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Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten A. A. HOEKEMA DER SIEBENTE TAG Ellen G. White, die Adventisten und der Sabbat Christliche Literatur-Verbreitung e.V. Postfach 110135 · 33661 Bielefeld 1. Auflage 1995 Das vorliegende Buch ist ein Auszug aus: The Four Major Cults © 1963 by The Paternoster Press, Exeter, U.K. © der deutschen Ausgabe 1995 by CLV · Christliche Literatur-Verbreitung Postfach 110135 · 33661 Bielefeld Übersetzung: Hans-Werner Deppe Umschlaggestaltung: Dieter Otten Satz: Enns Schrift & Bild, Bielefeld Druck: Druckhaus Gummersbach ISBN 3-89397-242-0 INHALT Vorwort .................................................. 9 Teil I Die Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten .................... 11 Geschichte ................................................. 13 William Miller .......................................... 13 Hiram Edson ........................................... 16 Joseph Bates ............................................ 19 Ellen G. White .......................................... 21 Die Kirche der Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten ............ 24 Die Quelle der Autorität ................................... 27 Die Lehren ................................................. 38 Die Lehre von Gott ..................................... 38 Die Lehre vom Menschen .............................. 40 Die Lehre von Christus .................................... 43 Die Lehre von der Errettung ........................... 57 Die Lehre von der Gemeinde und den Sakramenten . 64 Die Lehre von den letzten Dingen ...................... 74 Teil II Die Sonderlehren im Licht der Bibel ............... 85 Das Untersuchungsgericht und die Lehre vom Sündenbock 87 Das Untersuchungsgericht .............................. 87 Die Lehre vom Sündenbock ............................ 105 Die Lehre der Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten über den Sabbat ............................................ 109 Die Lehre der Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten über das Leben nach dem Tod ............................. 119 Die Seelenauslöschung .................................. 119 Die Vernichtung der Bösen ............................. 136 5 Teil III Die charakteristischen Merkmale von Sekten .... 151 Die charakteristischen Merkmale von Sekten ............. 159 Sind die Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten eine Sekte? .......... 173 Anmerkungen .......................................... 193 6 VORWORT Ist es hilfreich, fair und zeitgemäß, das Werk eines angelsächsi- schen Konfessionskundlers aus dem Jahr 1963 über die Sieben- ten-Tags-Adventisten in deutscher Sprache herauszugeben, obwohl sich – wie behauptet wird – in den vergangenen 30 Jah- ren manches in dieser Gemeinschaft verändert hat? Und es hat sich tatsächlich eine Menge geändert. Die frühere schroffe Ablehnung der anderen Konfessionen, besonders der röm.-kath. Kirche, dessen Oberhaupt in vergangenen Jahren von den STA als „Antichrist“ mit der Zahl 666 in Verbindung gebracht wurde, ist teilweise einer ökumenischen Öffnung gewichen. In den Jahren 1965 – 1971 haben Lehrgespräche mit der „Kommission für Glauben und Kirchenverfassung“ des Ökumenischen Rates stattgefunden, die schließlich dazu geführt haben, daß die Adventisten inzwischen einen „Beob- achter-/Beraterstatus“ beim ÖRK einnehmen und offizielle Beobachter zu den Tagungen und Beratungen des ÖRK senden. Das hatte u.a. auch zur Folge, daß die Adventisten von der „Konferenz Christlicher Gemeinschaften“ (WCG) nicht mehr als Sekte, sondern als Kirche bezeichnet werden. Inzwischen sind die Adventisten Gastmitglied der „Arbeits- gemeinschaft Christlicher Kirchen“ (ACK), wurden in die „Ver- einigung Evangelischer Freikirchen“ (VEF) aufgenommen und selbst die Deutsche Evangelische Allianz hält eine Zusammen- arbeit mit Adventisten nicht mehr für ausgeschlossen, so daß sie an manchen Orten bereits in der Allianz mitarbeiten. Es werden sogar Bücher der Adventisten von evangelikalen Verlegern empfohlen und verbreitet, mit der Konsequenz, daß eine Be- zeichnung als „Sekte“ sogar von manchen Evangelikalen als diskriminierend und ungerechtfertigt angesehen wird. Diese ökumenische Öffnung hat allerdings auch nicht geringe interne Spannungen erzeugt, weil ein beachtlicher Teil der Ad- 7 Vorwort ventisten im deutschsprachigen Raum in dieser Öffnung einen Verrat an der eigentlichen Berufung der Adventisten als „Gottes Gemeinde der Übrigen in diesen letzten Tagen“ [1] sehen. Die Adventisten sind heute keine einheitliche Größe mehr. Ein libe- raler Teil sucht die ökumenische Weite und Anerkennung als Freikirche. Andere betonen mehr die Gemeinsamkeiten mit der evangelikalen Bewegung und ihrem erwecklichen Anliegen. Wieder andere fühlen sich mit dem Charismatischen Aufbruch verbunden und sind durch ihre grundsätzliche Offenheit für „Propheten“ und „Prophetinnen“ auch offen für die charisma- tische „Prophetenbewegung“ und sogar für den „Toronto- Segen“. Diese grundsätzliche Öffnung der Adventisten hat neben sehr bedenklichen Tendenzen auch einige positive Auswirkungen, die wir nicht verkennen dürfen: Adventisten sind in ihrem Anspruch etwas bescheidener und selbstkritischer geworden und haben sich auch ihrerseits teilweise dem evangelikalen Anliegen geöffnet. Darüber kann man sich nur freuen. Auch wenn die „Prophetin“ Ellen G. White nach wie vor einen her- vorragenden Platz in der adventistischen Literatur hat und auch in jüngsten Veröffentlichungen betont wird, daß „Gott durch die Visionen und Schriften von Ellen G. White zu seiner Gemeinde spricht“[2], rückt bei vielen Adventisten das Wort Gottes selbst mehr in den Mittelpunkt. Wenn nun in diesem Buch von den Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten als Sekte gesprochen wird, möchten wir das nicht so verstanden wissen, als würden wir nicht die grundlegenden Unterschiede zu den Zeugen Jehovas, Mormonen usw. anerkennen. Wir ken- nen und schätzen viele Adventisten als Geschwister im Herrn, welche die alleinige Autorität der Bibel betonen, ihr Vertrauen einzig und allein auf die Erlösung durch das Blut Jesu setzen und aufrichtig den Willen Gottes erkennen und tun möchten. Dennoch sind wir davon überzeugt, daß bei aller erfreulichen Bewegung in den adventistischen Kreisen nach wie vor an den grundlegenden falschen Lehren festgehalten wird, die in diesem 8 Vorwort Buch behandelt werden. Das neuere Buch von Robert Folken- berg, des Präsidenten der Gemeinschaft der Siebenten-Tags- Adventisten, „Wir glauben noch!“ (Advent-Verlag, Hamburg 1994) ist ein Beweis dafür. Der 22. 10. 1844 wird weiterhin als Datum anerkannt, an dem „Christus tatsächlich zum großen Gericht im himmlischen Gerichtssaal, in dem sein Vater den Vorsitz führt“[3] antrat, um die „abschließende Phase des Erlö- sungsplanes“[4] einzuleiten. Nach wie vor sehen sich die Adventisten als „Gottes Rest- Gemeinde“ [5] nach Offbg. 12,17 mit dem besonderen Endzeit- Auftrag, „die Botschaft der drei Engel aus Offbg. 14 zu verkün- digen“[6]. Ebenso sehen Adventisten in der Sabbatheiligung „das sichtbare Zeichen ihrer Gerechtigkeit“ [7] und erklären den Sabbat als „Schlüsselfrage für die ganze Welt, weil in ihm unsere Erlösung in Christus zeichenhaft verankert ist“ [8]. Und weiterhin wird die Lehre von der Unsterblichkeit der Seele abgelehnt, das mosaische Gesetz zum Maßstab für unser Leben erklärt und die Bedeutung und Wichtigkeit der Visionen von Ellen G. White betont. Die Mitgliedszahlen (inzwischen im Jahr 1995 auf ca. 8,2 Mil- lionen angewachsen) und die Arbeitsweise der Adventisten haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten tatsächlich verändert, doch von den typischen Sonderlehren hat man bisher keinen Abstand genommen. Daher halten wir diese gründliche Arbeit von A.A. Hoekema für einen wichtigen und immer noch aktu- ellen Beitrag zur gegenwärtigen Auseinandersetzung mit den Adventisten, die hoffentlich dazu anregt, die Lehren dieser Gemeinschaft und natürlich auch dieses Buches an den untrüg- lichen Maßstäben der Heiligen Schrift zu messen. Wolfgang Bühne 9 TEIL I DIE SIEBENTEN- TAGS -ADVENTISTEN GESCHICHTE William Miller Obgleich William Miller (1782-1849) niemals der Bewegung der Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten angehörte, hat deren Geschichte in den Prophezeiungen Millers ihre Wurzeln. Miller wurde 1782 in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, geboren. Als er noch recht jung war, zog seine Familie nach Low Hampton im Bundesstaat New York, in der Nähe der Grenze zu Vermont. Miller wuchs zwar in einem christlichen Elternhaus auf, wurde aber ein tota- ler Skeptiker und verwarf die Bibel als göttliche Offenbarung. Nach seiner Dienstzeit in der Armee, beschäftigte er sich mit Landwirtschaft und wurde ein angesehenes Mitglied der Gesell- schaft von Low Hampton. Im Jahre 1816 bekehrte er sich von seinem Unglauben. Während der folgenden zwei Jahre studierte er mit Hilfe einer Konkordanz eingehend die Bibel, jedoch ohne dabei Kommentare zu Rate zu ziehen. 1818 schrieb er die Schlußfolgerungen nieder, die er aus seinen Studien gezogen hatte und die mit der Bemerkung endeten: „Nachdem ich zwei Jahre lang in der Schrift geforscht habe, kam ich im Jahre 1818 so zu der ernsten Schlußfolgerung, daß in etwa 25 Jahren von dieser Zeit an [1818] alle Ereignisse des gegenwärtigen Zeital- ters abgelaufen sein werden.“ [1] Anders gesagt folgerte Miller aus seinen Bibelstudien, daß die Welt im Jahre 1843 untergehen würde. Weil er Bedenken vor der Veröffentlichung einer derart bestür- zenden Erkenntnis hatte, widmete er sich vier weitere Jahre lang dem Bibelstudium, was ihn in seiner ursprünglichen Auf- fassung weiter bestärkte. Auf den Wunsch eines Freundes hin nahm er 1831 öffentlich zu seinen Ansichten Stellung. In der folgenden Zeit wurde er immer wieder gebeten, Vorträge zu halten, so daß er
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