м 32м (utility crossing the road) 1 88+86 TCL 2 89 3 cables 40м 88+89 TCL 2 90 0 cables 101+5 91 TCL 1cable 42 101+5 92 TCL 1cable 86 105+4 93 TCL12wires 80 110+1 94 TCL12wires 7м 97 C Water Mains 1 0+109 Ø50mm 20м (utility crossing the road) 1+ 2 Ø30mm 20м (utility crossing the road) 080 38+42 3 Ø30mm 20м (utility crossing the road) 0 111+9 4 Ø100mm 26м (utility crossing the road) 79

Overhead Power Supply Lines - OPS Abbreviations: Telephone Communication Lines - TCL Water Mains - WM

APPENDIX D: INDICATIVE SCHEDULE OF CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

New Design Existing structure Angle Diameter Diameter No. of with the No. Chain Description or cross Length or cross Length Existing pipe to be barrel road section (m) section (m) retained s centerlin size (m) size (m) e 1 0+109 Steel pipe 1 114 0.50 Type2 Three-sided covered 2 0+204 1 60 1,00x1,00 13.00 0.30 10.82 Type1 RCC Three-sided covered 3 0+436 1 122 1,00х0,50 15.00 0.30 11.53 Type1 RCC Three-sided covered 4 0+643 1 90 1,00х0,50 11.00 0.40 7.70 Type1 RCC Three-sided covered Existing pipe to be 5 0+850 1 90 1,00х0,50 11.00 0.30 11.88 RCC retained 6 1+080 Steel pipe 1 81 0.30 37.54 Type3 7 1+393 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 11.00 0.60 11.72 Mudflow 8 1+674 RCC bоx culvert 1 90 2,00x2,00 12.00 0.7 12.12 Type3 Construct a check dam at the outlet 9 2+067 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 11.00 0.3 15.33 (mudflow cotrol structure) 10 2+251 RCC bоx culvert 1 80 4,00х2,50 13.00 bridge 6.00 Type3 11 2+337 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 11.00 1.00 9.30 Type3 Construct a check dam at the outlet 12 2+649 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 11.00 0.50 10.00 (mudflow cotrol structure)

June 2012 162

163

13 3+390 RCC bоx culvert 1 92 4,00х2,50 13.00 bridge 6.00 Type1 Three-sided covered Existing pipe to be 14 3+481 1 90 1,00х0,50 11.00 0.3 7.88 RCC retained 15 3+822 Steel pipe 1 41 0.50 Type2 Inspect and clean Three-sided covered 16 4+232 1 92 1,00x1,00 11.00 0.30 11.27 existing pipe, repair RCC joints if necessary. 17 4+270 RCC bоx culvert 1 90 2,00х2,00 21.04 Type2 Three-sided covered 18 8+656 1 90 1,00x1,00 9.00 0.40 4.61 Type1 RCC 10+21 Three-sided covered 19 1 90 1,00х0,50 9.00 0.15 11 Type1 2 RCC 10+27 Three-sided covered 20 1 110 1,00х0,50 11.00 0.30 9.63 Type1 8 RCC 10+42 Three-sided covered 21 1 105 1,00х0,50 11.00 0.30 10.99 Type1 9 RCC 10+51 Three-sided covered 22 1 127 1,00х0,50 12.00 0.10 9.87 Type1 5 RCC 10+43 Three-sided covered 23 1 90 1,00х0,50 9.00 0.20 9.43 Type1 4 RCC 12+62 Three-sided covered 24 1 90 1,00х0,50 9.00 0.20 9.69 Type1 0 RCC 15+22 Three-sided covered Existing pipe to be 25 1 77 1,00х0,50 11.00 0.20 7.34 9 RCC retained 15+78 Mudflow 26 Steel pipe 1 136 0.10 4 20+70 27 RCC bоx culvert 1 90 4,00х2,50 52.00 1.00 11.99 Type2 7 21+59 Three-sided covered 28 1 86 1,00x1,00 10.00 0.40 8.19 Type2 7 RCC 21+81 Three-sided covered 29 1 96 1,00x1,00 10.00 0.40 9.07 Type2 5 RCC

164

22+10 Three-sided covered 30 1 90 1,00x1,00 9.00 0.40 10.21 Type1 2 RCC 22+30 Three-sided covered Existing pipe to be 31 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 7.65 3 RCC retained 22+32 Type1 32 Steel pipe 2 45 0,10; 0,30 1 23+04 Three-sided covered 33 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 7.65 Type1 5 RCC 23+26 Three-sided covered 34 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 10.51 Type1 6 RCC 23+41 Three-sided covered 35 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 8.17 Type1 4 RCC 23+60 Three-sided covered 36 1 59 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 10.46 Type1 9 RCC 23+66 Three-sided covered 37 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.25 7.33 Type1 6 RCC 24+13 Three-sided covered 38 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.30 8.87 Type1 8 RCC 24+20 Three-sided covered 39 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.30 9.82 Type1 9 RCC 24+28 Three-sided covered 40 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.10 8.67 Type1 2 RCC 24+42 Three-sided covered 41 1 109 1,00x0,50 10.00 0.40 7.78 Type1 1 RCC 24+53 Three-sided covered 42 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0,20x0,30 7.64 Type1 3 RCC 24+62 Three-sided covered 43 1 72 1,00x0,50 10.00 0.30 7.46 Type1 2 RCC Inspect and clean 24+72 Three-sided covered 44 1 110 1,00x0,50 11.00 0,20x0,30 7.07 existing pipe, repair 5 RCC joints if necessary. 27+81 41,82+3, 45 Pipe culvert 1 101 1.50 1.50 41.82 Type3 2 00

165

28+06 46 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 9.00 0.40 11.56 Type1 5 28+16 Three-sided covered 47 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 10.38 Type1 4 RCC 28+27 Three-sided covered 48 1 99 1,00x0,50 10.00 0.40 12.95 Type1 7 RCC 29+06 Three-sided covered 49 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 11.62 Type1 2 RCC Inspect and clean 29+16 Three-sided covered 50 1 81 1,00x0,50 10.00 0.30 11.35 existing pipe, repair 4 RCC joints if necessary. 29+56 Type1 51 Pipe culvert 1 68 1.00 16.23 5 29+60 Three-sided covered 52 1 81 1,00x0,50 10.00 0.40 11.75 Type1 2 RCC Inspect and clean 30+17 Three-sided covered 53 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.40 11.69 existing pipe, repair 2 RCC joints if necessary. 30+23 Mudflow 54 Pipe culvert 1 60 1.50 19.86 7 Inspect and clean 30+32 25,00x10, 55 Open channel 63 1.50 19.30 existing pipe, repair 8 00 joints if necessary. 30+58 Type3 56 Pipe culvert 1 94 1.00 14.80 2 Construct a check 30+77 dam at the inlet 57 Pipe culvert 1 91 1.00 12.00 1.00 9.66 6 (mudflow cotrol structure) 30+92 58 RCC bоx culvert 1 101 4,00x2,50 28.00 1.50 27.21 Type1 3 30+97 Three-sided covered Inspect and clean 59 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.30 11.20 5 RCC existing pipe repair

166

joints if necessary. Construct a check 31+04 22,87+6, dam at the inlet 60 Pipe culvert 1 65 1.50 1.50 22.87 9 00 (mudflow cotrol structure) Inspect and clean 31+32 dilapida 61 RCC bоx culvert 1 100 4,00x2,50 21.00 1.50 existing pipe, repair 8 ted joints if necessary. 31+52 12,34+5, 62 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.50 1.50 12.34 Mudflow 1 00 Inspect and clean 31+74 20,00x10, dilapida 63 Open channel 1 90 1.50 existing pipe, repair 0 00 ted joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 31+83 64 Pipe culvert 1 99 1.50 13.32 existing pipe, repair 4 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 32+99 65 Pipe culvert 1 93 1.00 16.94 existing pipe, repair 3 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 33+48 66 Pipe culvert 1 81 1.00 30.71 existing pipe, repair 9 joints if necessary. Construct a check 33+97 dam at the inlet 67 RCC bоx culvert 1 65 2,00x2,00 45.21 7 (mudflow cotrol structure) 34+24 dilapida 68 RCC bоx culvert 1 52 4,00x2,50 35.00 1.50 Type3 2 ted Construct a check 34+39 dam at the inlet 69 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 28.00 1.00 25.08 5 (mudflow cotrol structure)

167

Inspect and clean 35+04 10,00x8,0 70 Open channel 1 90 1,20х1,20 18.58 existing pipe, repair 6 0 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 35+79 71 Pipe culvert 1 104 1.00 18.38 existing pipe, repair 0 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 35+91 72 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 18.66 existing pipe, repair 5 joints if necessary. 36+23 73 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 10.63 Type1 8 Inspect and clean 36+34 Three-sided covered 74 1 81 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 10.57 existing pipe, repair 4 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 36+62 Three-sided covered 75 1 90 1,00х1,00 11.09 existing pipe, repair 4 RCC joints if necessary. 36+97 Three-sided covered 76 1 92 1,00х1,00 11.84 Type1 2 RCC Inspect and clean 37+09 Three-sided covered 77 1 78 1,00x0,50 10.00 0.40 11.02 existing pipe, repair 7 RCC joints if necessary. 37+48 Three-sided covered Type3 78 1 90 1,00х1,00 10.57 4 RCC Inspect and clean 37+68 79 Pipe culvert 1 110 1.00 14.00 1.00 13.24 existing pipe, repair 6 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 38+68 Three-sided covered 80 1 90 1,00х1,00 10.57 existing pipe, repair 9 RCC joints if necessary. 39+14 Three-sided covered 81 1 90 1,00х1,00 11.42 Type1 5 RCC 82 39+33 Three-sided covered 1 105 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.40 15.32 Type1

168

9 RCC Inspect and clean 39+36 Three-sided covered 83 1 128 1,00x0,50 12.00 0.40 12.59 existing pipe, repair 3 RCC joints if necessary. 39+87 Three-sided covered Type1 84 1 90 1,00х1,00 10.43 3 RCC Inspect and clean 40+20 Three-sided covered 85 1 105 1,00x0,50 12.00 0.40 11.00 existing pipe, repair 5 RCC joints if necessary. 40+36 Type1 86 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 17.30 0 Inspect and clean 40+50 Three-sided covered 87 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 10.74 existing pipe, repair 9 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 40+84 Three-sided covered 88 1 90 1,00х1,00 11.97 existing pipe, repair 7 RCC joints if necessary. 41+05 89 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 12.12 Type1 1 Inspect and clean 41+15 Three-sided covered 90 1 82 1,00x0,50 10.00 0.50 10.52 existing pipe, repair 7 RCC joints if necessary. 41+39 Type1 91 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 12.75 4 Inspect and clean 41+74 Three-sided covered 92 1 90 1,00x0,50 9.00 0.40 11.59 existing pipe, repair 7 RCC joints if necessary. 41+79 Type1 93 Pipe culvert 1 81 1.00 17.71 3 41+85 Three-sided covered 94 1 82 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.50 11.00 Type3 6 RCC 42+11 Inspect and clean 95 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 13.00 1.00 11.00 7 existing pipe, repair

169

joints if necessary. 42+50 Mudflow 96 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 14.40 3 42+96 20,00x8,0 97 Open channel 1 90 1,00х1,00 9.01 Mudflow 0 0 Inspect and clean 43+14 98 RCC bоx culvert 1 105 2,50x4,00 13.00 2,00х2,00 15.5 existing pipe, repair 8 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 43+42 Three-sided covered 99 1 90 1,00х1,00 10.14 existing pipe, repair 3 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 10 43+71 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 10.28 existing pipe, repair 0 7 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 10 43+94 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 12.00 existing pipe, repair 1 4 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 10 44+42 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 11.44 existing pipe, repair 2 2 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 10 44+54 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 10.46 existing pipe, repair 3 2 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 10 44+66 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 10.36 existing pipe, repair 4 3 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 10 44+86 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 10.31 existing pipe, repair 5 1 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 10 44+96 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 14.24 existing pipe, repair 6 0 joints if necessary. 10 45+04 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 10.38 Inspect and clean

170

7 8 RCC existing pipe, repair joints if necessary. 10 45+43 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 11.52 Type2 8 2 RCC 10 47+47 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 13.00 1,00х1,00 10.00 Type2 9 2 RCC 11 47+56 Three-sided covered 1 1,00х1,00 13.00 1,00х1,00 10.36 Type2 0 6 RCC 11 47+73 Three-sided covered 1 71 1,00х1,00 14.00 22.52 Type2 1 5 RCC 11 49+42 Three-sided covered 1 71 1,00х1,00 14.00 17.44 Type2 2 4 RCC 11 50+23 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 13.00 14.64 Mudflow 3 9 RCC Inspect and clean 11 50+84 RCC bоx culvert 2,00x2,00 16.00 existing pipe, repair 4 0 joints if necessary. 11 51+00 Type1 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 17.95 5 1 11 51+20 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х0,50 13.00 0.30 11.01 Type1 6 8 RCC 11 51+69 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х0,50 13.00 6.21 Type1 7 3 RCC 11 52+28 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х0,50 13.00 8.64 Type1 8 3 RCC 11 54+10 Three-sided covered 1 135 1,00х0,50 14.00 0.40 17.29 Type1 9 5 RCC 12 54+54 Three-sided covered 1 135 1,00х0,50 14.00 0.50 14.66 Type1 0 9 RCC 12 54+79 Three-sided covered 1 52 1,00х0,50 14.00 0.40 10.42 Type1 1 0 RCC 12 54+85 Three-sided covered 1 52 1,00х0,50 14.00 0.40 10.65 Type1 2 1 RCC

171

12 55+12 Three-sided covered 1 52 1,00х0,50 14.00 17.99 Type1 3 3 RCC Inspect and clean 12 55+55 Three-sided covered 1 66 1,00х0,50 14.00 16.53 existing pipe, repair 4 4 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 12 56+15 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 15.83 existing pipe, repair 5 7 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 12 56+32 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 15.74 existing pipe, repair 6 2 joints if necessary. 12 56+59 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 16.07 Type1 7 7 12 56+72 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х0,50 14.00 14.59 Type1 8 8 RCC 12 56+78 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х0,50 14.00 15.68 Type2 9 8 RCC 13 57+45 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 14.00 16.33 Type2 0 4 RCC Inspect and clean 13 58+42 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 14.00 0.40 19.38 existing pipe, repair 1 8 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 13 58+50 Three-sided covered 1 92 1,00х1,00 14.62 existing pipe, repair 2 1 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 13 59+15 Pipe culvert 1 85 1.00 14.48 existing pipe, repair 3 1 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 13 59+36 Three-sided covered 1 92 1,00х1,00 16.72 existing pipe, repair 4 6 RCC joints if necessary. 13 59+65 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.50 14.94 Type1 5 8

172

Inspect and clean 13 59+99 Three-sided covered 1 85 1,00х0,50 14.00 0.30 11.86 existing pipe, repair 6 6 RCC joints if necessary. 13 60+01 Type3 RCC bоx culvert 1 103 2,00х2,00 47.99 7 9 13 60+11 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 13.00 0.80 14.33 Type3 8 6 Inspect and clean 13 60+21 Pipe culvert 1 99 1.00 14.00 0.80 20.00 existing pipe, repair 9 8 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 14 60+37 Three-sided covered 1 104 1,00х1,00 18.10 existing pipe, repair 0 1 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 14 60+85 Three-sided covered 1 95 1,00х1,00 13.09 existing pipe, repair 1 4 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 14 61+37 Three-sided covered 1 92 1,00х1,00 12.92 existing pipe, repair 2 2 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 14 61+60 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 18.62 existing pipe, repair 3 2 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 14 62+24 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 14.39 existing pipe, repair 4 6 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 14 63+00 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.50 14.37 existing pipe, repair 5 6 joints if necessary. 14 63+44 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00х1,00 13.31 Type1 6 3 RCC 14 63+78 Three-sided covered 1 122 1,00x0,50 14.00 0,20x0,30 20.66 Type1 7 2 RCC 14 63+79 Three-sided covered 1 79 1,00x0,50 14.00 0,20x0,30 13.24 Type1

173

8 1 RCC 14 64+08 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 14.00 0,20x0,30 14.47 Type1 9 7 RCC 15 64+65 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 14.00 0,20x0,30 11.57 Type1 0 5 RCC 15 66+00 Three-sided covered 1 75 1,00x0,50 15.00 0.40 15.28 Type3 1 4 RCC 15 66+30 Pipe culvert 1 75 1.00 14.00 1.00 9.53 Type3 2 0 15 67+28 Pipe culvert 1 95 1.00 14.00 0.80 10.76 Type3 3 7 15 67+70 Pipe culvert 1 70 1.00 14.00 0.50 9.44 Type2 4 7 Inspect and clean 15 68+19 Three-sided covered 1 97 1,00х1,00 14.00 0,20x0,30 9.33 existing pipe repair 5 5 RCC joints if necessary. 15 68+64 Pipe culvert 1 65 1.00 19.97 Type1 6 6 15 69+32 Three-sided covered 1 72 1,00x0,50 13.00 0.50 10.50 Type1 7 6 RCC 15 69+93 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 13.00 0.40 11.78 Type1 8 6 RCC 15 70+33 Three-sided covered 1 64 1,00x0,50 15.00 0,20x0,30 14.74 Type1 9 6 RCC 16 70+85 Three-sided covered 1 85 1,00x0,50 13.00 0.30 8.76 Type1 0 0 RCC 16 71+05 Three-sided covered 1 54 1,00x0,50 14.00 0.30 11.32 Type1 1 9 RCC 16 71+25 Three-sided covered 1 47 1,00x0,50 15.00 0.20 10.98 Type1 2 5 RCC 16 71+45 Three-sided covered 1 54 1,00x0,50 12.00 0,20x0,30 10.97 Type3 3 1 RCC 16 71+77 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 10.00 0.80 9.32 Type1

174

4 8 16 71+97 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 10.00 0.20 11.43 Type3 5 9 RCC 16 72+29 Pipe culvert 1 100 1.00 12.00 1.00 8.40 Type3 6 1 16 72+56 Existing pipe to be Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 17.00 15.86 7 5 retained 16 71+42 Existing pipe to be Steel pipe 1 141 0.50 8 0 retained Construct a check 16 74+55 dam at the inlet Steel pipe 1 57 0.80 9 0 (mudflow cotrol structure) 17 74+76 RCC bоx culvert 1 69 4,00x2,50 16.00 1.00 16.80 Type1 0 3 17 76+22 Three-sided covered 1 77 1,00x0,50 13.00 10.13 Type3 1 4 RCC 17 76+90 Pipe culvert 1 140 1.00 20.00 0.80 30.00 Type2 2 2 17 78+68 Three-sided covered 1 97 1,00х1,00 14.00 0.70 15.33 Type2 3 7 RCC 17 78+72 Three-sided covered 1 97 1,00х1,00 14.00 12.56 Type1 4 3 RCC 17 80+78 Three-sided covered 1 47 1,00x0,50 19.00 14.96 Type1 5 6 RCC 17 81+34 Three-sided covered 1 91 1,00x0,50 14.00 7.83 Type1 6 7 RCC Inspect and clean 17 81+98 Three-sided covered 1 58 1,00x0,50 17.00 0.40 15.22 existing pipe, repair 7 8 RCC joints if necessary. 17 82+56 Three-sided covered Type1 1 93 1,00x0,50 14.25 8 4 RCC 17 82+70 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.40 16.98 Type1

175

9 9 RCC 18 82+92 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.30 16.34 0 2 RCC 18 82+96 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 11.00 0.80 12.29 Type1 1 9 18 83+25 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.20 11.02 Type1 2 5 RCC 18 83+37 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.40 20.12 Type1 3 2 RCC 18 83+83 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.30 12.35 Type1 4 5 RCC 18 84+17 Three-sided covered 1 138 1,00x0,50 13.00 0.30 12.65 5 6 RCC 18 84+62 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 11.00 0.60 14.76 Mudflow 6 1 18 84+85 RCC bоx culvert 1 90 2,00x2,00 25.00 Type1 7 5 18 85+14 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.45 15.32 Type1 8 9 RCC 18 85+29 Three-sided covered 1 65 1,00x0,50 13.00 0.15 11.43 Type1 9 5 RCC Inspect and clean 19 85+44 Three-sided covered 1 73 1,00x0,50 12.00 0.20 19.02 existing pipe, repair 0 2 RCC joints if necessary. 19 85+65 Type1 Pipe culvert 1 93 1.00 12.79 1 5 19 85+77 Three-sided covered 1 78 1,00x0,50 12.00 0.20 13.40 Type1 2 8 RCC Inspect and clean 19 85+89 Three-sided covered 1 97 1,00x0,50 12.00 0.20 8.65 existing pipe, repair 3 2 RCC joints if necessary. 19 86+02 Type1 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 12.10 4 8

176

19 86+12 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.20 11.53 Type1 5 3 RCC 19 86+30 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x0,50 11.00 0.40 14.65 Type2 6 5 RCC 19 86+46 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x1,00 11.00 0,80x0,50 14.60 Type2 7 1 RCC 19 87+04 Three-sided covered 1 96 1,00x1,00 12.00 0,80x0,50 8.19 Type1 8 0 RCC 19 87+84 Three-sided covered 1 30 1,00x0,50 28.00 0.25 27.33 Type2 9 1 RCC Inspect and clean 20 88+17 Three-sided covered 1 85 1,00x0,50 12.00 1,00x0,50 8.61 existing pipe, repair 0 3 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 20 88+55 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x1,00 14.29 existing pipe, repair 1 8 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 20 88+80 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.20 19.37 existing pipe, repair 2 8 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 20 88+94 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.20 17.28 existing pipe, repair 3 2 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 20 89+16 Pipe culvert 1 92 1.20 19.06 existing pipe, repair 4 9 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 20 89+41 Pipe culvert 1 87 1.00 17.19 existing pipe, repair 5 8 joints if necessary. 20 89+62 Type1 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 17.21 6 4 Inspect and clean 20 89+68 Three-sided covered 1 55 1,00x0,50 22.00 0.15 18.41 existing pipe, repair 7 3 RCC joints if necessary.

177

Inspect and clean 20 99+16 RCC bоx culvert 1 131 2,00x2,00 60.20 existing pipe, repair 8 5 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 20 99+28 RCC bоx culvert 1 95 5,00x5,00 46.36 existing pipe, repair 9 0 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 21 99+38 RCC bоx culvert 1 102 2,00x2,00 39.96 existing pipe, repair 0 1 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 21 99+52 Pipe culvert 1 96 1.00 29.53 existing pipe, repair 1 4 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 21 99+68 RCC bоx culvert 1 90 2,00x2,00 34.55 existing pipe, repair 2 0 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 21 100+0 Pipe culvert 1 69 1.00 25.26 existing pipe, repair 3 46 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 21 100+3 Three-sided covered 1 102 1,00x0,50 23.52 existing pipe, repair 4 83 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 21 100+5 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 20.92 existing pipe, repair 5 26 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 21 101+0 Pipe culvert 1 136 1.50 31.53 existing pipe, repair 6 0 joints if necessary. 21 101+7 Three-sided covered 1 53 1,00x0,50 17.13 Type3 7 38 RCC Inspect and clean 21 103+2 Pipe culvert 1 73 1.00 18.00 0.70 16.94 existing pipe, repair 8 34 joints if necessary. 21 104+1 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.20 20.54 Inspect and clean

178

9 96 existing pipe, repair joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 105+4 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.20 20.72 existing pipe, repair 0 49 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 107+7 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.20 14.51 existing pipe, repair 1 52 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 108+0 Pipe culvert 2 90 1.20 15.43 existing pipe, repair 2 72 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 108+4 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 20.51 existing pipe, repair 3 69 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 108+9 Three-sided covered 1 95 1,00x1,00 14.34 existing pipe, repair 4 68 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 109+4 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 15.41 existing pipe, repair 5 86 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 109+7 Pipe culvert 1 95 1.00 15.60 existing pipe, repair 6 59 joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 110+1 Three-sided covered 1 92 1,00x1,00 17.48 existing pipe, repair 7 37 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 110+4 Three-sided covered 1 90 1,00x1,00 17.83 existing pipe, repair 8 19 RCC joints if necessary. Inspect and clean 22 110+7 Pipe culvert 1 90 1.00 24.44 existing pipe, repair 9 13 joints if necessary. 23 111+9 Steel pipe 2 92 1.00 15.48

179

0 79

180

APPENDIX E - INDICATIVE SCHEDULE OF RETAINING WALLS AND SLOPE PROTECTION WORKS

Approximate location Description Approximate Length (m) From To (km) (km) 1+650 1+700 Toe wall of about 1.5 m high along the road side, after cleaning the debris 50 2+700 3+100 Stone masonry revetment wall 120 Retaining wall on rock/conglomerate 60 4+400 4+430 Stone Masonry Wall 1.5m high 70 4+650 4+800 Trimmed rock cut and retaining wall above the rock bed 150 4+800 5+300 Debris Clearing & Toe wall (Stone Masonry Wall) 200 5+400 5+590 Trimmed rock cut 5+590 5+700 Stone Masonry wall 110 5+700 5+740 Rock net 20 5+740 5+900 Stone Masonry wall 160 5+930 6+140 Gabion Wall 210 6+140 6+550 Stone Masonry Retaining wall 40 6+550 6+600 Stone Masonry wall 50 7+250 8+050 Revetment wall (Stone Masonry) 240 7+675 7+740 Retaining wall (RHS) 8+100 8+200 Clearing of rock debris 8+200 8+270 Partial Rock Net cover 30 8+270 8+650 Stone Masonry wall along the hill side 266 8+550 8+800 Revetment Stone Masonry wall 250 Revetment wall on bottom and Stone Masonry Retaining wall on top. 200 8+800 9+050 Retaining wall on rock/conglomerate 200 8+700 9+120 Retaining wall (RHS) 9+172 9+400 Retaining wall (RHS)

181

9+620 9+700 Retaining wall (RHS) Revetment wall 300 10+600 11+600 Retaining wall on rock/conglomerate 300 Dowel (60 No each 5m in Length) 60 11+600 11+700 Stone Masonry Retaining wall 70 Revetment wall over rock/conglomerate face 200 11+700 12+000 Gabion over rock/conglomerate 200 12+020 Gabion Check dams 3 rows on the upstream 18 12+020 12+300 Revetment wall 105 12+150 12+260 Retaining wall (RHS) 12+510 12+540 Retaining wall (LHS) 12+510 12+570 Retaining wall (RHS) 12+700 12+800 Valleyside Stone Masonry wall 30 12+800 13+230 Gabion wall 10 Retainwall on valley side 150 Rocknet 150 13+400 13+600 Rock Fall fence 150 Valley retaining wall 60 13+600 13+750 Retaining walls at some eroded places on the valley side 50 Revetment wall 150 13+750 14+000 Rocknet 150 14+000 14+600 Rock net 200 Revetment wall 255 14+600 15+450 Spot dowelling 30nos, 30 Rocknet 200 Gabion wall 50 15+450 15+800 Valley side retaining wall 30 Stone Masonry Retaining Walls at some sections 60 15+800 16+400 Gabion wall for River training 400 Mattress above the wall 400 16+400 17+200 Stone Masonry walls on the debris fallouts 100 17+200 17+450 Stone Masonry Retaining Walls 80

182

17+480 17+620 Retaining wall (LHS) 17+430 17+700 Rocknet 100 17+700 17+770 Retaining wall (RHS) 17+770 18+200 Gabion Barrier wall to protect river/stream outflow onto the road 50 17+780 18+200 Retaining wall (RHS) 18+120 18+160 Retaining wall (LHS) retain on hill side 2.5m for 60m 60 18+700 19+980 Retaining wall at the toe 100 Retaining wall on valley side 30 Gabion Barrier wall to protect river/stream outflow onto the road ; 30 Gabion Check dam on upstream side 8 19+980 20+000 Stone Masonry Retaining wall on valley side 12 Gabion Check dam on downstream side 12 20+200 Gabion check dam on upstream side, 20 20+200 20+600 Stone Masonry Retaining wall on valley side 50 21+200 21+300 Stone Masonry Retaining Walls at 21.210 to 21.225 & 21.275 to 21.285 25 Gabion Barrier wall to protect river/stream outflow onto the road 30 24+780 24+792 Retaining wall on valley side 12 Gabion checkdam on down stream 12 25+010 25+060 Valley Retaining Wall 50 25+420 25+520 Retaining Wall (LHS) 26+290 26+305 Retaining Wall (LHS) 26+870 26+900 Retaining Wall (RHS) Stone masonry Retaining Wall on valley side at 27+340 to 27+365; and 27+300 27+500 27+415 to 27+425 Stone masonry Retaining Wall on valley side 12 Gabion wall for River training on bothe sides of the river on downstream 200 28+700 side Mattress over the wall 200 Apron on the river bed 200 30+350 30+550 Gabion wall 150 30+830 30+850 Retaining Wall (RHS)

183

Gabion check dam two upstream locations, 16 30+950 31+080 Gabion Check dam on downstream side, 24 31+900 31+920 Retaining Wall (RHS) After Revetment wall 50 32+200 Uretan Gabion Check dam on the upstream 20 Gabion Check dam on the upstream. Stone Masonry 8m ht * 30m length and/or gabion revetment wall from 14m; clean/excavate provide check 20 32+490 32+650 dam high upstream Stone masonry Retaining wall 30 Gabion revetment wall sloped over the fill material 80 Gabion facia wall along the road - sloped 250 Subsurface perforated and geotextile wrapped drains with concrete line 50 surface drains. Gabion facia wall at the bottom of the slide mass 250 Subsurface perforated and geotextile wrapped drains with concrete line 15 surface drains. 33+530 33+950 Surface drain with gabion catch layout 980 Gravel packing around the perforated pipe wraped in geotextile, cu.m 980 Drainage pipe with the upper 2/3 perforated and wraped in geotextile filter 980 Geotextile for wrapping the perforated pipe 980 Geomenbrane (water proof) at the bottom of the pipe and around the 980 gravel packing 34+470 34+500 Gabion Barrier wall to protect river/stream outflow onto the road 30 Stone masonry Retaining wall at 3 locations 42 34+600 35+300 Stone masonry Retaining wall at 2 location ht-4m length - 8m 32 Stone Masonry Retaining Wall 60 37+890 39+400 Stone masonry Retaining wall on valley side at two locations 55 39+520 39+740 Retaining Wall(LHS) 42+390 42+470 Gabion Barrier wall to check alluvial fan outflow onto the road 180 42+350 43+420 Stone masonry Retaining wall at three loacations 42 45+800 46+300 Cleaning of debris

184

46+500 46+800 Stone Masonry revetment wall on bothe sides of the road side 600 47+300 47+500 Gabion Barrier wall to check alluvial fan outflow onto the road 250 49+900 50+000 Gabion Wall (RHS) 50+500 50+550 Gabion Wall (RHS) 50+590 50+650 Retaining Wall(LHS) 74+370 74+422 Retaining Wall (RHS) 80+826 81+028 Retaining Wall (LHS)

185

APPENDIX F – BRIDGE STRUCTURES

Bridge No No Bridge (km) Location Nearest Settlement Watercourse (m) Length Spans, of Number (pcs) (m) Scheme Bridge (m) Dimensions (m) Footpaths (m) Width (m2) Area Type Activities Description Brief 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Replace the bridge with Dashti Mudslide prone 0. 2.252 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 box RC Hushekat gully 0 culvert 4,0х2,5 m Replace the bridge with Dashti Mudslide prone 0. 3.391 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 box RC Iskodar gully 0 culvert 4,0х2,5 m Replace existing Zeravshan 140.2 33,0+63,6+33, 2х1, 10.8 1 7.066 Iskodar 3 8.0 1,514. N bridge with a River 4 0 0 0 6 new bridge upstream Replace existing bridge with a 11. 1х1, 12.9 2 9.748 Dardar Dardar gully 12.30 1 1х12,0 159.5 N new bridge, 3 0 7 riverbed protection works/lining

186

Rehabilitatiion with widening, riverbed Obi Togmad 2х1, 10.8 3 15.328 Obi Togmad 28.60 3 8,0+10,30+8,4 8.0 308.9 R protection gully 0 0 works/lining, check dam downstream Replace with a new bridge, riverbed 2х1, 10.8 protection 4 24.077 Veshkand Ustoghi gully 34.08 1 1х33,0 8.0 368.1 N 0 0 works/lining, straightening the road alignment Replace with Dashti Zeravshan 2х1, 10.8 5 26.620 72.14 1 1х63,6 8.0 779.1 N a new bridge Veshkand River 0 0 upstream Replace with a new bridge 10. 2х1, 12.8 downstream, 6 28.681 Urmetan Vashan gully 37.20 3 9,0+18,0+9,0 476.2 N 0 0 0 riverbed protection works/lining New bridge, 2х1, 10.8 riverbed 7 32.539 Urmetan Vashan gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 8.0 141.5 N 0 0 protection works/lining Rehabilitatiion with bridge 2х1, 10.8 8 38.331 Revad Revad gully 20.45 1 1х19,3 8.0 220.9 R widening, 0 0 riverbed protection

187

works/lining

Replace with Zeravshan 140.2 33,0+63,6+33, 2х1, 10.8 9 46.485 Kishtudak 3 8.0 1514.6 N a new bridge River 4 0 0 0 downstream New bridge, Sarchashmaso 2х1, 10.8 riverbed 10 51.148 Dashti Kozi 13.10 1 1х12,0 8.0 141.5 N i 0 0 protection works/lining Replace with a new bridge, 10. 2х1, 12.8 11 53.238 Ruziobnok gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 167.7 N riverbed 0 0 0 protection works/lining Replace with Zeravshan 24,0+33,0+24, 2х1, 10.8 12 53.578 Shurcha 86.40 3 8.0 933.1 N a new bridge River 0 0 0 downstream Rehabilitatiion with widening, 10. 2х1, 12.8 13 56.754 Shashkad gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 167.7 R riverbed 0 0 0 protection works/lining Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening , excavation 10. 2х1, 12.8 and training 14 61.400 Varzi kanda gully 10.10 1 1х9,0 129.3 R 0 0 0 of the river course, riverbed protection works/lining

188

Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening , riverbed 10. 2х1, 12.8 protection 15 63.231 Navobod Zavron 19.13 2 2х9,0 244.9 R 0 0 0 works/lining, rehabilitation of the check dam downstream Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening , cut and regulation of 12. 2х1, 14.8 16 64.553 Navobod gully 10.10 1 1х9,0 149.5 R the river 0 0 0 course, raise the span by abutment increase by 1.0 m Replace with a new bridge, 10. 2х1, 12.8 17 64.983 Navobod gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 167.7 N riverbed 0 0 0 protection works/lining Replace with a new bridge, 10. 2х1, 12.8 18 66.271 Navobod gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 167.7 N riverbed 0 0 0 protection works/lining Kolhozchiyo 10. 2х1, 12.8 Replace with 19 68.698 gully 19.10 1 1х18,0 244.5 N n 0 0 0 a new bridge,

189

riverbed protection works/lining Replace with a new bridge, Kolhozchiyo 13. 2х1, 16.3 20 70.771 gully 7.10 1 1х6,0 115.7 N riverbed n 5 0 0 protection works/lining Replace with a new bridge, modification 13. 1х1, 14.8 of road 21 73.700 Gusar Shurcha gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 193.9 N 2 0 0 alignment, straightening of the gully course Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening , cut and 10. 2х1, 12.8 straightening 22 75.624 Dashti Malla gully 7.10 1 1х6,0 90.9 R 0 0 0 of the river course, riverbed protection works/lining Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening 10. 2х1, 12.8 23 80.737 Sudjina gully 7.10 1 1х6,0 90.9 R , cut and 0 0 0 straightening of the river course,

190

riverbed protection works/lining Replace with 10. 2х1, 12.8 24 83.464 Sudjina Magyan River 25.10 1 1х24,0 321.3 N a new bridge 0 0 0 downstream Replace with a new bridge, 16. 2х1, 18.8 25 89.830 Kuktosh gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 246.3 N riverbed 0 0 0 protection works/lining Replace with 16. 2х1, 18.8 a new bridge, 26 90.430 Kuktosh gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 246.3 N 0 0 0 cleaning the gully course Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening , riverbed 16. 2х3, 18.8 protection 27 93.200 Panjakent Zebon gully 37.15 2 2х18,0 698.4 R 0 0 0 works/lining, rehabilitation of the check dam downstream Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening 16. 2х1, 18.8 , riverbed 28 96.310 Toshmunor gully 13.10 1 1х12,0 246.3 R 0 0 0 protection works/lining, rehabilitation of the check

191

dam downstream

Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening , riverbed 16. 2х1, 18.8 protection 29 97.730 Toshmunor gully 10.10 1 1х6,0 189.9 R 0 0 0 works/lining, rehabilitation of the check dam downstream Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening , riverbed 100.14 16. 2х1, 18.8 protection 30 Yalokjar gully 19.10 1 1х18,0 359.1 R 6 0 0 0 works/lining, rehabilitation of the check dam downstream Rehabilitatiion with span strengthening , riverbed 108.75 16. 2х1, 18.8 protection 31 Sarazm gully 10.10 1 1х9,0 189.9 R 7 0 0 0 works/lining, rehabilitation of the check dam downstream

192

APPENDIX G – HYDROLOGICAL DATA

(m) (m)

Q1% Q1%

Water Water

(m/sec)

Highest Highest

velocity velocity

Average Average Average

(m3/sec)

River Bed River Bed

Bridge No No Bridge

Discharge Discharge

Gradient (i) Gradient

Flood Level Level Flood Water Level Level Water

7.3

6.4

1 918 1398.67 3.5 4.24 0.007

2 87 1454,13 1452,57 2.86 4.31 0.184

3 131 1384.30 1.9 5.13 0.45

4 109 1399.47 2.5 5.04 0.3

5 937 1313.50 7.64 3.92 0.001

6 351 1367.75 3.42 6.11 0.06

7 20.7 1402.62 1.16 2.23 0.164

193

8 243 1272.05 3.81 4.88 0.04

9 956 1242.56 5.64 2.85 0.002

10 111 1281.60 2.29 5.21 0.09

11 83 1229.36 Jan-64 Apr-78 8

12 1020 1207.14 3.97 2.75 0.003

13 45.6 1228.74 1.48 3.01 0.024

14 37.8 1222.87 1.62 3.34 0.026

15 146 1240.48 2.14 4.87 0.051

16 32.6 1226.00 1.47 2.85 0.049

17 58.8 1221.73 1.65 3.79 0.051

194

18 55.2 1189.96 1.56 3.37 0.028

19 225 1183.88 2.8 4.89 0.027

20 6 Дно + 1,15 1.15 1.1 0.04

21 37 1167.88 1.13 3.4 0.068

22 18.4 1173.62 1.55 2.76 0.042

23 31.4 1111.25 1.85 4.04 0.032

24 246 1084.81 2.95 3.7 0.011

195

30 208 1069.66 3.06 4.69 0.022

31 69.8 986.34 2.77 3.86 0.015

APPENDIX H: CONSULTATION DOCUMENTS FROM KM25

June 2012 196

197

June 2012 197

198

Official Document Veshkand village, 11.04.2012

We, undersigned, chairman of the jamoat of the Urmetan village Zakotov Sh., deputy chairman of the jamoat of Urmetan village Kodirov A., chairman of the Veshkand dehkan farm Nurov, chairman of the Sheftar mahalla Najmiddinov S. and others , execute this Document in respect of widening of road Ainy-Penjikent and allotment of the part (siting) of Sheftar mahalla cemetery for the road. The road will be straightened for this part of mentioned site. We, undersigned, and residents of Sheftar mahalla do not mind of that.

Sh.Zakotov A.Kodirov F.Abdiev Khojiev S. Nurov Sh. Najmiddinov S. Rahimov B. Samiev B. Samadov S. Hakimov U. Naimov H. Kodirov M. Hazratov H. Narzikulov Sh. Rahimov N. Rahimov Z. Tulabov H. Fatohov P. Akochaev H. Barotov A. Farmonov S. Akochaev Z. Turaev E.

199

APPENDIX I: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS

Cross Section for Road Category IV.

June 2012 199

200

Typical Cross Slopes.

201

Pavement Rehabilitation Methods

June 2012 201

202

APPENDIX J: TRAFFIC DATA

Cargo (Trucks)

ups

Year

Cars

Sites Total

Tractors

Pick

Minivans

axle axle

- -

Mini

5 axle 5

2 3

trucks Minibus Border with 2012 19 1 6 5 0 0 11 16 11 242 Uzbekistan - 3 Penjikent 2017 24 2 7 6 2 0 13 19 13 306 3 2022 30 2 9 8 2 8 33 35 16 418 5 2027 38 2 12 10 3 10 40 42 19 522 4 2032 48 2 14 12 4 12 48 51 24 651 3 Penjikent –Suchina 2012 37 7 6 11 0 8 22 42 29 500 (at the bridge) 7 2017 47 9 5 14 2 10 27 51 35 626 4 2022 59 11 6 17 2 12 54 90 54 844 7 2027 75 14 8 21 3 14 66 10 66 105 1 8 1 2032 94 17 10 27 4 17 80 13 80 130 4 1 9 Margedar -Urmetan 2012 16 1 3 8 0 0 18 23 22 240 4 2017 20 1 4 10 2 4 22 28 27 304 6 2022 26 2 5 12 2 15 32 34 42 403 0 2027 32 2 6 15 3 18 39 41 51 501 7 2032 41 2 7 19 4 22 47 49 61 623 1 Urmetan –Ainy - 2012 27 0 4 11 0 0 22 18 24 360 circle 2 2017 34 0 5 14 2 6 27 22 29 446 2 2022 43 0 6 17 2 7 32 38 45 579 0 2027 54 0 8 21 3 9 39 46 54 722 2 2032 68 0 10 27 4 11 47 56 66 901

203

June 2012 203

204

APPENDIX K: FOCUS GROUP CONSULTATION PARTICIPANTS

Penjikent district Participants of meetings, 4th May, car station – ―Davron

N Name Position 1 Sharifov Kh.M. Head of Environment department of Penjikent 2 Yunusov A. driver 3 Nurov Kh. engineer 4 Rahimov J. ironsmith 5 Hamroev M. driver 6 Nuraliev M. accountant 7 Davlatov D. Energy specialist 8 Sharipov Z. driver 9 Nozirov B. engineer 10 Alikulov U. driver 11 Zaripov Sh. driver 12 Buriev Kh. driver 13 Ashurov S. driver 14 Pirov Ya.M. engineer 15 Khasanov I. driver 16 Dustaliev R. Head of car station 17 Avezov A. worker 18 Solehov E. worker 19 Kurbonov Sh. worker 20 Safarov N. Environmental specialist 21 Erov F. driver 22 Norkulov F. driver 23 Jumaev R. architect 24 Karimova S. accountant 25 Khojieva N. Worker

205

Public consultations in Ainy district, jamoat Dar-Dar, v.Dar-Dar, school N 4, 5th May, 2012

N Name Position 1 Khalilov Sh.P. Head of Environmental department of Ainy district 2 Ismatulloev S. Chief engineer 3 Sabirov S. Deputy director of the school N4 4 Azimov M. Environmental specialist 5 Pardaev B. Anzob mining plant worker, resident of Dar-Dar village 6 Navruzov M. Anzob mining plant worker, resident of Dar-Dar village 7 Malikov B. Chaiman of mahalla (community) 8 Muhabbatov M. farmer 9 Khuseinov B. seller 10 Zarmahmedov A. builder 11 Boboev N. driver 12 Idlieva Sh. Street cleaner 13 Shirinov Kh. Teacher 14 Karimov Sh. Transport department worker 15 Hojaev S. student 16 Abdurahmonov Y. seller 17 Muhiddinova M. Deputy district chaiman 18 Kholov O. School deputy director

June 2012 205

206

APPENDIX L: WIND ROSES

Panjakent Wind Rose

Пенджикент 50

СЗ 40 С

З 10 СВ 0

ЮЗ В

Ю ЮВ

207

Ayni Wind Rose

Сангистон 25

СЗ 20 С

З 5 СВ 0

ЮЗ В

Ю ЮВ

June 2012 207